A Tsunami Pilot Study was conducted for the area surrounding the coastal town of Seaside, Oregon, as part of the Federal Emergency Management's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map Modernization Program (Tsunami Pilot Study Working Group, 2006). The Cascadia subduction zone extends from Cape Mendocino, California, to Vancouver Island, Canada. The Seaside area was chosen because it is typical of many coastal communities subject to tsunamis generated by far- and near-field (Cascadia) earthquakes.
\nTwo goals of the pilot study were to develop probabilistic 100-year and 500-year tsunami inundation maps using Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA) and to provide \nrecommendations for improving tsunami hazard assessment guidelines for FEMA and \nstate and local agencies. The study was an interagency effort by the National Oceanic and \nAtmospheric Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, and FEMA, in collaboration with \nthe University of Southern California, Middle East Technical University, Portland State \nUniversity, Horning Geoscience, Northwest Hydraulics Consultants, and the Oregon \nDepartment of Geological and Mineral Industries. The pilot study model data and results \nare published separately as a geographic information systems (GIS) data report (Wong \nand others, 2006). The flood maps and GIS data are briefly described here.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Coastal Zone '07","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"NOAA Coastal Services Center","publisherLocation":"Charleston, SC","usgsCitation":"Wong, F.L., Venturato, A.J., and Geist, E.L., 2007, GIS data for the Seaside, Oregon, Tsunami Pilot Study to modernize FEMA flood hazard maps, in Proceedings of Coastal Zone '07, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292569,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Seaside","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.961797,45.946697 ], [ -123.961797,46.017213 ], [ -123.892413,46.017213 ], [ -123.892413,45.946697 ], [ -123.961797,45.946697 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464cae4b073ff773a7d0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Venturato, Angie J.","contributorId":58720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venturato","given":"Angie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047629,"text":"sir20075289F - 2007 - Aufeis accumulations in stream bottoms in arctic and subarctic environments as a possible indicator of geologic structure: Chapter F in Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T11:17:12","indexId":"sir20075289F","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T12:32:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5289","chapter":"F","title":"Aufeis accumulations in stream bottoms in arctic and subarctic environments as a possible indicator of geologic structure: Chapter F in Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project","docAbstract":"Thick accumulations of ice, called “aufeis,” form during \nwinter along stream and river valleys in arctic and subarctic \nregions. In high-gradient alpine streams, aufeis forms mostly \nas a result of ground-water discharge into the stream channel. \nThe ice occludes this discharge, perturbing the steady-state \ncondition, and causing an incremental rise in the local water \ntable until discharge occurs higher on the stream bank above \nthe previously formed ice. Successive freezing of onlapping \nice layers can lead to aufeis accumulations several meters \nthick.\nThe location and extent of aufeis in high-gradient streams \nmay be useful to relate local hydrology to geologic structure. \nIn the Goodpaster River basin study area, mineral deposits \nare known to occur, the location of which may be structurally \ncontrolled. Therefore, a more thorough understanding of \nregional geologic structures may facilitate a more detailed \nunderstanding of the genesis of the mineral deposits.\nExtensive aufeis was observed during visits to the \nGoodpaster River basin in east-central Alaska during 1999, \n2001, and 2002. Seeps from the sides of the valleys caused \nice to build up, giving the ice surface a concave-upward \nshape perpendicular to the stream direction. This concavity is \nevidence for ground-water discharge along the length of the \naufeis, as opposed to discharge from a single upstream point. \nDuring thaw, streamflow is commonly observed out of the \nnormal channel, evidence that occlusion of the channel (and \nshallow sediments) by ice is a viable mechanism for causing \nthe water table to rise.\nThe thickest (>3 meters) and most extensive aufeis \n(100’s of meters to kilometers along valleys) coincided with \nlocations of laterally extensive (>5 kilometers) mapped \nhigh-angle brittle fault zones, suggesting that the fault zones \nare hydraulically conductive. Additional evidence of water flow is provided by observed changes in stream-water chemistry in reaches in which aufeis forms, despite a lack of \nsurface tributaries. Minor or no aufeis was observed in many \nother drainage valleys where no laterally extensive structures \nhave been mapped, implying that aufeis formation results from \nmore than a topographic effect or discharge from bank storage. \nThus, the presence of thick, laterally extensive aufeis in highgradient streams may be a useful aid to geologic structural \nmapping in arctic and subarctic climates.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project (Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5289)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075289F","collaboration":"This report is Chapter F in Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project. For more information, see: Scientific Investigation Report 2007-5289.","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R.B., Wang, B., Vohden, J., Day, W.C., and Gough, L.P., 2007, Aufeis accumulations in stream bottoms in arctic and subarctic environments as a possible indicator of geologic structure: Chapter F in Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5289, iii, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075289F.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":244,"text":"Eastern Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075289f.jpg"},{"id":276639,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5289/SIR2007-5289-F.pdf"},{"id":276640,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5289/"}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Alaska;Yukon","otherGeospatial":"Tintina Gold Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -163.0,59.0 ], [ -163.0,67.0 ], [ -126.0,67.0 ], [ -126.0,59.0 ], [ -163.0,59.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520df863e4b08494c3cb05c2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gough, Larry P. lgough@usgs.gov","contributorId":1230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"Larry","email":"lgough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509572,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509573,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Bronwen 0000-0003-1044-2227 bwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-2227","contributorId":2351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Bronwen","email":"bwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vohden, Jim","contributorId":33350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vohden","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gough, Larry P. lgough@usgs.gov","contributorId":1230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"Larry","email":"lgough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":482575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70121061,"text":"70121061 - 2007 - Recommendations for a barrier island breach management plan for Fire Island National Seashore, including the Otis Pike High Dune Wilderness Area, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T09:36:28","indexId":"70121061","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T11:54:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NER/NRTR--2007/075","title":"Recommendations for a barrier island breach management plan for Fire Island National Seashore, including the Otis Pike High Dune Wilderness Area, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"The U.S Army Corps of Engineers, New York District is developing engineering plans, including \neconomic costs and benefits, for storm damage reduction along an 83 mile stretch of the coastal \nbarrier islands and beaches on the south shore of Long Island, NY from Fire Island Inlet east to the \nMontauk Point headland. The plan, expected to include various alternatives for storm protection and \nerosion mitigation, is referred to as the Fire Island to Montauk Point Reformulation Plan (FIMP). \nThese plans are expected to follow the Corps of Engineers’ Environmental Operating Principles \nstriving for long term environmental sustainability and balance between environmental protection \nand protection of human health and property.
\nFire Island National Seashore (FIIS), a 19,579 acre unit of the National Park System includes a 32 \nmile long coastal barrier island located within the FIMP project area. A seven-mile section of the \npark, Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune Wilderness Area, is also a designated Federal Wilderness \nArea. The FIIS includes not only the barrier island and sand dunes, but also several islands, sand \nflats and wetlands landward of the barrier, submerged parts of Great South Bay shoreface, extending \napproximately 4,000 feet into the bay with the inner shelf region extending approximately 1,000 feet \nseaward of the Fire Island shoreline.
\nThe Fire Island barrier islands, a sand-starved system dominated by highly dynamic processes, are \nstruggling to maintain their integrity in the face of sea-level rise and storms. Adding to the dilemma \nis that development on the barriers and the mainland has increased greatly during the past 50 years. \nAs such, managers and decision makers in federal agencies, state agencies and local governments are \nchallenged to balance tradeoffs between protection of lives and property, public access and long \nterm conservation of natural habitats and processes and the plants and animals that depend on these \nhabitats.
