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,{"id":70047217,"text":"70047217 - 2008 - Calibration of GOES-derived solar radiation data using a distributed network of surface measurements in Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T15:35:47","indexId":"70047217","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Calibration of GOES-derived solar radiation data using a distributed network of surface measurements in Florida, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Solar radiation data are critically important for the estimation of evapotranspiration. Analysis of visible-channel data derived from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) using radiative transfer modeling has been used to produce spatially- and temporally-distributed datasets of solar radiation. An extensive network of (pyranometer) surface measurements of solar radiation in the State of Florida has allowed refined calibration of a GOES-derived daily integrated radiation data product. This refinement of radiation data allowed for corrections of satellite sensor drift, satellite generational change, and consideration of the highly-variable cloudy conditions that are typical of Florida. To aid in calibration of a GOES-derived radiation product, solar radiation data for the period 1995&ndash;2004 from 58 field stations that are located throughout the State were compiled. The GOES radiation product was calibrated by way of a three-step process: 1) comparison with ground-based pyranometer measurements on clear reference days, 2) correcting for a bias related to cloud cover, and 3) deriving month-by-month bias correction factors. Pre-calibration results indicated good model performance, with a station-averaged model error of 2.2 MJ m</span><sup>&ndash;2</sup><span>&nbsp;day</span><sup>&ndash;1</sup><span>&nbsp;(13 percent). Calibration reduced errors to 1.7 MJ m</span><sup>&ndash;2</sup><span>&nbsp;day</span><sup>&ndash;1</sup><span>&nbsp;(10 percent) and also removed time- and cloudiness-related biases. The final dataset has been used to produce Statewide evapotranspiration estimates.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008: Ahupua'A","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2008 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress","conferenceDate":"May 12-16, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, Hawaii","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/40976(316)95","usgsCitation":"Sumner, D.M., Pathak, C.S., Mecikalski, J.R., Paech, S.J., Wu, Q., and Sangoyomi, T., 2008, Calibration of GOES-derived solar radiation data using a distributed network of surface measurements in Florida, USA, <i>in</i> World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008: Ahupua'A, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 12-16, 2008, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)95.","productDescription":"10 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,{"id":70031764,"text":"70031764 - 2008 - Fluctuating Arctic Sea ice thickness changes estimated by an in situ learned and empirically forced neural network model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:50:20","indexId":"70031764","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluctuating Arctic Sea ice thickness changes estimated by an in situ learned and empirically forced neural network model","docAbstract":"Sea ice thickness (SIT) is a key parameter of scientific interest because understanding the natural spatiotemporal variability of ice thickness is critical for improving global climate models. In this paper, changes in Arctic SIT during 1982-2003 are examined using a neural network (NN) algorithm trained with in situ submarine ice draft and surface drilling data. For each month of the study period, the NN individually estimated SIT of each ice-covered pixel (25-km resolution) based on seven geophysical parameters (four shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes, surface air temperature, ice drift velocity, and ice divergence/convergence) that were cumulatively summed at each monthly position along the pixel's previous 3-yr drift track (or less if the ice was <3 yr old). Average January SIT increased during 1982-88 in most regions of the Arctic (+7.6 ?? 0.9 cm yr-1), decreased through 1996 Arctic-wide (-6.1 ?? 1.2 cm yr-1), then modestly increased through 2003 mostly in the central Arctic (+2.1 ?? 0.6 cm yr-1). Net ice volume change in the Arctic Ocean from 1982 to 2003 was negligible, indicating that cumulative ice growth had largely replaced the estimated 45 000 km3 of ice lost by cumulative export. Above 65??N, total annual ice volume and interannual volume changes were correlated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) at decadal and annual time scales, respectively. Late-summer ice thickness and total volume varied proportionally until the mid-1990s, but volume did not increase commensurate with the thickening during 1996-2002. The authors speculate that decoupling of the ice thickness-volume relationship resulted from two opposing mechanisms with different latitudinal expressions: a recent quasi-decadal shift in atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the AO's neutral state facilitated ice thickening at high latitudes while anomalously warm thermal forcing thinned and melted the ice cap at its periphery. ?? 2008 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/2007JCLI1787.1","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Belchansky, G., Douglas, D., and Platonov, N.G., 2008, Fluctuating Arctic Sea ice thickness changes estimated by an in situ learned and empirically forced neural network model: Journal of Climate, v. 21, no. 4, p. 716-729, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1787.1.","startPage":"716","endPage":"729","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476796,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1787.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212551,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1787.1"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1264e4b0c8380cd542af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belchansky, G. I.","contributorId":24301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belchansky","given":"G. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Platonov, Nikita G.","contributorId":8791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Platonov","given":"Nikita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031959,"text":"70031959 - 2008 - In situ Raman spectroscopic investigation of the structure of subduction-zone fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70031959","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ Raman spectroscopic investigation of the structure of subduction-zone fluids","docAbstract":"In situ Raman spectra of synthetic subduction-zone fluids (KAlSi3O8-H2O system) were measured to 900?? and 2.3 GPa using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell. The structures of aqueous fluid and hydrous melt become closer when conditions approach the second critical endpoint. Almost no three-dimensional network was observed in the supercritical fluid above 2 GPa although a large amount of silicate component is dissolved, suggesting that the physical and chemical properties of these phases change drastically at around the second critical endpoint. Our experimental results indicate that the fluids released from a subducting slab change from aqueous fluid to supercritical fluid with increasing depth under the volcanic arcs. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005179","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mibe, K., Chou, I., and Bassett, W.A., 2008, In situ Raman spectroscopic investigation of the structure of subduction-zone fluids: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 113, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005179.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476818,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb005179","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214844,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005179"},{"id":242596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3995e4b0c8380cd61986","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mibe, Kenji","contributorId":85781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mibe","given":"Kenji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":433887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bassett, William A.","contributorId":47533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032591,"text":"70032591 - 2008 - Using amphibole phenocrysts to track vapor transfer during magma crystallization and transport: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T16:48:35","indexId":"70032591","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using amphibole phenocrysts to track vapor transfer during magma crystallization and transport: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>In order to evaluate and further constrain models for volatile movement and vapor enrichment of magma stored at shallow levels, amphibole phenocrysts from 2004–2005 Mount St. Helens dacite were analyzed for major and selected trace elements (Li, Cu, Zn, Mn, and REE) and Li isotopes. Several recent studies have examined fluid-mobile trace element abundances in phencryst phases and melt inclusions as a means of tracking volatile movement within subvolcanic magmatic systems, and high Li contents in plagioclase phenocrysts from 1980 and 2004 Mount St. Helens dacites have been interpreted as evidence that shallow magma was fluxed by a Li-bearing vapor phase prior to eruption.