{"pageNumber":"22","pageRowStart":"525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":1766,"records":[{"id":70037631,"text":"70037631 - 2010 - Greenhouse gas mitigation can reduce sea-ice loss and increase polar bear persistence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-14T13:32:57","indexId":"70037631","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Greenhouse gas mitigation can reduce sea-ice loss and increase polar bear persistence","docAbstract":"<p>On the basis of projected losses of their essential sea-ice habitats, a United States Geological Survey research team concluded in 2007 that two-thirds of the worlds polar bears (Ursus maritimus) could disappear by mid-century if business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions continue. That projection, however, did not consider the possible benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. A key question is whether temperature increases lead to proportional losses of sea-ice habitat, or whether sea-ice cover crosses a tipping point and irreversibly collapses when temperature reaches a critical threshold. Such a tipping point would mean future greenhouse gas mitigation would confer no conservation benefits to polar bears. Here we show, using a general circulation model, that substantially more sea-ice habitat would be retained if greenhouse gas rise is mitigated. We also show, with Bayesian network model outcomes, that increased habitat retention under greenhouse gas mitigation means that polar bears could persist throughout the century in greater numbers and more areas than in the business-as-usual case. Our general circulation model outcomes did not reveal thresholds leading to irreversible loss of ice; instead, a linear relationship between global mean surface air temperature and sea-ice habitat substantiated the hypothesis that sea-ice thermodynamics can overcome albedo feedbacks proposed to cause sea-ice tipping points. Our outcomes indicate that rapid summer ice losses in models and observations represent increased volatility of a thinning sea-ice cover, rather than tipping-point behaviour. Mitigation-driven Bayesian network outcomes show that previously predicted declines in polar bear distribution and numbers are not unavoidable. Because polar bears are sentinels of the Arctic marine ecosystem and trends in their sea-ice habitats foreshadow future global changes, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to improve polar bear status would have conservation benefits throughout and beyond the Arctic.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/nature09653","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., Deweaver, E., Douglas, D., Marcot, B., Durner, G.M., Bitz, C., and Bailey, D., 2010, Greenhouse gas mitigation can reduce sea-ice loss and increase polar bear persistence: Nature, v. 468, no. 7326, p. 955-958, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09653.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"955","endPage":"958","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218022,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09653"}],"volume":"468","issue":"7326","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a6be4b0c8380cd5b171","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":462008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deweaver, E.T.","contributorId":30489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deweaver","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marcot, B.G.","contributorId":102722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcot","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bitz, C.M.","contributorId":58501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bitz","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bailey, D.A.","contributorId":47215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70037573,"text":"70037573 - 2010 - Variations in coal characteristics and their possible implications for CO2 sequestration: Tanquary injection site, southeastern Illinois, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:03","indexId":"70037573","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in coal characteristics and their possible implications for CO2 sequestration: Tanquary injection site, southeastern Illinois, USA","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Regional Sequestration Partnership program, the potential for sequestering CO2 in the largest bituminous coal reserve in United States - the Illinois Basin - is being assessed at the Tanquary site in Wabash County, southeastern Illinois. To accomplish the main project objectives, which are to determine CO2 injection rates and storage capacity, we developed a detailed coal characterization program. The targeted Springfield Coal occurs at 274m (900ft) depth, is 2.1m (7ft) thick, and is of high volatile B bituminous rank, having an average vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of 0.63%. Desorbed Springfield Coal gas content in cores from four wells ~15 to ~30m (50 to 100ft) apart varies from 4.7-6.6cm3/g (150 to 210scf/ton, dmmf) and consists, generally, of &gt;92% CH4 with lesser amounts of N2 and then CO2. Adsorption isotherms indicate that at least three molecules of CO2 can be stored for each displaced CH4 molecule. Whole seam petrographic composition, which affects sequestration potential, averages 76.5% vitrinite, 4.2% liptinite, 11.6% inertinite, and 7.7% mineral matter. Sulfur content averages 1.59%. Well-developed coal cleats with 1 to 2cm spacing contain partial calcite and/or kaolinite fillings that may decrease coal permeability. The shallow geophysical induction log curves show much higher resistivity in the lower part of the Springfield Coal than the medium or deep curves because of invasion by freshwater drilling fluid, possibly indicating higher permeability. Gamma-ray and bulk density vary, reflecting differences in maceral, ash, and pyrite content. Because coal properties vary across the basin, it is critical to characterize injection site coals to best predict the potential for CO2 injection and storage capacity. ?? 2010 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2010.08.001","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Morse, D., Mastalerz, M., Drobniak, A., Rupp, J., and Harpalani, S., 2010, Variations in coal characteristics and their possible implications for CO2 sequestration: Tanquary injection site, southeastern Illinois, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 84, no. 1, p. 25-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2010.08.001.","startPage":"25","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2010.08.001"},{"id":246027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc17be4b08c986b32a5c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morse, D.G.","contributorId":45155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morse","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rupp, J.A.","contributorId":30596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupp","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harpalani, S.","contributorId":10262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harpalani","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70037686,"text":"70037686 - 2010 - Sediment contamination of residential streams in the metropolitan Kansas City area, USA: Part II. whole-sediment toxicity to the amphipod hyalella azteca","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:21:49","indexId":"70037686","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment contamination of residential streams in the metropolitan Kansas City area, USA: Part II. whole-sediment toxicity to the amphipod hyalella azteca","docAbstract":"<p>This is the second part of a study that evaluates the influence of nonpoint sources on the sediment quality of five adjacent streams within the metropolitan Kansas City area, central United States. Physical, chemical, and toxicity data (Hyalella azteca 28-day whole-sediment toxicity test) for 29 samples collected in 2003 were used for this evaluation, and the potential causes for the toxic effects were explored. The sediments exhibited a low to moderate toxicity, with five samples identified as toxic to H. azteca. Metals did not likely cause the toxicity based on low concentrations of metals in the pore water and elevated concentrations of acid volatile sulfide in the sediments. Although individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) frequently exceeded effect-based sediment quality guidelines [probable effect concentrations (PECs)], only four of the samples had a PEC quotient (PEC-Q) for total PAHs over 1.0 and only one of these four samples was identified as toxic. For the mean PEC-Q for organochlorine compounds (chlordane, dieldrin, sum DDEs), 4 of the 12 samples with a mean PEC-Q above 1.0 were toxic and 4 of the 8 samples with a mean PEC-Q above 3.0 were toxic. Additionally, four of eight samples were toxic, with a mean PEC-Q above 1.0 based on metals, PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides. The increase in the incidence of toxicity with the increase in the mean PEC-Q based on organochlorine pesticides or based on metals, PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides suggests that organochlorine pesticides might have contributed to the observed toxicity and that the use of a mean PEC-Q, rather than PEC-Qs for individual compounds, might be more informative in predicting toxic effects. Our study shows that stream sediments subject to predominant nonpoint sources contamination can be toxic and that many factors, including analysis of a full suite of PAHs and pesticides of both past and present urban applications and the origins of these organic compounds, are important to identify the causes of toxicity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-010-9498-1","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Tao, J., Ingersoll, C.G., Kemble, N.E., Dias, J., Murowchick, J., Welker, G., and Huggins, D., 2010, Sediment contamination of residential streams in the metropolitan Kansas City area, USA: Part II. whole-sediment toxicity to the amphipod hyalella azteca: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 59, no. 3, p. 370-381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9498-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"370","endPage":"381","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217953,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9498-1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","city":"Kansas City","volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8967e4b08c986b316dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tao, J.","contributorId":56485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tao","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dias, J.R.","contributorId":97748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dias","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murowchick, J.B.","contributorId":45058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murowchick","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Welker, G.","contributorId":21390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welker","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Huggins, D.","contributorId":29250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggins","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70037549,"text":"70037549 - 2010 - Aquifer geochemistry at potential aquifer storage and recovery sites in coastal plain aquifers in the New York city area, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:05","indexId":"70037549","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer geochemistry at potential aquifer storage and recovery sites in coastal plain aquifers in the New York city area, USA","docAbstract":"The effects of injecting oxic water from the New York city (NYC) drinking-water supply and distribution system into a nearby anoxic coastal plain aquifer for later recovery during periods of water shortage (aquifer storage and recovery, or ASR) were simulated by a 3-dimensional, reactive-solute transport model. The Cretaceous aquifer system in the NYC area of New York and New Jersey, USA contains pyrite, goethite, locally occurring siderite, lignite, and locally varying amounts of dissolved Fe and salinity. Sediment from cores drilled on Staten Island and western Long Island had high extractable concentrations of Fe, Mn, and acid volatile sulfides (AVS) plus chromium-reducible sulfides (CRS) and low concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and U. Similarly, water samples from the Lloyd aquifer (Cretaceous) in western Long Island generally contained high concentrations of Fe and Mn and low concentrations of other trace elements such as As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and U, all of which were below US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and NY maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). In such aquifer settings, ASR operations can be complicated by the oxidative dissolution of pyrite, low pH, and high concentrations of dissolved Fe in extracted water.The simulated injection of buffered, oxic city water into a hypothetical ASR well increased the hydraulic head at the well, displaced the ambient groundwater, and formed a spheroid of injected water with lower concentrations of Fe, Mn and major ions in water surrounding the ASR well, than in ambient water. Both the dissolved O2 concentrations and the pH of water near the well generally increased in magnitude during the simulated 5-a injection phase. The resultant oxidation of Fe2+ and attendant precipitation of goethite during injection provided a substrate for sorption of dissolved Fe during the 8-a extraction phase. The baseline scenario with a low (0.001M) concentration of pyrite in aquifer sediments, indicated that nearly 190% more water with acceptably low concentrations of dissolved Fe could be extracted than was injected. Scenarios with larger amounts of pyrite in aquifer sediments generally resulted in less goethite precipitation, increased acidity, and increased concentrations of dissolved Fe in extracted water. In these pyritic scenarios, the lower amounts of goethite precipitated and the lower pH during the extraction phase resulted in decreased sorption of Fe2+ and a decreased amount of extractable water with acceptably low concentrations of dissolved Fe (5.4??10-6M). A linear decrease in recovery efficiency with respect to dissolved Fe concentrations is caused by pyrite dissolution and the associated depletion of dissolved O2 (DO) and increase in acidity. Simulations with more than 0.0037M of pyrite, which is the maximum amount dissolved in the baseline scenario, had just over a 50% recovery efficiency. The precipitation of ferric hydroxide minerals (goethite) at the well screen, and a possible associated decrease in specific capacity of the ASR well, was not apparent during the extraction phase of ASR simulations, but the model does not incorporate the microbial effects and biofouling associated with ferric hydroxide precipitation.The host groundwater chemistry in calcite-poor Cretaceous aquifers of the NYC area consists of low alkalinity and moderate to low pH. The dissolution of goethite