Kilauea Volcano has erupted lava from its summit caldera and from two rift zones that extend from the summit towards the east and south-west. Lavas erupted from the summit of the volcano differ from each other principally in their content of olivine and define lines of ‘olivine control’ on magnesia variation diagrams. Lavas erupted on the rift zones may be similar in composition to the summit lavas or may be differentiated by processes that involve minerals other than olivine. All of the differentiated lavas have less than 6·8 per cent MgO and plot off the extension of olivine control lines for the summit lavas. Prehistoric vents (before A.D. 1750) from which differentiated lavas have been erupted are found on the east rift zone and in the western Koae fault zone adjacent to the south-west rift zone; historic vents for differentiated lavas are confined to the east rift zone. Twenty-one new analyses are presented for several of the east rift differentiates and for the newly discovered differentiates adjacent to the south-west rift zone. The differentiates have MgO as low as 3·9 per cent and SiO2 as high as 56 per cent; both extremes are found in the prehistoric lavas adjacent to the south-west rift.
Detailed petrochemical studies suggest the following conclusions:
The chemical composition of magma erupted at Kilauea summit varies with the date of eruption. Lavas erupted before 1750, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and in the twentieth century form groups that can be distinguished chemically. On a lesser scale, each Kilauea summit eruption in the twentieth century has a chemistry that is distinctive with respect to the chemistry of every other summit eruption.
During late prehistoric time pockets of differentiated magma were formed within the rift zones by separation of the liquid remaining after partial crystallization of bodies of summit magma. This process presumably is still going on within the east rift zone, but the more recently separated liquids have not yet been erupted to the surface. The relative time at which these differentiated magmas were produced can be estimated from calculations based on their chemical compositions, which show that the differentiates could lie on the liquid line of descent for Kilauea summit magma of prehistoric composition but not on any liquid line of descent for younger summit magmas.
Lava from some eruptions, notably the early part of the 1955 eruption on the lower east rift, has the composition of the liquid fraction as it is generated within the rift. Lava compositions of other eruptions, including those of the later lavas of 1955, are best explained by mixing of magma supplied from a central reservoir beneath Kilauea summit with the differentiated liquid in the rift. Lava from each summit eruption is unique chemically, so it is possible to recognize its presence or absence as components of mixing in such mixed lavas. It appears that summit magma of composition characteristic of the 1952 and 1961 Halemaumau eruptions contributed to the composition of the mixed lavas produced in the latter part of the 1955 eruption. Summit magma of 1961 composition is alone sufficient to explain the composition of mixed lavas erupted in 1960 and 1961. In rift lavas erupted from 1962 to 1965, the composition of lava erupted in Halemaumau in 1967, in addition to the 1961 composition, is a component of mixing, and it is the dominant summit component in the composition of the two 1965 eruptions. The proportion of summit magma to differentiated magma needed to explain the composition of lavas erupted on the upper east rift increases from 1961 to 1965; this increase indicates that the differentiated magma was being diluted and used up by repeated flooding of this part of the rift zone by magma supplied from the central reservoir.
The fact that components of ‘summit composition’ appear in rift eruptions before they appear undiluted in Halemaumau suggests that the central reservoir is vertically zoned. Rift eruptions are fed from lower levels where younger magma is available, and summit eruptions are fed from the relatively older magma above. The chemical distinction between lava of successive summit eruptions implies that significant convective mixing of magma does not take place throughout the central reservoir.
The unique and uniform composition of lava of each successive summit eruption also suggests that summit eruptions end when all of the magma of one composition has been erupted. The magma erupted from the upper levels of the reservoir during one cycle is continually replaced from below by younger magma of different composition. In order for eruption to be renewed in Halemaumau, new magma from the mantle must be held in storage at intermediate levels before it attains an ‘eruptive state’.
The hypothesis presented in 2–4 above permits qualitative predictions concerning future lava compositions. The composition of the next lava to be erupted in Halemaumau is expected to be distinct from that of the 1967 eruption, and this composition will presumably be identified in rift eruptions occurring between 1967 and the time of its appearance in Halemaumau.
Differentiates of prehistoric age also were apparently formed in the same way as those of historic age, but the mixing cannot be described quantitatively because of poor control on the stratigraphy and the compositions of erupted lavas. One lava in the Koae group, that from Yellow Cone, appears to be a mixture of a picritic magma (12 per cent MgO) with a differentiated liquid with less than 2·5 per cent MgO and nearly 60 per cent SiO2.
