Use of a modified L'vov Platform and ammonium phosphate as a matrix modifier greatly reduced matrix interferences in a commercial Massmann-type atomic absorption furnace. Platforms were readily fabricated from furnace tubes and, once positioned in the furnace, caused no inconvenience in operation. Two volatile elements (Pb, Cd), two of intermediate volatility (Co, Cr) and two which form stable oxides (Al, Sn) were tested in natural water and selected synthetic matrices. In every case for which there was a significant matrix effect during atomization from the tube wall, the platform and platform plus modifier gave improved performance. With lead, for example, an average ratio of 0.48 ± 0.11 was found when the slope of the standard additions plot for six different natural water samples was compared to the slope of the standard working curve in dilute acid. The average slope ratio between the natural water matrices and the dilute acid matrix was 0.94 ± 0.03 with the L'vov Platform and 0.96 ± 0.03 with the platform and matrix modifier. In none of the cases studied did the use of the platform or platform plus modifier cause an interference problem where none existed while atomizing from the tube wall. An additional benefit of the platform was a factor of about two improvement in peak height precision.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0584-8547(81)80060-2","issn":"05848547","usgsCitation":"Kaiser, M.L., Koirtyohann, S.R., Hinderberger, E.J., and Taylor, H.E., 1981, Reduction of matrix interferences in furnace atomic absorption with the L'vov Platform: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, v. 36, no. 8, p. 773-783, https://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8547(81)80060-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"783","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e0e4b0e8fec6cdb9f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaiser, M. L.","contributorId":68456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"M.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koirtyohann, S. R.","contributorId":44287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koirtyohann","given":"S.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinderberger, E. J.","contributorId":22489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinderberger","given":"E.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":361855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012075,"text":"70012075 - 1981 - Boulder deposits and the retreat of mountain slopes, or ' gully gravure' revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:46:06.294102","indexId":"70012075","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boulder deposits and the retreat of mountain slopes, or ' gully gravure' revisited","docAbstract":"Observations on mountains composed chiefly of shale and capped with Tuscarora Sandstone in the Valley and Ridge province of southwest Virginia suggest that slopes retreat by a process similar to but different from Bryan's (1940) \"gully gravure.\" The process appears to operate as follows: Bouldery alluvium protects the floors of hollows on the mountain flanks. In each hollow, the junction between the boulder-armored floor and the base of the unprotected shale side slope is the locus of greatest erosion. Runoff from rainstorms that have recurrence intervals of the order of 10 to 10² years incises gullies along the margins of the bouldery deposits, but lacks the competence to disturb the deposits. Periodically, however, runoff from catastrophic rainstorms that have recurrence intervals of the order of perhaps 10³ years mobilizes the bouldery alluvium and deposits it in the gullies. The armored floor thus shifts laterally. Subsequently, new gullies are incised adjacent to the old ones. The result is the lateral migration of one or both walls of the hollow. Eventually, ridges between hollows are destroyed, and valley floors covered with bouldery alluvium become new interfluves in an unending process that lowers mountain flanks. Evidence of this process includes the distribution of surficial deposits that show past topographic inversion of hollows and noses, correlation of surficial clast size with cross-slope variations in topography, and topographic comparisons between mountain flanks mantled and unmantled by Tuscarora boulders. This process probably is common wherever large resistant clasts are transported downslope over less resistant bedrock. Lateral migration of stream valleys has been shown to take place on mountain piedmonts under similar circumstances, but this study suggests that such migration may also take place on the upper slopes of mountains in hollows where water flow may be significant only a few times per century.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628628","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Mills, H.H., 1981, Boulder deposits and the retreat of mountain slopes, or ' gully gravure' revisited: Journal of Geology, v. 89, no. 5, p. 649-660, https://doi.org/10.1086/628628.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"660","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222518,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f244e4b0c8380cd4b0b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, H. H.","contributorId":18384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"H.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70140589,"text":"70140589 - 1981 - Evaluation of Landsat Multispectral Scanner data for mapping vegetated soil landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T14:47:26","indexId":"70140589","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of Landsat Multispectral Scanner data for mapping vegetated soil landscapes","docAbstract":"Landsat multispectral scanner data for Brazos County, Texas, were evaluated in terms of effectiveness for classifying soils on vegetated landscapes at three times during the year: a time of normally adequate soil water, a time of expected soil water deficit, and a time when soil water is normally being replenished. Six test sites were used to evaluate LARSYS supervised and unsupervised classification of vegetated soil landscapes. Open grassland soils were best separated in the fall during a period when soil moisture was being replenished after the summer period of soil water deficit. Woodland soils were separated by Landsat data in late spring when adequate moisture was available. However, a high degree of accuracy was not achieved using Landsat for separating soil map units. Accurate separation of soil mapping units on vegetated landscapes was not possible during late summer when soil water was deficient. Selected soil properties important to plant growth were separable on the test sites using June and October Landsat data. Particle size and soil moisture regime were separated at both dates. Soils with argillic horizons were separated from soils without argillic horizons.