in scenarios with unbuffered injectate indicates that corrosion of the well could occur if the injectate is not buffered. Simulations with buffered injectate resulted in greater precipitation of goethite, and lower concentrations of dissolved Fe, in the extracted water. Dissolved Fe concentrations in extracted water were highest in simulations of aquifers (1) in which pyrite and siderite in the aquifer were in equilibrium, and (2) in coastal areas affected by saltwater intrusion, where high dissolved-cation concentrations provide a greater exchange of Fe2+ (FeX2). Results indicate that ASR in pyrite-beari","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.07.001","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.J., and Misut, P., 2010, Aquifer geochemistry at potential aquifer storage and recovery sites in coastal plain aquifers in the New York city area, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 25, no. 9, p. 1431-1452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.07.001.","startPage":"1431","endPage":"1452","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218123,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.07.001"}],"volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1ee4b0c8380cd49634","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, C. J.","contributorId":90342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Misut, P.E.","contributorId":59827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misut","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037146,"text":"70037146 - 2010 - Structural features of a bituminous coal and their changes during low-temperature oxidation and loss of volatiles investigated by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:11","indexId":"70037146","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Structural features of a bituminous coal and their changes during low-temperature oxidation and loss of volatiles investigated by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy","docAbstract":"Quantitative and advanced <sup>13</sup>C solid-state NMR techniques were employed to investigate (i) the chemical structure of a high volatile bituminous coal, as well as (ii) chemical structural changes of this coal after evacuation of adsorbed gases, (iii) during oxidative air exposure at room temperature, and (iv) after oxidative heating in air at 75 ??C. The solid-state NMR techniques employed in this study included quantitative direct polarization/magic angle spinning (DP/MAS) at a high spinning speed of 14 kHz, cross polarization/total sideband suppression (CP/TOSS), dipolar dephasing, CH, CH<sub>2</sub>, and CH<sub>n</sub> selection, <sup>13</sup>C chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) filtering, two-dimensional (2D) <sup>1</sup>H-<sup>13</sup>C heteronuclear correlation NMR (HETCOR), and 2D HETCOR with <sup>1</sup>H spin diffusion. With spectral editing techniques, we identified methyl CCH <sub>3</sub>, rigid and mobile methylene CCH<sub>2</sub>C, methine CCH, quaternary C<sub>q</sub>, aromatic CH, aromatic carbons bonded to alkyls, small-sized condensed aromatic moieties, and aromatic C-O groups. With direct polarization combined with spectral-editing techniques, we quantified 11 different types of functional groups. <sup>1</sup>H-<sup>13</sup>C 2D HETCOR NMR experiments indicated spatial proximity of aromatic and alkyl moieties in cross-linked structures. The proton spin diffusion experiments indicated that the magnetization was not equilibrated at a <sup>1</sup>H spin diffusion time of 5 ms. Therefore, the heterogeneity in spatial distribution of different functional groups should be above 2 nm. Recoupled C-H long-range dipolar dephasing showed that the fraction of large charcoal-like clusters of polycondensed aromatic rings was relatively small. The exposure of this coal to atmospheric oxygen at room temperature for 6 months did not result in obvious chemical structural changes of the coal, whereas heating at 75 ??C in air for 10 days led to oxidation of coal and generated some COO groups. Evacuation removed most volatiles and caused a significant reduction in aliphatic signals in its DP/MAS spectrum. DP/MAS, but not CP/MAS, allowed us to detect the changes during low-temperature oxidation and loss of volatiles. These results demonstrate the applicability of advanced solid-state NMR techniques in chemical characterization of coal. ?? 2010 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkTitle":"Energy and Fuels","language":"English","doi":"10.1021/ef9015069","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"Mao, J., Schimmelmann, A., Mastalerz, M., Hatcher, P.G., and Li, Y., 2010, Structural features of a bituminous coal and their changes during low-temperature oxidation and loss of volatiles investigated by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy, <i>in</i> Energy and Fuels, v. 24, no. 4, p. 2536-2544, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef9015069.","startPage":"2536","endPage":"2544","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217079,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9015069"},{"id":244992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9be9e4b08c986b31d17e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mao, J.-D.","contributorId":49212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mao","given":"J.-D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Li, Y.","contributorId":41394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70037511,"text":"70037511 - 2010 - Generation and emplacement of fine-grained ejecta in planetary impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:04","indexId":"70037511","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation and emplacement of fine-grained ejecta in planetary impacts","docAbstract":"We report here on a survey of distal fine-grained ejecta deposits on the Moon, Mars, and Venus. On all three planets, fine-grained ejecta form circular haloes that extend beyond the continuous ejecta and other types of distal deposits such as run-out lobes or ramparts. Using Earth-based radar images, we find that lunar fine-grained ejecta haloes represent meters-thick deposits with abrupt margins, and are depleted in rocks 1cm in diameter. Martian haloes show low nighttime thermal IR temperatures and thermal inertia, indicating the presence of fine particles estimated to range from ???10??m to 10mm. Using the large sample sizes afforded by global datasets for Venus and Mars, and a complete nearside radar map for the Moon, we establish statistically robust scaling relationships between crater radius R and fine-grained ejecta run-out r for all three planets. On the Moon, ???R-0.18 for craters 5-640km in diameter. For Venus, radar-dark haloes are larger than those on the Moon, but scale as ???R-0.49, consistent with ejecta entrainment in Venus' dense atmosphere. On Mars, fine-ejecta haloes are larger than lunar haloes for a given crater size, indicating entrainment of ejecta by the atmosphere or vaporized subsurface volatiles, but scale as R-0.13, similar to the ballistic lunar scaling. Ejecta suspension in vortices generated by passage of the ejecta curtain is predicted to result in ejecta run-out that scales with crater size as R1/2, and the wind speeds so generated may be insufficient to transport particles at the larger end of the calculated range. The observed scaling and morphology of the low-temperature haloes leads us rather to favor winds generated by early-stage vapor plume expansion as the emplacement mechanism for low-temperature halo materials. ?? 2010 Elsevier Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2010.05.005","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Ghent, R., Gupta, V., Campbell, B., Ferguson, S., Brown, J., Fergason, R., and Carter, L., 2010, Generation and emplacement of fine-grained ejecta in planetary impacts: Icarus, v. 209, no. 2, p. 818-835, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.05.005.","startPage":"818","endPage":"835","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218085,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.05.005"},{"id":246066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a154ee4b0c8380cd54d4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ghent, R.R.","contributorId":92899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghent","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gupta, V.","contributorId":10959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gupta","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, B.A.","contributorId":53077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferguson, S.A.","contributorId":91467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, J.C.W.","contributorId":13475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fergason, R.L.","contributorId":13786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fergason","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Carter, L.M.","contributorId":72508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70033885,"text":"70033885 - 2010 - In situ measurements of volatile aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T08:28:48","indexId":"70033885","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ measurements of volatile aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in groundwater","docAbstract":"Benzene and alkylbenzene biodegradation rates and patterns were measured using an in situ microcosm in a crude-oil contaminated aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota. Benzene-D6, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m- and p-xylenes and four pairs of C3- and C4-benzenes were added to an in situ microcosm and studied over a 3-year period. The microcosm allowed for a mass-balance approach and quantification of hydrocarbon biodegradation rates within a well-defined iron-reducing zone of the anoxic plume. Among the BTEX compounds, the apparent order of persistence is ethylbenzene > benzene > m,p-xylenes > o-xylene ≥ toluene. Threshold concentrations were observed for several compounds in the in situ microcosm, below which degradation was not observed, even after hundreds of days. In addition, long lag times were observed before the onset of degradation of benzene or ethylbenzene. The isomer-specific degradation patterns were compared to observations from a multi-year study conducted using data collected from monitoring wells along a flowpath in the contaminant plume. The data were fit with both first-order and Michaelis-Menten models. First-order kinetics provided a good fit for hydrocarbons with starting concentrations below 1 mg/L and Michaelis-Menten kinetics were a better fit when starting concentrations were above 1 mg/L, as was the case for benzene. The biodegradation rate data from this study were also compared to rates from other investigations reported in the literature.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2009.12.001","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I., Bekins, B., Eganhouse, R., Warren, E., and Essaid, H., 2010, In situ measurements of volatile aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in groundwater: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 111, no. 1-4, p. 48-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2009.12.001.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214151,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2009.12.001"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.94943,47.424564 ], [ -94.94943,47.5269 ], [ -94.799758,47.5269 ], [ -94.799758,47.424564 ], [ -94.94943,47.424564 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"111","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39a7e4b0c8380cd619c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eganhouse, R.P.","contributorId":67555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warren, E.","contributorId":15360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70193999,"text":"70193999 - 2010 - Geologic controls on thermal maturity patterns in Pennsylvanian coal-bearing rocks in the Appalachian basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-13T15:31:21","indexId":"70193999","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic controls on thermal maturity patterns in Pennsylvanian coal-bearing rocks in the Appalachian basin","docAbstract":"Thermal maturation patterns of Pennsylvanian strata in the Appalachian basin were determined by\ncompiling and contouring published and unpublished vitrinite reflectance (VR) measurements. VR isograd\nvalues range from 0.6% in eastern Ohio and eastern Kentucky (western side of the East Kentucky coal field) to\ngreater than 5.5% in eastern Pennsylvania (Southern Anthracite field, Schuylkill County), corresponding to\nASTM coal rank classes of high volatile C bituminous to meta-anthracite. VR isograds show that thermal\nmaturity of Pennsylvanian coals generally increases from west to east across the basin. The isograds patterns,\nwhich are indicative of maximum temperatures during burial, can be explained by variations in paleodepth\nof burial, paleogeothermal gradient, or a combination of both. However, there are at least four areas of\nunusually high-rank coal in the Appalachian basin that depart from the regional trends and are difficult to\nexplain by depth of burial alone: 1) a west-northwestward salient centered in southwestern Pennsylvania;\n2) an elliptically-shaped, northeast-trending area centered in southern West Virginia and western Virginia;\n3) the eastern part of Black Warrior coal field, Alabama; and 4) the Pennsylvania Anthracite region, in\neastern Pennsylvania. High-rank excursions in southwest Pennsylvania, the Black Warrior coal field, and the\nPennsylvania Anthracite region are interpreted here to represent areas of higher paleo-heat flow related to\nsyntectonic movement of hot fluids towards the foreland, associated with Alleghanian deformation. In\naddition to higher heat flow from fluids, the Pennsylvania Anthracite region also experienced greater depth\nof burial. The high-rank excursion in southwest Virginia was probably primarily controlled by overburden\nthickness, but may also have been influenced by higher geothermal gradients.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2009.12.008","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L.F., Hower, J., Ryder, R.T., Levine, J.R., Trippi, M.H., and Grady, W.C., 2010, Geologic controls on thermal maturity patterns in Pennsylvanian coal-bearing rocks in the Appalachian basin: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 81, no. 3, p. 169-181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.12.008.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"181","ipdsId":"IP-010795","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian basin","volume":"81","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610acde4b06e28e9c256e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061 lruppert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie","email":"lruppert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, James C. 0000-0003-4694-2776","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-2776","contributorId":34561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hower","given":"James C.","affiliations":[{"id":16123,"text":"University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511, United States.