</p><p>In amphibole phenocrysts, Zn and Mn behave compatibly, correlating to FeO<sup>⁎</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and show no systematic change with time. In contrast, Li and Cu abundances in amphibole vary by up to 3 orders of magnitude (7.6–1140&nbsp;μg/g and 1.7 to 94&nbsp;μg/g, respectively), and do not generally correlate with either major or trace elements. However, they do correlate moderately well (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.54,&nbsp;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;95% confidence) with each other and show systematic temporal variations that are opposite to those observed for plagioclase, precluding a simple 1-step diffusion model for Li enrichment. We propose a Diffusion-Crystallization Multi-Stage (DCMS) model to explain the temporal variations and co-variations of Li and Cu. In early erupted dacite (October–December 2004) profiles of Li isotopes in conjunction with measured<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>7</sup>Li intensities and core-to-rim increases in Li concentration are characteristic of Li diffusion into the amphiboles, consistent with prior models of plagioclase enrichment.</p><p>In amphiboles from 2005 dacite, average Li and Cu concentrations are high (∼&nbsp;260–660&nbsp;μg/g and ∼&nbsp;29–45&nbsp;μg/g, respectively) and in contrast to amphiboles from earlier-erupted dacite, correlate weakly with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;wt.%. Amphibole Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations are an indicator of pressure, with high-Al amphiboles crystallizing at higher pressures, and we suggest that Li and Cu are partitioned into a fluid phase during ascent and crystallization of the magma so that amphiboles crystallizing at lower pressure have correspondingly lower Li and Cu concentrations. However, low Li and Cu in amphiboles from the dacite at the start of the eruption also require crystallization from a low Li–Cu bearing melt or residence times long enough for amphiboles to re-equilibrate with a Li–Cu depleted melt. Estimated residence times suggest that amphiboles in early dacite could have been present since the end of the 1980–1986 eruptive episode at Mount St. Helens.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.012","issn":"03770","usgsCitation":"Rowe, M., Kent, A., and Thornber, C., 2008, Using amphibole phenocrysts to track vapor transfer during magma crystallization and transport: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 178, no. 4, p. 593-607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.012.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"607","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.012"}],"volume":"178","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc02be4b08c986b329f89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowe, M.C.","contributorId":42041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, A.J.R.","contributorId":76123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"A.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornber, C.R.","contributorId":69302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033639,"text":"70033639 - 2008 - Kaguyak dome field and its Holocene caldera, Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T14:37:24","indexId":"70033639","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kaguyak dome field and its Holocene caldera, Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id29\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id30\"><p>Kaguyak Caldera lies in a remote corner of Katmai National Park, 375&nbsp;km SW of Anchorage, Alaska. The 2.5-by-3-km caldera collapsed ~&nbsp;5.8&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.2&nbsp;ka (<sup>14</sup>C age) during emplacement of a radial apron of poorly pumiceous crystal-rich dacitic pyroclastic flows (61–67% SiO<sub>2</sub>). Proximal pumice-fall deposits are thin and sparsely preserved, but an oxidized coignimbrite ash is found as far as the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 80&nbsp;km southwest. Postcaldera events include filling the 150-m-deep caldera lake, emplacement of two intracaldera domes (61.5–64.5% SiO<sub>2</sub>), and phreatic ejection of lakefloor sediments onto the caldera rim. CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and H<sub>2</sub>S bubble up through the lake, weakly but widely. Geochemical analyses (<i>n</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;148), including pre-and post-caldera lavas (53–74% SiO<sub>2</sub>), define one of the lowest-K arc suites in Alaska. The precaldera edifice was not a stratocone but was, instead, nine contiguous but discrete clusters of lava domes, themselves stacks of rhyolite to basalt exogenous lobes and flows. Four<span>&nbsp;</span><i>extra</i>caldera clusters are mid-to-late Pleistocene, but the other five are younger than 60&nbsp;ka, were truncated by the collapse, and now make up the steep inner walls. The climactic ignimbrite was preceded by ~&nbsp;200&nbsp;years by radial emplacement of a 100-m-thick sheet of block-rich glassy lava breccia (62–65.5% SiO<sub>2</sub>). Filling the notches between the truncated dome clusters, the breccia now makes up three segments of the steep caldera wall, which beheads gullies incised into the breccia deposit prior to caldera formation. They were probably shed by a large lava dome extruding where the lake is today.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.016","issn":"03770","usgsCitation":"Fierstein, J., and Hildreth, W., 2008, Kaguyak dome field and its Holocene caldera, Alaska Peninsula: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 177, no. 2, p. 340-366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.016.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"340","endPage":"366","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214368,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.016"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.445556640625,\n              57.498117398284776\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.46923828125,\n              57.498117398284776\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.46923828125,\n              61.63772622120811\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.445556640625,\n              61.63772622120811\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.445556640625,\n              57.498117398284776\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"177","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4052e4b0c8380cd64c76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fierstein, J.","contributorId":67666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70033512,"text":"70033512 - 2008 - Influenza A virus infections in land birds, People's Republic of China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T09:52:06","indexId":"70033512","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1493,"text":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influenza A virus infections in land birds, People's Republic of China","docAbstract":"<p>Water birds are considered the reservoir for avian influenza viruses. We examined this assumption by sampling and real-time reverse transcription-PCR testing of 939 Asian land birds of 153 species. Influenza A infection was found, particularly among migratory species. Surveillance programs for monitoring spread of these viruses need to be redesigned.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Provention","doi":"10.3201/eid1410.080169","issn":"10806","usgsCitation":"Peterson, A., Bush, S., Spackman, E., Swayne, D., and Ip, H., 2008, Influenza A virus infections in land birds, People's Republic of China: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 14, no. 10, p. 1644-1646, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1410.080169.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1644","endPage":"1646","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476684,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1410.080169","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214428,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1410.080169"}],"country":"China","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[110.33919,18.6784],[109.47521,18.1977],[108.65521,18.50768],[108.62622,19.36789],[109.11906,19.82104],[110.2116,20.10125],[110.78655,20.07753],[111.01005,19.69593],[110.57065,19.25588],[110.33919,18.6784]]],[[[127.65741,49.76027],[129.39782,49.4406],[130.58229,48.72969],[130.98728,47.79013],[132.50667,47.78897],[133.3736,48.18344],[135.02631,48.47823],[134.50081,47.57844],[134.11236,47.21247],[133.76964,46.11693],[133.09713,45.14407],[131.88345,45.32116],[131.02521,44.96795],[131.28856,44.11152],[131.14469,42.92999],[130.63387,42.90301],[130.64002,42.39501],[129.99427,42.98539],[129.59667,42.42498],[128.05222,41.99428],[128.20843,41.46677],[127.34378,41.50315],[126.86908,41.81657],[126.18205,41.10734],[125.07994,40.56982],[124.26562,39.92849],[122.86757,39.63779],[122.13139,39.17045],[121.05455,38.89747],[121.58599,39.36085],[121.37676,39.75026],[122.1686,40.42244],[121.64036,40.94639],[120.76863,40.59339],[119.6396,39.89806],[119.02346,39.25233],[118.04275,39.20427],[117.5327,38.73764],[118.0597,38.06148],[118.87815,37.89733],[118.91164,37.44846],[119.7028,37.15639],[120.82346,37.87043],[121.71126,37.48112],[122.35794,37.45448],[122.51999,36.93061],[121.10416,36.65133],[120.63701,36.11144],[119.66456,35.60979],[119.15121,34.90986],[120.22752,34.36033],[120.62037,33.37672],[121.22901,32.46032],[121.90815,31.69217],[121.89192,30.94935],[121.26426,30.67627],[121.50352,30.14291],[122.09211,29.83252],[121.93843,29.01802],[121.68444,28.22551],[121.12566,28.13567],[120.39547,27.05321],[119.5855,25.74078],[118.65687,24.54739],[117.28161,23.6245],[115.89074,22.78287],[114.76383,22.66807],[114.15255,22.22376],[113.80678,22.54834],[113.24108,22.05137],[111.84359,21.55049],[110.78547,21.39714],[110.44404,20.34103],[109.88986,20.28246],[109.62766,21.00823],[109.86449,21.39505],[108.52281,21.71521],[108.05018,21.55238],[107.04342,21.8119],[106.56727,22.2182],[106.7254,22.79427],[105.81125,22.97689],[105.32921,23.35206],[104.47686,22.81915],[103.50451,22.70376],[102.70699,22.7088],[102.17044,22.46475],[101.65202,22.3182],[101.80312,21.17437],[101.27003,21.20165],[101.18001,21.43657],[101.15003,21.84998],[100.41654,21.55884],[99.98349,21.74294],[99.2409,22.11831],[99.53199,22.94904],[98.89875,23.14272],[98.66026,24.06329],[97.60472,23.8974],[97.72461,25.08364],[98.67184,25.9187],[98.71209,26.74354],[98.68269,27.50881],[98.24