Garnet-two-mica granites of Jurassic (160 ± 3 m.y.) and Cretaceous (83 ± 1.3 m.y.) ages intrude amphibolite facies metasedimentary rocks of Precambrian age and lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the northern part of the Ruby Mountains, Nevada. High initial 87Sr/86Sr and high values of δ18O for minerals suggest a dominantly sedimentary source for the magmas. Total rare-earth contents are low and less fractionated (CeN/YbN = 10) than granitic rocks of similar composition in the Sierra Nevada and show a negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.57). These data are consistent with melting in the stability field of plagioclase with little contribution to the melt from refractory minerals such as zircon, sphene, and apatite. Minor euhedral garnets are manganese-rich and magnesium-poor (al60sp34py3.6gr2.8) compared to garnet (al79sp6py13gr2) in the intruded metamorphic rocks and show an increase in manganese and a decrease in calcium in the outer few microns. Fractionation of magnesium-iron between garnet and biotite, and of sodium-potassium between K-feldspar and plagioclase in the granites suggest submagmatic equilibration temperatures, in the range of 365° to 505°C, whereas oxygen isotope equilibration temperatures for two granites are higher at 480° and 570°C. The compositions of the granites plot near minimum melting compositions in the water-saturated quartz-albite-orthoclase system. Comparison of muscovite plus quartz stability, the water-saturated granite solidus, and experimental garnet-melt equilibria suggests pressures of crystallization no lower than about 3.5 kbar. This pressure is compatible with that estimated from garnet-plagioclase-sillimanite-quartz equilibria for the intruded metasedimentary rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10591","usgsCitation":"Kistler, R.W., Ghent, E.D., and O’Neil, J.R., 1981, Petrogenesis of garnet two-mica granites in the Ruby Mountains, Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10591-10606, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10591.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10591","endPage":"10606","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Ruby Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.75,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7780e4b0c8380cd784f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ghent, E. D.","contributorId":90037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghent","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011835,"text":"70011835 - 1981 - Comprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and wastewaters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T18:36:29.091036","indexId":"70011835","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and wastewaters","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00087a010","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., 1981, Comprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and wastewaters: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 15, no. 5, p. 578-587, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00087a010.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"587","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f940e4b0c8380cd4d516","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011837,"text":"70011837 - 1981 - Anomalous chemical changes in well waters and possible relation to earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:19:19.730362","indexId":"70011837","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous chemical changes in well waters and possible relation to earthquakes","docAbstract":"Water level, temperature, salinity, electric conductivity, and pH have been measured periodically for several years at three water wells located along a 17-km segment of the San Andreas fault between San Juan Bautista and Cienega Winery in central California. Water samples were collected at the same time for subsequent chemical analyses in the laboratory. Some sudden large changes in salinity and conductivity were recorded in early March 1980 at the two wells near San Juan Bautista. These changes coincided approximately with the beginning of an episode of increased local seismicity, including a magnitude 4.8 earthquake on April 13. Analyses of water samples revealed corresponding changes in ion concentrations, especially of Na+, Ca++, Mg++, SO4−−, HCO3−, F−, and Cl−. The observed changes may be the result of mixing of waters from different aquifers through cracks developed in the water barriers by a possible crustal strain episode that may have occurred in the study area.