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryder, Robert T. rryder@usgs.gov","contributorId":119319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert","email":"rryder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":596,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":721878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Levine, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":116740,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levine","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trippi, Michael H. 0000-0002-1398-3427 mtrippi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-3427","contributorId":941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippi","given":"Michael","email":"mtrippi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grady, William C.","contributorId":22429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grady","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":35742,"text":"West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70037625,"text":"70037625 - 2010 - Late Hesperian plains formation and degradation in a low sedimentation zone of the northern lowlands of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70037625","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Hesperian plains formation and degradation in a low sedimentation zone of the northern lowlands of Mars","docAbstract":"The plains materials that form the martian northern lowlands suggest large-scale sedimentation in this part of the planet. The general view is that these sedimentary materials were transported from zones of highland erosion via outflow channels and other fluvial systems. The study region, the northern circum-polar plains south of Gemini Scopuli on Planum Boreum, comprises the only extensive zone in the martian northern lowlands that does not include sub-basin floors nor is downstream from outflow channel systems. Therefore, within this zone, the ponding of fluids and fluidized sediments associated with outflow channel discharges is less likely to have taken place relative to sub-basin areas that form the other northern circum-polar plains surrounding Planum Boreum. Our findings indicate that during the Late Hesperian sedimentary deposits produced by the erosion of an ancient cratered landscape, as well as via sedimentary volcanism, were regionally emplaced to form extensive plains materials within the study region. The distribution and magnitude of surface degradation suggest that groundwater emergence from an aquifer that extended from the Arabia Terra cratered highlands to the northern lowlands took place non-catastrophically and regionally within the study region through faulted upper crustal materials. In our model the margin of the Utopia basin adjacent to the study region may have acted as a boundary to this aquifer. Partial destruction and dehydration of these Late Hesperian plains, perhaps induced by high thermal anomalies resulting from the low thermal conductivity of these materials, led to the formation of extensive knobby fields and pedestal craters. During the Early Amazonian, the rates of regional resurfacing within the study region decreased significantly; perhaps because the knobby ridges forming the eroded impact crater rims and contractional ridges consisted of thermally conductive indurated materials, thereby inducing freezing of the tectonically controlled waterways associated with these features. This hypothesis would explain why these features were not completely destroyed. During the Late Amazonian, high-obliquity conditions may have led to the removal of large volumes of volatiles and sediments being eroded from Planum Boreum, which then may have been re-deposited as thick, circum-polar plains. Transition into low obliquity ~5. myr ago may have led to progressive destabilization of these materials leading to collapse and pedestal crater formation. Our model does not contraindicate possible large-scale ponding of fluids in the northern lowlands, such as for example the formation of water and/or mud oceans. In fact, it provides a complementary mechanism involving large-scale groundwater discharges within the northern lowlands for the emplacement of fluids and sediments, which could have potentially contributed to the formation of these bodies. Nevertheless, our model would spatially restrict to surrounding parts of the northern plain either the distribution of the oceans or the zones within these where significant sedimentary accumulation would have taken place. ?? 2010 Elsevier Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.025","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J., Tanaka, K.L., Berman, D., and Kargel, J., 2010, Late Hesperian plains formation and degradation in a low sedimentation zone of the northern lowlands of Mars: Icarus, v. 210, no. 1, p. 116-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.025.","startPage":"116","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.025"},{"id":245949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"210","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44e2e4b0c8380cd66e86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, J.A.P.","contributorId":55948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berman, D.C.","contributorId":82557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70230195,"text":"70230195 - 2010 - The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-04T16:21:21.47102","indexId":"70230195","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-29T11:03:22","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3454,"text":"Space Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter will be the first instrument to systematically map the global thermal state of the Moon and its diurnal and seasonal variability. Diviner will measure reflected solar and emitted infrared radiation in nine spectral channels with wavelengths ranging from 0.3 to 400 microns. The resulting measurements will enable characterization of the lunar thermal environment, mapping surface properties such as thermal inertia, rock abundance and silicate mineralogy, and determination of the locations and temperatures of volatile cold traps in the lunar polar regions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s11214-009-9529-2","usgsCitation":"Paige, D.A., Foote, M.C., Greenhagen, B.T., Schofield, J.T., Calcutt, S., Vasavada, A.R., Preston, D.J., Taylor, F.W., Allen, C.C., Snook, K., Jakosky, B., Murray, B.C., Soderblom, L.A., Jau, B., Loring, S., Bulharowski, J., Bowles, N.E., Thomas, I.R., Sullivan, M.T., Avis, C., De Jong, E.M., Hartford, W., and McCleese, D.J., 2010, The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment: Space Science Reviews, v. 150, p. 125-160, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-009-9529-2.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"160","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-009-9529-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":398015,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"150","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paige, D. A.","contributorId":7881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paige","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foote, M. C.","contributorId":6306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foote","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenhagen, B. T.","contributorId":15447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenhagen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schofield, J. T.","contributorId":26099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schofield","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calcutt, S.","contributorId":50022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calcutt","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vasavada, A. R.","contributorId":172667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vasavada","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":27074,"text":"Caltech JPL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Preston, D. J.","contributorId":22759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Preston","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Taylor, F. W.","contributorId":57598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Allen, C. C.","contributorId":74181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Snook, K.","contributorId":49632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snook","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jakosky, B. M.","contributorId":103003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jakosky","given":"B. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Murray, B. C.","contributorId":49870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Jau, B.","contributorId":289609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jau","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Loring, S.","contributorId":289610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loring","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Bulharowski, J.","contributorId":289612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bulharowski","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Bowles, N. E.","contributorId":65313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowles","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Thomas, I. R.","contributorId":289613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Sullivan, M. T.","contributorId":289614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Avis, C.","contributorId":289615,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Avis","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"De Jong, E. M.","contributorId":289616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Jong","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Hartford, W.","contributorId":73047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartford","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"McCleese, D. J.","contributorId":97679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCleese","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}}
,{"id":70003381,"text":"70003381 - 2009 - Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004–2008 history of dome growth and deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-02T17:17:24.977313","indexId":"70003381","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004–2008 history of dome growth and deformation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The history of dome growth and geodetic deflation during the 2004–2008 Mount St. Helens eruption can be fit to theoretical curves with parameters such as reservoir volume, bubble content, initial overpressure, and magma rheology, here assumed to be Newtonian viscous, with or without a solid plug in the conduit center. Data from 2004–2008 are consistent with eruption from a 10–25 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;reservoir containing 0.5–2% bubbles, an initial overpressure of 10–20 MPa, and no significant, sustained recharge. During the eruption we used curve fits to project the eruption's final duration and volume. Early projections predicted a final volume only about half of the actual value; but projections increased with each measurement, implying a temporal increase in reservoir volume or compressibility. A simple interpretation is that early effusion was driven by a 5–10 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>, integrated core of fluid magma. This core expanded with time through creep of semi‐solid magma and host rock.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009GL039863","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L.G., Lisowski, M., Roeloffs, E., and Beeler, N., 2009, Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004–2008 history of dome growth and deformation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 20, p. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039863.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039863","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":383720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.41666666666667,46 ], [ -122.41666666666667,46.333333333333336 ], [ -122,46.333333333333336 ], [ -122,46 ], [ -122.41666666666667,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"36","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5eb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Mike","contributorId":26801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn","contributorId":35417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beeler, Nick","contributorId":66834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"Nick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":98210,"text":"ds485 - 2009 - Continuous and discrete water-quality data collected at five sites on Lake Houston near Houston, Texas, 2006-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T16:45:33","indexId":"ds485","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"485","title":"Continuous and discrete water-quality data collected at five sites on Lake Houston near Houston, Texas, 2006-08","docAbstract":"<p>Lake Houston, a reservoir impounded in 1954 by the City of Houston, Texas, is a primary source of drinking water for Houston and surrounding areas. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Houston, developed a continuous water-quality monitoring network to track daily changes in water quality in the southwestern quadrant of Lake Houston beginning in 2006. Continuous water-quality data (the physiochemical properties water temperature, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, and turbidity) were collected from Lake Houston to characterize the in-lake processes that affect water quality. Continuous data were collected hourly from mobile, multi-depth monitoring stations developed and constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Multi-depth monitoring stations were installed at five sites in three general locations in the southwestern quadrant of the lake. Discrete water-quality data (samples) were collected routinely (once or twice each month) at all sites to characterize the chemical and biological (phytoplankton and bacteria) response to changes in the continuous water-quality properties. Physiochemical properties (the five continuously monitored plus transparency) were measured in the field when samples were collected. In addition to the routine samples, discrete water-quality samples were collected synoptically (one or two times during the study period) at all sites to determine the presence and levels of selected constituents not analyzed in routine samples. Routine samples were measured or analyzed for acid neutralizing capacity; selected major ions and trace elements (calcium, silica, and manganese); nutrients (filtered and total ammonia nitrogen, filtered nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen, total nitrate nitrogen, filtered and total nitrite nitrogen, filtered and total orthophosphate phosphorus, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, total organic carbon); fecal indicator bacteria (total coliform and Escherichia coli); sediment (suspended-sediment concentration and loss-on-ignition); actinomycetes bacteria; taste-and-odor-causing compounds (2-methylisoborneol and geosmin); cyanobacterial toxins (total microcystins); and phytoplankton abundance, biovolume, and community composition (taxonomic identification to genus). Synoptic samples were analyzed for major ions, trace elements, wastewater indicators, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and carbon. The analytical data are presented in tables by type (continuous, discrete routine, discrete synoptic) and listed by station number. Continuously monitored properties (except pH) also are displayed graphically.