The primitive magmas of Kilauca and Mauna Loa are generated by partial melting of mantle peridotite at depths of −60 km or more. Results of high-pressure melting experiments indicate that the primitive melt must contain at least 20% MgO in order to have olivine as a liquidus mineral. The least fractionated lavas of both volcanoes have olivine (Fa13) on the liquidus at 1 atmosphere, suggesting that the only substance lost from the primitive melt, during a rather rapid ascent to the surface, is olivine. This relation allows the primitive composition to be computed by adding olivine to the composition of an erupted lava until total MgO is at least 20 percent.
Although roughly similar, historic lavas of the two volcanoes show a consistent difference in composition. The primitive melt of Mauna Loa contains 20% more dissolved orthopyroxene, a high-temperature melting phase in the mantle, and is deficient in elements such as potassium, uranium, and niobium, which presumably occur in minor low-melting phases. Mauna Loa appears to be the older volcano, deriving its magma at higher temperature and greater depth from a more depleted source rock.
A computer analysis of tide-gage records in the northeast Pacific indicates that the active volcanic islands of eastern Hawaii are subsiding at a rate considerably faster than the eustatic rise of sea level. The rate of absolute subsidence increases progressively toward the center of current activity on the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu, Oahu, appears to be stable; Kahului, Maui, is subsiding at 1.7 mm per year; and Hilo, Hawaii, is subsiding at 4.8 mm per year. This subsidence is apparently related to downbowing of the crust throughout a zone 400 km in diameter by the weight of volcanic material added to the crust by active volcanoes, principally Mauna Loa and Kilauea on the Island of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Arch encircles the subsiding zone and may be uplifted by material moving down and outward from the zone of subsidence.
The annual volume of subsidence is about 270×106 m3, whereas the average annual volume of erupted basalt on the Island of Hawaii (based on historic records back to about 1820) is about 50×106 m3. The great excess of subsidence over volcanic addition cannot be reconciled by isostatic models, and is apparently the result of other processes operating in the volcano and its basement thet are poorly understood. Probably the more important of these processes are intrusions and submarine volcanism, both of which are providing additional unseen load on the volcanoes. Furthermore, the rate of eruption may be uplifted by material moving down and outward from the zone of subsidence may be overestimated due to localized downslope movement of the margins of the islands.
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J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ault, W.U.","contributorId":39030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ault","given":"W.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krivoy, H.L.","contributorId":83186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krivoy","given":"H.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":39669,"text":"pp614C - 1969 - The October 1963 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T21:04:19.976249","indexId":"pp614C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"614","chapter":"C","title":"The October 1963 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1968","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp614C","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Koyanagi, R.Y., 1969, The October 1963 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 614, Report: iii, 13 p.; 1 Plate: 37.00 × 21.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp614C.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 13 p.; 1 Plate: 37.00 × 21.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104690,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4941.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4941"},{"id":67392,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0614c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67393,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0614c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0614c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.1886,\n 19.3472\n ],\n [\n -154.9867,\n 19.3472\n ],\n [\n -154.9867,\n 19.4472\n ],\n [\n -155.1886,\n 19.4472\n ],\n [\n -155.1886,\n 19.3472\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aeda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, R. Y.","contributorId":35719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207551,"text":"70207551 - 1969 - Kilauea Volcano: The 1967-68 summit eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-24T10:04:52","indexId":"70207551","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-23T12:12:58","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kilauea Volcano: The 1967-68 summit eruption","docAbstract":"On 5 November 1967 Kilauea volcano began erupting lava from vents on the floor of its summit pit crater. Halemaumau, 170 meters deep. This eruption ended nearly 2 years of the quiescence that followed a short lived eruption on the east rift zone of Kilauea in December 1965 (1). The 1967-68 eruption was the first activity in Halemaumau since July 1961 (2). The eruption ceased on 13 July 1968 following 31 separate phases of fountaining separated by short periods of quiescence. Six weeks after the end of the summit eruption, a short eruption occurred on the upper east rift zone of Kilauea. As the article goes to press there have been four eruptions, all of the upper east rift zone. The last of the four began in May 1969 and have just completed its seventh phase. The article summarizes the eruption in Halemanumau and complements an article Fiske and Kinoshita on the deformation that preceded the eruption (3). The methods of study and the instrumentation used during the eruption are the same as those discussed in the earlier article. The locations of all seismographs tiltmeter stations and bench marks are shown in Fig. 