In recent years many models have been developed which simulate the quality of rainfall runoff from urban areas. Common to many of these models is the use of an exponential washoff equation. This washoff equation is often modified by an availability equation to account for the effects of runoff intensity on constituent washoff. Optimization techniques for estimating the values of coefficients used in these equations have been developed. Application of these techniques to a small urban watershed in south Florida demonstrated considerable variability in the optimized parameter values among different storms and among different constituents.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i004p01161","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., 1981, Estimation of impervious-area washoff parameters: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 4, p. 1161-1166, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i004p01161.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1161","endPage":"1166","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b94e4b0c8380cd527ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011899,"text":"70011899 - 1981 - Preconsolidation stress of aquifer systems in areas of induced land subsidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:32:59","indexId":"70011899","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preconsolidation stress of aquifer systems in areas of induced land subsidence","docAbstract":"Aquifer systems in the Eloy-Picacho area, Arizona, the Houston-Galveston area, Texas, and the Tulare-Wasco area and Santa Clara Valley, California, appear to have been overconsolidated by an amount that ranged approximately from 1.6 to 6.2 bars (16 to 63 m of water) before man began to withdraw groundwater from them. The relation between land subsidence and water level decline in these areas, consists of two linear segments. In these areas, subsidence per unit water level decline was approximately constant until water levels had declined an amount that ranged from 16 to 63 m. When water levels declined past these values, subsidence per unit water level decline increased to larger constant values. Although slow drainage from aquitards may have contributed to this response, it is interpreted here to be caused primarily by natural overconsolidation of the compacting part of the aquifer system. The water level decline at which the ratio of subsidence to unit water level decline changed indicates approximately the amount by which the preconsolidation stress exceeded the overburden stress on the aquifer system that existed before groundwater withdrawals began.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i003p00693","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T.L., 1981, Preconsolidation stress of aquifer systems in areas of induced land subsidence: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 3, p. 693-704, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i003p00693.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"693","endPage":"704","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Texas","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8147e4b0c8380cd7b447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, Thomas L. tholzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Thomas","email":"tholzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011923,"text":"70011923 - 1981 - The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:05:00","indexId":"70011923","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas","docAbstract":"The δ34S values of dissolved sulfide and the sulfur isotope fractionations between dissolved sulfide and sulfate species in Floridan ground water generally correlate with dissolved sulfate concentrations which are related to flow patterns and residence time within the aquifer. The dissolved sulfide derives from the slow in situ biogenic reduction of sulfate dissolved from sedimentary gypsum in the aquifer. In areas where the water is oldest, the dissolved sulfide has apparently attained isotopic equilibrium with the dissolved sulfate (Δ34S = 65 per mil) at the temperature (28°C) of the system. This approach to equilibrium reflects an extremely slow reduction rate of the dissolved sulfate by bacteria; this slow rate probably results from very low concentrations of organic matter in the aquifer.
In the reducing part of the Edwards aquifer, Texas, there is a general down-gradient increase in both dissolved sulfide and sulfate concentrations, but neither the δ34S values of sulfide nor the sulfide-sulfate isotope fractionation correlates with the ground-water flow pattern. The dissolved sulfide species appear to be derived primarily from biogenic reduction of sulfate ions whose source is gypsum dissolution although upgradient diffusion of H2S gas from deeper oil field brines may be important in places. The sulfur isotope fractionation for sulfide-sulfate (about 38 per mil) is similar to that observed for modern oceanic sediments and probably reflects moderate sulfate reduction in the reducing part of the aquifer owing to the higher temperature and significant amount of organic matter present; contributions of isotopically heavy H2S from oil field brines are also possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90024-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Back, W., Hanshaw, B., Rightmire, C., and Pearson, F.J., 1981, The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 10, p. 1941-1950, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90024-7.","productDescription":"10 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"45","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae63e4b08c986b32406d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rightmire, C.T.","contributorId":63822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rightmire","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearson, F. J. Jr.","contributorId":7696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011924,"text":"70011924 - 1981 - The relationship of geophysical measurements to hydraulic conductivity at the Brantley damsite, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T16:50:32.259773","indexId":"70011924","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1761,"text":"Geoexploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship of geophysical measurements to hydraulic conductivity at the Brantley damsite, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to develop techniques to correlate hydraulic conductivity tests with geophysical logs. In addition, the relationships obtained from boreholes were correlated to surface resistivity soundings in an effort to define areas of potential high water loss at the proposed site for Brantley Dam.
Hydraulic conductivity obtained from water injection pump tests is correlated with neutron logs. Archie's Law and experimental relationships of neutron logs and cores are used for the quantitative evaluation of resistivity. Average porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity are mapped to a depth of 300 ft. based on the geophysical data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7142(81)90024-7","usgsCitation":"Schimschal, U., 1981, The relationship of geophysical measurements to hydraulic conductivity at the Brantley damsite, New Mexico: Geoexploration, v. 19, no. 2, p. 115-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7142(81)90024-7.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220866,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Brantley Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.38192943020395,\n 32.54601481041175\n ],\n [\n -104.38192943020395,\n 32.541825554885506\n ],\n [\n -104.37933660442674,\n 32.541825554885506\n ],\n [\n -104.37933660442674,\n 32.54601481041175\n ],\n [\n -104.38192943020395,\n 32.54601481041175\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf24e4b08c986b324598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schimschal, U.","contributorId":46215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimschal","given":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011933,"text":"70011933 - 1981 - Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:50:16.705788","indexId":"70011933","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","docAbstract":"Many Chrysophyte algae produce morphologically distinctive, siliceous, microscopic cysts during a resting stage of their life cycles; these cysts are often preserved in sediments. Scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski optics permit much more detailed observation of these cysts than was heretofore possible. We have used an ecologic and biogeographic approach to study the distribution of cyst forms in sediments and have established that many cyst types are found only in specific habitats, such as montane lakes, wet meadows, ephemeral ponds, and Sphagnum bogs. In the samples we have studied, cysts seem to be most common in fluctuating fresh-water habitats of low to moderate pH and some winter freezing. Numerous taxonomic problems have yet to be resolved. We believe that chrysophyte cysts have the potential to become a useful tool for both modern environmental assessments and paleoecological studies of Cenozoic fresh-water lacustrine deposits.