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500010020x","usgsCitation":"Thompson, D.R., Haas, R.H., and Milford, M.H., 1981, Evaluation of Landsat Multispectral Scanner data for mapping vegetated soil landscapes: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 45, no. 1, p. 91-95, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500010020x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Brazos 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D. R.","contributorId":139146,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haas, Robert H.","contributorId":93388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":540206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milford, M. H.","contributorId":139147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milford","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012072,"text":"70012072 - 1981 - Paleoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine ostracodes from the St. Lawrence lowlands.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-27T15:23:06","indexId":"70012072","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine ostracodes from the St. Lawrence lowlands.","docAbstract":"Using modern zoogeographic data and inferred temperature ranges for Champlain Sea ostracode species, bottom water paleotemperatures were estimated for three phases of deposition of this inland sea. The temporal distribution of these and other environmentally diagnostic species in Champlain Sea deposits reveals a significant local climatic change in the Champlain Valley from frigid/subfrigid to cold-temperate marine conditions about 11 000 to 10 600 yr BP. Oceanographic changes in the Champlain Sea are correlated with major deglaciation events recorded in the North Atlantic.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 1981, Paleoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine ostracodes from the St. Lawrence lowlands.: Micropaleontology, v. 27, no. 4, p. 384-418.","startPage":"384","endPage":"418","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268481,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://micropal.geoscienceworld.org/content/27/4/384.full.pdf+html"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73c9e4b0c8380cd77246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010353,"text":"70010353 - 1981 - Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:08:17","indexId":"70010353","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":680,"text":"Agricultural Water Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas","docAbstract":"Undesirable salinity increases occur in both groundwater and surface water and are commonly related to agricultural practices. Groundwater recharge from precipitation or irrigation will transport and disperse residual salts concentrated by evapotranspiration, salts leached from soil and aquifer materials, as well as some dissolved fertilizers and pesticides. Where stream salinity is affected by agricultural practices, the increases in salt load usually are attributable mostly to a groundwater component of flow. Thus, efforts to predict, manage, or control stream salinity increases should consider the role of groundwater in salt transport. Two examples of groundwater salinity problems in Colorado, U.S.A., illustrate that a model which simulates accurately the transport and dispersion of solutes in flowing groundwater can be (1) a valuable investigative tool to help understand the processes and parameters controlling the movement and fate of the salt, and (2) a valuable management tool for predicting responses and optimizing the development and use of the total water resource.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3774(81)90050-0","issn":"03783774","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas: Agricultural Water Management, v. 4, no. 1-3, p. 187-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(81)90050-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.16015624999999,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -109.16015624999999,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -109.16015624999999,\n 37.055177106660814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae6de4b0c8380cd870c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010322,"text":"70010322 - 1981 - Significant results from using earth observation satellites for mineral and energy resource exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:02:50","indexId":"70010322","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significant results from using earth observation satellites for mineral and energy resource exploration","docAbstract":"A large number of Earth-observation satellites orbit our world several times each day, providing new information about the land and sea surfaces and the overlying thin layer of atmosphere that makes our planet unique. Meteorological satellites have had the longest history of experimental use and most are now considered operational. The geologic information collected by the Landsat, Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (POGO), Magsat, Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) and Seasat land and ocean observation systems is being thoroughly tested, and some of these systems are now approaching operational use.
\nLandsat multispectral images provide views of large areas of the Earth under uniform lighting conditions and can be obtained at a variety of scales and formats. Not only do the Landsat data provide highly useful images showing surficial materials and structures such as folds and faults, but also measurements and computer-derived ratios of the brightness of different rock types, alteration zones, and mineral associations. These data have led to the finding of a variety of new ore deposits. In addition, the combination of Landsat digital data and aeromagnetic data has extended the use of Landsat as an exploration tool which can be used to readily relate surface features to subsurface anomalies.
\nMagsat data, now being collected, are helping refine information on major crustal anomalies that were first recognized during the analysis of POGO data. The more nearly circular orbit, lower altitude, and increased sophistication of its vector magnetometer enable Magsat to provide more precise information than POGO. Information of this type is required to develop crustal models. Although Magsat is designed to operate for only 4–8 months, the number of orbits that it should be able to make will be sufficient to accomplish its mission and to record a major magnetic storm expected in 1980.
\nHCMM is a two-band visible to near-IR (0.55–1.1 μm) and thermal infrared (10.2–12.5 μm) system designed to measure reflected solar energy, determine the heat capacity of rocks and to monitor soil moisture, thermal effluents, plant canopy temperatures and snow cover. Launched in April 1978, it is in sun-synchronous, circular orbit at an altitude of 620 km. It is a relatively low-resolution system with an instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of 500–600 m and a swath width of 716 km. However, the system is designed to detect objects in the range of 260°–340° K with a sensitivity (NEδT) of 0.4°K at 280°. Recording the thermal radiation of urban heat islands and high thermal inertia of quartzite strata in the Appalachian region are two examples of its land applications.