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.166.3904.459","usgsCitation":"Kinoshita, W.T., Koyanagi, R.Y., Wright, T., and Fiske, R.S., 1969, Kilauea Volcano: The 1967-68 summit eruption: Science, v. 166, no. 3904, p. 459-468, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3904.459.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"468","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.36659240722656,\n 19.276146935787732\n ],\n [\n -155.1372528076172,\n 19.276146935787732\n ],\n [\n -155.1372528076172,\n 19.475655495911568\n ],\n [\n -155.36659240722656,\n 19.475655495911568\n ],\n [\n -155.36659240722656,\n 19.276146935787732\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"166","issue":"3904","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinoshita, Willie Tomoni","contributorId":87148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinoshita","given":"Willie","email":"","middleInitial":"Tomoni","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, R. Y.","contributorId":35719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fiske, Richard S.","contributorId":17984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70225059,"text":"70225059 - 1969 - Inflation of Kilauea Volcano prior to its 1967-1968 eruption: Vertical and horizontal deformation give clues regarding the structure of an active Hawaiian volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T16:28:29.539696","indexId":"70225059","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-25T11:10:39","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inflation of Kilauea Volcano prior to its 1967-1968 eruption: Vertical and horizontal deformation give clues regarding the structure of an active Hawaiian volcano","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.165.3891.341","usgsCitation":"Fiske, R.S., and Kinoshita, W.T., 1969, Inflation of Kilauea Volcano prior to its 1967-1968 eruption: Vertical and horizontal deformation give clues regarding the structure of an active Hawaiian volcano: Science, v. 165, no. 3891, p. 341-349, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3891.341.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29277801513672,\n 19.400544598624666\n ],\n [\n -155.28350830078125,\n 19.400544598624666\n ],\n [\n -155.27441024780273,\n 19.3992492786023\n ],\n [\n -155.25999069213867,\n 19.404754317471717\n ],\n [\n -155.24316787719727,\n 19.409611549990895\n ],\n [\n -155.24625778198242,\n 19.41446863742949\n ],\n [\n -155.2510643005371,\n 19.421915889653373\n ],\n [\n -155.25518417358398,\n 19.429686571587755\n ],\n [\n -155.26514053344727,\n 19.430981649106492\n ],\n [\n -155.2730369567871,\n 19.43243859897176\n ],\n [\n -155.2814483642578,\n 19.43001034193552\n ],\n [\n -155.29037475585938,\n 19.421268316049964\n ],\n [\n -155.2968978881836,\n 19.413821034154534\n ],\n [\n -155.29277801513672,\n 19.400544598624666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"165","issue":"3891","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fiske, Richard S.","contributorId":229675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fiske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36606,"text":"Smithsonian Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":825145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinoshita, Willie Tomoni","contributorId":87148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinoshita","given":"Willie","email":"","middleInitial":"Tomoni","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207923,"text":"70207923 - 1969 - Volcanic substructure inferred from dredge samples and ocean-bottom photographs, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T12:52:06","indexId":"70207923","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-20T12:51:58","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic substructure inferred from dredge samples and ocean-bottom photographs, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Ocean-bottom photographs from 18 stations and dredge hauls from 35 stations adjacent to the Island of Hawaii indicate that basaltic pillow lava and pillow fragments are the dominant rock type on the crest and flanks of the submarine rift zone ridges, whereas glassy basalt sand and scoria are the dominant type on the submarine flanks of the volcanoes directly downslope from land. These relations indicate that three major rock units comprise different levels of the volcanoes depending on the site of eruption: (1) pillow lavas and pillow fragments are dominant below sea level and are erupted from deep-water vents; (2) hyaloclastite rocks (vitric explosion debris, littoral cone ash, and flow-foot breccias) mantle the pillowed base of the volcano, and are erupted from shallow-water vents, subaerial vents in water-soaked ground, or are produced where subaerial lava flows cross the shoreline; and (3) thin subaerial lava flows make up the visible, subaerial shield volcano, are built atop the clastic layer, and are erupted from subaerial vents. This three-fold structure is similar to the table mountains of Iceland that are built by eruption beneath glacial ice.