A study of the problems encountered in nephelometric determinations of suspended sediment loads in the Chesapeake Bay estuary has led to development of a technique which uses nephelometer readings as a guide for sampling at vertical profiles in an estuary. This permits optimum sampling for concentration profiles and allows one to use nephelometer/load ratios to characterize particles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352165","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Eaton, A., Grant, V., Bricker, O., and Wells, D., 1981, On the use of the nephelometer in estuarine waters: Estuaries, v. 4, no. 4, p. 379-384, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352165.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.88232421875,\n 37.87051721701939\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 37.87051721701939\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 39.614152077002664\n ],\n [\n -76.88232421875,\n 39.614152077002664\n ],\n [\n -76.88232421875,\n 37.87051721701939\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e0fe4b0c8380cd75484","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eaton, A.","contributorId":69847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grant, V.","contributorId":13494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.","contributorId":27323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wells, D.","contributorId":35893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011937,"text":"70011937 - 1981 - Migration through soil of organic solutes in an oil-shale process water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T21:06:19","indexId":"70011937","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration through soil of organic solutes in an oil-shale process water","docAbstract":"The migration through soil of organic solutes in an oil-shale process water (retort water) was studied by using soil columns and analyzing leachates for various organic constituents. Retort water extracted significant quantities of organic anions leached from ammonium-saturated-soil organic matter, and a distilled-water rinse, which followed retort-water leaching, released additional organic acids from the soil. After being corrected for organic constitutents extracted from soil by retort water, dissolved-organic-carbon fractionation analyses of effluent fractions showed that the order of increasing affinity of six organic compound classes for the soil was as follows: hydrophilic neutrals nearly equal to hydrophilic acids, followed by the sequence of hydrophobic acids, hydrophilic bases, hydrophobic bases, and hydrophobic neutrals. Liquid-chromatographic analysis of the aromatic amines in the hydrophobic- and hydrophilic-base fractions showed that the relative order of the rates of migration through the soil column was the same as the order of migration on a reversed-phase, octadecylsilica liquid-chromatographic column.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00094a007","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., and Stuber, H.A., 1981, Migration through soil of organic solutes in an oil-shale process water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 15, no. 12, p. 1467-1475, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00094a007.","startPage":"1467","endPage":"1475","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269306,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00094a007"}],"volume":"15","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a571be4b0c8380cd6da6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuber, H. A.","contributorId":52721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuber","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011942,"text":"70011942 - 1981 - The origin of the Cerro Prieto geothermal brine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T18:27:49.672914","indexId":"70011942","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of the Cerro Prieto geothermal brine","docAbstract":"The Cerro Prieto geothermal brine may have originated from mixing of Colorado River water with seawater evaporated to about six times its normal salinity. This mixture circulated deeply and was heated by magmatic processes. During deep circulation, Li, K, Ca, B, SiO2 and rare alkalis were transferred from rock minerals to the water, and Mg, SO4, and a minor quantity of Na were transferred to the rock. Similar alteration of seawater salt chemistry has been observed in coastal geothermal systems and produced in laboratory experiments. After heating and alteration the brine was further diluted to its present range of composition. Oxygen isotopes in the fluid are in equilibrium with reservoir calcite and have been affected by exploitation-induced boiling and dilution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(81)90006-7","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A., Thompson, J., Coplen, T., Nehring, N., and Janik, C.J., 1981, The origin of the Cerro Prieto geothermal brine: Geothermics, v. 10, no. 3-4, p. 225-238, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(81)90006-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae70e4b08c986b3240d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":362360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nehring, N.L.","contributorId":21157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nehring","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011943,"text":"70011943 - 1981 - Coincident sediment slump/clathrate complexes on the U.S. Atlantic continental slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011943","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coincident sediment slump/clathrate complexes on the U.S. Atlantic continental slope","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic reflection data recorded on the continental slope off the east coast of the United States have revealed instances of sediment mass movement (slumps) which appear to occur above clathrate accumulations. The slumping is believed to be related to the liberation of free gas by clathrate decomposition and consequent weakening of unconsolidated sediments above the clathrate. Pleistocene sea-level lowering and/or post-Pleistocene bottom water temperature increases may have had a significant role in this process. ?? 