\nLaunched in June 1978, Seasat operated for only 100 days, but successfully acquired much information over both sea and land. The collection of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery and radar altimetry was particularly important to geologists. Although there are difficulties in processing and distributing these data in a timely manner, initial evaluations indicate that the radar imagery supplements Landsat data by increasing the spectral range and offering a different look angle. The radar altimeter provides accurate profiles over narrow strips of land (1 km wide) and has demonstrated usefulness in measuring icecap surfaces (Greenland, Iceland, and Antarctica). The Salar of Uyuni in southern Bolivia served as a calibration site for the altimeter and has enabled investigators to develop a land-based smoothing algorithm that is believed to increase the accuracy of the system to 10 cm. Data from the altimeter are currently being used to measure subsidence resulting from ground water withdrawal in the Phoenix-Tucson area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0273-1177(81)90402-6","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., 1981, Significant results from using earth observation satellites for mineral and energy resource exploration: Advances in Space Research, v. 1, no. 10, p. 261-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(81)90402-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":218640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266021,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(81)90402-6"}],"volume":"1","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f2de4b08c986b318d89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, William D.","contributorId":64567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":94160,"text":"94160 - 1981 - An overview of the various techniques to control infectious diseases in water supplies and in water reuse aquacultural systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:57","indexId":"94160","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"An overview of the various techniques to control infectious diseases in water supplies and in water reuse aquacultural systems","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Bio-Engineering Symposium for Fish Culture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society, Fish Culture Section","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","collaboration":"None/FF","usgsCitation":"Dupree, H., 1981, An overview of the various techniques to control infectious diseases in water supplies and in water reuse aquacultural systems, chap. of Proceedings of the Bio-Engineering Symposium for Fish Culture, p. 85-89.","productDescription":"p. 85-89","startPage":"85","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6841af","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Allen, L.J.","contributorId":113265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505239,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinney, E.F.","contributorId":114027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinney","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505240,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Dupree, H.K.","contributorId":6785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupree","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012167,"text":"70012167 - 1981 - Pb210 geochronology and trace metal concentrations of sediments from Upper Klamath Lake and Lake Euwana, Oregon.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-07T16:50:58","indexId":"70012167","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pb210 geochronology and trace metal concentrations of sediments from Upper Klamath Lake and Lake Euwana, Oregon.","docAbstract":"Rates of sedimentation calculated from analyses of 210Pb activities in cores from two shallow lakes whose mean depths are 2.4m, Upper Klamath Lake and Lake Euwana (Klamath County, Oregon), indicate that they are filling at approximately 3.0mm/yr. Average sedimentation rates for compaction-corrected cores range from 0.9mm/yr to 8.5mm/yr or from 0.03g/cm2/yr to 0.48g/cm2/yr, respectively. Plots of excess 210Pb activity versus depth show a mixing layer due to biological activity and other physical mixing that ranges in thickness from 5-20cm, and that is found below the sediment-water interface at all coring locations. Trace metal analyses performed to establish baseline levels of selected elements show very low concentrations of all metals measured in cores from Upper Klamath Lake (Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, Mn and Zn) when compared with concentrations of these metals found in other North American lacustrine environments.-Authors
","language":"English","publisher":"Northwest Scientific Association","usgsCitation":"Martin, E., and Rice, C.A., 1981, Pb210 geochronology and trace metal concentrations of sediments from Upper Klamath Lake and Lake Euwana, Oregon.: Northwest Science, v. 55, no. 4, p. 269-280.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"280","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350353,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.northwestscience.org/page-937324","text":"Northwest Science homepage"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Klamath County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Euwana, Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.12127685546875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 42.59151063198149\n ],\n [\n -122.12127685546875,\n 42.59151063198149\n ],\n [\n -122.12127685546875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7603e4b0c8380cd77e94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, E.A.","contributorId":44148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, C. A.","contributorId":106116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012166,"text":"70012166 - 1981 - Reactor-released radionuclides in Susquehanna River sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012166","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactor-released radionuclides in Susquehanna River sediments","docAbstract":"Three Mile Island (TMI) and Peach Bottom (PB) reactors have introduced 137Cs, 134Cs, 60Co, 58Co and several other anthropogenic radionuclides into the lower Susquehanna River. Here we present the release history for these nuclides (Table 1) and radionuclide concentration data (Table 2) for sediment samples collected in the river and upper portions of the Chesapeake Bay (Fig. 1) within a few months after the 28 March 1979 loss-of-coolant-water problem at TMI. Although we found no evidence for nuclides characteristic of a ruptured fuel element, we did find nuclides characteristic of routine operations. Despite the TMI incident, more than 95% of the total 134Cs input to the Susquehanna has been a result of controlled low-level releases from the PB site. 134Cs activity released into the river is effectively trapped by sediments with the major zones of reactor-nuclide accumulation behind Conowingo Dam and in the upper portions of Chesapeake Bay. The reported distributions document the fate of reactor-released radionuclides and their extent of environmental contamination in the Susquehanna-Upper Chesapeake Bay System. ?? 1981 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/294242a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Olsen, C., Larsen, I., Cutshall, N., Donoghue, J., Bricker, O., and Simpson, H., 1981, Reactor-released radionuclides in Susquehanna River sediments: Nature, v. 294, no. 5838, p. 242-245, https://doi.org/10.1038/294242a0.","startPage":"242","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205142,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/294242a0"},{"id":221804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"294","issue":"5838","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9590e4b0c8380cd81acb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, C.R.","contributorId":26442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, I.L.","contributorId":37070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"I.