Large-scale slumping in the clastic layer may modify the submarine slopes of the volcanoes as well as produce faulting and downslope movement of parts of the overlying shield volcano. The slope change produced where the gentler shield meets the steeper pillowed pile can be recognized beneath sea level in the older volcanoes, where it has been submerged by regional subsidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1191:VSIFDS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Fiske, R.S., 1969, Volcanic substructure inferred from dredge samples and ocean-bottom photographs, Hawaii: GSA Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1191-1202, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1191:VSIFDS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1191","endPage":"1202","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.82733154296875,\n 18.781516724349704\n ],\n [\n -154.654541015625,\n 18.781516724349704\n ],\n [\n -154.654541015625,\n 20.017226126835062\n ],\n [\n -155.82733154296875,\n 20.017226126835062\n ],\n [\n -155.82733154296875,\n 18.781516724349704\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fiske, Richard S.","contributorId":17984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5929,"text":"pp607 - 1968 - The December 1965 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:47","indexId":"pp607","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"607","title":"The December 1965 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp607","usgsCitation":"Fiske, R.S., and Koyanagi, R.Y., 1968, The December 1965 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 607, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp607.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0607/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32810,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0607/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eaf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fiske, Richard S.","contributorId":17984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, Robert Y.","contributorId":52561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206944,"text":"70206944 - 1968 - Resurgent cauldrons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-30T08:22:55","indexId":"70206944","displayToPublicDate":"1968-12-31T08:18:19","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resurgent cauldrons","docAbstract":"Resurgent cauldrons are defined as cauldrons (calderas) in which the cauldron block, following subsidence, has been uplifted, usually in the form of a structural dome. Seven of the best known resurgent cauldrons are: Valles, Toba, Creede, San Juan, Silverton, Lake City, and Timber Mountain. Geologic summaries of these and Long Valley, California, a probable resurgent caldera, are presented. Using the Valles caldera as a model, but augmented by information from other cauldrons, seven stages of volcanic, structural, sedimentary, and plutonic events are recognized in the development of resurgent cauldrons. They are: (I) Regional tumescence and generation of ring fractures; (II) Calderaforming eruptions; (III) Caldera collapse; (IV) Preresurgence volcanism and sedimentation; (V) Resurgent doming; (VI) Major ring-fracture volcanism; (VII) Terminal solfatara and hot-spring activity. These stages define the terminal cycle of resurgent cauldrons, which in the Valles caldera spanned more than 1 million years. The known and inferred occurrence of the seven stages in the eight cauldrons discussed, together with some time control in four cauldrons, indicates that resurgent doming is early in the postcollapse history; hence, it seems part of a pattern and not fortuitous. Doming of the cauldron block by magma pressure is preferred to doming by stock or laccolithic intrusion, although these processes may be subsidiary. Magma rise that produces doming may be explained in several ways, but the principal cause is not known. Nor is it known why some otherwise similar calderas do not have resurgent domes, although size and thickness of the cauldron block and the degree to which it was deformed during caldera collapse may be factors. All known resurgent structures are larger than 8 miles in diameter and are associated with silicic and, presumably, high-viscosity magmas. Genetically, resurgent cauldrons belong to a cauldron group in which subsidence of a central mass takes place along ring fractures and is related to eruption of voluminous ash flows, thereby differing from Kilauean-type calderas. It is proposed that typical Krakatoan-type calderas differ in that collapse is chaotic and ring fractures are not essential to their formation. Krakatoan calderas typically occur in the andesitic volcanoes of island arcs or the eugeosynclinal environment, and their sub-volcanic analogues are not known, whereas resurgent and related Glen Coe-type cauldrons are more common in cratonic or post-orogenic environments as are their sub-volcanic analogues - granitic ring complexes. Granitic ring complexes, such as Lirue, Sande, Ossipee, and Alnsj0, are probably the closest sub-volcanic analogues of resurgent calderas. The source areas of most of the ash-flow sheets of western United States and Mexico are yet to be found. It is suggested that many of them will prove to be resurgent structures. Present evidence suggests that ore deposits are more commonly associated with resurgent cauldrons than with other cauldron types.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM116-p613","issn":"00721069","usgsCitation":"Smith, R., and Bailey, R.A., 1968, Resurgent cauldrons: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 116, p. 613-662, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM116-p613.","productDescription":"50 p. ","startPage":"613","endPage":"662","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R.L.","contributorId":47422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, R. A.","contributorId":119050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010829,"text":"70010829 - 1968 - Argon-40: Excess in submarine pillow basalts from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-05T20:52:00.789103","indexId":"70010829","displayToPublicDate":"1968-09-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Argon-40: Excess in submarine pillow basalts from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Submarine pillow basalts from Kilauea Volcano contain excess radiogenic argon-40 and give anomalously high potassium-argon ages. Glassy rims of pillows show a systematic increase in radiogenic argon-40 with depth, and a pillow from a depth of 2590 meters shows a decrease in radiogenic argon-40 inward from the pillow rim. The data indicate that the amount of excess radiogenic argon-40 is a direct function of both hydrostatic pressure and rate of cooling, and that many submarine basalts are not suitable for potassium-argon dating.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.161.3846.1132","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Dalrymple, G.B., and Moore, J., 1968, Argon-40: Excess in submarine pillow basalts from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Science, v. 161, no. 3846, p. 1132-1135, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.161.3846.1132.