1981 A.M. Dowden, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02463298","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, G., 1981, Coincident sediment slump/clathrate complexes on the U.S. Atlantic continental slope: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 1, no. 1, p. 29-32, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02463298.","startPage":"29","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205091,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463298"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7a4e4b0c8380cd4cc18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, G.","contributorId":85722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011952,"text":"70011952 - 1981 - Interpretation of changes in water level accompanying fault creep and implications for earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:54:28.337138","indexId":"70011952","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of changes in water level accompanying fault creep and implications for earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"Quantitative calculations for the effect of a fault creep event on observations of changes in water level in wells provide an approach to the tectonic interpretation of these phenomena. For the pore pressure field associated with an idealized creep event having an exponential displacement versus time curve, an analytic expression has been obtained in terms of exponential-integral functions. The pore pressure versus time curves for observation points near the fault are pulselike; a sharp pressure increase (or decrease, depending on the direction of propagation) is followed by more gradual decay to the normal level after the creep event. The time function of the water level change may be obtained by applying the filter—derived by A. G. Johnson and others to determine the influence of atmospheric pressure on water level—to the analytic pore pressure versus time curves. The resulting water level curves show a fairly rapid increase (or decrease) and then a very gradual return to normal. The results of this analytic model do not reproduce the steplike changes in water level observed by Johnson and others. If the procedure used to obtain the water level from the pore pressure is correct, these results suggest that steplike changes in water level are not produced by smoothly propagating creep events but by creep events that propagate discontinously, by changes in the bulk properties of the region around the well, or by some other mechanism. In addition, simplistic calculations show that significant pressure field variations and water level changes near the surface may be expected to accompany a propagating creep event on a buried fault. Water level changes of as much as several meters may be expected at the surface for a creep event having a dislocation amplitude of l m on a semi-infinite dislocation surface extending downward from a depth of 10 km and propagating horizontally at a rate of 10 km/day. The maximum near-surface effect should be observed at a horizontal distance from the fault about equal to the depth of the top of the dislocation surface. These results are consistent with the observations made in China of large water level changes preceding large earthquakes, if some sort of aseismic creep event at depth precedes these earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09259","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wesson, R.L., 1981, Interpretation of changes in water level accompanying fault creep and implications for earthquake prediction: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9259-9267, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09259.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"9259","endPage":"9267","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d6ae4b0c8380cd6355f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011954,"text":"70011954 - 1981 - Reservoir properties of submarine- fan facies: Great Valley sequence, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-22T11:17:45.589035","indexId":"70011954","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reservoir properties of submarine- fan facies: Great Valley sequence, California","docAbstract":"Submarine-fan sandstones of the Great Valley sequence west of the Sacramento Valley, California, have low porosities and permeabilities (64 samples averaged 10.1% porosity and 0.87 millidarcies permeability). However, petrography and scanning electron microscope studies indicate that most sands in almost all submarine fan environments are originally porous and permeable. Thin turbidite sandstones deposited in areas dominated by shale in outer-fan, basin-plain, and overbank environments are cemented mainly by calcite; shale dewatering is inferred to contribute to rapid cementation early in the burial process. Sands deposited in inner- and middle-fan channels within interchannel and fan-fringe environments that contain only thin shale beds have small percentages of intergranular matrix or cement. The original porosity is substantially reduced mechanically at shallow depths and by pressure solution at deeper levels. Permeability decreases systematically with increasing age of the rocks, presumably as a result of increasing burial depths. Computer-run stepwise regression analyses show that the porosity is inversely related to the percentage of calcite cement. Such parameters as the contents of quartz, feldspar, and unstable rock fragments have no correlative effect on either porosity or permeability. The results reported here indicate original porosity and permeability can be high in deep-water submarine fans and that fan environments dominated by sand (with high sand/shale ratios) are more likely to retain higher porosity and permeability to greater depths than sand interbedded with thick shale sequences.