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cutshall, N.H.","contributorId":29957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutshall","given":"N.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Donoghue, J.F.","contributorId":63533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donoghue","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simpson, H.J.","contributorId":105053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70012155,"text":"70012155 - 1981 - Stable isotope systematics in mesozoic granites of Central and Northern California and Southwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012155","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope systematics in mesozoic granites of Central and Northern California and Southwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"18O, D, and H2O+ contents were measured for whole-rock specimens of granitoid rocks from 131 localitics in California and southwestern Oregon. With 41 new determinations in the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada, initial strontium isotope ratios are known for 104 of these samples. Large variations in ??18O (5.5 to 12.4), ??D (-130 to -31), water contents (0.14 to 2.23 weight percent) and initial strontium isotope ratios (0.7028 to 0.7095) suggest a variety of source materials and identify rocks modified by secondary processes. Regular patterns of variation in each isotopic ratio exist over large geographical regions, but correlations between the ratios are generally absent except in restricted areas. For example, the regular decrease in ??D values from west to east in the Sierra Nevada batholith is not correlative with a quite complex pattern of ??18O values, implying that different processes were responsible for the isotopic variations in these two elements. In marked contrast to a good correlation between (87Sr/86Sr)o and ??18O observed in the Peninsular Ranges batholith to the south, such correlations are lacking except in a few areas. ??D values, on the other hand, correlate well with rock types, chemistry, and (87Sr/86Sr)o except in the Coast Ranges where few of the isotopic signatures are primary. The uniformly low ??D values of samples from the Mojave Desert indicate that meteoric water contributed much of the hydrogen to the rocks in that area. Even so, the ??18O values and 18O fractionations between quartz and feldspar are normal in these same rocks. This reconnaissance study has identified regularities in geochemical parameters over enormous geographical regions. These patterns are not well understood but merit more detailed examination because they contain information critical to our understanding of the development of granitoid batholiths. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00373691","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Masi, U., O’Neil, J.R., and Kistler, R.W., 1981, Stable isotope systematics in mesozoic granites of Central and Northern California and Southwestern Oregon: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 116-126, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373691.","startPage":"116","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205276,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373691"},{"id":222640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b967fe4b08c986b31b547","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masi, U.","contributorId":34654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masi","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012150,"text":"70012150 - 1981 - Sedimentary framework of the Potomac River estuary, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T11:53:26","indexId":"70012150","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary framework of the Potomac River estuary, Maryland","docAbstract":"Analyses of seismic-reflection profiles, sediment cores, grab samples, and side-scan sonar records, along with previously collected borehole data, reveal the characteristics, distribution, and geologic history of the shallow strata beneath the Potomac River estuary. The lowermost strata are sediments of the Chesapeake Group (lower Miocene to lower Pleistocene) that crop out on land near the shore but are buried as much as 40 m below the floor of the estuary. The top of these sediments is an erosional unconformity that outlines the Wisconsinan valley of the Potomac River. This valley has a sinuous trend, a flat bottom, a relief of 15 to 34 m, and axial depths of 34 to 54 m below present sea level. During the Holocene transgression of sea level, the ancestral valley was filled with as much as 40 m of sandy and silty, fluvial-to-shallow estuarine sediments. The fill became the substrate for oyster bars in the upper reach and now forms most marginal slopes of the estuary. Since sea level approached its present position (2,000 to 3,000 yr ago), the main channel has become the locus of deposition for watery, gray to black clay or silty clay, and waves and currents have eroded the heterogeneous Quaternary sediments along the margins, leaving winnowed brown sand on shallow shoreline flats. Pb-210 analyses indicate that modern mud is accumulating at rates ranging from 0.16 to 1.80 cm/yr, being lowest near the mouth and increasing toward the head of the estuary. This trend reflects an increased accumulation of fine-grained fluvial sediments near the turbidity maximum, similar to that found in nearby Chesapeake Bay. The present annual accumulation of mud is about 1.54 million metric tons; the cumulative mass is 406 million metric tons.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<578:SFOTPR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., Martin, E.A., Glenn, J., and Needell, S.W., 1981, Sedimentary framework of the Potomac River estuary, Maryland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. 8, p. 578-589, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<578:SFOTPR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"589","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293106,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<578:SFOTPR>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryl","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.046049,37.890686 ], [ -77.046049,38.399707 ], [ -76.237922,38.399707 ], [ -76.237922,37.890686 ], [ -77.046049,37.890686 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"92","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a25e4b08c986b317065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, E. Ann","contributorId":99550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glenn, J.L.","contributorId":81099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Needell, Sally W.","contributorId":106874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needell","given":"Sally","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012146,"text":"70012146 - 1981 - Geologic controls of uranium mineralization in the Tallahassee Creek uranium district, Fremont County, Colorado.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012146","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic controls of uranium mineralization in the Tallahassee Creek uranium district, Fremont County, Colorado.","docAbstract":"Two important orebodies have been defined by drilling in the Tallahassee Creek uranium district, Fremont County, Colorado, namely the Hansen and the Picnic Tree. Host rocks are respectively the upper Eocene Echo park Alluvium, and the lower Oligocene Tallahassee Creek Conglomerate. Average ore grade is about 0.08% U3O8. The principal source rock is the lower Oligocene Wall Mountain Tuff. Leaching and transportation of the uranium occurred in alkaline oxidizing ground water that developed during alteration of the ash in a semi-arid environment. The uranium was transported in the groundwater and deposited in a reducing environment controlled by carbonaceous material and associated pyrite. Localization of the ore was controlled by groundwater flow conditions and by the distribution of organic matter in the host rock. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, K.A., 1981, Geologic controls of uranium mineralization in the Tallahassee Creek uranium district, Fremont County, Colorado.: Mountain Geologist, v. 18, no. 4, p. 88-95.","startPage":"88","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1942e4b0c8380cd5591f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, K. A.","contributorId":77528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012142,"text":"70012142 - 1981 - Electrical properties of granite with implications for the lower crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:12:48.425489","indexId":"70012142","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrical properties of granite with implications for the lower crust","docAbstract":"The electrical properties of granite appear to be dominantly controlled by the amount of free water in the granite and by temperature. Minor contributions to the electrical properties are provided by hydrostatic and lithostatic pressure, structurally bound water, oxygen fugacity, and other parameters. The effect of sulfur fugacity may be important but is experimentally unconfirmed. In addition to changing the magnitude of electrical properties, the amount and chemistry of water in granite significantly changes the temperature dependence of the electrical properties. With increasing temperature, changes in water content retain large, but lessened, effects on electrical properties. Near room temperature, a monolayer of water will decrease the electrical resistivity by an order of magnitude. Several weight-percent water may decrease the electrical resistivity by as much as 9 orders of magnitude and decrease the thermal activation energy by a factor of 5. At elevated temperatures just below granitic melting, a few weight-percent water may still decrease the resistivity by as much as 3 orders of magnitude and the activation energy by a factor of 2. Above the melting temperature (650° to 1100°C depending upon water pressure), a few weight-percent water will decrease the resistivity by less than an order of magnitude and will barely change the activation energy. Remarkably, the few weight-percent water must be present as free water. Experiments with hydrated hornblende schist (with structural water) indicate an electrical resistivity very similar to that for dry granite. The implications of these results, together with the findings of deep magnetic sounding and magnetotelluric surveys, suggest much more free water than is commonly associated with the lower crust and possibly into the upper mantle.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00931","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Olhoeft, G., 1981, Electrical properties of granite with implications for the lower crust: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 931-936, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00931.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"931","endPage":"936","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0890e4b0c8380cd51b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012124,"text":"70012124 - 1981 - Chemical constraints of groundwater management in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:03:57","indexId":"70012124","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical constraints of groundwater management in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico","docAbstract":"Two critical objectives of water management in the Yucatan are: (1) to develop regional groundwater supplies for an expanding population and tourism based on the Mayan archeological sites and excellent beaches; and (2) to control groundwater pollution in a chemically sensitive system made vulnerable by geologic conditions.
The Yucatan peninsula is a coastal plain underlain by permeable limestone and has an annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm. Such a setting should provide abundant supplies of water; however, factors of climate and hydrogeology have combined to form a hydrologic system with chemical boundaries that decrease the amount of available fresh water.
Management of water resources has long had a major influence on the cultural and economic development of the Yucatan. The Mayan culture of the northern Yucatan developed by extensive use of groundwater. The religion was water-oriented and the Mayan priests prayed to Chac, the water god, for assistance in water management primarily to decrease the severity of droughts. The Spaniards arrived in 1517 and augmented the supplies by digging wells, which remained the common practice for more than 300 years. Many wells now have been abandoned because of serious problems of pollution resulting from the use of a sewage disposal well adjacent to each supply well.
The modern phase of water management began in 1959 when the Secretaría de Recursos Hidráulicos (S.R.H.) was charged with the responsibility for both scientific investigations and development programmes for water-supply and sewage-disposal systems for cities, villages and islands.
From mythology, archeology, and chronicles of early explorers we can learn how early Americans viewed the cause and effect relations of hydrologic phenomena. Hopes and fears are the basis of religion, and it was through religion that water management was first practiced. Early people used their water resources to develop diverse civilizations in various parts of the western hemisphere. Not only was the rise of these earlier civilizations hydrologically influenced, but also the downfall of some was related to natural or man-made hydrological crises in which gods and mythology continued to play a role.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i002p00257","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Back, W., 1981, Hydromythology and ethnohydrology in the New World: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 2, p. 257-287, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i002p00257.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"287","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America, South America","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3789e4b0c8380cd60f51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, William","contributorId":59007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011687,"text":"70011687 - 1981 - Lithology, reservoir properties, and burial history of portion of Gammon Shale (Cretaceous), southwestern North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T11:54:24.194227","indexId":"70011687","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithology, reservoir properties, and burial history of portion of Gammon Shale (Cretaceous), southwestern North Dakota","docAbstract":"In the northern Great Plains, large quantities of biogenic methane are contained at shallow depths in Cretaceous marine mudstones. The Gammon Shale and equivalents of the Milk River Formation in Canada, which comprise most sediments deposited offshore during the Eagle-Telegraph Creek regression, are typical of such gas-bearing rocks. At Little Missouri field, southwestern North Dakota, Gammon reservoirs consist of discontinuous lenses and laminae of siltstone, less than 10 mm thick, enclosed by silty clay shale. Large amounts of allogenic clay, including highly expansible mixed-layer illite-smectite cause great water sensitivity and high measured and calculated water-saturation values.
Reconstructed burial depths, clay mineralogy, and organic matter maturation studies show that the Gammon has not undergone thermal conditions sufficient for oil or thermal gas generation. Scarce authigenic minerals such as pyrite, siderite, and calcite probably formed as a result of bacterial metabolism early in the burial history. The scarcity of authigenic silicates suggests that diagenesis has been inhibited during much of the burial history by the presence of free methane.
Shale layers are practically impermeable whereas siltstone microlenses are porous (30 to 40%) and have permeabilities on the order of 3 to 30 md. Reservoir continuity between siltstone layers is poor and, overall, reservoir permeability is probably less than 0.4 md. Connecting passageways between siltstone lenses are 0.1 µm or less in diameter.