\nNational Park Service (NPS) policy stipulates that natural coastal processes be maintained to the greatest extent possible and not be impeded so as to conserve landforms, habitats and natural ecosystem resources that reply on the landforms and processes for long-term sustainability of the national park. Storms and associated processes such as waves, tides, currents and relative sea-level change are critical elements for the formation and evolution of these barrier islands, sand dunes, back-barrier sand flats and lagoons and vegetated wetlands. Processes such as wave run-up, overwash and barrier beaching, which occur during elevated storm surge are all necessary processes in enabling the efficient transfer of sediments, nutrients and marine water from the Atlantic Ocean across barriers and into Great South Bay. A large body of scientific data and information published over the past 50 years shows that such transfers of sediment and water from the ocean to the bays are essential for the long-term maintenance of the barrier island and back-bay systems and their biologically diverse habitats an d ecosystems. Current relative sea-level rise (~12 in/century) is chronic and pervasive in driving Long Island coastal change and with the likelihood of accelerating sea level rise in the near future, coastal hazards such as erosion, inundation, and storm surge flooding will increase, with corresponding increased risk to life and property on both Fire Island and on the mainland.
\nIn addition, the cumulative effects over the past century and more, both direct and indirect, of human impacts on the Long Island coast have altered the barrier beach and dunes and sediment transport processes. These impacts have likely increased the potential for breaching and increased risk to life and property on the coast and the mainland. Examples of direct impacts are: the stone jetties at Moriches, Shinnecock, and Fire Island tidal inlets and groin field structures at Westhampton that alter littoral processes, armoring and erosion-control stabilization of the headlandds such as the Montauk Point headlands, and deepening of navigation channels by dredging through the tidal inlets and in the bays. Indirect impacts that have a bearing on decisions to deal with breaching are: high-risk development of the barrier islands and low-lying areas of the mainland vulnerable to flooding, and the dredging of nearshore sand shoals for beach nourishment.
\nThe NPS strives to employ a coastal management framework for decision making that is based on assessment of the physical and ecological properties of the shoreline as well as human welfare and property. In order to protect developed areas of Fire Island and the mainland from loss of life, flooding, and other economic and physical damage, the NPS will likely need to consider allowing artificial closure of some breaches within the FIIS under certain circumstances. The decision by the NPS to allow breaches to evolve naturally and possibly close or to allow artificially closing breaches is based on four criteria:
\n
\n
1. Volumes of sediment transported landward and exchange of water and nutrients;
\n2. Elevated water levels and flooding risk to mainland life and property;
\n3. Engineering processes of artificial closure; and
\n4. Economic costs and benefits of artificial closure.
\nThis report for breach management presents protocols which specify when breach closures within the FIIS might be desirable and necessary, as well as provides recommendations for structural breach closure engineering operations which are indented to minimize negative impacts to the natural wilderness values and cultural resources within the FIIS, particularly the Otis Pike Wilderness Area. The goal of the plan is to strike a balance between protecting natural resources and allowing natural processes to operate and avoiding loss of life and excessive property damage.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","usgsCitation":"Williams, S.J., and Foley, M.K., 2007, Recommendations for a barrier island breach management plan for Fire Island National Seashore, including the Otis Pike High Dune Wilderness Area, Long Island, New York: Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR--2007/075, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292563,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island National Seashore;Long Island;Otis Pike High Dune Wilderness Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.23551,40.62485 ], [ -73.23551,40.780617 ], [ -72.753194,40.780617 ], [ -72.753194,40.62485 ], [ -73.23551,40.62485 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464cee4b073ff773a7d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foley, Mary K.","contributorId":35662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70103159,"text":"ofr20071047SRP098 - 2007 - Cretaceous and Tertiary extension throughout the Ross Sea, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-29T11:44:24","indexId":"ofr20071047SRP098","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T11:28:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1047-SRP-098","title":"Cretaceous and Tertiary extension throughout the Ross Sea, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Marine geophysical data from the deep sea adjacent to the Ross Sea, Antarctica suggest that \u001870 km of \nextension occurred between East and West Antarctica from 46 to 2\u0018 Ma. The Northern and Victoria Land Basins in the \nwestern Ross Sea adjacent to the Transantarctic Mountains accommodated 95 km of this extension. Several kilometers \nof Oligocene sediments are found in the Central Trough and Eastern Basin in the eastern Ross Sea. Subsidence \nmodeling accounts for these accumulations with about 40 km of extension in each basin centered on 35 Ma; therefore \nRoss Sea-wide Tertiary extension was comparable to extension in the deep-sea system. The early Tertiary geometry was \nof one oceanic rift that branched into at least three rifts in the continental lithosphere. This pattern is likely due to the \ncontrast of physical properties and thermal state between the two different lithospheres at the continent-ocean boundary.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.--August 26 to September 1, 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071047SRP098","usgsCitation":"Decesari, R.C., Wilson, D.C., Luyendyk, B.P., and Faulkner, M., 2007, Cretaceous and Tertiary extension throughout the Ross Sea, Antarctica: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047-SRP-098, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071047SRP098.","productDescription":"6 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286763,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp098/of2007-1047srp098.pdf"},{"id":286764,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071047SRP098.JPG"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5360c9e9e4b082a3ecf53df1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decesari, Robert C.","contributorId":78243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decesari","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Douglas C.","contributorId":34828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luyendyk, Bruce P.","contributorId":100942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luyendyk","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Faulkner, Michael","contributorId":100294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047562,"text":"ds69J10 - 2007 - Detailed measured sections, cross sections, and paleogeographic reconstructions of the upper cretaceous and lower tertiary nonmarine interval, Wind River Basin, Wyoming: Chapter 10 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T10:56:08","indexId":"ds69J10","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T10:50:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-J-10","title":"Detailed measured sections, cross sections, and paleogeographic reconstructions of the upper cretaceous and lower tertiary nonmarine interval, Wind River Basin, Wyoming: Chapter 10 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Detailed measured sections and regional stratigraphic \ncross sections are used to reconstruct facies maps and \ninterpret paleogeographic settings for the interval from the \nbase of Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation to top of \nlower member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in \nthe Wind River Basin, Wyoming. The Mesaverde Formation \nspans the time during which the Upper Cretaceous seaway \nretreated eastward out of central Wyoming in Campanian time \nand the initial stages of the Lewis transgression in earliest \nMaastrichtian time. This retreat stalled for a considerable \nperiod of time during deposition of the lower part of the \nMesaverde, creating a thick buildup of marginal marine \nsandstones and coaly coastal plain deposits across the western \npart of the basin. \nThe Lewis sea transgressed into the northeast part of \nWind River Basin, beginning in early Maastrichtian time \nduring deposition of the Teapot Sandstone Member of the \nMesaverde Formation. The Meeteetse Formation, which \noverlies the Teapot, was deposited in a poorly-drained coastal \nplain setting southwest of the Lewis seaway. The Lewis \nseaway, at maximum transgression, covered much of the \nnortheast half of the Wind River Basin area but was clearly \ndeflected around the present site of the Wind River Range, \nsouthwest of the basin, providing the first direct evidence of \nLaramide uplift on that range. \nUplift of the Wind River Range continued during \ndeposition of the overlying Maastrichtian Lance Formation. \nThe Granite Mountains south of the basin also became a \npositive feature during this time. A rapidly subsiding trough \nduring the Maastrichtian time formed near the presentday trough of the Wind River Basin in which more than \n6,000 feet of Lance was deposited. The development of this \ntrough appears to have begun before the adjacent Owl Creek \nMountains to the north started to rise; however, a muddy \nfacies in the upper part of Lance in the deep subsurface, just to \nthe south, might be interpreted to indicate that the Cretaceous \nCody Shale was being eroded off a rising Owl Creek \nMountains in latest Cretaceous time. \nThe Paleocene Fort Union Formation unconformably \noverlies older units but with only slight angular discordance \naround much of the margins of the Wind River Basin. Pre-Fort Union erosion was most pronounced toward the Wind \nRiver Range to the southwest, where the Fort Union ultimately \noverlies strata as old as the upper part of the Cretaceous Cody \nShale. The unconformity appears to die out toward the basin \ncenter. Coal-forming mires developed throughout the western \npart of the basin near the beginning of the Paleocene. River \nsystems entering the basin from the Wind River Range to the \nsouthwest and the Granite Mountains to the south produced \nareas of sandy fluvial deposition along mountain fronts. A \nmajor river system appears to have entered the basin from \nabout the same spot along the Wind River Range throughout \nmuch of the Paleocene, probably because it became incised \nand could not migrate laterally. The muddy floodplain \nfacies that developed along the deep basin trough during \nlatest Cretaceous time, expanded during the early part of the \nPaleocene. Coal-forming mires that characterize part of the \nlower Fort Union Formation reached maximum extent near \nthe beginning of the late Paleocene and just prior to the initial \ntransgression of Lake Waltman. \nFrom the time of initial flooding, Lake Waltman \nexpanded rapidly, drowning the coal-forming mires in \nthe central part of the basin and spreading to near basin \nmargins. Outcrop studies along the south margin of the basin \ndocument that once maximum transgression was reached, the \nlake was rapidly pushed basinward and replaced by fluvial \nenvironments.