From 2020 to 2023, a new spill program was implemented to aid the downstream passage of juvenile salmonids at mainstem dams on the Snake and Columbia rivers. Under this program, the total dissolved gas (TDG) cap was increased to 125% and monitoring of nonsalmonids for gas bubble trauma (GBT) became a requirement. The primary objective of this work and report was to measure the incidence and severity of GBT in nonsalmonids resulting from increased juvenile salmonid passage spill and associated levels of TDG during the spring spill period in 2023. Nonsalmonids were collected downstream from Bonneville, McNary, Ice Harbor, and Lower Granite dams and examined for the incidence and severity of GBT in 2023. Fish were collected at each location weekly (3 April to 20 June) during the spring spill period by backpack electrofishing and beach seining. Washington and Oregon State water quality agencies established minimum and target sample sizes for monitoring, but the minimum sample size of 50 fish and target sample size of 100 fish were not met in all weeks at individual projects due to high water flows and resulting low fish collections. Collected fish were examined for GBT according to the criteria and protocol established for the regional smolt monitoring program (SMP). TDG levels were often high relative to the 10-year average. GBT incidence rates and severity (according to SMP criteria) were low to moderate in most weeks. We found no apparent relationship between GBT incidence and TDG due to exposure history and interspecies susceptibility to elevated TDG that could not be quantified. GBT incidence rates exceeded the 15% threshold on two occasions below Ice Harbor Dam, triggering a reduction in spill under the State water quality standards. In the weeks immediately following the spill reductions, GBT incidence was zero or relatively low at this location. Sculpin (genus Cottus) was the main species collected at all locations. As in past years, we did find GBT in non-SMP protocol areas, particularly in sculpin. The variability in GBT incidence rates is likely due to variability in environmental conditions, fish exposure history to TDG, and species sensitivity to TDG. Many of the species encountered in shallow shoreline habitats rear for extended times and probably do not seek the water depths that would help them reduce the effects of exposure to elevated TDG through depth compensation. Limited systematic sampling of TDG in the tailraces of each project showed that TDG can vary spatially within the tailrace and with percentage of water spilled.
We investigated GBT progression and mortality in sculpin and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in laboratory experiments (Chapter Two of this report). Fish were tested at 120%, 125%, and 130% TDG. We found that sculpin are more sensitive to TDG than stickleback and that GBT and associated mortality progress faster in sculpin than in stickleback. GBT prevalence and severity increased through time at all TDG levels tested, but relationships between severity and exposure time were weak or nonexistent. GBT and mortality progressed more rapidly as TDG increased in both species. The SMP criteria used to rank GBT did not fully capture the incidence and severity of GBT in sculpin and stickleback compared to using criteria based on all areas of the fish. The lateral line, body, dorsal fin, and pectoral fins were common locations of GBT in sculpin at 120 and 125% TDG, but signs were more prevalent in all areas at 130% TDG. In stickleback, GBT was most common on the head and body at all TDG levels tested. Positive buoyancy of fish with severe GBT was observed in both species and may have consequences for similarly impaired fish in the wild. The proximate cause of GBT-related death in sculpin and stickleback was bubbles in the gills and heart, but unlike in other species, bubbles appeared rapidly just before the point of death. Our results help fill the information void GBT progression and mortality for sculpin and stickleback.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Liedtke, B.D., and Benson, S.L., 2023, Nonsalmonid gas bubble trauma investigations, iv, 72 p.","productDescription":"iv, 72 p.","ipdsId":"IP-161003","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":427256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cbfish.org/PiscesPublication.mvc/SearchByTitleDescriptionAuthorOrDate","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":427266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.5048072586187,\n 46.75882851790945\n ],\n [\n -121.95470738831573,\n 46.75882851790945\n ],\n [\n -121.95470738831573,\n 44.57823653678298\n ],\n [\n -115.5048072586187,\n 44.57823653678298\n ],\n [\n -115.5048072586187,\n 46.75882851790945\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth 0000-0002-5831-2846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":217812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":897761,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth 0000-0002-5831-2846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":217812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":897723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liedtke, Brad D. 0000-0002-0458-7377","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-7377","contributorId":303795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Brad","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":897724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benson, Scott Louis 0000-0003-0397-1200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0397-1200","contributorId":303796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"Louis","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":897725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70255085,"text":"70255085 - 2023 - Prioritizing imperiled native aquatic species for conservation propagation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-12T22:54:24.628312","indexId":"70255085","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-31T11:52:21","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prioritizing imperiled native aquatic species for conservation propagation","docAbstract":"Native aquatic species are in decline, and hatcheries can play an important role in stemming these losses until larger ecological issues are addressed. However, as more federal and state agencies face budget uncertainty and the number of imperiled species increases, it is necessary to develop a tool to prioritize species for conservation propagation. Our objective was to create prioritized lists of aquatic species that may benefit from conservation propagation for five states in the United States. Biologists developed an influence diagram and provided information for multiple attributes affecting prevalence of species. The influence diagram and information for each species was used in a Bayesian belief network to generate a score to prioritize propagation of a species and the feasibility of propagation. When all taxa were ranked together within a state, mussels, amphibians, and a crustacean were included among fishes in the top species that may benefit from propagation. We recognize that propagation is one tool for conservation of imperiled species and that additional factors will need to be addressed to ensure species persistence. Nevertheless, we contend our quantitative approach provides a useful framework for prioritizing conservation propagation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.3996/JFWM-22-040","usgsCitation":"Webb, M., Guy, C.S., Treanor, H., Wilson, K.W., Mellon, C.D., Abate, P., Crockett, H.J., Hofmeier, J., Pasbrig, C., and Isakson, P., 2023, Prioritizing imperiled native aquatic species for conservation propagation: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 337-353, https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-22-040.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"353","ipdsId":"IP-129358","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":441327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-040","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":430048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, North Dakota, South Dakota, 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\"}}]}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Molly A. H.","contributorId":338562,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Molly A. H.","affiliations":[{"id":81162,"text":"Bozeman Fish Technology Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guy, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9936-4781 cguy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-4781","contributorId":2876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Christopher","email":"cguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5062,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Treanor, Hilary B.","contributorId":338563,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Treanor","given":"Hilary B.","affiliations":[{"id":81163,"text":"Sandhill Crane Consulting","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, Krissy W.","contributorId":338564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Krissy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":81164,"text":"Utah Division