623,27.74722],[97.91199,28.33595],[97.32711,28.26158],[96.24883,28.41103],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.11768,29.4528],[95.4048,29.03172],[94.56599,29.27744],[93.41335,28.64063],[92.50312,27.89688],[91.69666,27.77174],[91.25885,28.04061],[90.73051,28.06495],[90.01583,28.29644],[89.47581,28.04276],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.12044,27.87654],[86.95452,27.97426],[85.82332,28.20358],[85.01164,28.64277],[84.23458,28.83989],[83.89899,29.32023],[83.33712,29.46373],[82.32751,30.11527],[81.5258,30.42272],[81.11126,30.18348],[79.72137,30.88271],[78.73889,31.51591],[78.45845,32.61816],[79.17613,32.48378],[79.20889,32.99439],[78.81109,33.5062],[78.91227,34.32194],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.19285,35.8984],[75.8969,36.66681],[75.15803,37.13303],[74.98,37.41999],[74.82999,37.99001],[74.86482,38.37885],[74.25751,38.60651],[73.92885,38.50582],[73.67538,39.43124],[73.96001,39.66001],[73.82224,39.89397],[74.77686,40.36643],[75.46783,40.56207],[76.52637,40.42795],[76.90448,41.06649],[78.1872,41.18532],[78.54366,41.58224],[80.11943,42.12394],[80.25999,42.35],[80.18015,42.92007],[80.86621,43.18036],[79.96611,44.91752],[81.94707,45.31703],[82.45893,45.53965],[83.18048,47.33003],[85.16429,47.00096],[85.72048,47.45297],[85.76823,48.45575],[86.59878,48.54918],[87.35997,49.21498],[87.75126,49.2972],[88.01383,48.59946],[88.8543,48.06908],[90.28083,47.69355],[90.97081,46.88815],[90.58577,45.71972],[90.94554,45.28607],[92.13389,45.11508],[93.48073,44.97547],[94.68893,44.35233],[95.30688,44.24133],[95.76245,43.31945],[96.3494,42.72564],[97.45176,42.74889],[99.51582,42.52469],[100.84587,42.6638],[101.83304,42.51487],[103.31228,41.90747],[104.52228,41.90835],[104.96499,41.59741],[106.12932,42.13433],[107.74477,42.48152],[109.2436,42.51945],[110.4121,42.87123],[111.12968,43.40683],[111.82959,43.74312],[111.66774,44.07318],[111.34838,44.45744],[111.87331,45.10208],[112.43606,45.01165],[113.46391,44.80889],[114.46033,45.33982],[115.9851,45.72724],[116.71787,46.3882],[117.4217,46.67273],[118.87433,46.80541],[119.66327,46.69268],[119.77282,47.04806],[118.86657,47.74706],[118.06414,48.06673],[117.29551,47.69771],[116.30895,47.85341],[115.74284,47.72654],[115.48528,48.13538],[116.1918,49.1346],[116.6788,49.88853],[117.87924,49.51098],[119.28846,50.14288],[119.27937,50.58291],[120.18205,51.64357],[120.73819,51.96412],[120.72579,52.51623],[120.17709,52.75389],[121.00308,53.2514],[122.24575,53.43173],[123.5715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A.T.","contributorId":47595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, S.E.","contributorId":78567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spackman, Erica","contributorId":82126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spackman","given":"Erica","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":441214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swayne, D.E.","contributorId":57269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayne","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ip, Hon S. 0000-0003-4844-7533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533","contributorId":15829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ip","given":"Hon S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70033502,"text":"70033502 - 2008 - Physiological response of some economically important freshwater salmonids to catch-and-release fishing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70033502","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological response of some economically important freshwater salmonids to catch-and-release fishing","docAbstract":"Catch-and-release fishing regulations are widely used by fishery resource managers to maintain both the quantity and quality of sport fish populations. We evaluated blood chemistry disturbances in wild brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii, and Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus that had been hooked and played for 1-5 min in waters of the intermountain western United States. A hatchery stock of brown trout was included for comparison. To assess time needed for recovery, additional test groups were played for 5 min and then released into net-pens, where they were held for up to 72 h. The osmoregulatory and metabolic disturbances associated with catch-and-release fishing under the conditions we tested were minimal and judged to be well within normal physiological tolerance limits. In fish that were held for recovery, the blood chemistry alterations that did occur appeared to be related to stress from confinement in the net-pens. Our results confirm the results of previous studies, showing that prerelease air exposure and handling cause more physiological stress than does either hooking per se or playing time. Fishery managers must be aware of the differences in the perceptions, attitudes, and values of different societal groups, some of which feel that catch-and-release fishing should be banned because it is cruel to the animals. On the basis of brain anatomy, it seems highly unlikely that fish experience pain in the same manner as humans experience it, because fish lack a neocortex, the brain structure that enables the sensation of pain in higher vertebrates. However, independent of the neurobiological argument, our results indicate that under conditions similar to those tested, fish subjected to catch and release are neither suffering nor particularly stressed. Improved education programs about the relatively benign physiological effects of catch-and-release fishing as a fishery management practice would be beneficial to anglers and the nonfishing public alike.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M07-186.1","issn":"02755","usgsCitation":"Wedemeyer, G., and Wydoski, R., 2008, Physiological response of some economically important freshwater salmonids to catch-and-release fishing: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 28, no. 5, p. 1587-1596, https://doi.org/10.1577/M07-186.1.","startPage":"1587","endPage":"1596","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476761,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577/m07-186.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214332,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M07-186.1"},{"id":242049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b23e4b0c8380cd79290","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedemeyer, Gary","contributorId":94244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wydoski, R.S.","contributorId":103340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wydoski","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70031876,"text":"70031876 - 2008 - The experimental basis for interpreting particle and magnetic fabrics of sheared till","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70031876","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The experimental basis for interpreting particle and magnetic fabrics of sheared till","docAbstract":"Particle fabrics of basal tills may allow testing of the bed-deformation model of glacier flow, which requires high bed shear strains (>100). Field studies, however, have not yielded a systematic relationship between shear-strain magnitude and fabric development. To isolate this relationship four basal tills and viscous putty were sheared in a ring-shear device to strains as high as 714. Fabric was characterized within a zone of shear deformation using the long-axis orientations of fine-gravel and sand particles and the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of small (???5-8 cm3) intact samples. Results indicate that till particles rotate toward the plane of shearing with long-axis orientations that become tightly clustered in the direction of shear (0??78 < S1 < 0??94 for three-dimensional data). These strong, steady-state fabrics are attained at shear strains of 7-30, with no evidence of fabric weakening with further strain, regardless of the specific till or particle-size fraction under consideration. These results do not support the Jeffery model of particle rotation, which correctly describes particle rotation in the viscous putty but not in the tills, owing to fluid-mechanical assumptions of the model that are violated in till. The sensitivity of fabric development to shear-strain magnitude indicates that, for most till units where shear-strain magnitude is poorly known, attributing fabric variations to spatial differences in other variables, such as till thickness or water content, will be inherently speculative. Attributing fabric characteristics to particular basal till facies is uncertain because shear-strain magnitude is unlikely to be closely correlated to till facies. Weak or spatially variable fabrics, in the absence of post-depositional disturbance or major deviations from unidirectional simple shear, indicate that till has not been pervasively sheared to the high strains required by the bed-deformation model. Strong flow-parallel fabrics are a necessary but insufficient criterion for confirming the model. Copyright ?? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/esp.1666","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Iverson, N., Hooyer, T., Thomason, J., Graesch, M., and Shumway, J., 2008, The experimental basis for interpreting particle and magnetic fabrics of sheared till: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 33, no. 4, p. 627-645, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1666.","startPage":"627","endPage":"645","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214610,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1666"},{"id":242350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babede4b08c986b32317e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, N.R.","contributorId":19682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooyer, T.S.","contributorId":83242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooyer","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomason, J.F.","contributorId":11745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomason","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graesch, M.","contributorId":47184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graesch","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shumway, J.R.","contributorId":79317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shumway","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70031976,"text":"70031976 - 2008 - Use of an integrated flow model to estimate ecologically relevant hydrologic characteristics at stream biomonitoring sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-03T14:23:58","indexId":"70031976","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of an integrated flow model to estimate ecologically relevant hydrologic characteristics at stream biomonitoring sites","docAbstract":"We developed an integrated hydroecological model to provide a comprehensive set of hydrologic variables representing five major components of the flow regime at 856 aquatic-invertebrate monitoring sites in New Jersey. The hydroecological model simulates streamflow by routing water that moves overland and through the subsurface from atmospheric delivery to the watershed outlet. Snow accumulation and melt, evapotranspiration, precipitation, withdrawals, discharges, pervious- and impervious-area runoff, and lake storage were accounted for in the water balance. We generated more than 78 flow variables, which describe the frequency, magnitude, duration, rate of change, and timing of flow events. Highly correlated variables were filtered by principal component analysis to obtain a non-redundant subset of variables that explain the majority of the variation in the complete set. This subset of variables was used to evaluate the effect of changes in the flow regime on aquatic-invertebrate assemblage structure at 856 biomonitoring sites. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) to evaluate variation in aquatic-invertebrate assemblage structure across a disturbance gradient. We employed multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis to build a series of MLR models that identify the most important environmental and hydrologic variables driving the differences in the aquatic-invertebrate assemblages across the disturbance gradient. The first axis of NMS ordination was significantly related to many hydrologic, habitat, and land-use/land-cover variables, including the average number of annual storms producing runoff, ratio of 25-75% exceedance flow (flashiness), diversity of natural stream substrate, and the percentage of forested land near the stream channel (forest buffer). Modifications in the hydrologic regime as the result of changes in watershed land use appear to promote the retention of highly tolerant aquatic species; in contrast, species that are sensitive to hydrologic instability and other anthropogenic disturbance become much less prevalent. We also found strong relations between an index of invertebrate-assemblage impairment, its component metrics, and the primary disturbance gradient. The process-oriented watershed modeling approach used in this study provides a means to evaluate how natural landscape features interact with anthropogenic factors and assess their effects on flow characteristics and stream ecology. By combining watershed modeling and indirect ordination techniques, we were able to identify components of the hydrologic regime that have a considerable effect on aquatic-assemblage structure and help in developing short- and long-term management measures that mitigate the effects of anthropogenic disturbance in stream systems.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.08.014","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Kennen, J., Kauffman, L.J., Ayers, M.A., Wolock, D., and Colarullo, S.J., 2008, Use of an integrated flow model to estimate ecologically relevant hydrologic characteristics at stream biomonitoring sites: Ecological Modelling, v. 211, no. 1-2, p. 57-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.08.014.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science 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,{"id":70032915,"text":"70032915 - 2008 - Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land-use planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032915","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land-use planning","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.014","issn":"00137","usgsCitation":"Fell, R., Corominas, J., Bonnard, C., Cascini, L., Leroi, E., and Savage, W.Z., 2008, Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land-use planning: Engineering Geology, v. 102, no. 3-4, p. 99-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.014.","startPage":"99","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476689,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Guidelines_for_landslide_susceptibility_hazard_and_risk_zoning_for_land_use_planning/27715584","text":"External Repository"},{"id":213576,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.014"},{"id":241214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e3ce4b0c8380cd5c3d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fell, R.","contributorId":33132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corominas, J.","contributorId":28811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corominas","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bonnard, C.","contributorId":80088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonnard","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cascini, L.","contributorId":29650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cascini","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leroi, E.","contributorId":67300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leroi","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70033312,"text":"70033312 - 2008 - The 2005 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano, Galápagos, Ecuador","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:11:17","indexId":"70033312","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 2005 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano, Galápagos, Ecuador","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sierra Negra volcano began erupting on 22 October 2005, after a repose of 26&nbsp;years. A plume of ash and steam more than 13&nbsp;km high accompanied the initial phase of the eruption and was quickly followed by a ~2-km-long curtain of lava fountains. The eruptive fissure opened inside the north rim of the caldera, on the opposite side of the caldera from an active fault system that experienced an m</span><span>b</span><span>&nbsp;4.6 earthquake and ~84&nbsp;cm of uplift on 16 April 2005. The main products of the eruption were an `a`a flow that ponded in the caldera and clastigenic lavas that flowed down the north flank. The `a`a flow grew in an unusual way. Once it had established most of its aerial extent, the interior of the flow was fed via a perched lava pond, causing inflation of the `a`a. This pressurized fluid interior then fed pahoehoe breakouts along the margins of the flow, many of which were subsequently overridden by `a`a, as the crust slowly spread from the center of the pond and tumbled over the pahoehoe. The curtain of lava fountains coalesced with time, and by day 4, only one vent was erupting. The effusion rate slowed from day 7 until the eruption&rsquo;s end two days later on 30 October. Although the caldera floor had inflated by ~5&nbsp;m since 1992, and the rate of inflation had accelerated since 2003, there was no transient deformation in the hours or days before the eruption. During the 8&nbsp;days of the eruption, GPS and InSAR data show that the caldera floor deflated ~5&nbsp;m, and the volcano contracted horizontally ~6&nbsp;m. The total eruptive volume is estimated as being ~150&times;10</span><sup><span>6</span></sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup><span>3</span></sup><span>. The opening-phase tephra is more evolved than the eruptive products that followed. The compositional variation of tephra and lava sampled over the course of the eruption is attributed to eruption from a zoned sill that lies 2.1&nbsp;km beneath the caldera floor.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer International","doi":"10.1007/s00445-007-0160-3","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Geist, D.J., Harpp, K.S., Naumann, T.R., Poland, M., Chadwick, W.W., Hall, M., and Rader, E., 2008, The 2005 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano, Galápagos, Ecuador: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 70, no. 6, p. 655-673, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0160-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"655","endPage":"673","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241099,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador","state":"Galapagos","otherGeospatial":"Sierre Negra volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.22772216796875,\n              -0.9063342699592115\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.22772216796875,\n              -0.7305710228984912\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.00799560546875,\n              -0.7305710228984912\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.00799560546875,\n              -0.9063342699592115\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.22772216796875,\n              -0.9063342699592115\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba649e4b08c986b32100b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Dennis J.","contributorId":47145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harpp, Karen S.","contributorId":12271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harpp","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naumann, Terry R.","contributorId":61652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naumann","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":440294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chadwick, William