The atmospheric effects on radiometric data recorded in the Landsat multispectral scanner system (MSS) bands are compiled for cases of representative and ideal atmospheric conditions. The effects are expressed as a difference between the Earth's surface spectral reflectivity, a0, and the surface-atmosphere system spectral reflectivity, as, derived from the satellite data,
\nas−a0 = −a0[l+(l/μ0)](B+W) + 2a2 0B + g(μ0)B/2μ0
\nwhere μ0 is the cosine of the solar zenith angle, B and W are the backscattering and absorption optical thickness respectively, and the function g( μ0) is the anisotropy of backscattering to the zenith from the direct beam. This formula is accurate only for an atmosphere of low optical thickness. Also, the equation applies only to large areas having a uniform reflectivity, because adjacency effects due to reflection from the terrain surrounding the object pixel and subsequent scattering by the atmosphere are not considered.
\nIt is concluded that in the quantitative monitoring of surface changes from satellites, scattering effects predominate in some applications (for example, bathy-metric mapping of coastal waters), whereas absorption effects predominate in other applications (for example, monitoring desert fringe areas). Different measurements are more appropriate for assessing the scattering effects than for assessing the absorption effects.
\nThese effects on the monitoring of surface changes by the use of Landsat MSS data are discussed in terms of departures of the actual atmosphere at the time of a satellite passage from a ‘minima’ atmosphere having no aerosols and characterized by gaseous absorption corresponding to minimal water vapour amounts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431168108948369","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Otterman, J., and Robinove, C.J., 1981, Effects of the atmosphere on the detection of surface changes from Landsat multispectral scanner data: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 2, no. 4, p. 351-360, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168108948369.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"360","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07fee4b0c8380cd51915","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otterman, Joseph","contributorId":75683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otterman","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinove, Charles J.","contributorId":16983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012105,"text":"70012105 - 1981 - Manganese cycles and the origin of manganese nodules, Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:40:57","indexId":"70012105","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manganese cycles and the origin of manganese nodules, Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Oneida Lake is a large shallow lake in central New York that is characterized by high algal productivity and concentrated deposits of freshwater manganese nodules. Budgets for Mn in the lake and its tributaries show a net loss of 23 metric tons of manganese within the lake per year with ???95% deposited in manganese nodules and the rest incorporated in the sediments. Erosion of nodules in the shallow well-oxygenated central part of the lake produces fragments of nodules as well as Mn-coated sand grains that are transported to adjacent deeper, more reducing parts of the lake where they sink into the anoxic sediments and MnO2 is reduced to Mn2+. This produces a high concentration of Mn2+ in the pore waters of these sediments and Mn2+ diffuses back into the water column. Growth of manganese nodules in Oneida Lake is characterized by periods of rapid accretion (> 1 mm 100 yr.) alternating with periods of no-growth or erosion. Rapid growth of nodules may be aided by the stripping of Mn from the water column by algae and bacteria. In addition, the high algal productivity of Oneida Lake produces a high-pH high-oxygen environment during the summer months that is maintained throughout the water column in the central part of the lake by almost continuous wind mixing. Thus, the cycle of Mn within the lake involves an interaction of the weather, the biota, the sediments, the nodules, and Mn dissolved in the lake and interstitial waters. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(81)90071-1","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Moore, W., and Nealson, K., 1981, Manganese cycles and the origin of manganese nodules, Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 34, no. 1-2, p. 53-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90071-1.","startPage":"53","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266124,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90071-1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cabe4b0c8380cd69e02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, W.S.","contributorId":90875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nealson, K.H.","contributorId":38284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nealson","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012099,"text":"70012099 - 1981 - The Galapagos Spreading Centre at 86° W: A detailed geothermal field study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:54:00.922554","indexId":"70012099","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Galapagos Spreading Centre at 86° W: A detailed geothermal field study","docAbstract":"We report here measurements of the heat flow field of the Galapagos Spreading Center on crust of age less than 1.0 m.y. The 443 