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1132","endPage":"1135","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218896,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.31538163972465,\n 19.432939044191286\n ],\n [\n -155.31538163972465,\n 19.38168576897783\n ],\n [\n -155.25430005642218,\n 19.38168576897783\n ],\n [\n -155.25430005642218,\n 19.432939044191286\n ],\n [\n -155.31538163972465,\n 19.432939044191286\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"161","issue":"3846","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed76e4b0c8380cd4980f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalrymple, G. Brent","contributorId":55146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221432,"text":"70221432 - 1968 - The formation of columnar joints in the upper part of Kilauean lava lakes, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-15T18:08:36.772279","indexId":"70221432","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T13:02:19","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The formation of columnar joints in the upper part of Kilauean lava lakes, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Cracks were observed forming at the surface of Makaopuhi lava lake during the March 1965 Kilauea eruption, and were studied by repeated mapping and observations of this lake; the 1963 Alae lava lake was similarly studied. Cracks open within a minute after molten lava is exposed at the surface, and form either random or oriented orthogonal networks which outline large plates of unjointed crust. Within a few hours, additional cracks subdivide the plates into polygons averaging 15 ft in width. The accumulation of gases trapped beneath the crust near centers of polygons, and the escape of gases from marginal parts, cause upbowing of polygon centers and downsagging of margins. As the crust cools and increases in thickness following stagnation of the lake, existing cracks extend downward and new cracks open. Some new cracks subdivide pre-existing polygons, and short cracks of shallow depth form near polygon centers. Still other cracks apparently open at depths of tens of feet within the crust, propagate upward, and finally feather out near the surface into short cracks which are concentrated in long swarms that cross several polygons. Cracks initiate at temperatures ranging from ambient to about 900°C, and propagate downward into parts of the crust near 1000°C. Cracking results from stresses induced largely by thermal contraction, but also by differential subsidence of the crust. Seismic recordings of shock vibrations due to cracking of Kilauea Iki lava lake indicate a diurnal variation in frequency, with a maximum around midnight and a minimum around noon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1151:TFOCJI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Peck, D.L., and Minakami, T., 1968, The formation of columnar joints in the upper part of Kilauean lava lakes, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, no. 9, p. 1151-1166, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1151:TFOCJI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1151","endPage":"1166","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawai'i Volcano National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9674072265625,\n 18.898491104062323\n ],\n [\n -154.60784912109375,\n 18.898491104062323\n ],\n [\n -154.60784912109375,\n 19.518375478601566\n ],\n [\n -155.9674072265625,\n 19.518375478601566\n ],\n [\n -155.9674072265625,\n 18.898491104062323\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, Dallas L.","contributorId":60187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Dallas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minakami, Takeshi","contributorId":260291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Minakami","given":"Takeshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210486,"text":"70210486 - 1968 - Argon-40: Excess in submarine pillow basalts from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T12:32:33.000686","indexId":"70210486","displayToPublicDate":"1968-06-04T13:40:27","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Argon-40: Excess in submarine pillow basalts from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Submarine pillow basalts from Kilauea Volcano contain excess radiogenic argon-40 and give anomalously high potassium-argon ages. Glassy rims of pillows show a systematic increase in radiogenic argon-40 with depth, and a pillow from a depth of 2590 meters shows a decrease in radiogenic argon-40 inward from the pillow rim. The data indicate that the amount of excess radiogenic argon-40 is a direct function of both hydrostatic pressure and rate of cooling, and that many submarine basalts are not suitable for potassium-argon dating.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.161.3846.1132","usgsCitation":"Dalrymple, G.B., and Moore, J.G., 1968, Argon-40: Excess in submarine pillow basalts from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Science, v. 161, no. 3846, p. 1132-1135, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.161.3846.1132.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1132","endPage":"1135","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.30616760253906,\n 19.38370463414803\n ],\n [\n -155.22445678710938,\n 19.38370463414803\n ],\n [\n -155.22445678710938,\n 19.452348936859018\n ],\n [\n -155.30616760253906,\n 19.452348936859018\n ],\n [\n -155.30616760253906,\n 19.38370463414803\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"161","issue":"3846","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalrymple, G. Brent","contributorId":55146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":62280,"text":"gq667 - 1967 - Geologic map of the Kilauea Crater quadrangle, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:44","indexId":"gq667","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"667","title":"Geologic map of the Kilauea Crater quadrangle, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq667","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.W., 1967, Geologic map of the Kilauea Crater quadrangle, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 667, 1 map : col. ;58 x 55 cm. Reprinted in 1979., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq667.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ;58 x 55 cm. Reprinted in 1979.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103390,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1976.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1976"},{"id":248463,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0667/report.pdf","size":"82","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":253524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0667/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.3675,19.25 ], [ -155.3675,19.3675 ], [ -1.9169444444444443,19.3675 ], [ -1.9169444444444443,19.25 ], [ -155.3675,19.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69751e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Donald W.","contributorId":11209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000891,"text":"70000891 - 1966 - Deformation measurements on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T01:01:56.292621","indexId":"70000891","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:31","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation measurements on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Repeated electronic distance measurements across Kilauea Caldera with Tellurometers and Geodimeter show definite horizontal expansion related to the vertical uplift and outward tilting of the summit prior to an eruption, and contraction during and after a flank eruption. Measurements started in October 1964, along a 3098 meter line between Uwekahuna and Keanakakoi, indicate a relatively uniform lengthening of 12 centimeters during the interval October 22, 1964 to March 1, 1965. Rapid shortening of the line by 28 centimeters was measured 4 days after the beginning of a flank eruption which involved emission of approximately 29 million cubic meters of lava during the period March 5 to March 15, 1965.