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming (Data Series 69-J)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds69J10","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 10 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming. For more information, see: Data Series 69-J.","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., 2007, Detailed measured sections, cross sections, and paleogeographic reconstructions of the upper cretaceous and lower tertiary nonmarine interval, Wind River Basin, Wyoming: Chapter 10 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69-J-10, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J10.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[{"id":674,"text":"Wind River Basin Province Assessment Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds69j10.png"},{"id":276367,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/REPORTS/69_J_CH_10.pdf"},{"id":276366,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wind River Basin Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.1,42.0 ], [ -110.1,44.0 ], [ -106.0,44.0 ], [ -106.0,42.0 ], [ -110.1,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520a03e6e4b0026c2bc11af4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Ronald C. 0000-0002-6197-5165 rcjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":1550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ronald","email":"rcjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047560,"text":"ds69J9 - 2007 - Subsurface stratigraphic cross sections of cretaceous and lower tertiary rocks in the Wind River Basin, central Wyoming: Chapter 9 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T10:41:57","indexId":"ds69J9","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-J-9","title":"Subsurface stratigraphic cross sections of cretaceous and lower tertiary rocks in the Wind River Basin, central Wyoming: Chapter 9 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The stratigraphic cross sections presented in this \nreport were constructed as part of a project conducted by \nthe U.S. Geological Survey to characterize and evaluate the \nundiscovered oil and gas resources of the Wind River Basin \n(WRB) in central Wyoming. The primary purpose of the \ncross sections is to show the stratigraphic framework and \nfacies relations of Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks in \nthis large, intermontane structural and sedimentary basin, \nwhich formed in the Rocky Mountain foreland during the \nLaramide orogeny (Late Cretaceous through early Eocene \ntime). The WRB is nearly 200 miles (mi) long, 70 mi wide, \nand encompasses about 7,400 square miles (mi2) (fig. 1). The \nbasin is structurally bounded by the Owl Creek and Bighorn \nMountains on the north, the Casper arch on the east, the \nGranite Mountains on the south, and the Wind River Range on \nthe west.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming (Data Series 69-J)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds69J9","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 9 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming. For more information, see: Data Series 69-J.","usgsCitation":"Finn, T.M., 2007, Subsurface stratigraphic cross sections of cretaceous and lower tertiary rocks in the Wind River Basin, central Wyoming: Chapter 9 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69-J-9, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J9.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":674,"text":"Wind River Basin Province Assessment Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds69j9.png"},{"id":276362,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/REPORTS/69_J_CH_9.pdf"},{"id":276361,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wind River Basin Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.1,42.0 ], [ -110.1,44.0 ], [ -106.0,44.0 ], [ -106.0,42.0 ], [ -110.1,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520a03ffe4b0026c2bc11ce4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Thomas M. 0000-0001-6396-9351 finn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9351","contributorId":778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Thomas","email":"finn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047558,"text":"ds69J8 - 2007 - Source rock potential of upper cretaceous marine shales in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming: Chapter 8 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T10:28:38","indexId":"ds69J8","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T10:23:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-J-8","title":"Source rock potential of upper cretaceous marine shales in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming: Chapter 8 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Seventy-eight samples collected from marine shales from \nthe Cretaceous Mowry Shale, the lower part of the Frontier \nFormation, and the lower shaly and upper sandy members \nof the Cody Shale in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming, were \nanalyzed using Rock-Eval and total organic carbon analysis \nto determine the source rock potential. Results indicate \nthat the Mowry Shale has a generative potential based on \norganic richness that is considered to be fair to very good, \nand hydrogen indices and S2\n/S3\n ratios indicate a capability to \ngenerate both oil and gas. Maps of the Mowry indicate that \nit is most organic rich and oil-prone in the eastern part of the \nbasin. Results of total organic carbon and Rock-Eval analyses \nfor the Frontier Formation indicate that it is composed of \nmainly type III gas-prone kerogen, with organic richness \nlevels that are generally poor to fair. Results of similar \nanalyses of samples from the lower shaly member of the \nCody Shale show a generative potential ranging from fair to \nexcellent, and hydrogen indices and S2\n/S3\n ratios indicate that \nit is capable of generating both oil and gas. Maps showing \nthe distribution of kerogen types and organic richness for \nthe lower shaly member of the Cody Shale are similar to the \nMowry and show that lower shaly member of the Cody is \nmore organic rich and more oil-prone in the eastern part of the \nbasin. Analyses of samples of the upper sandy member of the \nCody Shale indicate that it has little or no potential as a source \nrock. Thermal maturity mapping based on vitrinite reflectance \nmeasurements in the coal-bearing post-Cody Upper \nCretaceous and Paleocene rocks shows that Upper Cretaceous \nmarine shales in the deeper parts of the Wind River Basin are \nthermally mature to overmature with respect to hydrocarbon \ngeneration.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming (Data Series 69-J)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds69J8","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 8 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming. For more information, see: Data Series 69-J.","usgsCitation":"Finn, T.M., 2007, Source rock potential of upper cretaceous marine shales in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming: Chapter 8 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69-J-8, iii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J8.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":674,"text":"Wind River Basin Province Assessment Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276328,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/"},{"id":276325,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/REPORTS/69_J_CH_8.pdf"},{"id":276330,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds69j8.png"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wind River Basin Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.1,42.0 ], [ -110.1,44.0 ], [ -106.0,44.0 ], [ -106.0,42.0 ], [ -110.1,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520a03fde4b0026c2bc11cc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Thomas M. 0000-0001-6396-9351 finn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9351","contributorId":778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Thomas","email":"finn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120402,"text":"70120402 - 2007 - Revisiting submarine mass movements along the U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Implications for tsunami hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:01:52","indexId":"70120402","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T10:22:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Revisiting submarine mass movements along the U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Implications for tsunami hazards","docAbstract":"Interest in the generation of tsunamis by submarine mass movements has warranted a reassessment of their distribution and the nature of submarine landslides offshore of the eastern U.S. The recent acquisition and analysis of multibeam bathymetric data over most of this continental slope and rise provides clearer view into the extent and style of mass movements on this margin. Debris flows appear to be the dominant type of mass movement, although some translational slides have also been identified. Areas affected by mass movements range in size from less than 9 km2 to greater than 15,200 km2 and reach measured thicknesses of up to 70 m. Failures are seen to originate on either the open-slope or in submarine canyons. Slope-sourced failures are larger than canyonsourced failures, suggesting they have a higher potential for tsunami generation although the volume of material displaced during individual failure events still needs to be refined. The slope-sourced failures are most common offshore of the northern, glaciated part of the coast, but others are found downslope of shelf-edge deltas and near salt diapirs, suggesting that several geological conditions control their distribution.