W.","contributorId":77042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hall, Minard","contributorId":13044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Minard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rader, Erika","contributorId":53172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rader","given":"Erika","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70000000,"text":"70000000 - 2008 - Visualizing the ground motions of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T13:12:30","indexId":"70000000","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Visualizing the ground motions of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake","docAbstract":"With advances in computational capabilities and refinement of seismic wave-propagation models in the past decade large three-dimensional simulations of earthquake ground motion have become possible. The resulting datasets from these simulations are multivariate, temporal and multi-terabyte in size. Past visual representations of results from seismic studies have been largely confined to static two-dimensional maps. New visual representations provide scientists with alternate ways of viewing and interacting with these results potentially leading to new and significant insight into the physical phenomena. Visualizations can also be used for pedagogic and general dissemination purposes. We present a workflow for visual representation of the data from a ground motion simulation of the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake. We have employed state of the art animation tools for visualization of the ground motions with a high degree of accuracy and visual realism. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2008.01.012","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Chourasia, A., Cutchin, S., and Aagaard, B.T., 2008, Visualizing the ground motions of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: Computers & Geosciences, v. 34, no. 12, p. 0-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.01.012.","startPage":"0","endPage":"0","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":199525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18620,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.01.012"}],"volume":"34","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687c6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chourasia, A.","contributorId":90425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chourasia","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cutchin, S.","contributorId":50255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutchin","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aagaard, Brad T. 0000-0002-8795-9833 baagaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9833","contributorId":192869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aagaard","given":"Brad","email":"baagaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033248,"text":"70033248 - 2008 - Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the southeastern USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-22T12:23:56","indexId":"70033248","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the southeastern USA","docAbstract":"<p>From 1999 to 2006, we sampled &gt;1200 amphibians for the fungal pathogen Batrachochytnum dendrobatidis (Bd) at 30 sites in the southeastern USA. Using histological techniques or PCR assays, we detected chytrid infection in 10 species of aquatic-breeding amphibians in 6 states. The prevalence of chytrid infection was 17.8% for samples of postmetamorphic amphibians examined using skin swab-PCR assays (n = 202 samples from 12 species at 4 sites). In this subset of samples, anurans had a much higher prevalence of infection than caudates (39.2% vs. 5.5%, respectively). Mean prevalence in ranid frogs was 40.7 %. The only infected salamanders were Notophthalmus viridescens at 3 sites. We found infected amphibians from late winter through late spring and in 1 autumn sample. Although we encountered moribund or dead amphibians at 9 sites, most mortality events were not attributed to Bd. Chytridiomycosis was established as the probable cause of illness or death in fewer than 10 individuals. Our observations suggest a pattern of widespread and subclinical infections. However, because most of the sites in our study were visited only once, we cannot dismiss the possibility that chytridiomycosis is adversely affecting some populations. Furthermore, although there is no evidence of chytrid-associated declines in our region, the presence of this pathogen is cause for concern given global climate change and other stressors. Although presence-absence surveys may still be needed for some taxa, such as bufonids, we recommend that future researchers focus on potential population-level effects at sites where Bd is now known to occur. ?? Inter-Research 2008.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3354/dao01974","issn":"01775","usgsCitation":"Rothermel, B., Walls, S., Mitchell, J., Dodd, C., Irwin, L., Green, D.E., Vazquez, V.M., Petranka, J.W., and Stevenson, D.J., 2008, Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the southeastern USA: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 82, no. 1, p. 3-18, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao01974.","startPage":"3","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476644,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao01974","text":"Publisher Index 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 \"}}]}","volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0b5e4b08c986b32eff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rothermel, B.B.","contributorId":67251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothermel","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walls, S.C. 0000-0001-7391-9155","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7391-9155","contributorId":98273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walls","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mitchell, J.C.","contributorId":80222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Irwin, L.K.","contributorId":80087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Green, D. E. 0000-0002-7663-1832","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-1832","contributorId":58971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vazquez, Victoria M.","contributorId":43577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vazquez","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Petranka, James W.","contributorId":86178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petranka","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Stevenson, Dirk J.","contributorId":24499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"Dirk","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70032836,"text":"70032836 - 2008 - Tales from a distant swamp: Petrological and paleobotanical clues for the origin of the sand coal lithotype (Mississippian, Valley Fields, Virginia)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:24","indexId":"70032836","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tales from a distant swamp: Petrological and paleobotanical clues for the origin of the sand coal lithotype (Mississippian, Valley Fields, Virginia)","docAbstract":"Tournasian (Mississippian) Price Formation semianthracites (Rmax = 2.40%) in the Valley Fields of southwestern Virginia contain a lithotype described in an early-20th-century report as a \"sand\" coal. The Center for Applied Energy Research inherited a collection of coals containing sand coal specimens, making it possible to study the lithotype from the long-closed mines. The sand coal consists of rounded quartz sand and maceral assemblages (secretinite, corpogelinite, and rounded collotelinite) along with banded collotelinite, vitrodetrinite, and inertodetrinite assemblages. The association of rounded macerals and similar-size quartz grains suggests transport. Oxidation rims surrounding the rounded collotelinite provides further evidence for transport. Due to the semianthracite rank, palynology could not be performed. Stratigraphic evidence indicates that the Lepidodendropsis flora would have been the dominant mire vegetation. Pteridosperms in this assemblage could have contributed resin rodlets, subsequently metamorphosed to collogelinite or secretinite. While a resin rodlet origin is an intriguing possibility for the origin of the rounded macerals (at least some of the rounded maceral, the rounded collotelinite clearly has a different origin), we cannot definitively prove this origin. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2008.04.001","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., O’Keefe, J., and Eble, C., 2008, Tales from a distant swamp: Petrological and paleobotanical clues for the origin of the sand coal lithotype (Mississippian, Valley Fields, Virginia): International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 75, no. 2, p. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.04.001.