During the expansion, the standard deviation of 10 Tellurometer measurements from a least-squares srtaight line solution is ± 2.0 centimeters (6.5 ppm) whereas 9 Geodimeter measurements have a standard deviation of ± 1.1 (3.6 ppm) centimeters. Absolute distance readings between the two instruments differ by 4 centimeters (13 ppm), but relative changes in distance were the same on both instruments. Changes in distance across Kilauea Caldera can, therefore, be easily measured to accuracies of 4 to 7 parts per million with standard electronic distance measuring systems.
On active volcanoes where ground surface deformation exceeds 10–100 parts per million with changes in subsurface magma pressure or volume, repeated horizontal distance measurements can be a most useful technique.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02597190","issn":"0366483X","usgsCitation":"Decker, R., Hill, D., and Wright, T.L., 1966, Deformation measurements on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 29, no. 1, p. 721-731, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597190.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"731","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.31097412109372,\n 19.39212483416422\n ],\n [\n -155.22445678710938,\n 19.39212483416422\n ],\n [\n -155.22445678710938,\n 19.450406572394694\n ],\n [\n -155.31097412109372,\n 19.450406572394694\n ],\n [\n -155.31097412109372,\n 19.39212483416422\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae65d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decker, R.W.","contributorId":50266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38841,"text":"pp537B - 1966 - Petrology of the Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:20","indexId":"pp537B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"537","chapter":"B","title":"Petrology of the Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp537B","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., and Moore, J., 1966, Petrology of the Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 537, p. 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A1-A26, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp537A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0537a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0537a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e29c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":220521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38842,"text":"pp537D - 1966 - Petrography of the lavas of the 1959-60 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:20","indexId":"pp537D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"537","chapter":"D","title":"Petrography of the lavas of the 1959-60 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp537D","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., and Murata, K.J., 1966, Petrography of the lavas of the 1959-60 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 537, p. D1-D12, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp537D.","productDescription":"p. D1-D12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0537d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65803,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0537d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":220525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32674,"text":"pp537C - 1966 - An acid fumarolic gas from Kilauea Iki, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:14","indexId":"pp537C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"537","chapter":"C","title":"An acid fumarolic gas from Kilauea Iki, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp537C","usgsCitation":"Murata, K.J., 1966, An acid fumarolic gas from Kilauea Iki, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 537, p. C1-C6, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp537C.","productDescription":"p. C1-C6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0537c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60583,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0537c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685cf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010709,"text":"70010709 - 1966 - Oxygen fugacities directly measured in magmatic gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-10T16:06:17.435382","indexId":"70010709","displayToPublicDate":"1966-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen fugacities directly measured in magmatic gases","docAbstract":"An electrochemical device was used to measure the fugacity of oxygen (fO2) in holes drilled through the crust of Makaopuhi lava lake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Results obtained within 6 months of the lake formation show that log fO2 normally varies linearly with the reciprocal of the absolute temperature, and that chemical changes occurring in the cooling tholeiitic basalt are reflected in the fO2 values measured in the holes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.153.3740.1103","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Sato, M., and Wright, T.L., 1966, Oxygen fugacities directly measured in magmatic gases: Science, v. 153, no. 3740, p. 1103-1105, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.153.3740.1103.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.27176815844908,\n 19.44418920135361\n ],\n [\n -155.27176815844908,\n 19.40137882393779\n ],\n [\n -155.20519954398944,\n 19.40137882393779\n ],\n [\n -155.20519954398944,\n 19.44418920135361\n ],\n [\n -155.27176815844908,\n 19.44418920135361\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"153","issue":"3740","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a728ae4b0c8380cd76b6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sato, M.","contributorId":50201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sato","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207930,"text":"70207930 - 1966 - Gravity slide origin of rift zones of some Hawaiian volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T13:36:19","indexId":"70207930","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-20T13:32:59","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity slide origin of rift zones of some Hawaiian volcanoes","docAbstract":"The east-trending east rift zone of Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii is 50 km long and up to 3 km wide. It consists of three elements arranged roughly in three belts from north to south: 1) eruptive fissures, cracks, faults, and narrow grabens, 2) cinder cones (produced by eruptions more localised than the fissure eruptions), and 3) pit craters. Eruptive vents, either fissure or cone, do not occur south of pit craters; vents occur on the floor of some pit craters but are conlined to the north half. Most earthquakes near the rift zone are shallow; they are abundant south of the rift zone but rare north of it.