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Submarine mass movements and their consequences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4020-6512-5_41","isbn":"978-1-4020-6512-5","usgsCitation":"Chaytor, J., Twichell, D., ten Brink, U., Buczkowski, B., and Andrews, B., 2007, Revisiting submarine mass movements along the U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Implications for tsunami hazards, chap. of Submarine mass movements and their consequences, v. 27, p. 395-403, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6512-5_41.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"403","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.0,30.0 ], [ -76.0,42.0 ], [ -68.0,42.0 ], [ -68.0,30.0 ], [ -76.0,30.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53edcd4fe4b0f61b386d245b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaytor, J.D.","contributorId":80936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaytor","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buczkowski, B.J.","contributorId":30918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buczkowski","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andrews, B.D.","contributorId":87737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159680,"text":"pp1717A - 2007 - The Yellowstone hotspot, Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, and human geography","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159680,"text":"pp1717A - 2007 - The Yellowstone hotspot, Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, and human geography","indexId":"pp1717A","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"The Yellowstone hotspot, Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, and human geography"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":80744,"text":"pp1717 - 2007 - Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area - Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem","indexId":"pp1717","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area - Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":80744,"text":"pp1717 - 2007 - Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area - Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem","indexId":"pp1717","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area - Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-27T21:22:23.329329","indexId":"pp1717A","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1717","chapter":"A","title":"The Yellowstone hotspot, Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, and human geography","docAbstract":"Active geologic processes associated with the Yellowstone hotspot are fundamental in shaping the landscapes of the greater Yellowstone ecosystem (GYE), a high volcanic plateau flanked by a crescent of still higher mountainous terrain. The processes associated with the Yellowstone hotspot are volcanism, faulting, and uplift and are observed in the geology at the surface. We attribute the driving forces responsible for the northeastward progression of these processes to a thermal plume rising through the Earth’s mantle into the base of the southwest-moving North American plate. This progression began 16 million years ago (Ma) near the Nevada-Oregon border and arrived at Yellowstone about 2 Ma. Before arrival of the hotspot, an older landscape existed, particularly mountains created during the Laramide orogeny about 70–50 Ma and volcanic terrain formed by Absaroka andesitic volcanism mostly between 50–45 Ma. These landscapes were more muted than the present, hotspot-modified landscape because the Laramide-age mountains had worn down and an erosion surface of low relief had developed on the Absaroka volcanic terrain.
\nThe Yellowstone Plateau was built by hotspot volcanism of rhyolitic lavas and caldera-forming rhyolite tuffs (ignimbrites). Streams eroding back into the edges of this plateau have created scenic waterfalls and canyons such as the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and Lewis Canyon. Rhyolite is poor in plant nutrients and forms sandy, well-drained soils that support the monotonous, fire-adapted lodgepole pine forests of the Yellowstone Plateau. Non-rhyolitic rocks surround this plateau and sustain more varied vegetation, including spruce, fir, and whitebark pine forests broken by grassy meadows. Heat from the hotspot rises upward and drives Yellowstone’s famed geysers, hot springs, and mudpots. These thermal waters are home to specialized, primitive ecosystems, rich in algae and bacteria. The rock alteration associated with hydrothermal systems creates the bright colors of Yellowstone’s Grand Canyon.
\nBasin-and-range-style faulting has accompanied migration of the hotspot to Yellowstone and formed the linear mountains and valleys that occur north and south of the hotspot track, which is the present-day eastern Snake River Plain. High rates of basin-and-range faulting occurred adjacent to the migrating Yellowstone hotspot, creating distinctive landscapes within the GYE such as the Teton Range/Jackson Hole, with characteristic rugged, forested ranges and adjacent flat-floored grassy valleys. The difference in altitude between the mountains and valleys provides a topographic gradient in which vegetation maturation advances with altitude; animal-migration patterns also follow this trend. The valleys provide natural meadows, agricultural land, town sites, and corridors for roads.
\nUplift of the GYE by as much as 1 km (3,000 ft) during the last 5 million years has resulted in ongoing erosion of deep, steep-walled valleys. Many prominent ecological characteristics of Yellowstone derive from this hotspot-induced uplift, including the moderate- to high- altitude terrain and associated cool temperatures and deep snowfall.
\nModern and Pleistocene climate and associated vegetation patterns strongly relate to the topography created by the hotspot and its track along the eastern Snake River Plain. Winter air masses from the moist northern Pacific Ocean traverse the topographic low of the Snake River Plain to where orographic rise onto the Yellowstone Plateau and adjacent mountains produces deep snow. A winter precipitation shadow forms on the lee (eastern) sides of the GYE. During Pleistocene glacial times, this moisture conduit provided by the hotspot-track-produced ice-age glaciers that covered the core of the present GYE. These glaciers sculpted bedrock and produced glacial moraines that are both forested and unforested, sand and gravel of ice-marginal streams and outwash gravels that are commonly covered with sagebrush-grassland, and silty lake sediments that are commonly covered by lush grassland such as Hayden Valley.
\nThe effects of the Yellowstone hotspot also profoundly shaped the human history in the GYE. Uplift associated with the hotspot elevates the GYE to form the Continental Divide, and streams drain radially outward like spokes from a hub. Inhabitants of the GYE 12,000–10,000 years ago, as well as more recent inhabitants, followed the seasonal green-up of plants and migrating animals up into the mountain areas. During European immigration, people settled around Yellowstone in the lower parts of the drainages and established roads, irrigation systems, and cultural associations. The core Yellowstone highland is too harsh for agriculture and inhospitable to people in the winter. Beyond this core, urban and rural communities exist in valleys and are separated by upland areas. The partitioning inhibits any physical connection of communities, which in turn complicates pursuit of common interests across the whole GYE. Settlements thus geographically isolated evolved as diverse, independent communities
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area— Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem (Professional Paper 1717)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1717A","usgsCitation":"Pierce, K.L., Despain, D.G., Morgan, L.A., and Good, J.M., 2007, The Yellowstone hotspot, Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, and human geography: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1717A.","productDescription":"39 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311432,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416466,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_82965.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":311431,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1717/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.54345703125,\n 41.02135510866602\n ],\n [\n -114.54345703125,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -107.99560546875,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -107.99560546875,\n 41.02135510866602\n ],\n [\n -114.54345703125,\n 41.02135510866602\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564c5deae4b0ebfbef0d3499","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Morgan Morzel, Lisa Ann lmorgan@usgs.gov","contributorId":761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan Morzel","given":"Lisa Ann","email":"lmorgan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580058,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, Kenneth L. kpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Kenneth","email":"kpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Despain, Don G.","contributorId":31147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Despain","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, Lisa A.","contributorId":66300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Good, John M.","contributorId":69886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Good","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047640,"text":"sir20075289K - 2007 - U.S. Geological Survey reports on the Tintina Gold Province--products of recent Mineral Resources Program studies: Chapter K in Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T11:17:44","indexId":"sir20075289K","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T08:50:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5289","chapter":"K","title":"U.S. Geological Survey reports on the Tintina Gold Province--products of recent Mineral Resources Program studies: Chapter K in Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project (Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5289)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075289K","collaboration":"This report is Chapter K in Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project. For more information, see: Scientific Investigation Report 2007-5289.","usgsCitation":"Gough, L.P., 2007, U.S. Geological Survey reports on the Tintina Gold Province--products of recent Mineral Resources Program studies: Chapter K in Recent U.S. Geological Survey studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada--results of a 5-year project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5289, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075289K.