Wildlife Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mellon, Cassie D.","contributorId":338565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellon","given":"Cassie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7217,"text":"Bureau of Land Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Abate, Paul","contributorId":338566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abate","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Crockett, Harry J.","contributorId":338567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crockett","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hofmeier, Jordan","contributorId":338568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hofmeier","given":"Jordan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":81167,"text":"Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Pasbrig, Chelsey","contributorId":338569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pasbrig","given":"Chelsey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":81168,"text":"South Dakota Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Isakson, Patrick","contributorId":338570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isakson","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36989,"text":"North Dakota Game and Fish Department","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70256507,"text":"70256507 - 2023 - Upper thermal tolerances of two native and one invasive crayfish in Missouri, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-12T15:54:00.235143","indexId":"70256507","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-31T10:48:02","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5290,"text":"Freshwater Crayfish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper thermal tolerances of two native and one invasive crayfish in Missouri, USA","docAbstract":"The spread of invasive crayfish requires invaded habitats to be thermally suitable, and differences in thermal tolerances among species could provide thermal refugia for native crayfish affected by the invader. We estimated upper thermal tolerances for the invasive Faxonius hylas and native F. peruncus and F. quadruncus in Missouri, USA, using critical thermal maxima (CTmax) methodology to determine if there were ecologically exploitable differences in estimates among species and if areas within their distributional ranges exceed their thermal maximums. Estimates of CTmax did not differ among species or sexes but differed among groups acclimated to different temperatures. Additionally, crayfish size had a small, yet significant effect on CTmax estimates with smaller crayfish having lower CTmax estimates than larger crayfish. The similarity among CTmax estimates indicates that for at least upper thermal tolerance, areas thermally available to the native species will also be thermally suitable for the invader. We did not observe water temperatures in the field that exceeded CTmax estimates for any species. However, areas within the mainstem St. Francis River did have warming tolerance estimates of less than 5°C, indicating that establishment of the invader in the mainstem could be limited by water temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Astacology","doi":"10.5869/fc.2023.v28-1.27","usgsCitation":"Westhoff, J.T., Abdelrahman, H.A., and Stoeckel, J.A., 2023, Upper thermal tolerances of two native and one invasive crayfish in Missouri, USA: Freshwater Crayfish, v. 28, no. 1, p. 27-36, https://doi.org/10.5869/fc.2023.v28-1.27.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"36","ipdsId":"IP-153042","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westhoff, Jacob Thomas 0000-0002-2347-5098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-5098","contributorId":288958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westhoff","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":907723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abdelrahman, Hisham A.","contributorId":340951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abdelrahman","given":"Hisham","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":81685,"text":"Cairo University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoeckel, James A.","contributorId":330858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stoeckel","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13360,"text":"Auburn University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70251207,"text":"70251207 - 2023 - Working together to advance subduction zone science within SZ4D and the USGS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-23T15:08:51.238343","indexId":"70251207","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-31T10:06:19","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Working together to advance subduction zone science within SZ4D and the USGS","docAbstract":"OnSunday, December 10, 2023, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Subduction Zones in Four Dimensions (SZ4D) co-hosted a workshop titled “Working Together to Advance Subduction Zone Science within SZ4D and the USGS”. The workshop attracted ~80 participants, with ~11 attendees from the USGS and ~17 participants from outside the United States Organizations represented included the Cascadia Region Earthquake Science Center (CRESCENT), the Cascadia Coastlines and Peoples (CoPes) Hub, and the Community Network for Volcanic Eruption Response (CONVERSE). Goals for this workshop included:
○ Discuss ideas and potential topics for SZ4D-USGS collaborations
○ Identify mechanisms and opportunities for potential collaboration
○ Identify barriers to collaboration (with possible solutions)
○ Compile topics addressed in the workshop and provide this information to SZ4D and USGS Leadership and the broader SZ4D and USGS Communities for their use.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Santa Cruz","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J.S., Wirth, E.A., Watt, J., Grant, A.R., Brudzinski, M., and Billen, M., 2023, Working together to advance subduction zone science within SZ4D and the USGS, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","ipdsId":"IP-161363","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sz4d.org/events/working-together-to-advance-subduction-zone-science-within-sz4d-and-the-usgs"},{"id":501392,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, Joan S. 0000-0002-0134-2606 gomberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-2606","contributorId":1269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","email":"gomberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wirth, Erin A. 0000-0002-8592-4442","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8592-4442","contributorId":207853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirth","given":"Erin","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watt, Janet 0000-0002-4759-3814 jwatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4759-3814","contributorId":146222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"Janet","email":"jwatt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grant, Alex R. 0000-0002-5096-4305","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5096-4305","contributorId":219066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"Alex","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brudzinski, Micheal","contributorId":333642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brudzinski","given":"Micheal","affiliations":[{"id":79951,"text":"Miami University of Ohio","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":893476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Billen, Magali","contributorId":333643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Billen","given":"Magali","affiliations":[{"id":16975,"text":"University of California Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":893477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70250934,"text":"70250934 - 2023 - GeoAI for spatial image processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-13T15:53:31.473536","indexId":"70250934","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-31T09:52:20","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"GeoAI for spatial image processing","docAbstract":"The development of digital image processing, as a subset of digital signal processing, depended upon the maturity of photography and image science, introduction of computers, discovery and advancement of digital recording devices, and the capture of digital images. In addition, government and industry applications in the Earth and medical sciences were paramount to the growth of the technology. From the early days when photography was first introduced to science to today, artificial intelligence and deep learning technologies have been intensively used to analyze imagery. Spatial image processing has experienced breakthroughs and evolutions. This chapter presents an overview of the history of image processing, GeoAI-based image processing applications, and the role of GeoAI in advancing image processing methods and research. We also discussed the remaining challenges to using GeoAI for image processing regarding training data annotation, the issues of scale, resolution, and change in space over time.
No abstract available.