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213871,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.04.001"},{"id":241537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba3c4e4b08c986b31fea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Keefe, J.M.K.","contributorId":21768,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Keefe","given":"J.M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35685,"text":"Morehead State University, Morehead, KY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":438170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033105,"text":"70033105 - 2008 - Multiple plagioclase crystal populations identified by crystal size distribution and in situ chemical data: Implications for timescales of magma chamber processes associated with the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T16:49:30","indexId":"70033105","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple plagioclase crystal populations identified by crystal size distribution and in situ chemical data: Implications for timescales of magma chamber processes associated with the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak, CA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Products of the 1915 Lassen Peak eruption reveal evidence for a magma recharge–magma mixing event that may have catalyzed the eruption and from which four compositional members were identified: light dacite, black dacite, andesitic inclusion, and dark andesite. Crystal size distribution, textural, and in situ chemical (major and trace element and Sr isotope) data for plagioclase from these compositional products define three crystal populations that have distinct origins: phenocrysts (long axis &gt; 0·5 mm) that typically have core An contents between 34 and 36 mol %, microphenocrysts (long axis between 0·1 and 0·5 mm) that have core An contents of 66–69, and microlites (long axis &lt; 0·1 mm) with variable An core contents from 64 to 52. Phenocrysts are interpreted to form in an isolated dacitic magma chamber that experienced slow cooling. Based on textural, compositional, and isotopic data for the magma represented by the dacitic component, magma recharge was not an important process until just prior to the 1915 eruption. Average residence times for phenocrysts are in the range of centuries to millennia. Microphenocrysts formed in a hybrid layer that resulted from mixing between end-member reservoir dacite and recharge magma of basaltic andesite composition. High thermal contrast between the two end-member magmas led to relatively high degrees of undercooling, which resulted in faster crystal growth rates and acicular and swallowtail crystal habits. Some plagioclase phenocrysts from the dacitic chamber were incorporated into the hybrid layer and underwent dissolution–precipitation, seen in both crystal textures and rim compositions. Average microphenocryst residence times are of the order of months. Microlites may have formed in response to decompression and/or syn-eruptive degassing as magma ascended from the chamber through the volcanic conduit. Chemical distinctions in plagioclase microlite An contents reveal that melt of the dark andesite was more mafic than the melt of the other three compositions. We suggest that mixing of an intruding basaltic andesite and reservoir dacite before magma began ascending in the conduit allowed formation of a compositionally distinct microlite population. Melt in the other three products was more evolved because it had undergone differentiation during the months following initial mixing; as a consequence, melt and microlites among these three products have similar compositions. The results of this study highlight the integrated use of crystal size distribution, textural, and in situ chemical data in identifying distinct crystal populations and linking these populations to the thermal and chemical characteristics of complex magma bodies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egn045","issn":"00223","usgsCitation":"Salisbury, M., Bohrson, W., Clynne, M., Ramos, F., and Hoskin, P., 2008, Multiple plagioclase crystal populations identified by crystal size distribution and in situ chemical data: Implications for timescales of magma chamber processes associated with the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak, CA: Journal of Petrology, v. 49, no. 10, p. 1755-1780, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn045.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1755","endPage":"1780","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476642,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn045","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213459,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn045"}],"volume":"49","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6076e4b0c8380cd71498","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salisbury, M.J.","contributorId":50362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salisbury","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohrson, W.A.","contributorId":102092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohrson","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramos, F.C.","contributorId":81698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramos","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoskin, P.","contributorId":42435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoskin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032742,"text":"70032742 - 2008 - The persistence of lead from past gasoline emissions and mining drainage in a large riparian system: Evidence from lead isotopes in the Sacramento River, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T08:27:14","indexId":"70032742","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The persistence of lead from past gasoline emissions and mining drainage in a large riparian system: Evidence from lead isotopes in the Sacramento River, California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id15\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id16\"><p>Lead concentrations and isotope ratios measured in river water colloids and streambed sediment samples along 426&nbsp;km of the Sacramento River, California reveal that the influence of lead from the historical mining of massive sulfide deposits in the West Shasta Cu-mining district (at the headwaters of the Sacramento River) is confined to a 60&nbsp;km stretch of river immediately downstream of that mining region, whereas inputs from past leaded gasoline emissions and historical hydraulic Au-mining in the Sierra Nevadan foothills are the dominant lead sources in the remaining 370&nbsp;km of the river. Binary mixing calculations suggest that more than 50% of the lead in the Sacramento River outside of the region of influence of the West Shasta Cu-mining district is derived from past depositions of leaded gasoline emissions. This predominance is the first direct documentation of the geographic extent of gasoline lead persistence throughout a large riparian system (&gt;160,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) and corroborates previous observations based on samples taken at the mouth of the Sacramento River. In addition, new analyses of sediment samples from the hydraulic gold mines of the Sierra Nevada foothills confirm the present-day fluxes into the Sacramento River of contaminant metals derived from historical hydraulic Au-mining that occurred during the latter half of the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries. These fluxes occur predominantly during periods of elevated river discharge associated with heavy winter precipitation in northern California. In the broadest context, the study demonstrates the potential for altered precipitation patterns resulting from climate change to affect the mobility and transport of soil-bound contaminants in the surface environment.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.006","issn":"00167","usgsCitation":"Dunlap, C., Alpers, C.N., Bouse, R., Taylor, H.E., Unruh, D., and Flegal, A., 2008, The persistence of lead from past gasoline emissions and mining drainage in a large riparian system: Evidence from lead isotopes in the Sacramento River, California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 24, p. 5935-5948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.006.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"5935","endPage":"5948","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214049,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.006"}],"volume":"72","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae89e4b08c986b32417a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunlap, C.E.","contributorId":49570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunlap","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bouse, R.","contributorId":89956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flegal, A.R.","contributorId":64607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70030677,"text":"70030677 - 2008 - Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030677","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals","docAbstract":"Deuterium isotope analyses have revolutionized the study of migratory connectivity because global gradients of deuterium in precipitation (??DP) are expressed on a continental scale. Several authors have constructed continental scale base maps of ??DP to provide a spatial reference for studying the movement patterns of migratory species and, although they are very useful, these maps present a static, 40-year average view of the landscape that ignores much underlying inter-annual variation. To more fully understand the consequences of this underlying variation, we analyzed the GNIP deuterium data, the source for all current ??DP maps, to estimate the minimum separation in ??DP (and latitude) necessary to conclude with a given level of confidence that distinct ??DP values represent different geographic sites. Extending analyses of ??DP successfully to deuterium in tissues of living organisms, e.g., feathers in migratory birds (??DF), is dependent on the existence of geographic separation of ??DP, where every geographic location has a distribution of values associated with temporal variability in ??DP. Analyses were conducted for three distinct geographic regions: North America, eastern North America (east of longitude 100??W), and Argentina. At the 80% confidence level, the minimum separation values were 12, 7, and 14?? of latitude (equivalent to 53, 31, and 32???) for North America, eastern North America, and Argentina, respectively. Hence, in eastern North America, for example, one may not be able to accurately assign individual samples to sites separated by less than about 7?? of latitude as the distributions of ??DP were not distinct at latitudes <7?? apart. Moreover, two samples that differ by less than 31??? cannot be confidently said to originate from different latitudes. These estimates of minimum separation for ??DP do not include other known sources of variation in feather deuterium (??D F) and hence are a first order approximation that may be useful, in the absence of more specific information for the system of interest, for planning and interpreting the results of new stable isotope studies. ?? 