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":244,"text":"Eastern Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075289k.jpg"},{"id":276666,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5289/"},{"id":276667,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5289/SIR2007-5289-K.pdf"}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Alaska;Yukon","otherGeospatial":"Tintina Gold Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -163.0,59.0 ], [ -163.0,67.0 ], [ -126.0,67.0 ], [ -126.0,59.0 ], [ -163.0,59.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520f49e9e4b0fc50304bc521","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gough, Larry P. lgough@usgs.gov","contributorId":1230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"Larry","email":"lgough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509576,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509577,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Gough, Larry P. lgough@usgs.gov","contributorId":1230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"Larry","email":"lgough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":482613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047552,"text":"ds69J6 - 2007 - Burial history, thermal maturity, and oil and gas generation history of petroleum systems in the Wind River Basin Province, central Wyoming: Chapter 6 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T09:13:58","indexId":"ds69J6","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T08:48:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-J-6","title":"Burial history, thermal maturity, and oil and gas generation history of petroleum systems in the Wind River Basin Province, central Wyoming: Chapter 6 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Burial history, thermal maturity, and timing of oil and gas \ngeneration were modeled for eight key source rock units at \nnine well locations throughout the Wind River Basin Province. \nPetroleum source rocks include the Permian Phosphoria \nFormation, the Cretaceous Mowry Shale, Cody Shale, and \nMesaverde, Meeteetse, and Lance Formations, and the Tertiary \n(Paleocene) Fort Union Formation, including the Waltman \nShale Member. Within the province boundary, the Phosphoria \nis thin and only locally rich in organic carbon. Phosphoria oil \nproduced from reservoirs in the province is thought to have \nmigrated from the Wyoming and Idaho thrust belt. \nLocations (wells) selected for burial history \nreconstructions include three in the deepest parts of the \nprovince (Adams OAB-17, Bighorn 1-5, and Coastal Owl \nCreek); three at intermediate depths (Hells Half Acre, Shell \n33X-10, and West Poison Spider); and three at relatively \nshallow locations (Young Ranch, Amoco Unit 100, and \nConoco-Coal Bank). The thermal maturity of source rocks is \ngreatest in the deep northern and central parts of the province \nand decreases to the south and east toward the basin margins. \nThe results of the modeling indicate that, in the deepest areas, \n(1) peak petroleum generation from Cretaceous rocks occurred \nfrom Late Cretaceous through middle Eocene time, and (2) \nonset of oil generation from the Waltman Shale Member \noccurred from late Eocene to early Miocene time. \nBased on modeling results, gas generation from the \ncracking of Phosphoria oil reservoired in the Park City \nFormation reached a peak in the late Paleocene/early Eocene \n(58 to 55 Ma) only in the deepest parts of the province. The \nMowry Shale and Cody Shale (in the eastern half of the basin) \ncontain a mix of Type-II and Type-III kerogens. Oil generation \nfrom predominantly Type-II source rocks of these units in the \ndeepest parts of the province reached peak rates during the \nlatest Cretaceous to early Eocene (65 to 55 Ma). Only in these \nareas of the basin did these units reach peak gas generation \nfrom the cracking of oil, which occurred in the early to middle \nEocene (55 to 42 Ma). \nGas-prone source rocks of the Mowry and Cody Shales \n(predominantly Type-III kerogen), and the Mesaverde, \nMeeteetse, Lance, and Fort Union Formations (Type –III \nkerogen) reached peak gas generation in the latest Cretaceous \nto late Eocene (67 to 38 Ma) in the deepest parts of the \nprovince. Gas generation from the Mesaverde source rocks \nstarted at all of the modeled locations but reached peak \ngeneration at only the deepest locations and at the Hells Half \nAcre location in the middle Paleocene to early Eocene (59 to \n48 Ma). Also at the deepest locations, peak gas generation \noccurred from the late Paleocene to the early Eocene (57 to \n49 Ma) for the Meeteetse Formation, and during the Eocene \nfor the Lance Formation (55 to 48 Ma) and the Fort Union \nFormation (44 to 38 Ma). \nThe Waltman Shale Member of the Fort Union Formation \ncontains Type-II kerogen. The base of the Waltman reached a \nlevel of thermal maturity to generate oil only at the deep-basin \nlocations (Adams OAB-17 and Bighorn 1-5 locations) in the \nmiddle Eocene to early Miocene (36 to 20 Ma).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming (Data Series 69-J)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds69J6","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 6 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming. For more information, see: Data Series 69-J.","usgsCitation":"Roberts, L.N., Finn, T.M., Lewan, M., and Kirschbaum, M.A., 2007, Burial history, thermal maturity, and oil and gas generation history of petroleum systems in the Wind River Basin Province, central Wyoming: Chapter 6 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69-J-6, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J6.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":674,"text":"Wind River Basin Province Assessment Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276297,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds69j6.png"},{"id":276295,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/"},{"id":276296,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/REPORTS/69_J_CH_6.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wind River Basin Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.1,42.0 ], [ -110.1,44.0 ], [ -106.0,44.0 ], [ -106.0,42.0 ], [ -110.1,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520a03e3e4b0026c2bc11ad1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Laura N.R.","contributorId":79530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"N.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, Thomas M. 0000-0001-6396-9351 finn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9351","contributorId":778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Thomas","email":"finn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewan, Michael D. mlewan@usgs.gov","contributorId":940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"Michael D.","email":"mlewan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirschbaum, Mark A.","contributorId":25112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198620,"text":"70198620 - 2007 - Integrated multi‐scale characterization of ground‐water flow and chemical transport in fractured crystalline rock at the Mirror Lake Site, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-02T13:47:49.01156","indexId":"70198620","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T06:54:57","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5371,"text":"Geophysical Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Integrated multi‐scale characterization of ground‐water flow and chemical transport in fractured crystalline rock at the Mirror Lake Site, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Mirror Lake Site
Fractures and Geologic Mapping
Hydraulic Properties of Fractured Rock From Meters to Kilometers
Chemical Migration in Fractured Rock
Fracture Controls on Ground‐Water Flow and Chemical Transport at the Mirror Lake Site
Summary
This report presents a review of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 2007 assessment of the undiscovered oil and gas resources in Paleogene strata underlying the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain and state waters. Geochemical, geologic, geophysical, thermal maturation, burial history, and paleontologic studies have been combined with regional cross sections and data from previous USGS petroleum assessments have helped to define the major petroleum systems and assessment units. Accumulations of both conventional oil and gas and continuous coal-bed gas within these petroleum systems have been digitally mapped and evaluated, and undiscovered resources have been assessed following USGS methodology.
The primary source intervals for oil and gas in Paleogene (and Cenozoic) reservoirs are coal and shale rich in organic matter within the Wilcox Group (Paleocene-Eocene) and Sparta Formation of the Claiborne Group (Eocene); in addition, Cretaceous and Jurassic source rocks probably have contributed substantial petroleum to Paleogene (and Cenozoic) reservoirs.
For the purposes of the assessment, Paleogene strata have divided into the following four stratigraphic study intervals: (1) Wilcox Group (including the Midway Group and the basal Carrizo Sand of the Claiborne Group; Paleocene-Eocene); (2) Claiborne Group (Eocene); (3) Jackson and Vicksburg Groups (Eocene-Oligocene); and (4) the Frio-Anahuac Formations (Oligocene). Recent discoveries of coal-bed gas in Paleocene strata confirm a new petroleum system that was not recognized in previous USGS assessments. In total, 26 conventional Paleogene assessment units are defined. In addition, four Cretaceous-Paleogene continuous (coal-bed gas) assessment units are included in this report. Initial results of the assessment will be released as USGS Fact Sheets (not available at the time of this writing).