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Sediment thickness estimates from HVSR measurements were combined with boring data to make detailed maps of the bedrock surface altitude. The bulk electrical conductivity of the subsurface was indirectly measured with EMI methods and was used to identify lithologic variations, shallow bedrock, and conductive groundwater. Ground penetrating radar, which transmits pulses of electromagnetic energy into the subsurface and records the amplitude and timing of reflected signals, was used to identify bedding and changes in lithology or water content. 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0000-0001-6941-1578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":245365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70252082,"text":"70252082 - 2023 - A characterization of the deep-sea coral and sponge community along the Oregon Coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2022 expedition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T12:00:53.285075","indexId":"70252082","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-31T06:58:52","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"A characterization of the deep-sea coral and sponge community along the Oregon Coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2022 expedition","docAbstract":"Deep-sea coral and sponge (DSCS) communities serve as essential fish habitat (EFH) by providing shelter and nursery habitat, increasing diversity, and increasing prey availability (Freese and Wing, 2003; Bright, 2007; Baillon et al., 2012; Henderson et al., 2020). Off the U.S. West Coast, threats to these long-lived, fragile organisms from bottom contact fishing gear, potential offshore renewable energy development, and ocean warming and acidification have been the subject of recent research (Gomez et al., 2018; Salgado et al., 2018; Yoklavich, et al., 2018; Gugliotti et al., 2019). Other DSCS studies have reported new species (Yoklavich and Love, 2005), analyzed species distribution and abundance (Tissot et al., 2006, Watters et al., 2022), developed predictive distribution models (Huff et al., 2013; Rooper et al., 2017; Kreidler, 2020), and discovered medicinal uses for corals and sponges (Essack et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2018). Due to the vast area of unexplored seafloor within the territorial waters and the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ; 12-200 nautical miles off the coast) and the technological requirements and expense of deep-sea research, there is still much to learn about the distributions and biology of DSCS. This information is critical to resource managers for effective conservation and management of DSCS habitats. In order to minimize the adverse impacts of fishing on EFH, the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) designated several seafloor habitat areas as EFH conservation areas (EFHCA), first in 2006 (as part of Amendment 19 to the Pacific coast groundfish fishery management plan) and then again in 2020 (as part of Amendment 28). These areas are closed to bottom trawl fishing at a minimum, and in some cases to all bottom contact fishing gears. In addition to protections afforded by EFH-related regulations, the National Marine Sanctuary Program prohibits certain non-fishing activities within areas designated as national marine sanctuaries, such as oil and gas exploration or extraction, cable laying, and other forms of seabed alteration or construction that disturb benthic communities. NOAA’s Deep-Sea Coral and Research Technology Program (DSCRTP) began a 4-yr funding initiative for the U.S. West Coast in 2017. The goals of the West Coast Deep-Sea Coral Initiative (WCDSCI) were to: 1) gather baseline information on areas subject to fishing regulation changes prior to the implementation of Amendment 28; 2) improve our understanding of known DSCS bycatch “hot spots”; and 3) explore and assess DSCS resources within NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries with emphasis on areas of sanctuary resource protection and management concerns. As part of the WCDSCU, an 11-day expedition (3 Sep – 13 Sep 2022) was launched from the NOAA Ship Bell M. Shimada, beginning and ending in Newport, OR. The science team assembled for this cruise were members of the EXpanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems (EXPRESS) campaign, which brings together researchers from federal and nonfederal institutions to collaborate on scientific expeditions targeting the deepwater areas off California, Oregon, and Washington. EXPRESS supports researchers leveraging funding, resources, personnel, and expertise to accomplish more science than would have been possible by a single entity alone. The 2022 expedition included research partners from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) and Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Pacific Fisheries Management Council Habitat Committee, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA","doi":"10.25923/tmb0-ce70","usgsCitation":"Laidig, T., Watters, D., Everett, M., Prouty, N.G., and Clarke, E., 2023, A characterization of the deep-sea coral and sponge community along the Oregon Coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2022 expedition, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.25923/tmb0-ce70.","productDescription":"42 p.","ipdsId":"IP-161913","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":426580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laidig, Tom","contributorId":270131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laidig","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56090,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, SWFSC, Fisheries Ecology Division, Santa Cruz, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watters, Diana","contributorId":270132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watters","given":"Diana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56090,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, SWFSC, Fisheries Ecology Division, Santa Cruz, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Everett, Meredith","contributorId":270133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Everett","given":"Meredith","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56092,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, NWFSC, Seattle WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prouty, Nancy G. 0000-0002-8922-0688 nprouty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-0688","contributorId":3350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"Nancy","email":"nprouty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clarke, Elizabeth","contributorId":334799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":80252,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70251032,"text":"70251032 - 2023 - Predicting large hydrothermal systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-19T00:54:41.01672","indexId":"70251032","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T18:53:20","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting large hydrothermal systems","docAbstract":"We train five models using two machine learning (ML) regression algorithms (i.e., linear regression and XGBoost) to predict hydrothermal upflow in the Great Basin. Feature data are extracted from datasets supporting the INnovative Geothermal Exploration through Novel Investigations Of Undiscovered Systems project (INGENIOUS). The label data (the reported convective signals) are extracted from measured thermal gradients in wells by comparing the total estimated heat flow at the wells to the modeled background conductive heat flow. That is, the reported convective signal is the difference between the background conductive heat flow and the well heat flow. The reported convective signals contain outliers that may affect upflow prediction, so the influence of outliers is tested by constructing models for two cases: 1) using all the data (i.e., -91 to 11,105 mW/m2), and 2) truncating the range of labels to include only reported convective signals between -25 and 200 mW/m2. Because hydrothermal systems are sparse, models that predict high convective signal in smaller areas better match the natural frequency of hydrothermal systems. Early results demonstrate that XGBoost outperforms linear regression. For XGBoost using the truncated range of labels, half of the high reported signals are within < 3 % of the highest predictions. For XGBoost using the entire range of labels, half of the high reported signals are in < 13 % of the highest predictions. While this implies that the truncated regression is superior, the all-data model better predicts the locations of power-producing systems (i.e., the operating power plants are in a smaller fraction of the study area given by the highest predictions). Even though the models generally predict greater hydrothermal upflow for higher reported convective signals than for lower reported convective signals, both XGBoost models consistently underpredict the magnitude of higher signals. This behavior is attributed to low resolution/granularity of input features compared with the scale of a hydrothermal upflow zone (a few km or less across). Trouble estimating exact values while still reliably predicting high versus low convective signals suggests that a future strategy such as ranked ordinal regression (e.g., classifying into ordered bins for low, medium, high, and very high convective signal) might fit better models, since doing so reduces problems introduced by outliers while preserving the property of larger versus smaller signals.","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Rising","usgsCitation":"Mordensky, S.P., Burns, E.R., DeAngelo, J., and Lipor, J., 2023, Predicting large hydrothermal systems: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 47, p. 1763-1796.