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Virginia","doi":"10.3133/ds485","collaboration":"In cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Beussink, A.M., and Burnich, M.R., 2009, Continuous and discrete water-quality data collected at five sites on Lake Houston near Houston, Texas, 2006-08: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 485, Report: vii, 18 p.; 21 Appendices (xls), https://doi.org/10.3133/ds485.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 18 p.; 21 Appendices (xls)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_485.jpg"},{"id":13466,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/485/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.1361083984375,\n              29.984973585787984\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.12340545654297,\n              29.988541976503846\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.11928558349608,\n              29.979620759272258\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.12443542480469,\n              29.96534514485804\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.13679504394531,\n              29.96207336100224\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.13988494873047,\n              29.959991260652064\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.13679504394531,\n              29.954339625569716\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.14297485351562,\n              29.949282627106818\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.14640808105469,\n              29.948390188915777\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1416015625,\n              29.942737894394064\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.13816833496094,\n              29.937085278663123\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.13233184814453,\n              29.937085278663123\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.12580871582031,\n              29.935300175389155\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1247787475586,\n              29.929349599842197\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.12580871582031,\n              29.92280355577698\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1426315307617,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.14434814453125,\n              29.914174021794626\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.15430450439453,\n              29.92131575845174\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1632308959961,\n              29.929944673409228\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.17112731933594,\n              29.943927877830014\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1687240600586,\n              29.951959893625034\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.16151428222656,\n              29.96088359471421\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1522445678711,\n              29.972780616663897\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.14915466308594,\n              29.97724163265764\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.13713836669922,\n              29.9828919653158\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1361083984375,\n              29.984973585787984\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae815","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beussink, Amy M. ambeussi@usgs.gov","contributorId":2191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beussink","given":"Amy","email":"ambeussi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnich, Michael R. mburnich@usgs.gov","contributorId":4286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnich","given":"Michael","email":"mburnich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98151,"text":"sir20095112 - 2009 - Design and Performance of an Enhanced Bioremediation Pilot Test in a Tidal Wetland Seep, West Branch Canal Creek, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:51","indexId":"sir20095112","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5112","title":"Design and Performance of an Enhanced Bioremediation Pilot Test in a Tidal Wetland Seep, West Branch Canal Creek, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Because of a lack of available in situ remediation methods for sensitive wetland environments where contaminated groundwater discharges, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Garrison, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, conceived, designed, and pilot tested a permeable reactive mat that can be placed horizontally at the groundwater/surface-water interface. Development of the reactive mat was part of an enhanced bioremediation study in a tidal wetland area along West Branch Canal Creek at Aberdeen Proving Ground, where localized areas of preferential discharge (seeps) transport groundwater contaminated with carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane from the Canal Creek aquifer to land surface. The reactive mat consisted of a mixture of commercially available organic- and nutrient-rich peat and compost that was bioaugmented with a dechlorinating microbial consortium, WBC-2, developed for this study. Due to elevated chlorinated methane concentrations in the pilot test site, a layer of zero-valent iron mixed with the peat and compost was added at the base of the reactive mat to promote simultaneous abiotic and biotic degradation.\r\n\r\nThe reactive mat for the pilot test area was designed to optimize chlorinated volatile organic compound degradation efficiency without altering the geotechnical and hydraulic characteristics, or creating undesirable water quality in the surrounding wetland area, which is referred to in this report as achieving geotechnical, hydraulic, and water-quality compatibility. Optimization of degradation efficiency was achieved through the selection of a sustainable organic reactive matrix, electron donor, and bioaugmentation method. Consideration of geotechnical compatibility through design calculations of bearing capacity, settlement, and geotextile selection showed that a 2- to 3-feet tolerable thickness of the mat was possible, with 0.17 feet settlement predicted for unconsolidated sediments between 1.5 and 6 years following installation of the reactive mat. To ensure hydraulic compatibility in the mat design, mat materials that had a hydraulic conductivity greater than the surrounding wetland sediments were selected, and the mixture was optimized to consist of 1.5 parts compost, 1.5 parts peat and 1 part sand as a safeguard against fluidization. Sediment and matrix properties also indicated that a nonwoven geotextile with a cross-plane flow greater than that of the native sediments was suitable as the base of the reactive mat. Another nonwoven geotextile was selected for installation between the iron mix and organic zones of the mat to create more laminar flow conditions within the mat. Total metals and sequential extraction procedure analyses of mat materials, which were conducted to evaluate water-quality compatibility of the mat materials, showed that concentrations of metals in the compost ranged from one-half to one order of magnitude below consensus-based probable effect concentrations in sediment.\r\n\r\nA 22-inch-thick reactive mat, containing 0.5 percent WBC-2 by volume, was constructed at seep area 3-4W and monitored from October 2004 through October 2005 for the pilot test. No local, immediate failure of the mat or of wetland sediments was observed during mat installation, indicating that design estimates of bearing capacity and geotextile textile selection ensured the integrity of the mat and wetland sediments during and following installation. Measurements of surface elevation of the mat showed an average settlement of the mat surface of approximately 0.25 feet after 10 months, which was near the predicted settlement for unconsolidated sediment.\r\n\r\nMonitoring showed rapid establishment and sustainment throughout the year of methanogenic conditions conducive to anaerobic biodegradation and efficient dechlorination activity by WBC-2. The median mass removal of chloromethanes and total chloroethenes and ethane during the","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095112","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the\r\nDirectorate of Public Works,\r\nEnvironmental Management Division\r\nAberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Majcher, E.H., Lorah, M.M., Phelan, D.J., and McGinty, A.L., 2009, Design and Performance of an Enhanced Bioremediation Pilot Test in a Tidal Wetland Seep, West Branch Canal Creek, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5112, Report: ix, 69 p.; 9 appendices  , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095112.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 69 p.; 9 appendices  ","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5112.jpg"},{"id":13394,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.36749999999999,39.266666666666666 ], [ -76.36749999999999,39.5 ], [ -76.11749999999999,39.5 ], [ -76.11749999999999,39.266666666666666 ], [ -76.36749999999999,39.266666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667f59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Majcher, Emily H.","contributorId":61109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majcher","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phelan, Daniel J.","contributorId":51716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelan","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGinty, Angela L.","contributorId":95575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGinty","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":98118,"text":"ofr20091257 - 2009 - Groundwater Quality in Central New York, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"ofr20091257","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1257","title":"Groundwater Quality in Central New York, 2007","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 7 production wells and 28 private residential wells in central New York from August through December 2007 and analyzed to characterize the chemical quality of groundwater. Seventeen wells are screened in sand and gravel aquifers, and 18 are finished in bedrock aquifers. The wells were selected to represent areas of greatest groundwater use and to provide a geographical sampling from the 5,799-square-mile study area. Samples were analyzed for 6 physical properties and 216 constituents, including nutrients, major inorganic ions, trace elements, radionuclides, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, phenolic compounds, organic carbon, and 4 types of bacteria.\r\n\r\nResults indicate that groundwater used for drinking supply is generally of acceptable quality, although concentrations of some constituents or bacteria exceeded at least one drinking-water standard at several wells. The cations detected in the highest concentrations were calcium, magnesium, and sodium; anions detected in the highest concentrations were bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. The predominant nutrients were nitrate and ammonia, but no nutrients exceeded Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). The trace elements barium, boron, lithium, and strontium were detected in every sample; the trace elements present in the highest concentrations were barium, boron, iron, lithium, manganese, and strontium. Fifteen pesticides, including seven pesticide degradates, were detected in water from 17 of the 35 wells, but none of the concentrations exceeded State or Federal MCLs. Sixteen volatile organic compounds were detected in water from 15 of the 35 wells.\r\n\r\nNine analytes and three types of bacteria were detected in concentrations that exceeded Federal and State drinking-water standards, which typically are identical. One sample had a water color that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) and the New York State MCL of 10 color units. Sulfate concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL and the New York State MCL of 250 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in two samples, and chloride concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL and the New York State MCL of 250 mg/L in two samples. Sodium concentrations exceeded the USEPA Drinking Water Health Advisory of 60 mg/L in eight samples. Iron concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL and the New York State MCL of 300 micrograms per liter (ug/L) in 10 filtered samples. Manganese exceeded the USEPA SMCL of 50 ug/L in 10 filtered samples and the New York State MCL of 300 ug/L in 1 filtered sample. Barium exceeded the MCL of 2,000 ug/L in one sample, and aluminum exceeded the SMCL of 50 ug/L in three samples. Radon-222 exceeded the proposed USEPA MCL of 300 picocuries per liter in 12 samples. One sample from a private residential well had a trichloroethene concentration of 50.8 ug/L, which exceeded the MCL of 5 ug/L. Any detection of coliform bacteria indicates a potential violation of New York State health regulations; total coliform bacteria were detected in 19 samples, and fecal coliform bacteria were detected in one sample. The plate counts for heterotrophic bacteria exceeded the MCL (500 colony-forming units per milliliter) in three samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091257","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Eckhardt, D., Reddy, J., and Shaw, S.B., 2009, Groundwater Quality in Central New York, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1257, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091257.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-08-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1257.jpg"},{"id":13358,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1257/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78,42 ], [ -78,44 ], [ -75,44 ], [ -75,42 ], [ -78,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db655990","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckhardt, David A.V.","contributorId":80233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhardt","given":"David A.