2008 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6","issn":"00298","usgsCitation":"Farmer, A., Cade, B., and Torres-Dowdall, J., 2008, Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals: Oecologia, v. 158, no. 2, p. 183-192, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6.","startPage":"183","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212025,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6"},{"id":239428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"158","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1418e4b0c8380cd548e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farmer, A.","contributorId":20957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torres-Dowdall, J.","contributorId":13433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Dowdall","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032885,"text":"70032885 - 2008 - Resolving model parameter values from carbon and nitrogen stock measurements in a wide range of tropical mature forests using nonlinear inversion and regression trees","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T14:12:35","indexId":"70032885","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolving model parameter values from carbon and nitrogen stock measurements in a wide range of tropical mature forests using nonlinear inversion and regression trees","docAbstract":"Objectively assessing the performance of a model and deriving model parameter values from observations are critical and challenging in landscape to regional modeling. In this paper, we applied a nonlinear inversion technique to calibrate the ecosystem model CENTURY against carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stock measurements collected from 39 mature tropical forest sites in seven life zones in Costa Rica. Net primary productivity from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), C and N stocks in aboveground live biomass, litter, coarse woody debris (CWD), and in soils were used to calibrate the model. To investigate the resolution of available observations on the number of adjustable parameters, inversion was performed using nine setups of adjustable parameters. Statistics including observation sensitivity, parameter correlation coefficient, parameter sensitivity, and parameter confidence limits were used to evaluate the information content of observations, resolution of model parameters, and overall model performance. Results indicated that soil organic carbon content, soil nitrogen content, and total aboveground biomass carbon had the highest information contents, while measurements of carbon in litter and nitrogen in CWD contributed little to the parameter estimation processes. The available information could resolve the values of 2-4 parameters. Adjusting just one parameter resulted in under-fitting and unacceptable model performance, while adjusting five parameters simultaneously led to over-fitting. Results further indicated that the MODIS NPP values were compressed as compared with the spatial variability of net primary production (NPP) values inferred from inverse modeling. Using inverse modeling to infer NPP and other sensitive model parameters from C and N stock observations provides an opportunity to utilize data collected by national to regional forest inventory systems to reduce the uncertainties in the carbon cycle and generate valuable databases to validate and improve MODIS NPP algorithms.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.025","issn":"03043","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Anderson, P., Zhou, G., Kauffman, B., Hughes, F., Schimel, D., Watson, V., and Tosi, J., 2008, Resolving model parameter values from carbon and nitrogen stock measurements in a wide range of tropical mature forests using nonlinear inversion and regression trees: Ecological Modelling, v. 219, no. 3-4, p. 327-341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.025.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"341","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213626,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.025"}],"volume":"219","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9dae4b0c8380cd85feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, P.","contributorId":102682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhou, G.","contributorId":12604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauffman, B.","contributorId":47176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hughes, F.","contributorId":101091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schimel, D.","contributorId":38781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimel","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Watson, Vicente","contributorId":31992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tosi, Joseph","contributorId":67302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosi","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70032756,"text":"70032756 - 2008 - Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain, China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032756","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain, China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers","docAbstract":"Tritium and bromide were used as applied tracers to determine groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain, North China, to evaluate the impacts of different soil types, land use, irrigation, and crop cultivation practice on recharge. Additional objectives were to evaluate temporal variability of recharge and the effect on results of the particular tracer used. Thirty-nine profiles at representative locations were chosen for investigation. Average recharge rates and recharge coefficient determined by tritium and bromide tracing for different sites were 0.00-1.05 mm/d and 0.0-42.5%, respectively. The results showed relative recharge rates for the following paired influences (items within each pair are listed with the influence producing greater recharge first): flood-irrigated cropland and non-irrigated non-cultivation land, flood irrigation (0.42-0.58 mm/d) and sprinkling irrigation (0.17-0.23 mm/d), no stalk mulch (0.56-0.80 mm/d) and stalk mulch (0.44-0.60 mm/d), vegetable (e.g. Chinese cabbage and garlic, 0.70 mm/d) and wheat-maize (0.38 mm/d), peanut (0.51 mm/d) and peach (0.43 mm/d). The results also showed greater recharge for the first year of tracer travel than for the second. Because total precipitation and irrigation were greater in the first year than in the second, this may reflect temporal variability of recharge. The method may not be applicable where the water table is shallow (less than 3 m). A comparison of the near-ideal tritium tracer with the more common but less ideal bromide showed that bromide moved approximately 23% faster than tritiated water, perhaps because of anion exclusion. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.04.011","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wang, B., Jin, M., Nimmo, J., Yang, L., and Wang, W., 2008, Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain, China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 356, no. 1-2, p. 209-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.04.011.","startPage":"209","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213737,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.04.011"},{"id":241394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"356","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b20e4b0c8380cd525ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, B.","contributorId":29011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jin, M.","contributorId":44745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yang, L.","contributorId":6200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wang, W.","contributorId":76003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032867,"text":"70032867 - 2008 - Sprint swimming performance of wild bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:20","indexId":"70032867","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sprint swimming performance of wild bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the sprint swimming performance of wild juvenile and adult bull trout Salvelinus confluentus. Sprint swimming speeds were estimated using high-speed digital video analysis. Thirty two bull trout were tested in sizes ranging from about 10 to 31 cm. Of these, 14 fish showed at least one motivated, vigorous sprint. When plotted as a function of time, velocity of fish increased rapidly with the relation linear or slightly curvilinear. Their maximum velocity, or Vmax, ranged from 1.3 to 2.3 m/s, was usually achieved within 0.8 to 1.0 s, and was independent of fish size. Distances covered during these sprints ranged from 1.4 to 2.4 m. Our estimates of the sprint swimming performance are the first reported for this species and may be useful for producing or modifying fish passage structures that allow safe and effective passage of fish without overly exhausting them. ?? 2008 by the Northwest Scientific Association. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M., Phelps, J., and Weiland, L., 2008, Sprint swimming performance of wild bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus): Northwest Science, v. 82, no. 1, p. 1-6.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9635e4b08c986b31b370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phelps, J.","contributorId":47591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weiland, L.K.","contributorId":37493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"L.