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"1763","endPage":"1796","ipdsId":"IP-154718","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424578,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1034861"},{"id":424600,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mordensky, Stanley Paul 0000-0001-8607-303X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-303X","contributorId":292014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mordensky","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506 eburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":192154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick","email":"eburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelo, Jacob 0000-0002-7348-7839 jdeangelo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-7839","contributorId":237879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelo","given":"Jacob","email":"jdeangelo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lipor, John 0000-0002-0990-5493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-5493","contributorId":292015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipor","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70251029,"text":"70251029 - 2023 - Cursed? Why one does not simply add new data sets to supervised geothermal machine learning models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-19T00:50:22.910296","indexId":"70251029","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T18:49:27","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cursed? Why one does not simply add new data sets to supervised geothermal machine learning models","docAbstract":"Recent advances in machine learning (ML) identifying areas favorable to hydrothermal systems indicate that the resolution of feature data remains a subject of necessary improvement before ML can reliably produce better models. Herein, we consider the value of adding new features or replacing other, low-value features with new input features in existing ML pipelines. Our previous work identified stress and seismicity as having less value than the other feature types (i.e., heat flow, distance to faults, and distance to magmatic activity) for the 2008 USGS hydrothermal energy assessment; hence, a fundamental question regards if the addition of new but partially correlated features will improve resulting models for hydrothermal favorability. Therefore, we add new maps for shear strain rate and dilation strain rate to fit logistic regression and XGBoost models, resulting in new 7-feature models that are compared to the old 5-feature models. Because these new features share a degree of correlation with the original relatively uninformative stress and seismicity features, we also consider replacement of the two lower-value features with the two new features, creating new 5-feature models.\n\nAdding the new features improves the predictive skill of the new 7-feature model over that of the old 5-feature model; albeit, that improvement is not statistically significant because the new features are correlated with the old features and, consequently, the new features do not present considerable new information. However, the new 5-feature XGBoost model has a statistically significant increase in predictive skill for known positives over the old 5-feature model at p = 0.06. This improved performance is due to the lower-dimensional feature space of the former than that of the latter. In higher-dimensional feature space, relationships between features and the presence or absence of hydrothermal systems are harder to discern (i.e., the 7-feature model likely suffers from the “curse of dimensionality”).","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Rising","usgsCitation":"Mordensky, S.P., Burns, E.R., Lipor, J., and DeAngelo, J., 2023, Cursed? Why one does not simply add new data sets to supervised geothermal machine learning models: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 47, p. 1288-1313.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1288","endPage":"1313","ipdsId":"IP-153961","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1034860"},{"id":424599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mordensky, Stanley Paul 0000-0001-8607-303X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-303X","contributorId":292014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mordensky","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506 eburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":192154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick","email":"eburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipor, John 0000-0002-0990-5493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-5493","contributorId":292015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipor","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeAngelo, Jacob 0000-0002-7348-7839 jdeangelo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-7839","contributorId":237879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelo","given":"Jacob","email":"jdeangelo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70251035,"text":"70251035 - 2023 - Don’t Let Negatives Hold You Back: Accounting for Underlying Physics and Natural Distributions of Hydrothermal Systems When Selecting Negative Training Sites Leads to Better Machine Learning Predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-19T00:46:05.573324","indexId":"70251035","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T18:45:02","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Don’t Let Negatives Hold You Back: Accounting for Underlying Physics and Natural Distributions of Hydrothermal Systems When Selecting Negative Training Sites Leads to Better Machine Learning Predictions","docAbstract":"Selecting negative training sites is an important challenge to resolve when utilizing machine learning (ML) for predicting hydrothermal resource favorability because ideal models would discriminate between hydrothermal systems (positives) and all types of locations without hydrothermal systems (negatives). The Nevada Machine Learning project (NVML) fit an artificial neural network to identify areas favorable for hydrothermal systems by selecting 62 negative sites where the research team had confidence that no hydrothermal resource exists. Herein, we compare the implications of the expert selection of negatives (i.e., the NVML strategy) with a random sample strategy, where it is assumed that areas outside the favorable structural ellipses defined by NVML are negative. Because hydrothermal systems are sparse, it is highly probable that, in the absence of a favorable geological structure, hydrothermal favorability is low. We compare three training strategies: 1) the positive and negative labeled examples from NVML; 2) the positive examples from NVML with randomly selected negatives in equal frequency as NVML; and 3) the positive examples from NVML with randomly selected negatives reflecting the expected natural distribution of hydrothermal systems relative to the total area. We apply these training strategies to the NVML feature data (input data) using two ML algorithms (XGBoost and logistic regression) to create six favorability maps for hydrothermal resources. When accounting for the expected natural distribution of hydrothermal systems, we find that XGBoost performs better than the NVML neural network and its negatives. Model validation was less reliable using F1 scores, a common performance metric, than comparing probability estimates at known positives, likely because of the extreme natural class imbalance and the lack of negatively labeled sites. This work demonstrates that expert selection of negatives for training in NVML likely imparted modeling bias. Accounting for the sparsity of hydrothermal systems and all the types of locations without hydrothermal systems allows us to create better models for predicting hydrothermal resource favorability.","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Rising","usgsCitation":"Caraccioli, P.D., Mordensky, S.P., Lindsey, C.R., DeAngelo, J., Burns, E.R., and Lipor, J., 2023, Don’t Let Negatives Hold You Back: Accounting for Underlying Physics and Natural Distributions of Hydrothermal Systems When Selecting Negative Training Sites Leads to Better Machine Learning Predictions: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 47, p. 1672-1693.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1672","endPage":"1693","ipdsId":"IP-155549","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":424597,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1034774"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caraccioli, Pascal D. 0009-0003-6711-8257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6711-8257","contributorId":333435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caraccioli","given":"Pascal","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mordensky, Stanley Paul 0000-0001-8607-303X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-303X","contributorId":292014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mordensky","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindsey, Cary R. 0000-0001-5693-9664","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-9664","contributorId":333436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Cary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":79883,"text":"USGS for this work (just joined GBCGE at UNR)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeAngelo, Jacob 0000-0002-7348-7839 jdeangelo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-7839","contributorId":237879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelo","given":"Jacob","email":"jdeangelo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506 eburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":192154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick","email":"eburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lipor, John 0000-0002-0990-5493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-5493","contributorId":292015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipor","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70250715,"text":"pp1862R - 2023 - Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250715,"text":"pp1862R - 2023 - Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862R","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"R","displayTitle":"Overview of the Cenozoic Geology of the Northern Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T17:07:57.96341","indexId":"pp1862R","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:31:26","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"R","displayTitle":"Overview of the Cenozoic Geology of the Northern Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Harrat Rahat volcanic field, located in the west-central part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is one of the larger Cenozoic harrats among the more than 17 harrats situated upon the Arabia Plate. The map plate contained herein shows, at a scale of 1:100,000, the mapped volcanic geology of northern Harrat Rahat, which consists of the northernmost one-fifth of Harrat Rahat. Northern Harrat Rahat has an area of about 3,340 square kilometers (km2), of which 2,567 km2 is covered by Harrat Rahat volcanic rocks and deposits, and it encompasses more than 900 exposed vents (that is, craters, cryptodomes, maars, and scoria cones), 289 of which are isolated by younger volcanic deposits and have not been correlated with the 234 volcanic rock units distinguished by geologic mapping.
Northern Harrat Rahat is of special interest owing to its proximity to the city of Al Madinah al Munawwarah, which sits within, and is continuing to expand southward over, the north end of the volcanic field. Al Madinah is home to an expanding population, currently at more than 2 million residents, together with the intermittent addition of approximately 3 million pilgrims during Hajj and Umrah (religious visitations). The center of Al Madinah is less than 8 km from lava flows of the only confirmed historically documented eruption, which occurred in 1256 C.E. (654 A.H.). Earlier prehistoric lava flows also encroached into the area of the present-day city limits, as demonstrated by volcanic rocks exposed widely throughout the city in roadcuts, parks, and excavations for new buildings, although no evidence has been found of any other than the 1256 C.E. lava having reached that area during times of human habitation.