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, J.E.","contributorId":32943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaw, Stephen B.","contributorId":40700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98060,"text":"sir20095051 - 2009 - Aquifer chemistry and transport processes in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in Woodbury, Connecticut, 2002-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-13T12:29:12","indexId":"sir20095051","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5051","title":"Aquifer chemistry and transport processes in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in Woodbury, Connecticut, 2002-06","docAbstract":"A glacial aquifer system in Woodbury, Connecticut, was studied to identify factors that affect the groundwater quality in the zone of contribution to a community public-supply well. Water samples were collected during 2002-06 from the public-supply well and from 35 monitoring wells in glacial stratified deposits, glacial till, and fractured bedrock. The glacial aquifer is vulnerable to contamination from a variety of sources due to the short groundwater residence times and the urban land use in the contributing recharge area to the public-supply well. The distribution and concentrations of pH, major and trace elements, stable isotope ratios, recharge temperatures, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the oxidation-reduction (redox) conditions, were used to identify recharge source areas, aquifer source material, anthropogenic sources, chemical processes, and groundwater-flow paths from recharge areas to the public-supply well, PSW-1.\r\n\r\nThe major chemical sources to groundwater and the tracers or conditions used to identify them and their processes throughout the aquifer system include (1) bedrock and glacial stratified deposits and till, characterized by high pH and concentrations of sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate, uranium (U), radon-222, and arsenic (As) relative to those of other wells, reducing redox conditions, enriched delta sulfur-34 (d34S) and delta carbon-13 (d13C) values, depleted delta oxygen-18 (d18O) and delta deuterium (dD) values, calcite near saturation, low recharge temperatures, and groundwater ages of more than about 9 years; (2) natural organic matter, either in sediments or in an upgradient riparian zone, characterized by high concentrations of DOC or manganese (Mn), low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate (NO3-), enriched d34S values, and depleted d18O and dD values; (3) road salt (halite), characterized by high concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl-), and calcium (Ca), and indicative chloride/bromide (Cl:Br) mass concentration ratios; (4) septic-system leachate, characterized by high concentrations of NO3-, DOC, Na, Cl-, Ca, and boron (B), delta nitrogen-15 (d15N) and d18O values, and indicative Cl:Br ratios; (5) organic solvent spills, characterized by detections of perchloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE); (6) gasoline station spills, characterized by detections of fuel oxygenates and occasionally benzene; and (7) surface-water leakage, characterized by enriched d18O and dD values and sometimes high DOC and Mn-reducing conditions. Evaluation of Cl- concentrations and Cl:Br ratios indicates that most samples were composed of mixtures of groundwater and some component of road salt or septic-system leachate. Leachate from septic-tank drainfields can cause locally anoxic conditions with NO3- concentrations of as much as 19 milligrams per liter (mg/L as N) and may provide up to 15 percent of the nitrogen in water from well PSW-1, based on mixing calculations with d15N of NO3-.\r\n\r\nMost of the water that contributes to PSW-1 is young (less than 7 years) and derived from the glacial stratified deposits. Typically, groundwater is oxic, but localized reducing zones that result from abundances of organic matter can affect the mobilization of trace elements and the degradation of VOCs. Groundwater from fractured bedrock beneath the valley bottom, which is old (more than 50 years), and reflects a Mn-reducing to methanic redox environment, constitutes as much as 6 percent of water samples collected from monitoring wells screened at the bottom of the glacial aquifer. Dissolved As and U concentrations generally are near the minimum reporting level (MRL) (0.2 micrograms per liter or ?g/L and 0.04 ?g/L, respectively), but water from a few wells screened in glacial deposits, likely derived from underlying organic-rich Mesozoic rocks, contain As concentrations up to 7 ?g/L. At one location, concentrations of As and U were high ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095051","isbn":"9781411325470","usgsCitation":"Brown, C., Starn, J.J., Stollenwerk, K.G., Mondazzi, R.A., and Trombley, T.J., 2009, Aquifer chemistry and transport processes in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in Woodbury, Connecticut, 2002-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5051, xiv, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095051.","productDescription":"xiv, 158 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5051.jpg"},{"id":13294,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5051/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74,40 ], [ -74,46 ], [ -69,46 ], [ -69,40 ], [ -74,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679fd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Craig J.","contributorId":104450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Craig J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starn, J. Jeffrey","contributorId":101617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mondazzi, Remo A.","contributorId":77898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mondazzi","given":"Remo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trombley, Thomas J. trombley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trombley","given":"Thomas","email":"trombley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":98056,"text":"ds479 - 2009 - Groundwater-quality data in the Antelope Valley study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T12:12:41.782134","indexId":"ds479","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"479","title":"Groundwater-quality data in the Antelope Valley study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater quality in the approximately 1,600 square-mile Antelope Valley study unit (ANT) was investigated from January to April 2008 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001, and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).</p><p>The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw groundwater used for public water supplies within ANT, and to facilitate statistically consistent comparisons of groundwater quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 57 wells in Kern, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino Counties. Fifty-six of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized, grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells), and one additional well was selected to aid in evaluation of specific water-quality issues (understanding well).</p><p>The groundwater samples were analyzed for a large number of organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOCs], gasoline additives and degradates, pesticides and pesticide degradates, fumigants, and pharmaceutical compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA], and 1,2,3-trichloropropane [1,2,3-TCP]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), and radioactive constituents (gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity, radium isotopes, and radon-222). Naturally occurring isotopes (strontium, tritium, and carbon-14, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the sources and ages of the sampled groundwater. In total, 239 constituents and water-quality indicators (field parameters) were investigated.</p><p>Quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, and samples for matrix spikes) were collected at 12 percent of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the groundwater samples. Field blanks rarely contained detectable concentrations of any constituent, suggesting that contamination was not a noticeable source of bias in the data for the groundwater samples. Differences between replicate samples generally were within acceptable ranges, indicating acceptably low variability. Matrix spike recoveries were within acceptable ranges for most compoundsThis study did not evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, or blended with other waters to maintain water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to water that is served to the consumer, not to raw groundwater. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw groundwater were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH. Comparisons between data collected for this study and drinking-water thresholds are for illustrative purposes only, and are not indicative of compliance or non-compliance with drinking water standards.</p><p>Most constituents that were detected in groundwater samples were found at concentrations below drinking-water thresholds. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in about one-half of the samples and pesticides detected in about one-third of the samples; all detections of these constituents were below health-based thresholds. Most detections of trace elements and nutrients in samples from ANT wells were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions include: one detection of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (NO<sub>2</sub>+NO<sub>3</sub>) above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US: 10 mg/L), five detections of arsenic above the MCL-US (6 μg/L), one detection of boron above the CDPH notification level (NL-CA: 1,000 μg/L), and two detections of vanadium above the NL-CA (50 μg/L). Most detections of radioactive constituents were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions include two detections of gross alpha radioactivity (72-hour and 30-day counts) above the MCL-US (15 pCi/L). Also, radon-222 was detected above the proposed MCL-US (300 pCi/L) in 14 grid wells and the understanding well, but no wells had detections above the proposed alternative MCL-US (4,000 pCi/L). Most of the samples from ANT wells had concentrations of major elements, total dissolved solids (TDS), and trace elements below the non-enforceable thresholds set for aesthetic concerns. Three samples contained sulfate and four samples contained total dissolved solids at concentrations above the SMCL-CA thresholds (250 mg/L and 500 mg/L, respectively). Two of the total dissolved solids detections were above the upper SMCL-CA (1,000 mg/L). Samples from four wells had field pH values above the SMCL-US (&gt;pH 8.5). Field-measured specific conductance values were above the SMCL-CA (900 μS/cm at 25°C) at eight wells with four of these measurements above the upper SMCL-CA threshold (1,600 μS/cm at 25°C).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds479","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Schmitt, S., Milby Dawson, B.J., and Belitz, K., 2009, Groundwater-quality data in the Antelope Valley study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 479, x, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds479.","productDescription":"x, 80 p.","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-04-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_479.jpg"},{"id":404079,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_89341.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13290,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/479/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Antelope Valley study unit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.7458,\n              34.3667\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5167,\n              34.3667\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5167,\n              35.3667\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.7458,\n              35.3667\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.7458,\n              34.3667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db65881e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmitt, Stephen J.","contributorId":85283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Stephen J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milby Dawson, Barbara J.","contributorId":57133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milby Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98052,"text":"sir20095203 - 2009 - Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in selected urban streams in the United States, 1995-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T12:02:53","indexId":"sir20095203","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5203","title":"Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in selected urban streams in the United States, 1995-2003","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, urban indicator sites were monitored to (1) characterize the stream quality from drainage basins with predominantly residential and commercial land use, and (2) determine which selected natural and anthropogenic factors affect stream quality. A total of 869 water samples were collected from 37 urban streams during 1995-2003 and were analyzed for 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The occurrence of VOCs in urban streams is described in this report for (1) all samples as a single dataset, (2) all samples grouped by streamflow pentiles, and (3) all samples grouped by warmer (April through September) and cooler (October through March) months by the detection frequency and (or) concentration of (a) any VOC, (b) VOC groups, and (c) individual compounds. An assessment level of 0.02 microgram per liter (ug/L) was used to compute the detection frequencies and concentrations of VOCs. Concentrations of VOCs were compared to (1) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) drinking-water Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) or Drinking Water Advisories, (2) Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs) developed by the USGS in collaboration with the USEPA and other agencies, and (3) USEPA and Canadian aquatic-life criteria.\r\n\r\nOne or more VOCs were detected in 97.1 percent of 869 samples, and one or more VOCs were detected frequently (greater than 80 percent) at all sites. The median total VOC concentration for all samples was 0.57 ug/L, and total VOC concentrations in a single sample ranged from not detected to 698 ug/L. About 85 percent of the samples contained two or more VOCs, and about one-half contained five or more VOCs. The gasoline hydrocarbons were the most frequently occurring VOC group followed by solvents, trihalomethanes (THMs), gasoline oxygenates, organic synthesis compounds, fumigants, and refrigerants. Concentration ranges for most VOC groups were distributed over at least two orders of magnitude. Fifty-seven of the 87 VOCs analyzed were detected in at least one sample at an assessment level of 0.02 ug/L. More than one-half of the 30 VOCs not detected in samples were organic synthesis compounds. Fifteen compounds had detection frequencies greater than or equal to 10 percent. With the exception of toluene and chloroform, the median concentration of each VOC for all samples was less than the assessment level. Furthermore, the median concentrations of detections for the 15 most frequently occurring VOCs ranged from 0.03 to 3.9 ug/L, and typically were less than or equal to 0.10 ug/L.