measurements in an area of about 570 km2 reveal the general planform of the geothermal flux and permit the first truly areal estimate of the near-axis conductive heat flux. The intrusion process and associated hydrothermal circulation dominate the surface heat flow pattern, with circulation apparently continuing beyond the limits of our survey. The areal average of the conductive heat flux is 7.1 ± 0.8 HFU (295 ± 33 mW/m2), about one-third the heat flux predicted by plate models. The remaining heat is apparently removed by venting of hydrothermal waters at the spreading axis and through basalt outcrops and hydrothermal mounds off axis. The pattern of surface heat flux is lineated parallel to the axis and the strongly lineated topography. Sharp lateral gradients in the heat flow, greater than 10 HFU/km near escarpments and commonly expressed as high heat flow at the tops of the scarps and lower heat flow in the valleys, may indicate a local concentration of the circulation by surface fault systems and/or variable sediment thickness.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00979","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Green, K., Von Herzen, R.P., and Williams, D., 1981, The Galapagos Spreading Centre at 86° W: A detailed geothermal field study: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 979-986, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00979.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"979","endPage":"986","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba740e4b08c986b32146a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, K.E.","contributorId":88487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Von Herzen, R. P.","contributorId":87662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Herzen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, D.L.","contributorId":7681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011976,"text":"70011976 - 1981 - Mars and Earth: Comparison of cold-climate features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T10:10:30","indexId":"70011976","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mars and Earth: Comparison of cold-climate features","docAbstract":"On Earth, glacial and periglacial features are common in areas of cold climate. On Mars, the temperature of the present-day surface is appropriate for permafrost, and the presence of water is suspected from data relating to the outgassing of the planet, from remote-sensing measurements over the polar caps and elsewhere on the Martian surface, and from recognition of fluvial morphological features such as channels. These observations and the possibility that ice could be in equilibrium with the atmosphere in the high latitudes north and south of ±40° latitude suggest that glacial and periglacial features should exist on the planet. Morphological studies based mainly on Viking pictures indicate many features that can be attributed to the action of ice. Among these features are extensive talus aprons; debris avalanches; flows that resemble glaciers or rock glaciers; ridges that look like moraines; various types of patterned ground, scalloped scarps, and chaotically collapsed terrain that could be attributed to thermokarst processes; and landforms that may reflect the interaction of volcanism and ice.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(81)90035-X","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., 1981, Mars and Earth: Comparison of cold-climate features: Icarus, v. 45, no. 2, p. 264-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(81)90035-X.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"264","endPage":"303","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5210e4b0c8380cd6c12c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":362421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011977,"text":"70011977 - 1981 - Experimental seawater-basalt interaction at 300°C, 500 bars, chemical exchange, secondary mineral formation and implications for the transport of heavy metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T13:23:30","indexId":"70011977","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental seawater-basalt interaction at 300°C, 500 bars, chemical exchange, secondary mineral formation and implications for the transport of heavy metals","docAbstract":"Seawater and NaCl solutions were reacted with basalt (basalt glass and diabase) for several months at 300°C, 500 bars and a water/rock ratio of 10.
\nDuring reaction, seawater was significantly modified, increasing in Ca, H2S, CO2. SiO2, K. Fe, Mn. Ba, Al and H+, and decreasing in Mg and SO4. Basalt glass was completely replaced by smectite, wairakite, anhydrite and hematite, and diabase was partially replaced by mixed layered smectite-chlorite, anhydrite and magnetite (?). Diabase was altered more slowly than basalt glass and the corresponding changes in seawater chemistry were less pronounced.
\nBasalt glass reacted with a 0.45 m NaCl solution resulted in the formation of smectite, albite. truscottite and wairakite. Solutions from this experiment were characterized by a relatively high pH and dominated by Ca for Na exchange reactions. At no point in this experiment were heavy metals solubilized, in contrast to the seawater experiments. This behavior illustrates the fundamental importance of seawater chemistry to heavy-metal solubility; that is, the removal of Mg from seawater generates acidity which maintains heavy metals in solution. Apparently seawater chlorinity is not capable of enhancing heavy-metal solubility by chloride complexing.