Geologic mapping was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in collaboration with the Saudi Geological Survey. The features of primary interest within the map area are scoria cones, lava flows, lava domes, craters, and pyroclastic deposits from the Quaternary, which have compositions of basalt, hawaiite, mugearite, benmoreite, and trachyte. The geologic mapping was published by Downs and others (2019) on a single sheet at 1:75,000 scale and two detailed sheets at 1:25,000 scale, accompanied by detailed explanations of the geology. This report presents the geology on a single sheet at 1:100,000 scale and provides condensed geologic explanations for the convenience of readers of this volume. Some minor errors of nomenclature and lava source regions that do not change fundamental interpretations have been corrected herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862R","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.E., and Downs, D.T., 2023, Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. R of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 20 p., scale 1:100,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862R.","productDescription":"Report: v, 20 p.; 1 Plate: 58.72 x 39.51 inches; Data Release","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-128888","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423999,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/r/pp1862r_plate.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"29.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-R Plate","linkHelpText":"- Map of the Cenozoic Geology of the Northern Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423998,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q3WGTN","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Database for the geologic map of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423997,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/r/pp1862r.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-R"},{"id":423996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/r/coverthbr.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 36.79510250167232,\n 26.52078234630855\n ],\n [\n 36.79510250167232,\n 21.77775441707078\n ],\n [\n 42.479119302334084,\n 21.77775441707078\n ],\n [\n 42.479119302334084,\n 26.52078234630855\n ],\n [\n 36.79510250167232,\n 26.52078234630855\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
We present a probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis (PSHA) for the west-central part of the Arabian Peninsula. Our study area includes the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and the nearby city of Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This young, active volcanic field experienced one historical eruption in 1256 C.E. (654 in the year of the Hijra) that vented 20 to 22 kilometers (km) southeast of the center of Al Madīnah, which has a present population of about 1.4 million. The field also erupted numerous times in the late Pleistocene and possibly in the early Holocene. We used recently developed regional ground-motion prediction equations for Saudi Arabia to calculate the severity of ground shaking as a function of distance from the earthquake source. This information was combined with two key volcanic parameters for this area: (1) the return period of volcanic eruptions and (2) the spatial probability of the next vent opening. The calculated ground-motion levels of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity with a 2-percent probability of exceedance in 50 years are expected to be about 0.14 the acceleration due to gravity (g) and 10 centimeters per second (cm/s), respectively, at the most probable vent opening location, about 25 km southeast of Al Madīnah’s center, and about 0.07 g and 3 cm/s, respectively, in the city interior. These ground motions are higher than previous estimates that did not consider the nearby earthquakes associated with volcanic activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862Q","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Kiuchi, R., Mooney, W.D., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. Q of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862Q.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-123967","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423995,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/q/pp1862q.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-Q"},{"id":423994,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/q/coverthbq.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 36.79510250167232,\n 26.52078234630855\n ],\n [\n 36.79510250167232,\n 21.77775441707078\n ],\n [\n 42.479119302334084,\n 21.77775441707078\n ],\n [\n 42.479119302334084,\n 26.52078234630855\n ],\n [\n 36.79510250167232,\n 26.52078234630855\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Earthquake swarms caused by volcanic activity, tectonic stresses, or industrial operations (oil and gas production) can pose considerable risk for nearby settlements. As a rule, a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) that is based on time-independent earthquakes does not take into account earthquake swarms because of their statistically time-dependent nature. We describe the technique and application of a scenario-based method for the estimation of seismic hazard from earthquake swarms that may occur in areas of volcanic activity in western Saudi Arabia. The method consists of the generation of a large number of scenario seismic swarms followed by the calculation of ground motion in a site of interest for all earthquakes in all of the swarms. The set of calculated ground-motion values permits the construction and analysis of probability distribution functions for possible ground-motion levels during the hypothetical earthquake swarms. The level of ground motion representing the hazard is selected considering an appropriate value of the probability of exceedance or non-exceedance, depending on the goal of the study. This swarm-scenario-based seismic hazard assessment may provide a valuable supplement to an ordinary PSHA and (or) deterministic seismic hazard assessment that are commonly used for emergency response and post-earthquake recovery management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862P","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Zahran, H.M., Sokolov, V., and Stewart, I.C.F., 2023, Seismic hazard assessment for areas of volcanic activity in western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. P of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862P.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-126761","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423992,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/p/coverthbp.jpg"},{"id":423993,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/p/pp1862p.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-P"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 36.79510250167232,\n 26.52078234630855\n ],\n [\n 36.79510250167232,\n 21.77775441707078\n ],\n [\n 42.479119302334084,\n 21.77775441707078\n ],\n [\n 42.479119302334084,\n 26.52078234630855\n ],\n [\n 36.79510250167232,\n 26.52078234630855\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are developed by employing a mixed-effects regression model to modify the Boore and others (2014) Next Generation Attenuation-West2 (NGA-West2) project GMPEs. NGA-West2 addressed several key issues concerning GMPEs for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. However, the NGA-West2 input data do not include many earthquakes in extensional regimes, such as those occurring in Saudi Arabia. This deficiency is redressed by calculating a magnitude scaling of the new Saudi Arabia-specific GMPEs compared to those of Boore and others (2014). Furthermore, there is a clear difference in distance scaling for the Saudi Arabian GMPEs in comparison with the NGA-West2 GMPEs. This difference is especially significant at large distances and is mainly due to lower anelastic attenuation in the crystalline crust of western Saudi Arabia. Our empirical data demonstrate that the GMPEs presented here are in good agreement with observed earthquake ground motions in western Saudi Arabia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862O","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Kiuchi, R., Mooney, W.D., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Ground-motion prediction equations for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. O of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862O.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-129536","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423991,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/o/pp1862o.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-O"},{"id":423990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/o/coverthbo.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42.75602070222271,\n 16.211495469022466\n ],\n [\n 44.958829363645094,\n 18.547056756745135\n ],\n [\n 37.40933785513795,\n 29.652243786014196\n ],\n [\n 34.965989081794106,\n 29.331606356788228\n ],\n [\n 34.66613879992957,\n 27.900404207046776\n ],\n [\n 40.467446295287004,\n 18.152186962033795\n ],\n [\n 42.75602070222271,\n 16.211495469022466\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Harrat Rahat is a Cenozoic volcanic field in the west-central part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 150 kilometers east of the Red Sea, and is the site of the most recent eruption in the country (1256 C.E.; 654 in the year of the Hijra). The city of Al Madīnah lies at the north end of Harrat Rahat, and its volcanic and seismic risks are frequently reassessed. In 2009 C.E. an earthquake swarm at Harrat Lunayyir, 200 km west-northwest of Al Madīnah, produced significant shaking and some building damage in nearby communities, which prompted a revision of seismic hazard models for the region. A network of seismic stations on this volcanically active western side of the Arabia Plate was installed, and stations were also added in the tectonically active northern part of the country. Although regional earthquakes may be used to determine the crustal structure of the western Arabia Plate, such crustal models are hindered by insufficient numbers of earthquakes in the stable plate interior. Tomography studies can be used to infer material properties of the subsurface, such as presence of partial melt, and are beneficial for volcanic hazard assessments. We use ambient seismic noise to compute Rayleigh and Love surface-wave dispersion maps between 5 and 12 second periods for a subset of seismic stations within and near northern Harrat Rahat. The surface-wave maps are inverted to produce shear-wave velocities using a neighborhood algorithm and interpolated into a pseudo three-dimensional model. The distributions of surface-wave and shear-wave velocities are heterogenous, varying from ±3–8 percent. However, low velocities are not restricted to Harrat Rahat. We observed a difference between Rayleigh- and Love-wave velocities that extends north of the site of the 1256 C.E. eruption and coincides with a low gravity anomaly. We obtain a shear-wave velocity increase of 10–15 percent between 15- and 25-kilometers depth, which is consistent with the presence of a transition between the felsic upper crust and the mafic lower crust of the Arabian Shield. The average