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033602,"text":"70033602 - 2008 - Holocene vegetation and fire regimes in subalpine and mixed conifer forests, southern Rocky Mountains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-19T17:47:20","indexId":"70033602","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene vegetation and fire regimes in subalpine and mixed conifer forests, southern Rocky Mountains, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Our understanding of the present forest structure of western North America hinges on our ability to determine antecedent forest conditions. Sedimentary records from lakes and bogs in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico provide information on the relationships between climate and vegetation change, and fire history since deglaciation. We present a new pollen record from Hunters Lake (Colorado) as an example of a high-elevation vegetation history from the southern Rockies. We then present a series of six sedimentary records from ???2600 to 3500-m elevation, including sites presently at the alpine?subalpine boundary, within the Picea engelmannii?Abies lasiocarpa forest and within the mixed conifer forest, to determine the history of fire in high-elevation forests there. High Artemisia and low but increasing percentages of Picea and Pinus suggest vegetation prior to 13 500 calendar years before present (cal yr BP) was tundra or steppe, with open spruce woodland to ???11 900 cal yr BP. Subalpine forest (Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa) existed around the lake for the remainder of the Holocene. At lower elevations, Pinus ponderosa and/or contorta expanded 11 900 to 10 200 cal yr BP; mixed conifer forest expanded ???8600 to 4700 cal yr BP; and Pinus edulis expanded after ???4700 cal yr BP. Sediments from lake sites near the alpine?subalpine transition contained five times less charcoal than those entirely within subalpine forests, and 40 times less than bog sites within mixed conifer forest. Higher fire episode frequencies occurred between ???12 000 and 9000 cal yr BP (associated with the initiation or expansion of south-west monsoon and abundant lightning, and significant biomass during vegetation turnover) and at ???2000?1000 cal yr BP (related to periodic droughts during the long-term trend towards wetter conditions and greater biomass). Fire episode frequencies for subalpine?alpine transition and subalpine sites were on average 5 to 10 fire events/1000 years over the Holocene, corresponding to one fire event every ???100 to 200 years. (5) Our Holocene-length sedimentary charcoal records provide additional evidence for the anomalous nature of the 20th-century fire regime, where fires were largely suppressed as a national policy. ?? IAWF 2008.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/WF07028","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Allen, C.D., Toney, J., Jass, R., and Bair, A., 2008, Holocene vegetation and fire regimes in subalpine and mixed conifer forests, southern Rocky Mountains, USA: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 17, no. 1, p. 96-114, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF07028.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"114","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31fae4b0c8380cd5e3fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R. Scott","contributorId":6983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7034,"text":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability at Northern Arizona University, in Flagstaff","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":441626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":441627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toney, J.L.","contributorId":57281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toney","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jass, R.B.","contributorId":58111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jass","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bair, A.N.","contributorId":53178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70033660,"text":"70033660 - 2008 - Impact of West Nile virus and other mortality factors on American white pelicans at breeding colonies in the northern plains of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T11:41:48","indexId":"70033660","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of West Nile virus and other mortality factors on American white pelicans at breeding colonies in the northern plains of North America","docAbstract":"<p>American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) are colonial-nesting birds and their breeding sites are concentrated in a few small areas, making this species especially vulnerable to factors that can influence productivity, such as disease, disturbance, predation, weather events and loss of nesting habitat. Nearly half of the American white pelican population breeds at four colonies in the northern plains: Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in North Dakota, Bitter Lake (Waubay NWR) in South Dakota, Medicine Lake NWR in Montana, and Marsh Lake in Minnesota. Thus, sustained productivity at these colonies is crucial to the health of the entire species. During the latter half of the 2002 and 2003 breeding seasons, unusually high mortality of pelican chicks was observed at these colonies. West Nile virus (WNv) was identified as one source of these losses. In 2004-2007 we monitored three major colonies in the northern plains to assess mortality of chicks during the late breeding season. We documented severe weather events, disturbance, and WNv as factors contributing to chick mortality. Before WNv arrived in the region in 2002, chick mortality after mid-July was ???4%, and then jumped to as high as 44% in the years since WNv arrived. WNv kills older chicks that are no longer vulnerable to other common mortality factors (e.g., severe weather, gull predation) and typically would have survived to fledge; thus WNv appears to be an additive mortality factor. Persistence of lower productivity at American white pelican colonies in the northern plains might reduce the adult breeding population of this species in the region.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2008.01.019","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Sovada, M., Pietz, P., Converse, K.A., Tommy, D., Hofmeister, E., Scherr, P., and Ip, H., 2008, Impact of West Nile virus and other mortality factors on American white pelicans at breeding colonies in the northern plains of North America: Biological Conservation, v. 141, no. 4, p. 1021-1031, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.01.019.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1031","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research 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,{"id":70033688,"text":"70033688 - 2008 - Key elements of regional seismic velocity models for long period ground motion simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:31","indexId":"70033688","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2453,"text":"Journal of Seismology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Key elements of regional seismic velocity models for long period ground motion simulations","docAbstract":"Regional 3-D seismic velocity models used for broadband strong motion simulations must include compressional-wave velocity (Vp), shear-wave velocity (Vs), intrinsic attenuation (Qp, Qs), and density. Vs and Qs are the most important of these parameters because the strongest ground motions are generated chiefly by shear- and surface-wave arrivals. Because Vp data are more common than Vs data, many researchers first develop a Vp model and convert it to a Vs model. I describe recent empirical relations between Vs, Vp, Qs, Qp, and density that allow velocity models to be rapidly and accurately calculated. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Seismology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10950-007-9061-3","issn":"13834649","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T., 2008, Key elements of regional seismic velocity models for long period ground motion simulations: Journal of Seismology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 217-221, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-007-9061-3.","startPage":"217","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214138,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-007-9061-3"},{"id":241832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a407ae4b0c8380cd64dcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70032845,"text":"70032845 - 2008 - Diel diet composition and feeding activity of round goby in the nearshore region of Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032845","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel diet composition and feeding activity of round goby in the nearshore region of Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"Expansion of the invasive round goby Apollonia melanostoma (=Neogobius melanostomus) throughout the Great Lakes drainage has created considerable concern among fisheries management agencies. These concerns have led to several studies on the biology and impact of the goby in the basin. However, little information exists on diel patterns in food consumption of the round goby. We examined the diets of 300 round gobies collected during crepuscular, diurnal, and nocturnal periods in Lake Ontario. There was little variation in the diel diet composition of the goby, as chironomid larvae were the major prey consumed during each period. Feeding intensity of the round goby was significantly (P<0.05) greater at night than during crepuscular or diurnal periods.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02705","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., McKenna, J., Nack, C., and Chalupnicki, M., 2008, Diel diet composition and feeding activity of round goby in the nearshore region of Lake Ontario: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 607-612.","startPage":"607","endPage":"612","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00c0e4b0c8380cd4f8d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenna, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":106065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nack, C.C.","contributorId":56049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nack","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chalupnicki, M.A.","contributorId":37966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalupnicki","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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