\nSeafloor heavy-metal deposits can result from the following:
\nThe Samail ophiolite is part of an elongate belt in the Middle East that forms an integral part of the Alpine mountain chains that make up the northern boundary of the Arabian-African plate. The Samail ophiolite represents a portion of the Tethyan ocean crust formed at a spreading center of Middle Cretaceous age (Cenomanian). During the Cretaceous spreading of the Tethyan Sea, Gondwana Land continued its dispersal, and the Arabian-African plate drifted northward about 10°. These events combined with the opposite rotation of Eurasia and Africa initiated the closing of the Tethyan during the Late Cretaceous. At the early stages of closure, downwarping of the Arabian continental margin combined with the compressional forces of closure from the Eurasian plate initiated obduction of the Tethyan oceanic crust along preexisting transform faults, and still hot oceanic crust was detached along oblique northeast dipping thrust faults. Amphibolites developed at the base of the detached hot peridotite as it was thrust southward over oceanic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Plate configurations combined with palinspastic reconstructions show that subduction and attendant large-scale island arc volcanism did not commence until after the Tethyan sea began to close and after the Samail ophiolite was emplaced southward across the Arabian continental margin. The Samail ophiolite nappe now rests upon a melange consisting mainly of pelagic sediments, volcanics, and detached fragments of the basal amphibolites which in turn rest on autochthonous shelf carbonates of the Arabian platform. Laterites and conglomerates with reworked laterites on the eroded upper surface of the ophiolite indicate a period of emergence prior to the deposition of shallow water Maestrichtian carbonates. Following emplacement (Eocene) of the Samail ophiolite, the Tethyan oceanic crust began northward subduction, and active arc volcanism started just north of the present Jaz Murian depression in Iran.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p02497","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., 1981, Tectonic setting for ophiolite obduction in Oman: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 2497-2508, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p02497.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2497","endPage":"2508","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221704,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba479e4b08c986b320370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011992,"text":"70011992 - 1981 - Measurement and computation of bed-material discharge in a shallow sand-bed stream, Muddy Creek, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:33:30","indexId":"70011992","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement and computation of bed-material discharge in a shallow sand-bed stream, Muddy Creek, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Both the measurement and computation of the bed-material discharge of a stream involve large uncertainties because of the difficulties in determining bedload discharge. Measurements of bedload discharge are rare and frequently of unknown accuracy because no bedload sampler has been extensively tested and calibrated over a wide range of hydraulic conditions. Bed-material discharge equations have been derived primarily from laboratory flume data where the effects of channel pattern, alluvial banks, sediment availability, sediment sorting, and unsteady flow upon the sediment discharge of a natural stream have not been simulated. Bed-material discharge equations generally are applicable only within the range of flow conditions and sediment sizes for which the equations were derived. To compare the relative value of measuring versus computing bed-material discharges, the bed-material discharge of Muddy Creek, a shallow sand-bed stream in southwestern Wyoming, was determined on 35 occasions for water discharges ranging from 0.15 to 1.57 m3/s by separately sampling the suspended- and bedload-sediment discharges. Measured bed-material discharges were statistically indistinguishable, at an 0.02 level of significance, from flume data collected under the same flow conditions. This agreement indicates that the measured bed-material discharges are reasonable estimates of the true values. Bed-material discharges computed by Engelund-Hansen, Yang, Shen-Hung, and Ackers-White equations were compared with the measured values and found to be in good agreement. These equations predicted bed-material discharges of between 0.5 to 2 times the observed rates 60% to 79% of the time.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i001p00131","usgsCitation":"Andrews, E., 1981, Measurement and computation of bed-material discharge in a shallow sand-bed stream, Muddy Creek, Wyoming: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 131-141, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00131.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Muddy Creek","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52e8e4b0c8380cd6c757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011997,"text":"70011997 - 1981 - Sudden death at the end of the Mesozoic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T15:56:25.992063","indexId":"70011997","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sudden death at the end of the Mesozoic","docAbstract":"A paleoecological analysis of the fossil record before and after the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary indicates that the widespread extinctions and biological stresses around the boundary are best explained in terms of a sudden, significant, but short temperature rise. L. Alvarez and co-authors, having found an enrichment in iridium at the same boundary, postulated that it was associated with the impact of an extraterrestrial body. If this body struck the ocean, the water injected into the atmosphere may have led to a transient increase in the global surface temperature. This temperature pulse may have been primarily responsible for the effects observed in the biosphere. The pattern of extinction of higher plant species suggests that splash down occurred in the northern Pacific-Bering Sea area.