shear-wave velocities of the upper and lower crust are estimated to be 3.64 and 3.95 kilometers per second using Rayleigh waves and 3.53 and 4.16 kilometers per second using Love waves, which are in good agreement with the results of other geophysical surveys in this area. The modest magnitude of the low-velocity anomalies within the crust and their locations extending well beyond the limits of Harrat Rahat indicate that they are not caused by a crustal magma chamber. If magma chambers exist, they are smaller than can be imaged with our seismological method (resolution corresponds to a 15-kilometer wavelength), deeper than 30 kilometers, or shallower than 5 kilometers with a small velocity contrast. The last possibility is discounted by weak-to-absent surface geothermal activity and by a lack of shallow seismicity that characterizes other areas with known shallow magmas, such as Hawaiʻi. We then expanded our work to the entire Arabian Shield with principally the same methodology to look at large-scale regional patterns. We found modest shear-wave velocity deviations on the order of only ±3 percent, which are within expected ranges for lithological variation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862N","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Civilini, F., Mooney, W.D., Savage, M.K., and Townend, J., 2023, Ambient seismic noise tomography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. N of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862N.","productDescription":"vii, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-118735","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/n/coverthbn.jpg"},{"id":423989,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/n/pp1862n.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-N"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
As part of a joint Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) project, we analyzed P-wave receiver functions from seismic stations covering most of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to map the thickness of the crust across the Arabia Plate. We present an update of crustal-thickness estimates and fill in gaps for the western Arabian Shield and the rifted margin at the Red Sea (the coastal plain), as well as the eastern Arabian Platform. We applied a conventional H-k stacking algorithm and included careful attention to stacking weights, two forms of sedimentary corrections for stations located on the Arabian Platform, and additional processing for noisy stations. We obtained useful results at 154 stations from 898 teleseismic events over a 2-year period from 1995–1997 (for non-SGS stations) and a 6-year period from 2008–2014 (for SGS stations). Average crustal thickness (that is, depth to the Mohorovičić discontinuity [Moho] below the surface) beneath the Red Sea coastal plain (the rift margin) is 29 kilometers (km), beneath the volcanic fields (known in Arabic as harra [plural] or harrat [singular]) is 35 km, beneath the Arabian Shield (excluding harrats) is 37 km, and beneath the Arabian Platform is 38 km. Crustal thinning appears not to extend east of the rift escarpment, suggesting uniform extension that is no broader at depth than at the surface. In contrast to some previous claims that the Arabian Platform crust is thicker than that of the Arabian Shield, we find no statistically significant difference between their whole crustal thicknesses. However, the average subsedimentary crustal thickness (that is, the crystalline crust) for stations on the Arabian Platform is 34 km, 3 km thinner than the crust of the Arabian Shield. Individual station P-wave (pressure) velocity and S-wave (shear) velocity ratios (VP/VS) are highly variable for the Arabia Plate, ranging from 1.60 to 1.97 and averaging 1.75, with a standard deviation of 0.07. There are no statistically significant differences between VP/VS ratios of the different geologic regions of Saudi Arabia. Similar VP/VS ratios, coupled with similar crustal thicknesses for harrats and the Arabian Shield, indicate that Cenozoic magmatism has contributed negligibly to crustal growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862M","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Blanchette, A.R., Klemperer, S.L., Mooney, W.D., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Thickness of the Saudi Arabian crust, chap. M of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862M.","productDescription":"viii, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-120996","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424022,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/m/pp1862m.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":424021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/m/covrthbm.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Volcanism within the harrats (Arabic for “volcanic field”) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia includes at least one historical eruption occurring close to the holy city of Al Madīnah in 1256 C.E. As part of a volcanic- and seismic-hazard assessment of northern Harrat Rahat, magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected to investigate the structural setting of the area, the presence or absence of melt within the crust, and the mantle-derived magmatic source. Collected MT data were modeled in both two dimensions, where anisotropy can be estimated, and three dimensions. Interpretation of the preferred resistivity model includes a shallow sediment-filled graben beneath northern Harrat Rahat lavas, a melt-free upper crust, and a region of decompression melting in the asthenosphere below 60–70 kilometers depth. Models in two dimensions image the lower crust as anisotropic, demonstrating that a series of elongate conductivity anomalies with a strike of N. 10° E. within the lower crust of the three-dimensional model are artifacts of inverting anisotropic data with an isotropic modeling algorithm. Careful examination of the resistivity models, in combination with regional geological and geophysical data, suggests an anisotropic lower crust that is free of large zones of melt. Azimuthal anisotropy in the lower crust extends well beyond the limits of Harrat Rahat volcanic rocks, with a conductive direction oriented N. 10° E. and an anisotropy factor of 2–5 between the most and least conductive directions. Enhanced conductivity is likely caused by interconnected grain-boundary graphite, where the direction of anisotropy reflects either frozen-in fabric from the Neoproterozoic stabilization of the Arabian Shield or ductile deformation driven by channelized asthenospheric flow coupled with a thin rigid mantle lid. Asthenospheric melt is interpreted to transect the crust largely through diking, with limited melt storage and short residence times within the crustal column.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862L","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Peacock, J.R., Bedrosian, P.A., Al-Dhahry, M.K., Shareef, A., Feucht, D.W., Taylor, C.D., Bloss, B., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Magnetotelluric investigation of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. L of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862L.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 111 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-105223","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/l/covrthbl.jpg"},{"id":424020,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99H8HJ7","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Bedrosian, P.A., Peacock, J.R., and Feucht, D.W., 2023, Magnetotelluric data from northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P99H8HJ7.","linkHelpText":"Magnetotelluric data from northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia, 2016"},{"id":424019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/l/pp1862l.pdf","text":"Report","size":"38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39,\n 25\n ],\n [\n 39,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.5,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.5,\n 25\n ],\n [\n 39,\n 25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
New gravity data reveal a prominent negative anomaly along the main vent axis of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The gravity low continues north of the volcanic field onto exposures of Proterozoic rocks, indicating that the low is caused not only by the volcanic field (and possibly underlying Cenozoic sediments), but also the underlying Proterozoic basement. An inversion of the gravity field guided by analysis of aeromagnetic data indicates (1) a broad depression of the basement surface that is deeper along the main vent axis in the eastern part and in the southwest part of the volcanic field and (2) less dense basement beneath the vent axis. Low densities within the basement most likely arise from lithologic variations in the basement, predating Cenozoic volcanism, although our analysis does not rule out small volumes of partial melt and higher temperatures or extensive fracturing at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862K","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V.E., Ritzinger, B.T., Zahran, H.M., Shareef, A., and Al-Dhahry, M.K., 2023, Depth to basement and crustal structure of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from gravity and aeromagnetic data, chap. K of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862K.","productDescription":"Report: v, 18 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-104531","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424015,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9THCSE8","description":"Langenheim, V.E., 2018, Gravity and physical property data of the northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9THCSE8.","linkHelpText":"Gravity and physical property data of the northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia"},{"id":424016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/k/covrthbk.jpg"},{"id":424017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/k/pp1862k.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Pleistocene and Holocene basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes from the northern part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were analyzed for Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic compositions. Evolved trachytes with Mg number <0.1 (Mg# = Mg/[Mg+Fe2+], molar) have relatively radiogenic Sr isotopic compositions indicating that they were influenced by contamination probably in the upper crust. Volcanic rocks with Mg# >0.1, consisting chiefly of alkali basalts but encompassing hawaiites, mugearites, and benmoreites, show a limited range in Hf, Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions. Although the total Pb isotope variation is only 1 percent, the Pb isotope values correlate with Mg#, where the least radiogenic Pb is in samples with the lowest Mg#. The trend formed in Pb isotope space points toward an unradiogenic Pb composition that is similar to the Pb isotopic composition of lower crust of the Precambrian Arabian-Nubian Shields, as well as to feldspars and galena in the upper crust of the western Arabian Shield. This trend is interpreted as progressive but overall minor (no more than 5 weight percent) assimilation of shield rocks, or their partial melts, during fractional crystallization.