Precise levelling over a 6-year period shows elevation changes of up to 1 metre. Profiles of elevation change across the rift zone are asymmetrically steep on the north side. Precise triangulation shows that points south of the rift have been moving southward at right angles to the rift zone at rates of as much as 10 cm per year. During the major earthquake of 1868, the south coast of the island subsided as much as 2 metres, and abundant evidence indicates other recent subsidence of the south coast.
The above facts suggest that the rift zone dips south and that it bounds a large segment of the volcano which is sliding down the steep southern flank. Tensional cracks at the head of this slide tap the shallow central reservoir of the volcano at a depth of a few kilometres. The resulting dikes may feed eruptive fissures in the tensional zone at the head (northernmost part) of the slide, or they may pierce the hanging wall of the south-dipping rift zone through more confined conduits and feed the cinder cones. Likewise, shallow collapse into the rift zone on the north produces narrow grabens, whereas deeper collapse farther south (perhaps aided by magma stoping upward) produces circular pit craters.
Submarine topography south of Kilauea caldera indicates a submarine landslide on the south slope of the volcano. The landslide tongue is more than 25 kilometres long and is bounded upslope by a concave escarpment. On land, the northern rim of this escarpment is formed by a series of faults down-dropped on the south, called the Hilina fault system. Dredge hauls from a 300-metre hill on the crest of the landslide tongue at a water depth of 800 metres consists of angular fragments of fresh, glassy, tholeiitic basalt. The high vesicularity of this basalt suggests that it was erupted at a water depth several hundred metres less than that at which it was collected. Presumably, landsliding has carried the lava downward into deeper water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02597189","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., 1966, Gravity slide origin of rift zones of some Hawaiian volcanoes: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 29, p. 719-720, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597189.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"720","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010649,"text":"70010649 - 1966 - Crystallization of tholeiitic basalt in Alae Lava Lake, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T01:22:52.723334","indexId":"70010649","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystallization of tholeiitic basalt in Alae Lava Lake, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The eruption of Kilauea Volcano August 21–23, 1963, left 600,000 cubic meters of basaltic lava in a lava lake as much as 15 meters deep in Alae pit crater. Field studies of the lake began August 27 and include repeated core drilling, measurements of temperature in the crust and melt, and precise level surveys of the lake surface. The last interstitial melt in the lake solidified late in September 1964; by mid August 1965 the maximum temperature was 690°C at a depth of 11.5 meters.
Pumice air-quenched from about 1140°C contains only 5 percent crystals — clinopyroxene, cuhedral olivine (Fo 80), and a trace of plagioclase, (An 70). Drill cores taken from the zone of crystallization in the lake show that olivine continued crystallizing to about 1070°C; below that it reacts with the melt, becoming corroded and mantled by pyroxene and plagioclase. Below 1070°C, pyroxene and plagioclase crystallized at a constant ratio. Ilmenite first appeared at about 1070°C and was joined by magnetite at about 1050°C; both increased rapidly in abundance to 1000°C. Apatite first appeared as minute needles in interstitial glass at 1000°C. Both the abundance and index of refraction of glass quenched from melt decreased nearly linearly with falling temperature. At 1070°C the quenched lava contains about 65 percent dark-brown glass with an index of 1.61; at 980°C it contains about 8 percent colorless glass with an index of 1.49. Below 980°C, the percentage of glass remained constant. Progressive crystallization forced exsolution of gases from the melt fraction; these formed vesicles and angular pores, causing expansion of the crystallizing lava and lifting the surface of the central part of the lake an average of 19.5 cm. The solidified basalt underwent pneumatolitic alteration, including deposition of cristobalite at 800°C, reddish alteration of olivine at 700°C, tarnishing of ilmenite at 550°C, deposition of anhydrite at 250°C, and deposition of native sulfur at 100°C. Ferric-ferrous ratios suggest that oxidation with maximum intensity between 550°C and 610°C moved downward in the crust as it cooled; this was followed by reduction at a temperature of about 100°C.