\r\n\r\nThe 869 samples from the 37 sites were stratified into five streamflow pentiles (less than 20, 20-less than 40, 40-less than 60, 60-less than 80, and greater than or equal to 80 percent of estimated long-term streamflow statistics) for comparison of the occurrence of VOCs. The detection frequency of one or more VOCs by streamflow pentile varied only slightly from 96.7 to 97.7 percent. The median total VOC concentrations in samples for the five streamflow pentiles ranged from 0.39 to 1.0 ug/L. Two or more VOCs were present in more than 80 percent of samples in each of the five pentiles. The gasoline hydrocarbons, solvents, THMs, and gasoline oxygenates occurred frequently (greater than 30 percent) in all streamflow pentiles, in contrast to the organic synthesis compounds, fumigants, and refrigerants that occurred less frequently in urban streams under all streamflow conditions. The median total VOC concentrations for gasoline hydrocarbons, solvents, gasoline oxygenates, and organic synthesis compounds generally increased as streamflow increased. In contrast, the median total VOC concentrations for THMs and fumigants generally decreased as streamflow increased. The median total VOC concentrations for refrigerants showed no pattern as streamflow increased.\r\n\r\nBecause differences between VOC occurrence and streamflow pentiles were small for most compariso","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095203","isbn":"9781411326101","usgsCitation":"Bender, D.A., Delzer, G.C., Price, C.V., and Zogorski, J.S., 2009, Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in selected urban streams in the United States, 1995-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5203, xii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095203.","productDescription":"xii, 88 p.","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5203.jpg"},{"id":13286,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682edc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":98035,"text":"ds452 - 2009 - Groundwater quality data for the northern Sacramento Valley, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T21:52:01.334436","indexId":"ds452","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"452","title":"Groundwater quality data for the northern Sacramento Valley, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater quality in the approximately 1,180-square-mile Northern Sacramento Valley study unit (REDSAC) was investigated in October 2007 through January 2008 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001, and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).</p><p>The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw groundwater used for public water supplies within REDSAC and to facilitate statistically consistent comparisons of groundwater quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 66 wells in Shasta and Tehama Counties. Forty-three of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells), and 23 were selected to aid in evaluation of specific water-quality issues (understanding wells).</p><p>The groundwater samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOC], pesticides and pesticide degradates, and pharmaceutical compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate and N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), radioactive constituents, and microbial constituents. Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, and carbon-14, and stable isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrate, stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen of water), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the sources and ages of the sampled ground water. In total, over 275 constituents and field water-quality indicators were investigated.</p><p>Three types of quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, and sampmatrix spikes) were collected at approximately 8 to 11 percent of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data obtained from the groundwater samples. Field blanks rarely contained detectable concentrations of any constituent, suggesting that contamination was not a noticeable source of bias in the data for the groundwater samples. Differences between replicate samples were within acceptable ranges for nearly all compounds, indicating acceptably low variability. Matrix-spike recoveries were within acceptable ranges for most compounds.</p><p>This study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, raw groundwater typically is treated, disinfected, or blended with other waters to maintain water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to water that is served to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw groundwater were compared with regulatory and nonregulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and with aesthetic and technical thresholds established by CDPH. Comparisons between data collected for this study and drinking-water thresholds are for illustrative purposes only and do not indicate compliance or noncompliance with those thresholds.</p><p>The concentrations of most constituents detected in groundwater samples from REDSAC were below drinking-water thresholds. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) and pesticides were detected in less than one-quarter of the samples and were generally less than a hundredth of any health-based thresholds. NDMA was detected in one grid well above the NL-CA. Concentrations of all nutrients and trace elements in samples from REDSAC wells were below the health-based thresholds except those of arsenic in three samples, which were above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US). However, none of these wells were public-supply wells. Concentrations of all radioactive constituents were below health-based thresholds except radon-222, which was detected above the proposed MCL-US of 300 pCi/L in samples from 11 grid wells. Most of the samples from REDSAC wells had concentrations of major elements, total dissolved solids, and trace elements below the non-enforceable thresholds set for aesthetic or technical concerns. A few samples contained iron, manganese, or pH at levels above the SMCL-CA or SMCL-US thresholds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds452","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board; A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","usgsCitation":"Bennett, P., Bennett, G.L., and Belitz, K., 2009, Groundwater quality data for the northern Sacramento Valley, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 452, x, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds452.","productDescription":"x, 91 p.","temporalStart":"2007-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-01-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_452.jpg"},{"id":404175,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_88758.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13251,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/452/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.6272,\n              39.8914\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9456,\n              39.8914\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9456,\n              40.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6272,\n              40.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6272,\n              39.8914\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a1a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Peter A.","contributorId":25824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Peter A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, George L. V V 0000-0002-6239-1604 georbenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-1604","contributorId":1373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"George","suffix":"V","email":"georbenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L. V","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98017,"text":"sir20095147 - 2009 - Factors Affecting Water Quality in Domestic Wells in the Upper Floridan Aquifer, Southeastern United States, 1998-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:08","indexId":"sir20095147","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5147","title":"Factors Affecting Water Quality in Domestic Wells in the Upper Floridan Aquifer, Southeastern United States, 1998-2005","docAbstract":"The Floridan aquifer system is a highly productive carbonate aquifer that provides drinking water to about 10 million people in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Approximately 1.6 million people rely on domestic wells (privately owned household wells) for drinking water. Withdrawals of water from the Floridan aquifer system have increased by more than 500 percent from 630 million gallons per day (2.38 cubic meters per day) in 1950 to 4,020 million gallons per day (15.2 cubic meters per day) in 2000, largely due to increases in population, tourism, and agriculture production.\r\n\r\nWater samples were collected from 148 domestic wells in the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama during 1998-2005 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The wells were located in different hydrogeologic settings based on confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer. Five networks of wells were sampled con-sisting of 28 to 30 wells each: two networks were in unconfined areas, two networks were in semiconfined areas, and one network was in the confined area. Physical properties and concentrations of major ions, trace elements, nutrients, radon, and organic compounds (volatile organic compounds and pesticides) were measured in water samples. Concentrations were compared to water-quality benchmarks for human health, either U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for public water supplies or USGS Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs). The MCL for fluoride of 4 milligrams per liter (mg/L) was exceeded for two samples (about 1 percent of samples). A proposed MCL for radon of 300 picocuries per liter was exceeded in about 40 percent of samples.\r\n\r\nNitrate concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer ranged from less than the laboratory reporting level of 0.06 to 8 mg/L, with a median nitrate concentration less than 0.06 mg/L (as nitrogen). Nitrate concentrations did not exceed the MCL of 10 mg/L. Statistical comparisons indicated that median nitrate concentrations were significantly different by degree of confinement where the highest median nitrate concentration was 1.46 mg/L for 58 samples from unconfined areas, and by network, where the highest median nitrate concentration was 2.43 mg/L in 28 samples from unconfined areas in southwestern Georgia. Nitrate concentrations in unconfined areas were positively correlated to: (1) the percentage of agricultural land use around the well, (2) the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied, and (3) the dissolved oxygen concentrations in groundwater.\r\n\r\nVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in about 63 percent of all samples. Chloroform, carbon disulfide, and 1,2-dichloropropane were the most frequently detected VOCs. Chloroform, a byproduct of water chlorination, was most frequently detected in unconfined urban areas. Carbon disulfide, a solvent, was most frequently detected in confined areas in southeastern Georgia. Pesticides were detected in about 21 percent of all samples, but were detected in about 69 percent of the 28 samples from unconfined areas in southwestern Georgia. The herbicides atrazine, deethylatrazine, and metolachlor were the most frequently detected pesticides.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095147","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the\r\nNational Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M., Crandall, C.A., Deacon, M., Embry, T.L., and Howard, R.S., 2009, Factors Affecting Water Quality in Domestic Wells in the Upper Floridan Aquifer, Southeastern United States, 1998-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5147, ix, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095147.","productDescription":"ix, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":281,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center-Tallahassee","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5147.jpg"},{"id":13406,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df8be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berndt, Marian P.","contributorId":45296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"Marian P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crandall, Christy A. crandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"Christy","email":"crandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deacon, Michael mdeacon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"Michael","email":"mdeacon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Embry, Teresa L.","contributorId":61503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Embry","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howard, Rhonda S.","contributorId":66804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Rhonda","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":98008,"text":"sir20085231 - 2009 - Simulations of Groundwater Flow and Particle Tracking Analysis in the Area Contributing Recharge to a Public-Supply Well near Tampa, Florida, 2002-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:55","indexId":"sir20085231","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5231","title":"Simulations of Groundwater Flow and Particle Tracking Analysis in the Area Contributing Recharge to a Public-Supply Well near Tampa, Florida, 2002-05","docAbstract":"Shallow ground water in the north-central Tampa Bay region, Florida, is affected by elevated nitrate concentrations, the presence of volatile organic compounds, and pesticides as a result of groundwater development and intensive urban land use. The region relies primarily on groundwater for drinking-water supplies. Sustainability of groundwater quality for public supply requires monitoring and understanding of the mechanisms controlling the vulnerability of public-supply wells to contamination. A single public-supply well was selected for intensive study based on the need to evaluate the dominant processes affecting the vulnerability of public-supply wells in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the City of Temple Terrace near Tampa, Florida, and the presence of a variety of chemical constituents in water from the well. A network of 29 monitoring wells was installed, and water and sediment samples were collected within the area contributing recharge to the selected public-supply well to support a detailed analysis of physical and chemical conditions and processes affecting the water chemistry in the well. A three-dimensional, steady-state groundwater flow model was developed to evaluate the age of groundwater reaching the well and to test hypotheses on the vulnerability of the well to nonpoint source input of nitrate.