Isotopic compositions of the least evolved northern Harrat Rahat magmas are most similar among analyzed Arabian harrats to depleted spreading-ridge basalts of the active Red Sea rift, but isotopic values are displaced toward those of spreading-ridge basalts of the Gulf of Aden that are proximal to the site of the Afar mantle plume. The Pb isotopic compositions very near the Northern Hemisphere Reference Line indicate no discernable lithospheric contribution to yield the parental basalts of northern Harrat Rahat, and their isotopic compositions are consistent with derivation predominantly from depleted Northern Hemisphere asthenosphere with a subordinate (20–30 weight percent) component from the Afar mantle plume.
Trace-element variations show that appreciable portions of melting were in the garnet stability field, confirming the sub-lithospheric origin of the magmas, and that melting extents were low, accounting for the alkalic, trace-element-enriched character of the suite. The presence of possible Afar mantle beneath the western part of the Arabian Shield and its absence beneath the Red Sea rift may result from capture and channelized flow along high-relief structures incised into the base of the sub-continental lithosphere, as revealed by geophysical images.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862J","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Salters, V.J.M., Sachi-Kocher, A., Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., and Sisson, T.W., 2023, Isotopic and geochemical evidence for the source of volcanism at Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. J of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862J.","productDescription":"Report: v, 30 p.: Data Release","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-120604","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424014,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FOBQNK","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Salters, V.J.M., and Sisson, T.W., 2023, Isotopic compositions (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb) of Quaternary volcanic rocks of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FOBQNK.","linkHelpText":"Isotopic compositions (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb) of Quaternary volcanic rocks of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":424013,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/j/pp1862j.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":424012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/j/covrthbj.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Quaternary volcanic rocks of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, are chiefly alkali basalts with subordinate transitional basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes. Geochemical and isotopic results indicate that crystallization-differentiation, mixing, and cumulate reassimilation within the magmatic system produced most of its compositional diversity, with only minor involvement of Neoproterozoic crust. With increasing evolution, crystal assemblages that separated from and drove basalt-to-hawaiite differentiation passed from (1) dunitic or troctolitic to (2) olivine gabbroic to (3) titanomagnetite-bearing olivine gabbroic, with typical hawaiites representing about 20 weight percent residual liquids from an estimated primary alkali basaltic parent. Crystallization-differentiation simulations for midcrustal pressures yield the closest compositional match to the basalt-hawaiite suite, and stagnation in the midcrustal area (near 20 kilometers [km] depth) may result from density trapping beneath the lower density upper continental crust. Least differentiated alkali basalts have fractionation-adjusted major-oxide compositions that are consistent with separation from the deeper parts (60–70 km) of the spinel-lherzolite stability field at pressures that are close to the local lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (60–80 km). Mantle potential temperature estimates are strongly sensitive to modeling approach, but potential temperatures (1,345–1,390 degrees Celsius [°C]) are not discernably greater than for midocean ridge basalts (MORB; 1,350–1,410 °C) if adherence to spinel-lherzolite melting relations is required. Inversion of the trace-element concentrations of the lesser fractionated basalts indicates a depleted mantle source, similar to MORB-source estimates, but one that is enriched in Sr and includes a greater relative proportion of melting in the garnet-peridotite stability field. These geochemical and thermal relations, as well as radiogenic isotopes, point to a dominantly depleted mantle asthenospheric source for Harrat Rahat basalts, admixed with subordinate materials either from the Afar mantle plume or an enriched MORB component in the ambient asthenosphere. The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is shallower beneath the belt of major volcanic fields on the Arabia Plate, and restoration of rifting across the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden places the south end of this belt adjacent to the northern part of the Afar region, suggesting a once-continuous structure, possibly an arch, a weakness, or a discontinuity along the base of the lithosphere. Magma generation can be ascribed to focused upwelling and decompression melting, perhaps driven by a magmatic-feedback mechanism whereby basaltic intrusions into the deep lithosphere solidify as eclogites, causing lithospheric foundering and further asthenospheric upwelling and decompression melting in a restricted region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862I","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., Downs, D.T., Calvert, A.T., Dietterich, H.R., Mahood, G.A., Salters, V.J.M., Stelten, M.E., and Shawali, J., 2023, Mantle origin and crustal differentiation of basalts and hawaiites of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. I of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862I.","productDescription":"vii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-118554","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/i/covrthbi.jpg"},{"id":424011,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/i/pp1862i.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Paleomagnetic rock samples were collected from 173 drill sites in the Quaternary alkali basaltic volcanic field of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Laboratory measurements on these samples established that lava flows and vent complexes—identified and mapped from field characteristics, rock types, and compositions as products of single or temporally close eruptions—typically record single, or very similar, directions of remanent magnetization. Correlations defined through geologic mapping, spatial association, geochemistry, geochronology, and identical mean remanent directions indicate at least 16 brief episodes of temporally clustered eruptions. These episodes had durations of a few centuries or less. Anomalous remanent magnetic directions were found for at least 13 mapped lavas of northern Harrat Rahat, which demonstrate that they were acquired during brief geomagnetic cryptochrons during the Brunhes Normal Polarity Chron. These uncharacteristic directions enhance the opportunity to identify common eruptive episodes, and to better understand and evaluate assessments of eruption ages based on 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Combining paleomagnetic and regional archaeomagnetic results for the youngest eruptions allows us to evaluate their historical age assignments and, in one case, refute a previously assigned provisional age.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862H","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Champion, D.E., Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., Robinson, J.E., Sisson, T.W., Shawali, J., Hassan, K., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Paleomagnetism of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Geologic unit correlations and geomagnetic cryptochron identifications, chap. H of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862H.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-124965","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/h/covrthbh.jpg"},{"id":423982,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/h/pp1862h.