The crystallized basalt is a homogeneous fine-grained rock containing on the average 48.3 percent by volume intergranular pyroxene (augite > pigeonite), 34.2 percent plagioclase laths (An60 70), 7.9 percent interstitial glass, 6.9 percent opaques (ilmenite > magnetite), 2.7 percent olivine (Fo70 80), and a trace of apatite. Chemical analyses of 18 samples, ranging from initially quenched pumice to lava cored more than a year after the eruption from the center and from near the base of the lake, show little variation from silica-saturated tholeiitic basalt containing 50.4 percent SiO2, 2.4 percent Na2O, and 0.54 percent K2O. Apparently there was no significant crystal settling and no appreciable vapor-phase transport of these components during the year of crystallization. However, seven samples of interstitial liquid that had been filter-pressed into gash fractures and drill holes from partly crystalline mush near the base of the crust show large differences from the bulk composition of the solidified crust—lower MgO, CaO, and Al2O3; and higher total iron, TiO2, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, and F, and, in most samples, SiO2. The minor elements Ba, Ga, Li, Y, and Yb and possibly Cu tend to be enriched in the filter-pressed liquids, and Cr and possibly Ni tend to be depleted.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02597182","issn":"0366483X","usgsCitation":"Peck, D., Wright, T.L., and Moore, J., 1966, Crystallization of tholeiitic basalt in Alae Lava Lake, Hawaii: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 29, no. 1, p. 629-655, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597182.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"629","endPage":"655","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3102874755859,\n 19.385647795879144\n ],\n [\n -155.22377014160156,\n 19.385647795879144\n ],\n [\n -155.22377014160156,\n 19.456881030166105\n ],\n [\n -155.3102874755859,\n 19.456881030166105\n ],\n [\n -155.3102874755859,\n 19.385647795879144\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd02e4b0c8380cd4e597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, D. L.","contributorId":53784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":66617,"text":"i456 - 1965 - Bathymetric, topographic, and structural map of the south-central flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:04","indexId":"i456","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"456","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Bathymetric, topographic, and structural map of the south-central flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i456","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Peck, D., 1965, Bathymetric, topographic, and structural map of the south-central flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 456, 1 map ;88 x 82 cm. in folder 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i456.","productDescription":"1 map ;88 x 82 cm. in folder 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":255988,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0456/plate-1.pdf","size":"15779","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255989,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0456/report.pdf","size":"40","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0456/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.41666666666666,19.083333333333332 ], [ -155.41666666666666,19.416666666666668 ], [ -155.08333333333334,19.416666666666668 ], [ -155.08333333333334,19.083333333333332 ], [ -155.41666666666666,19.083333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peck, D. L.","contributorId":53784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32703,"text":"pp474D - 1964 - The 1961 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:16","indexId":"pp474D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"474","chapter":"D","title":"The 1961 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1963","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp474D","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., Ault, W., Eaton, J.P., and Moore, J., 1964, The 1961 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 474, p. D1-D34, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp474D.","productDescription":"p. D1-D34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0474d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60595,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0474d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6836ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":208975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ault, W.U.","contributorId":39030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ault","given":"W.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eaton, J. P.","contributorId":105313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010744,"text":"70010744 - 1964 - Infrared surveys of Hawaiian volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-18T14:43:38","indexId":"70010744","displayToPublicDate":"1964-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infrared surveys of Hawaiian volcanoes","docAbstract":"Aerial infrared-sensor surveys of Kilauea volcano have depicted the areal extent and the relative intensity of abnormal thermal features in the caldera area of the volcano and along its associated rift zones. Many of these anomalies show correlation with visible steaming and reflect convective transfer of heat to the surface from subterranean sources. Structural details of the volcano, some not evident from surface observation, are also delineated by their thermal abnormalities. Several changes were observed in the patterns of infrared emission during the period of study; two such changes show correlation in location with subsequent eruptions, but the cause-and-effect relationship is uncertain.
Thermal anomalies were also observed on the southwest flank of Mauna Loa; images of other volcanoes on the island of Hawaii, and of Haleakala on the island of Maui, revealed no thermal abnormalities.
Approximately 25 large springs issuing into the ocean around the periphery of Hawaii have been detected.
Infrared emission varies widely with surface texture and composition, suggesting that similar observations may have value for estimating surface conditions on the moon or planets.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.146.3645.733","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Fischer, W.A., Moxham, R., Polcyn, F., and Landis, G., 1964, Infrared surveys of Hawaiian volcanoes: Science, v. 146, no. 3645, p. 733-742, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.146.3645.733.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"742","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288982,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.146.3645.733"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Haleakala, Kilauea, Mauna 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