Comprehensive reports for each assessment unit are planned to be released via the internet and distributed on CD-ROMs within the next year.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Paleogene of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean basins: Processes, events, and petroleum systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"27th Annual Gulf Coast Section SEPM Foundation Bob F. Perkins Research Conference","conferenceDate":"December 2-5, 2007","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.5724/gcs.07.27.0002","isbn":"978-0-9836096-3-6","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., Coleman, J.L., Hackley, P.C., Hayba, D.O., Karlsen, A.W., Rowan, E.L., and Swanson, S.M., 2007, USGS assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Paleogene strata of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coastal plain and state waters, in The Paleogene of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean basins: Processes, events, and petroleum systems, v. 27, Houston, TX, December 2-5, 2007, p. 2-44, https://doi.org/10.5724/gcs.07.27.0002.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"44","ipdsId":"IP-006895","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Gulf Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 24.327076540018634\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 24.327076540018634\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 24.327076540018634\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7acd20e4b00f54eb20c594","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kennan, Lorcan","contributorId":102036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kennan","given":"Lorcan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726761,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pindell, James","contributorId":86137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pindell","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726762,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosen, Norman C.","contributorId":40565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosen","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726770,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, James L. jlcoleman@usgs.gov","contributorId":141060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"James","email":"jlcoleman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayba, Daniel O. 0000-0003-4092-1894 dhayba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-1894","contributorId":396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayba","given":"Daniel","email":"dhayba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Karlsen, Alexander W.","contributorId":105382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rowan, Elisabeth L. 0000-0001-5753-6189 erowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":2075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Elisabeth","email":"erowan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Swanson, Sharon M. 0000-0002-4235-1736 smswanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-1736","contributorId":590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Sharon","email":"smswanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70030017,"text":"70030017 - 2007 - The colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. A: current distribution, basic biology and potential threat to marine communities of the northeast and west coasts of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T14:41:43","indexId":"70030017","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2277,"text":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. A: current distribution, basic biology and potential threat to marine communities of the northeast and west coasts of North America","title":"The colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. A: current distribution, basic biology and potential threat to marine communities of the northeast and west coasts of North America","docAbstract":"Didemnum sp. A is a colonial ascidian with rapidly expanding populations on the east and west coasts of North America. The origin of Didemum sp. A is unknown. Populations were first observed on the northeast coast of the U.S. in the late 1980s and on the west coast during the 1990s. It is currently undergoing a massive population explosion and is now a dominant member of many subtidal communities on both coasts. To determine Didemnum sp. A's current distribution, we conducted surveys from Maine to Virginia on the east coast and from British Columbia to southern California on the west coast of the U.S. between 1998 and 2005. In nearshore locations Didemnum sp. A currently ranges from Eastport, Maine to Shinnecock Bay, New York on the east coast. On the west coast it has been recorded from Humboldt Bay to Port San Luis in California, several sites in Puget Sound, Washington, including a heavily fouled mussel culture facility, and several sites in southwestern British Columbia on and adjacent to oyster and mussel farms. The species also occurs at deeper subtidal sites (up to 81 m) off New England, including Georges, Stellwagen and Tillies Banks. On Georges Bank numerous sites within a 230 km2 area are 50–90% covered by Didemnum sp. A; large colonies cement the pebble gravel into nearly solid mats that may smother infaunal organisms. These observations suggest that Didemnum sp. A has the potential to alter marine communities and affect economically important activities such as fishing and aquaculture.
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Soils from historic orchards in four counties in Virginia and West Virginia contained elevated concentrations of As and Pb, consistent with an arsenical pesticide source. Arsenic concentrations in approximately 50% of the orchard site soils and approximately 1% of reference site soils exceed the USEPA Preliminary Remediation Goal (PRG) screening guideline of 22 mg kg-1 for As in residential soi, defined on the basis of combined chronic exposure risk. Approximately 5% of orchard site soils exceed the USEPA PRG for Pb of 400 mg kg-1 in residential soil; no reference site soils sampled exceed this value. A variety of statistical methods were used to characterize the occurrence, distribution, and dispersion of arsenical pesticide residues in soils, stream sediments, and ground waters relative to landscape features and likely background conditions. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cu were most strongly associated with high developed land density and population density, whereas elevated concentrations of As were weakly correlated with high orchard density, consistent with a pesticide residue source. Arsenic concentrations in ground water wells in the region are generally <0.005 mg L-1. There was no spatial association between As concentrations in ground water and proximity to orchards. Arsenic had limited mobility into ground water from surface soils contaminated with arsenical pesticide residues at concentrations typically found in orchards.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2134/jeq2006.0413","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Robinson, G.R., Larkins, P., Boughton, C.J., Reed, B.W., and Sibrell, P.L., 2007, Assessment of contamination from arsenical pesticide use on orchards in the great valley region, Virginia and West Virginia, USA: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 36, no. 3, p. 654-663, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0413.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"654","endPage":"663","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213091,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0413"}],"country":"United States","volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee28e4b0c8380cd49bc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":424491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larkins, Peter","contributorId":40691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larkins","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boughton, Carol J.","contributorId":27429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boughton","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reed, Bradley W.","contributorId":15300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sibrell, Philip L. psibrell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibrell","given":"Philip","email":"psibrell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":424492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029869,"text":"70029869 - 2007 - Fault locking, block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-08T11:15:21.252841","indexId":"70029869","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault locking, block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"We interpret Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in the northwestern United States and adjacent parts of western Canada to describe relative motions of crustal blocks, locking on faults and permanent deformation associated with convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. To estimate angular velocities of the oceanic Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates and several continental crustal blocks, we invert the GPS velocities together with seafloor spreading rates, earthquake slip vector azimuths and fault slip azimuths and rates. We also determine the degree to which faults are either creeping aseismically or, alternatively, locked on the block-bounding faults. The Cascadia subduction thrust is locked mainly offshore, except in central Oregon, where locking extends inland. Most of Oregon and southwest Washington rotate clockwise relative to North America at rates of 0.4–1.0 ° Myr−1. No shear or extension along the Cascades volcanic arc has occurred at the mm/yr level during the past decade, suggesting that the shear deformation extending northward from the Walker Lane and eastern California shear zone south of Oregon is largely accommodated by block rotation in Oregon. The general agreement of vertical axis rotation rates derived from GPS velocities with those estimated from palaeomagnetic declination anomalies suggests that the rotations have been relatively steady for 10–15 Ma. Additional permanent dextral shear is indicated within the Oregon Coast Range near the coast. Block rotations in the Pacific Northwest do not result in net westward flux of crustal material—the crust is simply spinning and not escaping. On Vancouver Island, where the convergence obliquity is less than in Oregon and Washington, the contractional strain at the coast is more aligned with Juan de Fuca—North America motion. GPS velocities are fit significantly better when Vancouver Island and the southern Coast Mountains move relative to North America in a block-like fashion. The relative motions of the Oregon, western Washington and Vancouver Island crustal blocks indicate that the rate of permanent shortening, the type that causes upper plate earthquakes, across the Puget Sound region is 4.4 ± 0.3 mm yr−1. This shortening is likely distributed over several faults but GPS data alone cannot determine the partitioning of slip on them. The transition from predominantly shear deformation within the continent south of the Mendocino Triple Junction to predominantly block rotations north of it is similar to changes in tectonic style at other transitions from shear to subduction. This similarity suggests that crustal block rotations are enhanced in the vicinity of subduction zones possibly due to lower resisting stress.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03371.