\r\n\r\nParticle tracking data were used to calculate environmental tracer concentrations of tritium and sulfur hexafluoride and to calibrate traveltimes and compute flow paths and advective travel times in the model area. The traveltime of particles reaching the selected public-supply well ranged from less than 1 day to 127.0 years, with a median of 13.1 years; nearly 45 percent of the simulated particle ages were less than about 10 years. Nitrate concentrations, derived primarily from residential/commercial fertilizer use and atmospheric deposition, were highest (2.4 and 6.11 milligrams per liter as nitrogen, median and maximum, respectively) in shallow groundwater from the surficial aquifer system and lowest (less than the detection level of 0.06 milligram per liter) in the deeper Upper Floridan aquifer. Denitrification occurred near the interface of the surficial aquifer system and the underlying intermediate confining unit, within the intermediate confining unit, and within the Upper Floridan aquifer because of reducing conditions in this part of the flow system. However, simulations indicate that the rapid movement of water from the surficial aquifer system to the selected public-supply well through karst features (sinkholes) and conduit layers that bypass the denitrifying zones (short-circuits), coupled with high pumping rates, allow nitrate to reach the selected public-supply well in concentrations that resemble those of the overlying surficial aquifer system. Water from the surficial aquifer system with elevated concentrations of nitrate and low concentrations of some volatile organic compounds and pesticides is expected to continue moving into the selected public-supply well, because calculated flux-weighted concentrations indicate the proportion of young affected water contributing to the well is likely to remain relatively stable over time. The calculated nitrate concentration in the selected public-supply well indicates a lag of 1 to 10 years between peak concentrations of nonpoint source contaminants in recharge and appearance in the well.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085231","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants (TANC) to Public-Supply Wells","usgsCitation":"Crandall, C.A., Kauffman, L.J., Katz, B.G., Metz, P.A., McBride, W., and Berndt, M., 2009, Simulations of Groundwater Flow and Particle Tracking Analysis in the Area Contributing Recharge to a Public-Supply Well near Tampa, Florida, 2002-05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5231, viii, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085231.","productDescription":"viii, 53 p.","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5231.jpg"},{"id":13185,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5231/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90,24 ], [ -90,34 ], [ -79,34 ], [ -79,24 ], [ -90,24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d9e4b07f02db549717","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandall, Christy A. crandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"Christy","email":"crandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Metz, Patricia A. pmetz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"Patricia","email":"pmetz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McBride, W. Scott","contributorId":15293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"W. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Berndt, Marian P.","contributorId":45296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"Marian P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":97992,"text":"ds455 - 2009 - Groundwater-quality data in the Madera-Chowchilla study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-19T20:56:35.457052","indexId":"ds455","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"455","title":"Groundwater-quality data in the Madera-Chowchilla study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater quality in the approximately 860-square-mile Madera–Chowchilla study unit (MADCHOW) was investigated in April and May 2008 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).</p><p>The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw groundwater used for public water supplies within MADCHOW, and to facilitate statistically consistent comparisons of groundwater quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 35&nbsp;wells in Madera, Merced, and Fresno Counties. Thirty of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells), and five more were selected to provide additional sampling density to aid in understanding processes affecting groundwater quality (flow-path wells). Detection summaries in the text and tables are given for grid wells only, to avoid over-representation of the water quality in areas adjacent to flow-path wells.</p><p>Groundwater samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOCs], low-level 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane [DBCP] and 1,2-dibromoethane [EDB], pesticides and pesticide degradates, polar pesticides and metabolites, and pharmaceutical compounds), constituents of special interest (N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA], perchlorate, and low-level 1,2,3-trichloropropane [1,2,3-TCP]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), and radioactive constituents (uranium isotopes, and gross alpha and gross beta particle activities). Naturally occurring isotopes and geochemical tracers (stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, and activities of tritium and carbon-14), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the sources and ages of the sampled groundwater. In total, approximately 300 constituents and field water-quality indicators were investigated.</p><p>Three types of quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, and samples for matrix spikes) each were collected at approximately 11 percent of the wells sampled for each analysis, and the results obtained from these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the groundwater samples. Field blanks rarely contained detectable concentrations of any constituent, suggesting that data for the groundwater samples were not compromised by possible contamination during sample collection, handling or analysis. Differences between replicate samples were within acceptable ranges. Matrix spike recoveries were within acceptable ranges for most compounds.</p><p>This study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, raw groundwater typically is treated, disinfected, or blended with other waters to maintain water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to water that is served to the consumer, not to raw groundwater. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw groundwater were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), and with aesthetic and technical thresholds established by CDPH. Comparisons between data collected for this study and drinking-water thresholds are for illustrative purposes only, and are not indicative of compliance or non-compliance with regulatory thresholds.</p><p>The concentrations of most constituents detected in groundwater samples from MADCHOW wells were below drinking-water thresholds. Organic compounds (VOCs and pesticides) were detected in about 40 percent of the samples from grid wells, and most concentrations were less than 1/100 of regulatory or non-regulatory health-based thresholds, although the concentrations of low-level DBCP in 10 percent and low-level EDB in 3 percent of the samples from grid wells were above the corresponding USEPA maximum contaminant levels (MCL-USs). Perchlorate was detected in 70 percent of the samples from grid wells, and most concentrations were less than one-tenth of the CDPH maximum contaminant level (MCL-CA). Low-level 1,2,3-TCP was detected in 33 percent of the samples from grid wells, and all concentrations were less than 1/1,000 of the USEPA lifetime health advisory level (HAL-US). Most concentrations of trace elements and nutrients in samples were below regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds. Concentrations were above the MCL-US for nitrate in 7 percent of the samples from grid wells, for arsenic and uranium in 13 percent each of the samples from grid wells; and the concentration of vanadium was above the CDPH notification level (NL–CA) in 3 percent of the samples from grid wells. Detections of radioactive constituents were below regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds in most samples. Combined activities of uranium isotopes were detected above the MCL-CA in 20 percent of the subset of 25 grid well samples analyzed, and gross alpha particle activity was detected above the MCL-US in 20 percent of the samples from the 30 total grid wells. Most of the samples from MADCHOW grid wells had concentrations of major and minor ions, total dissolved solids, and trace elements below the CDPH secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCL-CAs), which are nonenforceable thresholds set for aesthetic and technical concerns. Twenty percent of the samples from grid wells contained specific-conductance values, or concentrations of chloride, total dissolved solids, or manganese above the respective SMCL–CAs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds455","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Shelton, J.L., Fram, M.S., and Belitz, K., 2009, Groundwater-quality data in the Madera-Chowchilla study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 455, x, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds455.","productDescription":"x, 81 p.","temporalStart":"2008-04-01","temporalEnd":"2008-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_455.jpg"},{"id":404081,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_87706.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13168,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/455/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Madera-Chowchilla study unit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.5917,\n              36.7433\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.6833,\n              36.7433\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.6833,\n              37.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.5917,\n              37.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.5917,\n              36.7433\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658a50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shelton, Jennifer L. 0000-0001-8508-0270 jshelton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0270","contributorId":1155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshelton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97991,"text":"ds432 - 2009 - Groundwater quality data for the Tahoe-Martis study unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-19T20:12:12.143918","indexId":"ds432","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"432","title":"Groundwater quality data for the Tahoe-Martis study unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater quality in the approximately 460-square-mile Tahoe–Martis study unit was investigated in June through September 2007 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).</p><p>The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw groundwater used for public water supplies within the Tahoe–Martis study unit (Tahoe–Martis) and to facilitate statistically consistent comparisons of groundwater quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 52 wells in El Dorado, Placer, and Nevada Counties. Forty-one of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells), and 11 were selected to aid in evaluation of specific water-quality issues (understanding wells).</p><p>The groundwater samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOC], pesticides and pesticide degradates, and pharmaceutical compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>N</i>-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), radioactive constituents, and microbial indicators. Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, carbon-14, strontium isotope ratio, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen of water), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the sources and ages of the sampled groundwater. In total, 240 constituents and water-quality indicators were investigated.</p><p>Three types of quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, and samples for matrix spikes) each were collected at 12 percent of the wells, and the results obtained from these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the groundwater samples. Field blanks rarely contained detectable concentrations of any constituent, suggesting that data for the groundwater samples were not compromised by possible contamination during sample collection, handling or analysis. Differences between replicate samples were within acceptable ranges. Matrix spike recoveries were within acceptable ranges for most compounds.</p><p>This study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, raw water typically is treated, disinfected, or blended with other waters to maintain water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to water that is served to the consumer, not to raw groundwater. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw groundwater were compared with regulatory and nonregulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), and with aesthetic and technical thresholds established by CDPH. Comparisons between data collected for this study and drinking-water thresholds are for illustrative purposes only and do not indicate of compliance or noncompliance with regulatory thresholds.</p><p>The concentrations of most constituents detected in groundwater samples from the Tahoe–Martis wells were below drinking-water thresholds. Organic compounds (VOCs and pesticides) were detected in about 40 percent of the samples from grid wells, and most concentrations were less than 1/100th of regulatory and nonregulatory health-based thresholds, although the conentration of perchloroethene in one sample was above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US). Concentrations of all trace elements and nutrients in samples from grid wells were below regulatory and nonregulatory health-based thresholds, with five exceptions. Concentrations of arsenic were above the MCL-US in 20 percent of the samples from grid wells. Gross alpha particle activity (MCL-US), boron (CDPH notification level, NL-CA), and molybdenum (USEPA lifetime health advisory, HAL-US) were each detected above thresholds in two of the samples from grid wells, and radon (proposed alternative MCL-US) was detected above the threshold in one sample from a grid well. Most of the samples from Tahoe–Martis grid wells had concentrations of major elements, total dissolved solids, and trace elements below the CDPH secondary maximum contaminant levels, nonenforceable thresholds set for aesthetic and technical concerns. Fifteen percent of the samples from grid wells contained iron, manganese, or total dissolved solids at concentrations above these levels.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds432","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Fram, M.S., Munday, C., and Belitz, K., 2009, Groundwater quality data for the Tahoe-Martis study unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 432, x, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds432.","productDescription":"x, 89 p.","temporalStart":"2007-06-01","temporalEnd":"2007-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_432.jpg"},{"id":404072,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_87733.