Organic matter in the low-permeability reservoirs served as the source of biogenic methane, and capillary forces acted as the trapping mechanism for gas accumulation. At Little Missouri field, reservoirs and non-reservoirs cannot be distinguished on the basis of lithology, and much of the Gammon interval is potentially economic. Future research should be directed toward determining the physical basis of log response in the low-permeability reservoirs and toward the development or application of water-free recovery technology.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B59472-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Gautier, D.L., 1981, Lithology, reservoir properties, and burial history of portion of Gammon Shale (Cretaceous), southwestern North Dakota: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 6, p. 1146-1159, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59472-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1146","endPage":"1159","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.03780862369982,\n 46.10418096758403\n ],\n [\n -104.03780862369982,\n 45.956878731402895\n ],\n [\n -103.77922987218658,\n 45.956878731402895\n ],\n [\n -103.77922987218658,\n 46.10418096758403\n ],\n [\n -104.03780862369982,\n 46.10418096758403\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a488fe4b0c8380cd67f55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gautier, D. L.","contributorId":69996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011719,"text":"70011719 - 1981 - The origin of epigenetic graphite: Evidence from isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T14:12:15.245888","indexId":"70011719","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of epigenetic graphite: Evidence from isotopes","docAbstract":"Stable carbon isotope ratios measured in syngenetic graphite, epigenetic graphite, and graphitic marble suggests that syngenetic graphite forms only by the metamorphism of carbonaceous detritus. Metamorphism of calcareous rocks with carbonaceous detritus is accompanied by an exchange of carbon between the two, which may result in large changes in isotopic composition of the non-carbonate phase but does not affect the relative proportions of the two reactants in the rock. Epigenetic graphite forms only from carbonaceous material or preexisting graphite. The reactions involved are the water gas reaction (C + H2O → CO + H2) at 800–900°C, and the Boudouard reaction (2CO → C + CO2), which probably takes place at temperatures about 50–100°C lower.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90086-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Weis, P.L., Friedman, I., and Gleason, J., 1981, The origin of epigenetic graphite: Evidence from isotopes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 12, p. 2325-2332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90086-7.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2325","endPage":"2332","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221541,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae69e4b08c986b32409a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weis, P. L.","contributorId":71557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weis","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gleason, J.P.","contributorId":36425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011720,"text":"70011720 - 1981 - Electrolytic oxidation of anthracite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-02T17:17:10.933691","indexId":"70011720","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrolytic oxidation of anthracite","docAbstract":"An anthracite slurry can be oxidized only with difficulty by electrolytic methods in which aqueous electrolytes are used if the slurry is confined to the region of the anode by a porous pot or diaphragm. However, it can be easily oxidized if the anthracite itself is used as the anode. No porous pot or diaphragm is needed. Oxidative consumption of the coal to alkali-soluble compounds is found to proceed preferentially at the edges of the aromatic planes. An oxidation model is proposed in which the chief oxidants are molecular and radical species formed by the electrolytic decomposition of water at the coal surface-electrolyte interface. The oxidation reactions proposed account for the opening of the aromatic rings and the subsequent formation of carboxylic acids. The model also explains the observed anisotropic oxidation and the need for the porous pot or diaphragm used in previous studies of the oxidation of coal slurries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(81)90066-1","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Senftle, F.E., Patton, K., and Heard, I., 1981, Electrolytic oxidation of anthracite: Fuel, v. 60, no. 12, p. 1131-1136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(81)90066-1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1131","endPage":"1136","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a3e4b0c8380cd51bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patton, K.M.","contributorId":43914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heard, I. Jr.","contributorId":95199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heard","given":"I.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011733,"text":"70011733 - 1981 - Antipathetic magnesium-manganese relationship in basal metalliferous sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:36:39","indexId":"70011733","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antipathetic magnesium-manganese relationship in basal metalliferous sediments","docAbstract":"Basal metalliferous sediments from sites 77B, 80 and 81 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project represent mixtures of pelagic clay, biogenic ooze, and a metalliferous component of hydrothermal origin. The metalliferous end-member of the sediments displays a strong inverse relationship (r = -0.88) between Mg and Mn. Mg is most likely tied up in an X-ray amorphous Mg-silicate (\"sepiolite\"), whereas Mn occurs almost exclusively in an oxide phase. Precipitation of the Mg-rich phase is favored by high flow rates and limited mixing of the hydrothermal end-member (source of silica) with seawater (source of Mg). Under those conditions much of the hydrothermal Mn2+, with its slow oxidation kinetics, may escape to the free water column. In contrast, in highly-diluted hydrothermal fluids, which provide a source solution for Mn-rich sediments, dissolved silica is diluted below saturation with respect to \"sepiolite\". The separation of the Mn and Mg phases may be further compounded by hydraulic fractionation. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(81)90088-7","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Bloch, S., 1981, Antipathetic magnesium-manganese relationship in basal metalliferous sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 33, no. 1-4, p. 101-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90088-7.","startPage":"101","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266120,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90088-7"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec6ce4b0c8380cd4926c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bloch, S.","contributorId":81249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloch","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011735,"text":"70011735 - 1981 - Dissolution of salt on the east flank of the Permian Basin in the southwestern U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T23:14:00.947333","indexId":"70011735","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolution of salt on the east flank of the Permian Basin in the southwestern U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic studies prove that natural dissolution of bedded salt occurs at shallow depths in many parts of the Permian Basin of the southwestern U.S.A. This is especially well-documented on the east side of the basin in study areas on the Cimarron River and Elm Fork in western Oklahoma, and on the Red River in the southeastern part of the Texas Panhandle. Four requirements for salt dissolution are: (1) a deposit of salt; (2) a supply of water unsaturated with respect to NaCl; (3) an outlet for removal of brine; and (4) energy to cause water to flow through the system. The supply of fresh groundwater in the region is recharged through permeable rocks, alluvium, terrace deposits, karstic features and fractures. Groundwater dissolves salt at depths of 10–250 m, and the resulting brine moves laterally and upward under hydrostatic pressure through caverns, fractures in disrupted rock, and clastic or carbonate aquifers until it reaches the land surface, where it forms salt plains and salt springs. In many areas, salt dissolution produces a self-perpetuating cycle: dissolution causes cavern development, followed by collapse and subsidence of overlying rock; then the resulting disrupted rock has a greater vertical permeability that allows increased water percolation and additional salt dissolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(81)90153-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K., 1981, Dissolution of salt on the east flank of the Permian Basin in the southwestern U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 54, no. 1-3, p. 75-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(81)90153-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"southwestern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.8513673632736,\n 38.26164000698401\n ],\n [\n -103.8513673632736,\n 32.766938120268534\n ],\n [\n -97.49745337848722,\n 32.766938120268534\n ],\n [\n -97.49745337848722,\n 38.26164000698401\n ],\n [\n -103.8513673632736,\n 38.26164000698401\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0230e4b0c8380cd4ff2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, K.S.","contributorId":24385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011745,"text":"70011745 - 1981 - Laser fluorometric analysis of plants for uranium exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T16:02:22.777955","indexId":"70011745","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laser fluorometric analysis of plants for uranium exploration","docAbstract":"A preliminary test of biogeochemical exploration for locating uranium occurrences in the Marfa Basin, Texas, was conducted in 1978. Only 6 of 74 plant samples (mostly catclaw mimosa, Mimosa biuncifera) contained uranium in amounts above the detection limit (0.4 ppm in the ash) of the conventional fluorometric method. The samples were then analyzed using a Scintrex UA-3 uranium analyzer∗ - an instrument designed for direct analysis of uranium in water, and which can be conveniently used in a mobile field laboratory. The detection limit for uranium in plant ash (0.05 ppm) by this method is almost an order of magnitude lower than with the fluorometric conventional method. Only 1 of the 74 samples contained uranium below the detection limit of the new method. Accuracy and precision were determined to be satisfactory. Samples of plants growing on mineralized soils and nonmineralized soils show a 15-fold difference in uranium content; whereas the soils themselves (analyzed by delayed neutron activation analysis) show only a 4-fold difference. The method involves acid digestion of ashed tissue, extraction of uranium into ethyl acetate, destruction of the ethyl acetate, dissolution of the residue in 0.005% nitric acid, and measurement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90091-1","usgsCitation":"Harms, T.F., Ward, F.N., and Erdman, J.A., 1981, Laser fluorometric analysis of plants for uranium exploration: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 15, no. 1-3, p. 617-623, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90091-1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"623","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220929,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Marfa Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.21624774291749,\n 30.441758920573506\n ],\n [\n -104.21624774291749,\n 30.136099446286195\n ],\n [\n -103.78736418700174,\n 30.136099446286195\n ],\n [\n -103.78736418700174,\n 30.441758920573506\n ],\n [\n -104.21624774291749,\n 30.441758920573506\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44b3e4b0c8380cd66cf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harms, T. F.","contributorId":76752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harms","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, F. N.","contributorId":96254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erdman, J. A.","contributorId":59786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011746,"text":"70011746 - 1981 - Determination of selenium at trace levels in geologic materials by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:37:28","indexId":"70011746","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of selenium at trace levels in geologic materials by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry","docAbstract":"Low levels of selenium (0.1-500 ppm) in both organic and inorganic geologic materials can be semiquantitatively measured by isolating Se as a thin film for presentation to an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Suitably pulverized samples are first digested by fusing with a mixture of Na2CO3 and Na2O2. The fusion cake is dissolved in distilled water, buffered with NH4Cl, and filtered to remove Si and the R2O3 group. A carrier solution of Na2TeO4, plus solid KI, hydrazine sulfate and Na2SO3, is added to the filtrate. The solution is then vacuum-filtered through a 0.45-??m pore-size filter disc. The filter, with the thin film of precipitate, is supported between two sheets of Mylar?? film for analysis. Good agreement is shown between data reported in this study and literature values reported by epithermal neutron-activation analysis and spectrofluorimetry. The method can be made quantitative by utilizing a secondary precipitation to assure complete recovery of the Se. The X-ray method offers fast turn-around time and a reasonably high production rate. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(81)90092-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Wahlberg, J., 1981, Determination of selenium at trace levels in geologic materials by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: Chemical Geology, v. 33, no. 1-4, p. 155-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90092-9.","startPage":"155","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266121,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90092-9"},{"id":220930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc5e4b0c8380cd4f3af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahlberg, J.S.","contributorId":59850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahlberg","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011757,"text":"70011757 - 1981 - U-Pb isotope systematics and age of uranium mineralization, Midnite mine, Washington.","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23767,"text":"ofr80236 - 1980 - Age of uranium mineralization, U-Pb isotope systematics, and ore mineralogy of the Midnite Mine, Washington","indexId":"ofr80236","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Age of uranium mineralization, U-Pb isotope systematics, and ore mineralogy of the Midnite Mine, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70011757,"text":"70011757 - 1981 - U-Pb isotope systematics and age of uranium mineralization, Midnite mine, Washington.","indexId":"70011757","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"U-Pb isotope systematics and age of uranium mineralization, Midnite mine, Washington."},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T15:38:37.695623","indexId":"70011757","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb isotope systematics and age of uranium mineralization, Midnite mine, Washington.","docAbstract":"Uranium ores at the Midnite mine, near Spokane, Washington, occur in phyllites and calcsilicates of the Proterozoic Togo Formation, near the margins of an anomalously uraniferous, porphyritic quartz monzonite of Late Cretaceous age. The present geometry of the ore zones is tabular, with the thickest zones above depressions in the pluton-country rock contact. Analyses of high-grade ores from the mine define a 207 Pb/ 204 Pb- 235 U/ 204 Pb isochron indicating an age of mineralization of 51.0 + or - 0.5 m.y. This age coincides with a time of regional volcanic activity (Sanpoil Volcanics), shallow intrusive activity, erosion, and faulting. U-Th-Pb isotopic ages of zircons from the porphyritic quartz monzonite in the mine indicate an age of about 75 m.y., hence the present orebodies were formed about 24 m.y. after its intrusion. The 51-m.y. time of mineralization probably represents a period of mobilization and redeposition of uranium by supergene ground waters, perhaps aided by mild heating and ground preparation and preserved by a capping of newly accumulated, impermeable volcanic rocks. It seems most likely that the initial concentration of uranium occurred about 75 m.y. ago, probably from relatively mild hydrothermal fluids in the contact-metamorphic aureole of the U-rich porphyritic quartz monzonite.Pitchblende, coffinitc, pyrite, marcasite, and hisingerite are the most common minerals in the uranium-bearing veinlets, with minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Coffinitc with associated marcasite is paragenetically later than pitchblende, though textural and isotopic evidence suggests no large difference in the times of pitchblende and colfinite formation.The U-Pb isotope systematics of total ores and of pitchblende-coffinite and pyrite-marcasite separates show that whereas open system behavior for U and Pb is essentially negligible for large (200-500 g) ore samples, Pb migration has occurred on a scale of 1 to 10 mm (out of pitchblende and coffinite and into pyrite and marcasite). Also, long-term continuous leakage of radioactive daughters of 238 U (probably 222 Rn) has occurred on scales of from approximately 100 mu m approximately 10 cm. The isotopic composition of unsupported radiogenic Pb in pyrite-marcasite seems to depend on the mineralogical microenvironment of the grains, so that the radiogenic Pb in pyrite-marcasite intimately intermixed with pitchblende-coffinite tends to be deficient in 206 Pb, and the radiogenic Pb in pyrite-marcasite in gangue tends to have excess 206 Pb. These systematics probably reflect differences between the average distances of Pb and 222 Rn diffusion since the formation of the ores.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.89","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., Nash, J., and Naeser, C.W., 1981, U-Pb isotope systematics and age of uranium mineralization, Midnite mine, Washington.: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 89-110, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.89.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221312,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,45.54 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -116.92,49.0 ], [ -116.92,45.54 ], [ -124.79,45.54 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9cde4b08c986b327e05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nash, J. T.","contributorId":31751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011775,"text":"70011775 - 1981 - Variations in stable- isotope ratios of ground waters in seismically active regions of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:20:20.009952","indexId":"70011775","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in stable- isotope ratios of ground waters in seismically active regions of California","docAbstract":"Measurements of D and 18O concentrations of ground waters in seismically active regions are potentially useful in earthquake prediction and in elucidating mechanisms operative during earthquakes. Principles of this method are discussed and some preliminary data regarding a magnitude 5.7 earthquake at the Oroville Dam in 1975 and a series of events near San Juan Bautista in 1980 are presented to support the utility of such measurements. After earthquakes, the D content of nearby ground waters increased by several permil while the 18O content remained constant. This increase implies that H2O may have either decomposed or reacted to form molecular H2 at depth. It is emphasized that many areas must be investigated for these effects in order to find a sufficient number of \"sensitive\" water wells and springs to permit a truly effective program of earthquake research.
Many recently developed watershed models utilize accumulation and washoff equations to simulate the quality of runofffrom urban impervious areas. These models often have been calibrated by trial and error and with little understanding of model sensitivity to the various parameters. Methodologies for estimating best fit values of the washoff parameters commonly used in these models have been presented previously. In this paper, parameter identification techniques for estimating the accumulation parameters from measured runoff quality data are presented along with a sensitivity analysis of the parameters. Results from application of the techniques and the sensitivity analysis suggest a need for data quantifying the magnitude and identifying the shape of constituent accumulation curves. An exponential accumulation curve is shown to be more general than the linear accumulation curves used in most urban runoff quality models. When determining accumulation rates, attention needs to be given to the effects of residual amounts of constituents remaining after the previous period of storm runoff or street sweeping.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i006p01657","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., and Smith, P.E., 1981, Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 6, p. 1657-1664, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i006p01657.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1664","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6fe4b0c8380cd5270c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}