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"McCaffrey, R., Qamar, A.I., King, R.W., Wells, R., Khazaradze, G., Williams, C., Stevens, C., Vollick, J., and Zwick, P., 2007, Fault locking, block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest: Geophysical Journal International, v. 169, no. 3, p. 1315-1340, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03371.x.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1315","endPage":"1340","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477093,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2007.03371.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -132.94757354974377,\n 54.16450334041414\n ],\n [\n -132.94757354974377,\n 41.41857486539368\n ],\n [\n -119.55000150300604,\n 41.41857486539368\n ],\n [\n -119.55000150300604,\n 54.16450334041414\n ],\n [\n -132.94757354974377,\n 54.16450334041414\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"169","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f19e4b0c8380cd53778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCaffrey, Robert","contributorId":51207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffrey","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qamar, Anthony I.","contributorId":69040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qamar","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"King, Robert W.","contributorId":189079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":424662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Khazaradze, G.","contributorId":84164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khazaradze","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Williams, C.A.","contributorId":79571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stevens, C.W.","contributorId":97322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vollick, J.J.","contributorId":18179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vollick","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zwick, P.C.","contributorId":107933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwick","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70032054,"text":"70032054 - 2007 - Survey trends of North American shorebirds: Population declines or shifting distributions?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T14:01:13","indexId":"70032054","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2190,"text":"Journal of Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey trends of North American shorebirds: Population declines or shifting distributions?","docAbstract":"We analyzed data from two surveys of fall migrating shorebirds in central and eastern North America to estimate annual trends in means per survey and to determine whether trends indicate a change in population size or might have been caused by other factors. The analysis showed a broad decline in means per survey in Atlantic Canada and the northeastern United States (North Atlantic region). For example, 9 of 9 significant trends in this region were <1 (P=0.004), and the mean, annual rate of change among 30 species was 0.9783, a decline of −2.17% per year (P<0.001). Trends in the midwestern United States (Midwest region) showed no clear pattern. The mean among 29 species was 1.0090 (P=0.35). Only 4 of the trends were significant. Several hypotheses were evaluated to identify causes of the declining means per survey in the North Atlantic region. The most likely hypothesis appears to be a decline in the breeding populations that supply migrants to the North Atlantic region, but a change in movements, for example passing through the region more quickly in recent years, cannot be excluded as an explanation. Further surveys of arctic breeding areas coupled with analysis of long‐term survey data from western North America would be helpful in determining whether the declines found in this analysis are also occurring in other areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"WIley","doi":"10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03698.x","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., Brown, S., Harrington, B.A., and Morrison, R., 2007, Survey trends of North American shorebirds: Population declines or shifting distributions?: Journal of Avian Biology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 73-82, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03698.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2a0e4b08c986b31f839","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":434335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Stephen","contributorId":40096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrington, Brian A.","contributorId":58989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morrison, R.I. Guy","contributorId":52003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"R.I. Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029883,"text":"70029883 - 2007 - Geochemical proxies of North American freshwater routing during the Younger Dryas cold event","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70029883","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical proxies of North American freshwater routing during the Younger Dryas cold event","docAbstract":"The Younger Dryas cold interval represents a time when much of the Northern Hemisphere cooled from ???12.9 to 11.5 kiloyears B.P. The cause of this event, which has long been viewed as the canonical example of abrupt climate change, was initially attributed to the routing of freshwater to the St. Lawrence River with an attendant reduction in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. However, this mechanism has recently been questioned because current proxies and dating techniques have been unable to confirm that eastward routing with an increase in freshwater flux occurred during the Younger Dryas. Here we use new geochemical proxies (??Mg/Ca, U/Ca, and 87Sr/86Sr) measured in planktonic foraminifera at the mouth of the St. Lawrence estuary as tracers of freshwater sources to further evaluate this question. Our proxies, combined with planktonic ??18Oseawater and ??13C, confirm that routing of runoff from western Canada to the St. Lawrence River occurred at the start of the Younger Dryas, with an attendant increase in freshwater flux of 0.06 ?? 0.02 Sverdrup (1 Sverdrup = 106 m3??s-1). This base discharge increase is sufficient to have reduced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and caused the Younger Dryas cold interval. In addition, our data indicate subsequent fluctuations in the freshwater flux to the St. Lawrence River of ???0.06-0.12 Sverdrup, thus explaining the variability in the overturning circulation and climate during the Younger Dryas. ?? 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0611313104","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Carlson, A., Clark, P., Haley, B., Klinkhammer, G., Simmons, K., Brook, E., and Meissner, K.J., 2007, Geochemical proxies of North American freshwater routing during the Younger Dryas cold event: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 104, no. 16, p. 6556-6561, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611313104.","startPage":"6556","endPage":"6561","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477060,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611313104","text":"External Repository"},{"id":212924,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611313104"},{"id":240491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1696e4b0c8380cd551d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, A.E.","contributorId":54825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, P.U.","contributorId":78449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"P.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haley, B.A.","contributorId":52047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haley","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klinkhammer, G.P.","contributorId":86232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klinkhammer","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Simmons, K.","contributorId":75333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brook, E.J.","contributorId":23292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brook","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Meissner, K. J.","contributorId":29704,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meissner","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70042858,"text":"cir13065D - 2007 - Impacts of Hurricane Rita on the beaches of western Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T12:06:49","indexId":"cir13065D","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1306","chapter":"5D","title":"Impacts of Hurricane Rita on the beaches of western Louisiana","docAbstract":"Hurricane Rita made landfall as a category 3 storm in western Louisiana in late September 2005, 1 month following Hurricane Katrina's devastating landfall in the eastern part of the State. Large waves and storm surge inundated the lowelevation coastline, destroying many communities and causing extensive coastal change including beach, dune, and marsh erosion.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005 (Circular 1306)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13065D","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 5D in Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005. See Circular 1306 for more information and other chapters.","usgsCitation":"Stockdon, H.F., Fauver, L.A., Sallenger, and Wright, C.W., 2007, Impacts of Hurricane Rita on the beaches of western Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1306, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13065D.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266496,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1306_5d.jpg"},{"id":266494,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1306/"},{"id":266495,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1306/pdf/c1306_ch5_d.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95,5.555555555555556E-4 ], [ -95,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -92,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -92,5.555555555555556E-4 ], [ -95,5.555555555555556E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5103b789e4b0ce88de640a19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stockdon, Hilary F. 0000-0003-0791-4676 hstockdon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-4676","contributorId":2153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockdon","given":"Hilary","email":"hstockdon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fauver, Laura A.","contributorId":105384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fauver","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, Jr.","contributorId":105768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, C. Wayne wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":57422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031965,"text":"70031965 - 2007 - Prioritizing bottomland hardwood forest sites for protection and augmentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-30T12:01:24","indexId":"70031965","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prioritizing bottomland hardwood forest sites for protection and augmentation","docAbstract":"Bottomland hardwood forest has been greatly diminished by conversion to agriculture. Less than 25% of the pre-Columbian bottomland hardwood forests remain in the southeastern United States. Because of the valuable ecological and hydrological functions performed by these forests, their conservation and restoration has been a high priority. Part of these restoration efforts has focused on developing tools that can be used for both assessments at the landscape level and policy implementation at the local