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13167,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/432/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Tahoe-Martis study unit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.3194,\n              38.7617\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.8833,\n              38.7617\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.8833,\n              39.425\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.3194,\n              39.425\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.3194,\n              38.7617\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a1b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munday, Cathy","contributorId":57538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munday","given":"Cathy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97978,"text":"ofr20091240 - 2009 - Ground-Water Quality in the Upper Hudson River Basin, New York, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"ofr20091240","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1240","title":"Ground-Water Quality in the Upper Hudson River Basin, New York, 2007","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 25 production and domestic wells in the Upper Hudson River Basin (north of the Federal Dam at Troy, N.Y.) from August through November 2007 to characterize the ground-water quality. The Upper Hudson River Basin covers 4,600 square miles in upstate New York, Vermont, and Massachusetts; the study area encompasses the 4,000 square miles that lie within New York. The basin is underlain by crystalline and sedimentary bedrock, including gneiss, shale, and slate; some sandstone and carbonate rocks are present locally. The bedrock in some areas is overlain by surficial deposits of saturated sand and gravel. Of the 25 wells sampled, 13 were finished in sand and gravel deposits, and 12 were finished in bedrock. The samples were collected and processed by standard U.S. Geological Survey procedures and were analyzed for 225 physical properties and constituents, including major ions, nutrients, trace elements, radon-222, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and indicator bacteria.\r\n\r\nWater quality in the study area is generally good, but concentrations of some constituents exceeded current or proposed Federal or New York State drinking-water standards; these were: color (1 sample), pH (2 samples), sodium (5 samples), nitrate plus nitrite (2 samples), aluminum (3 samples), iron (1 sample), manganese (7 samples), radon-222 (11 samples), and bacteria (1 sample). Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in samples from wells finished in sand and gravel [median 5.4 milligrams per liter (mg/L)] were greater than those from wells finished in bedrock (median 0.4 mg/L). The pH of all samples was typically neutral or slightly basic (median 7.6); the median water temperature was 9.7 deg C. The ions with the highest concentrations were bicarbonate (median 123 mg/L) and calcium (median 33.9 mg/L). Ground water in the basin is generally soft to moderately hard (less than or equal to 120 mg/L as CaCO3) (median hardness 110 mg/L as CaCO3). Concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite in samples from sand and gravel wells (median concentration 0.47 mg/L as nitrogen) were generally higher than those in samples from bedrock wells (median estimated 0.05 mg/L as nitrogen), and concentrations in two samples exceeded established drinking-water standards for nitrate (10 mg/L as nitrogen). The trace elements with the highest concentrations were strontium [median 217 micrograms per liter (ug/L)] and iron (median 39 ug/L). The highest radon-222 activities were in samples from bedrock wells [maximum 2,930 picocuries per liter (pCi/L)] and 44 percent of all samples exceeded a proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking-water standard of 300 pCi/L. Ten pesticides and pesticide degradates were detected among 11 samples at concentrations of 1.47 ug/L or less; most were herbicides or their degradates. Six VOCs were detected among 10 samples at concentrations of 4.2 ug/L or less; these included three trihalomethanes and methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrachloroethene, and toluene. Most detections were in samples from sand and gravel wells and none exceeded drinking-water standards. Total coliform bacteria were detected in only one sample, and fecal coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, were not detected in any sample.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Nystrom, E.A., 2009, Ground-Water Quality in the Upper Hudson River Basin, New York, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1240, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091240.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1240.jpg"},{"id":13156,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1240/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.75,42.5 ], [ -74.75,44.25 ], [ -73,44.25 ], [ -73,42.5 ], [ -74.75,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nystrom, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-0886-3439 nystrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-3439","contributorId":1072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystrom","given":"Elizabeth","email":"nystrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97974,"text":"ds427 - 2009 - Ground-water quality data in the Owens and Indian Wells Valleys study unit, 2006: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T20:24:36.22517","indexId":"ds427","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"427","title":"Ground-water quality data in the Owens and Indian Wells Valleys study unit, 2006: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality in the approximately 1,630 square-mile Owens and Indian Wells Valleys study unit (OWENS) was investigated in September-December 2006 as part of the Priority Basin Project of Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in collaboration with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).\r\n\r\nThe Owens and Indian Wells Valleys study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of raw ground-water quality within OWENS study unit, as well as a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 74 wells in Inyo, Kern, Mono, and San Bernardino Counties. Fifty-three of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells), and 21 wells were selected to evaluate changes in water chemistry in areas of interest (understanding wells).\r\n\r\nThe ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents [volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides and pesticide degradates, pharmaceutical compounds, and potential wastewater- indicator compounds], constituents of special interest [perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and 1,2,3- trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP)], naturally occurring inorganic constituents [nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements], radioactive constituents, and microbial indicators. Naturally occurring isotopes [tritium, and carbon-14, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water], and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the source and age of the sampled ground water.\r\n\r\nThis study evaluated the quality of raw ground water in the aquifer in the OWENS study unit and did not attempt to evaluate the quality of treated water delivered to consumers. Water supplied to consumers typically is treated after withdrawal from the ground, disinfected, and blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is served to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and non-regulatory thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contamination levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH.\r\n\r\nVOCs and pesticides were detected in samples from less than one-third of the grid wells; all detections were below health-based thresholds, and most were less than one-one hundredth of threshold values. All detections of perchlorate and nutrients in samples from OWENS were below health-based thresholds.\r\n\r\nMost detections of trace elements in ground-water samples from OWENS wells were below health-based thresholds. In samples from the 53 grid wells, three constituents were detected at concentrations above USEPA maximum contaminant levels: arsenic in 5 samples, uranium in 4 samples, and fluoride in 1 sample. Two constituents were detected at concentrations above CDPH notification levels (boron in 9 samples and vanadium in 1 sample), and two were above USEPA lifetime health advisory levels (molybdenum in 3 samples and strontium in 1 sample). Most of the samples from OWENS wells had concentrations of major elements, TDS, and trace elements below the non-enforceable standards set for aesthetic concerns. Samples from nine grid wells had concentrations of manganese, iron, or TDS above the SMCL-CAs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds427","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California State Water Resources Control Board; A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","usgsCitation":"Densmore, J., Fram, M.S., and Belitz, K., 2009, Ground-water quality data in the Owens and Indian Wells Valleys study unit, 2006: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 427, x, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds427.","productDescription":"x, 88 p.","temporalStart":"2006-09-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-13","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_427.jpg"},{"id":403687,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_87577.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13152,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/427/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens and Indian Wells Valleys study unit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.7033,\n              35.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5,\n              35.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5,\n              37.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.7033,\n              37.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.7033,\n              35.3167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d5ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Jill N. 0000-0002-5345-6613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-6613","contributorId":89179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Jill N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97947,"text":"ds373 - 2009 - Ground-Water Quality Data in the Coachella Valley Study Unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"ds373","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"373","title":"Ground-Water Quality Data in the Coachella Valley Study Unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality in the approximately 820 square-mile Coachella Valley Study Unit (COA) was investigated during February and March 2007 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001, and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).\r\n\r\nThe study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of raw ground water used for public-water supplies within the Coachella Valley, and to facilitate statistically consistent comparisons of ground-water quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 35 wells in Riverside County. Nineteen of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study unit (grid wells). Sixteen additional wells were sampled to evaluate changes in water chemistry along selected ground-water flow paths, examine land use effects on ground-water quality, and to collect water-quality data in areas where little exists. These wells were referred to as 'understanding wells'.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOC], pesticides and pesticide degradates, pharmaceutical compounds, and potential wastewater-indicator compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate and 1,2,3-trichloropropane [1,2,3-TCP]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), radioactive constituents, and microbial indicators. Naturally occurring isotopes (uranium, tritium, carbon-14, and stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, and boron), and dissolved noble gases (the last in collaboration with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) also were measured to help identify the source and age of the sampled ground water.\r\n\r\nA quality-control sample (blank, replicate, or matrix spike) was collected at approximately one quarter of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the ground-water samples. Assessment of the quality-control information resulted in V-coding less than 0.1 percent of the data collected.\r\n\r\nThis study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is supplied to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic purposes (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH.\r\n\r\nMost constituents detected in ground-water samples were at concentrations below drinking-water thresholds. Volatile organic compounds, pesticides, and pesticide degradates were detected in less than one-third of the grid well samples collected. All VOC and pesticide concentrations measured were below health-based thresholds. Potential waste-water indicators were detected in less than half of the wells sampled, and no detections were above health-based thresholds. Perchlorate was detected in seven grid wells; concentrations from two wells were above the CDPH maximum contaminant level (MCL-CA). Most detections of trace elements in samples collected from COA Study Unit wells were below water-quality thresholds. Exceptions include five samples of arsenic that were above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US), two detections of boron above the CDPH notification level (NL-CA), and two detections of mol","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds373","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board; A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA Program)","usgsCitation":"Goldrath, D., Wright, M.T., and Belitz, K., 2009, Ground-Water Quality Data in the Coachella Valley Study Unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 373, x, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds373.","productDescription":"x, 71 p.","temporalStart":"2007-02-01","temporalEnd":"2007-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_373.jpg"},{"id":13121,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/373/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,32 ], [ -125,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -125,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d5c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldrath, Dara A.","contributorId":59896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldrath","given":"Dara A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Michael T. 0000-0003-0653-6466 mtwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-6466","contributorId":1508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Michael","email":"mtwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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