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Harrat Rahat volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Harrat Rahat is an alkali basalt, continental, intraplate volcanic field located within the central-western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The northern quarter of Harrat Rahat contains evolved volcanic products that achieve trachyte compositions (>60 weight percent SiO2). Within the Al Efairia volcanic center, pyroclastic-flow and -surge deposits that reflect explosive trachyte volcanism (and minor exposed lava domes that reflect effusive trachyte eruptions) sit at the surface as the youngest expression of volcanic activity within this part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field. Five trachyte deposits emplaced explosively have been identified within the Al Efairia volcanic center based on geologic mapping, petrography, geochemistry, and paleomagnetism. These units are the trachytes of Um Rgaibah, Gura 5, Gura 4, Al Efairia, and Al Qayf, in descending stratigraphic order. Here, we present 14 40Ar/39Ar analyses from four of these units, which yield eruption ages of 4.2±5.2 thousand years (ka) for the trachyte of Um Rgaibah, 79.7±1.6 ka for the trachyte of Gura 5, 84.3±1.6 ka for the trachyte of Gura 4, and 88.0±1.8 ka for the trachyte of Al Efairia. The eruption age of the trachyte of Al Qayf has been constrained to between 410.3±3.4 and 418.8±1.9 ka using paleomagnetic correlations and 40Ar/39Ar ages from overlying and underlying intermediate composition lava flows. Most of these trachytes have distinct geochemical compositions, petrographic characteristics, and directions of remanent magnetization. The exceptions are for the trachytes of Gura 4 and Gura 5, which overlap in their geochemical, petrographic, paleomagnetic, and geochronologic affinities. Based on these similarities, we interpret the trachytes of Gura 4 and Gura 5 to have erupted during a closely spaced (a few decades) time interval from the same magma batch but from craters that are >2 kilometers (km) apart. The eruption of the trachyte of Al Efairia at 88.0±1.8 ka is the result of a different magma batch that erupted a few thousand years prior to the trachytes of Gura 4 and Gura 5. The Al Efairia volcanic center is remarkably different from the Matan volcanic center located ~10 km to the north, which has also erupted young (<150 ka) trachytes. The Matan volcanic center has been shown to produce trachyte compositions only after eruption of basalt followed by intermediate lava flows, whereas only trachyte compositions have erupted within the Al Efairia volcanic center over this same time interval.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862G","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., Dietterich, H.R., Champion, D.E., Mahood, G.A., Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Shawali, J., 2023, Explosive trachyte eruptions from the Al Efairia volcanic center in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. G of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862G.","productDescription":"Report: v, 14 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-104558","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423961,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91HL91C","text":"USGS data release","description":"Downs, D.T., 2019, Major and trace-element chemical analyses of rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P91HL91C.","linkHelpText":"Major and trace-element chemical analyses of rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423960,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/g/pp1862g.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423959,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/g/covrthbg.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Al Efairia volcanic center, Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.883333,\n 24.133333\n ],\n [\n 39.883333,\n 24.033333\n ],\n [\n 40.033333,\n 24.033333\n ],\n [\n 40.033333,\n 24.133333\n ],\n [\n 39.883333,\n 24.133333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
A fundamental goal of igneous petrology is to quantify the durations required to produce evolved magmas following influx of basalt into the crust. However, in many cases, complex field relations and (or) the presence of a long-lived magmatic system make it difficult to assess how basaltic inputs relate to more evolved magmas, therefore precluding calculation of meaningful timescales. Here we present field relations, geochemistry, 40Ar/39Ar ages, and 36Cl surface-exposure ages for volcanic rocks from the Matan volcanic center, located in the northern part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These data document a systematic and repeated temporal progression from alkali basalt to trachyte for the youngest eruptive products. From ~155–17 thousand years ago, the following eruptive sequence occurred four times: (1) alkali basalt, (2) hawaiite, mugearite, or benmoreite, and (3) trachyte. We interpret each eruptive sequence to result from injection of basalt into the crust, and its subsequent differentiation and eruption of progressively evolved magmas. We use the interval time between successive eruptions within a given sequence to calculate the timespans required to produce trachyte from alkali basalt. Differentiation from alkali basalt to intermediate compositions (hawaiite, mugearite, and benmoreite) took ≤3 thousand years (k.y.) on average. Differentiation from intermediate compositions to trachyte took a maximum of 6.7±3.6 to 22.9±1.7 k.y. Thus, the total duration of differentiation was ~10–25 k.y. Timescales presented here are independent of the processes evoked to drive differentiation because they are based solely on the ages and compositions of eruptive products from a system characterized by a simple, repeated differentiation sequence.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862F","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Stelten, M.E., Downs, D.T., Dietterich, H.R., Mahood, G.A., Calvert, A.T., Sisson, T.W., Witter, M.R., Zahran, H.M., and Shawali, J., 2023, The duration and characteristics of magmatic differentiation from basalt to trachyte within the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. F of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862F.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 56 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-112196","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423987,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENRS8U","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Electron microprobe data for plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, and spinel in volcanic rocks from the Matan volcanic center located within the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423986,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92FB6AQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Ar isotope data for volcanic rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423984,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/f/pp1862f.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1862F"},{"id":423983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/f/coverthbf.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.5,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.5,\n 24\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.5,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Mafic volcanic fields are widespread, but few have erupted in historical times, providing limited observations of the magnitudes, dynamics, and timescales of lava flow emplacement in these settings. The Harrat Rahat volcanic field in western Saudi Arabia offers a good opportunity to study eruptions in such a setting, with a historical eruption in 1256 C.E. (654 in the year of the Hijra) and numerous well-preserved late Pleistocene lava flows. We combine historical observations and rheological and morphological analyses of the youngest flows with analytical models to reconstruct eruptive histories and lava flow emplacement conditions in Harrat Rahat. Petrologic analysis of samples for emplacement temperatures and crystallinities show cooling trends from vent to toe of ~1,140 to ~1,090 degrees Celsius (°C) at rates of 2 to 7 °C per kilometer, crystallinities increasing from 0.5 to 60 volume percent, and apparent viscosities increasing from 102 to 109 pascal seconds. High-resolution topographic data facilitate quantitative analysis of morphology and interpolation of preeruptive surfaces to measure flow thicknesses, channels, and levees, and enable calculation of eruptive volumes. Analytical models relating flow morphology to emplacement conditions are applied to estimate effusion rates. Within the suite of studied flows, minimum volume estimates range from 0.07 to 0.42 cubic kilometers dense rock equivalent, with effusion rates on the order of tens to hundreds of cubic meters per second and durations from 1 to 15 weeks. These integrated analyses quantify past lava flow emplacement conditions and dynamics in Harrat Rahat, improving our understanding and observations of fundamental parameters and controls of effusive eruptions in Harrat Rahat and other mafic volcanic fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862E","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Dietterich, H.R., Downs, D.T., and Stelten, M.E., 2023, Lava flow emplacement in Harrat Rahat with implications for eruptions in mafic volcanic fields, chap. E of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862E.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-111360","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/e/coverthbe.jpg"},{"id":423980,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/e/pp1862e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-E"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northeastern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.675,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.675,\n 24.2\n ],\n [\n 40,\n 24.2\n ],\n [\n 40,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.675,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025