level. The distribution of bottomland hardwood forests in the Cache and White River watersheds in eastern Arkansas were examined using existing GIS databases. Criteria were developed to select areas that should be conserved or augmented for wildlife habitat. Over 67% of the study area was classified as agriculture, with bottomland hardwood forest the next largest habitat class. The thickness of a forest fragment was defined as the radius of the largest circle that can be inscribed in a fragment. Thickness was used in three ways. First, individual forest fragments were identified and selected based on ecological function using criteria we established. Second, individual fragments that were too small to support interior species, but large enough that if moderately augmented they could recover that function, were identified and selected. These augmentable fragments were further prioritized by adjacency to habitat that might be suitable for reforestation, namely agriculture. Third, watersheds were prioritized for conservation and augmentation based on the size and distributions of forest fragment thickness and area within each watershed.","language":"English","publisher":"Natural Areas Association","doi":"10.3375/0885-8608(2007)27[72:PBHFSF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"08858608","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., and Biagas, J., 2007, Prioritizing bottomland hardwood forest sites for protection and augmentation: Natural Areas Journal, v. 27, no. 1, p. 72-82, https://doi.org/10.3375/0885-8608(2007)27[72:PBHFSF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.197265625,\n 33.89321737944089\n ],\n [\n -90.087890625,\n 33.89321737944089\n ],\n [\n -90.087890625,\n 36.16892253622743\n ],\n [\n -92.197265625,\n 36.16892253622743\n ],\n [\n -92.197265625,\n 33.89321737944089\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8c71e4b0c8380cd7e6bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, J. 0000-0003-0110-0284 carterj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-0284","contributorId":81839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.","email":"carterj@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biagas, J. 0000-0001-5548-1970","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5548-1970","contributorId":51558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biagas","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031808,"text":"70031808 - 2007 - Why the sacramento delta area differs from other parts of the great valley: numerical modeling of thermal structure and thermal subsidence of forearc basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-09T10:49:37","indexId":"70031808","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2125,"text":"Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why the sacramento delta area differs from other parts of the great valley: numerical modeling of thermal structure and thermal subsidence of forearc basins","docAbstract":"Data on present-day heat flow, subsidence history, and paleotemperature for the Sacramento Delta region, California, have been employed to constrain a numerical model of tectonic subsidence and thermal evolution of forearc basins. The model assumes an oceanic basement with an initial thermal profile dependent on its age subjected to refrigeration caused by a subducting slab. Subsidence in the Sacramento Delta region appears to be close to that expected for a forearc basin underlain by normal oceanic lithosphere of age 150 Ma, demonstrating that effects from both the initial thermal profile and the subduction process are necessary and sufficient. Subsidence at the eastern and northern borders of the Sacramento Valley is considerably less, approximating subsidence expected from the dynamics of the subduction zone alone. These results, together with other geophysical data, show that Sacramento Delta lithosphere, being thinner and having undergone deeper subsidence, must differ from lithosphere of the transitional type under other parts of the Sacramento Valley. Thermal modeling allows evaluation of the rheological properties of the lithosphere. Strength diagrams based on our thermal model show that, even under relatively slow deformation (10−17 s−1), the upper part of the delta crystalline crust (down to 20–22 km) can fail in brittle fashion, which is in agreement with deeper earthquake occurrence. Hypocentral depths of earthquakes under the Sacramento Delta region extend to nearly 20 km, whereas, in the Coast Ranges to the west, depths are typically less than 12–15 km. The greater width of the seismogenic zone in this area raises the possibility that, for fault segments of comparable length, earthquakes of somewhat greater magnitude might occur than in the Coast Ranges to the west.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1134/S1069351307010089","issn":"10693513","usgsCitation":"Mikhailov, V., Parsons, T., Simpson, R., Timoshkina, E., and Williams, C., 2007, Why the sacramento delta area differs from other parts of the great valley: numerical modeling of thermal structure and thermal subsidence of forearc basins: Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, v. 43, no. 1, p. 75-90, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351307010089.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":212254,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1069351307010089"},{"id":239714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Great Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.0,36.0 ], [ -122.0,40.0 ], [ -120.0,40.0 ], [ -120.0,36.0 ], [ -122.0,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0a6e4b08c986b32efa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mikhailov, V.O.","contributorId":101455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikhailov","given":"V.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Timoshkina, E.P.","contributorId":79295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timoshkina","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, C.","contributorId":10514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030190,"text":"70030190 - 2007 - Seismic velocity structure and seismotectonics of the eastern San Francisco Bay region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-10T11:08:16.364304","indexId":"70030190","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic velocity structure and seismotectonics of the eastern San Francisco Bay region, California","docAbstract":"The Hayward Fault System is considered the most likely fault system in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, to produce a major earthquake in the next 30 years. To better understand this fault system, we use microseismicity to study its structure and kinematics. We present a new 3D seismic-velocity model for the eastern San Francisco Bay region, using microseismicity and controlled sources, which reveals a ∼10% velocity contrast across the Hayward fault in the upper 10 km, with higher velocity in the Franciscan Complex to the west relative to the Great Valley Sequence to the east. This contrast is imaged more sharply in our localized model than in previous regional-scale models. Thick Cenozoic sedimentary basins, such as the Livermore basin, which may experience particularly strong shaking during an earthquake, are imaged in the model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120060032","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hardebeck, J., Michael, A., and Brocher, T., 2007, Seismic velocity structure and seismotectonics of the eastern San Francisco Bay region, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 97, no. 3, p. 826-842, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060032.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"826","endPage":"842","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239502,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.09890285663033,\n 38.418772287805865\n ],\n [\n -123.09890285663033,\n 37.186710878757324\n ],\n [\n -121.47362362473098,\n 37.186710878757324\n ],\n [\n -121.47362362473098,\n 38.418772287805865\n ],\n [\n -123.09890285663033,\n 38.418772287805865\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b76e4b08c986b317850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardebeck, J.L.","contributorId":98862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031770,"text":"70031770 - 2007 - Two lithospheric profiles across southern California derived from gravity and seismic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-28T14:52:06.103758","indexId":"70031770","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two lithospheric profiles across southern California derived from gravity and seismic data","docAbstract":"We present two detailed 2-D density transects for the crust and uppermost mantle across southern California using a linear gravity inversion technique. This technique parameterizes the crust and upper mantle as a set of blocks that are based on published geologic and seismic models. Each block can have a range of densities that are constrained where possible by borehole measurements, seismic velocities, and petrologic data. To further constrain the models, it is assumed that the lithosphere is close to isostatic equilibrium at both ends of the profiles, in the deep ocean and east of the Mojave Desert. We calculate the lithostatic pressure variations field for the whole cross section to rule out the geophysically insignificant solutions. In the linear equation, ρ = a + bV (V, seismic P-wave velocity; ρ, density), which approximates the mantle density–velocity (ρ–V) relationship, different coefficients for b were evaluated. Lower coefficients (b < 0.2) correspond to an almost purely thermally perturbed mantle, while higher coefficients (b > 0.3) imply that other effects, such as composition and/or metamorphic changes, play an important role in the mantle. Density models were constructed with the coefficient b ranging from 0 to 0.6. The results indicate that a high b value in the mantle ρ–V relationship is associated with less dense crust in the Mojave block and more dense crust in the Catalina schist block. In the less dense Mojave block, the average density of the whole crust is ∼2.75 g/cm3, while that of the lower crust is ∼2.72 g/cm3. These densities imply a high silica content in the crust, and a minor fraction of basic rock in the lower crust, or perhaps the absence of a basaltic layer altogether. By comparison, the average density of a typical continental stable platform is ∼2.85 g/cm3. Models with higher b coefficients (0.5–0.6) are characterized by a large isostatic imbalance. On the other hand, lower b values (0–0.2) require a consolidated whole crust density in the Mojave Desert of ∼2.78 g/cm3, and a lower crust density of ∼2.89 g/cm3 with mostly basaltic composition. This contradicts the observed, lower Vp/Vs-ratio in the Mojave Desert associated with mostly felsic and low-density crust. Models with lower b coefficients (0.1–0.2) are characterized by an absence of local Airy compensation beneath the San Gabriel Mountains at the LARSE-1 profile. These, and other non-gravity arguments, suggest optimal solutions to the mantle ρ–V relation of b ∼ 0.2–0.4. This, in turn, means that both thermal and petrological effects occur inside the downwelling of the uppermost mantle high velocity body located beneath the Transverse Ranges. During the development of this mantle downwelling, the basaltic layer of the Mojave block was likely eroded and pulled down into the high velocity body. Those basaltic fragments may have been transformed into eclogites, and this metamorphic change implies a higher b-coefficient density–velocity relationship than would be expected for a purely thermal process.