{"pageNumber":"22","pageRowStart":"525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":36987,"records":[{"id":70218834,"text":"ofr20211010 - 2021 - U.S. Geological Survey—Department of the Interior Region 11, Alaska —2020 annual science report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-17T11:57:27.396406","indexId":"ofr20211010","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-16T19:08:26","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1010","displayTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey—Department of the Interior Region 11, Alaska—2020 Annual Science Report","title":"U.S. Geological Survey—Department of the Interior Region 11, Alaska —2020 annual science report","docAbstract":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mission: The USGS national mission is to monitor, analyze, and predict current and evolving dynamics of complex human and natural Earth-system interactions and to deliver actionable information at scales and timeframes relevant to decision-makers. Consistent with the national mission, the USGS in Alaska provides timely and objective scientific information to help address issues and inform management decisions across five inter-connected themes:</span></p><ul><li>Energy and Minerals;</li><li>Geospatial Mapping;</li><li>Natural Hazards;</li><li>Water Quality, Streamflow, and Ice Dynamics; and</li><li>Ecosystems.</li></ul><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The USGS in Alaska consists of approximately 350 scientists and support staff working in three Alaska-based science centers, a Cooperative Research Unit, and USGS centers outside Alaska, with a combined annual science budget of about $60 million. In the last 5 years, USGS research in Alaska has produced many scientific benefits resulting from more than 1,100 publications. Publications relevant to Alaska can be conveniently searched by keyword through the USGS Publications Warehouse at&nbsp;<a href=\"../search?q=Alaska\" data-mce-href=\"../search?q=Alaska\"><span class=\"s2\">https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/search?q=Alaska</span></a>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211010","usgsCitation":"Powers, E.M., and Williams, D.M., eds., 2021, U.S. Geological Survey—Department of the Interior Region 11, Alaska —2020 annual science report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021-1010, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211010.","productDescription":"viii, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-124154","costCenters":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384439,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1010/ofr20211010.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.5 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Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/science/regions/alaska-region\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/science/regions/alaska-region\">Alaska</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>4210 University Drive<br>Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4560</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Director’s Message</li><li>Alaska Organizational Overview</li><li>Structure of Report</li><li>Icon Legend</li><li>Project Descriptions</li><li>Acronyms</li><li>Project Descriptions</li><li>Energy and Minerals</li><li>Geospatial Mapping</li><li>Natural Hazards</li><li>Water Quality, Streamflow, and Ice Dynamics</li><li>Wildfile, Fish, and Habitat</li><li>Appendix 1</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-03-16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powers, Elizabeth M. 0000-0002-4688-1195","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4688-1195","contributorId":255448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powers","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":812370,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Dee M. 0000-0003-0400-479X dmwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0400-479X","contributorId":224715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Dee M.","email":"dmwilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":812371,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70218752,"text":"ofr20211026 - 2021 - Expected warning times from the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system for earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-07T01:36:23.477755","indexId":"ofr20211026","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-10T15:49:09","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1026","displayTitle":"Expected Warning Times from the ShakeAlert® Earthquake Early Warning System for Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest","title":"Expected warning times from the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system for earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"<p>The ShakeAlert® earthquake early warning system has been live since October 2019 for the testing of public alerting to mobile devices in California and will soon begin testing this modality in Oregon and Washington. The Pacific Northwest presents new challenges and opportunities for ShakeAlert owing to the different types of earthquakes that occur in the Cascadia subduction zone. Many locations in the Pacific Northwest are expected to experience shaking from shallow crustal earthquakes (similar to those in California), earthquakes that occur deep within the subducted slab, and large megathrust earthquakes that occur primarily offshore. The different geometries and maximum magnitudes associated with these types of earthquakes lead to a range of warning times that are possible between when the initial ShakeAlert Message is issued and when a user experiences strong shaking. After an earthquake begins, the strategy of the ShakeAlert system for public alerting is to warn people who are located close enough to the fault that the system estimates they will experience at least weak to moderate shaking. By alerting the public at these low levels of expected shaking, it is possible to provide sufficient warning times for some users to take protective actions before strong shaking begins. In this study, we present an analysis of past ShakeAlert Messages as well as simulations of historical earthquakes and potential future Cascadia earthquakes to quantify the range of warning times that users who experience strong or worse shaking are likely to receive. Additional applications for ShakeAlert involve initiation of automatic protective actions prior to the onset of shaking, such as slowing trains, shutting water supplies, and opening firehouse doors, which are beyond the scope of this paper. Users in the Pacific Northwest should expect that the majority of alerts they receive will be from shallow crustal and intraslab earthquakes. In these cases, users will only have a few seconds of warning before strong shaking begins. This remains true even during infrequent, offshore great (magnitude ≥8) megathrust earthquakes, where warning times will generally range from seconds to tens of seconds, depending on the user’s location and the intensity of predicted shaking that a user chooses to be alerted for, with the longest warning times of 50–80 seconds possible only for users located at considerable distance from the epicenter. ShakeAlert thus requires short, readily understood alerts stating that earthquake shaking is imminent and suggesting protective actions users should take. Extensive education and outreach efforts that emphasize the need to take actions quickly will be required for ShakeAlert to successfully reduce injuries and losses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211026","usgsCitation":"McGuire, J.J., Smith, D.E., Frankel, A.D., Wirth, E.A., McBride, S.K., and de Groot, R.M., 2021, Expected warning times from the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system for earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest (ver. 1.1, March 24, 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1026, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211026.","productDescription":"v, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-125131","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384638,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1026/versionHist.txt","size":"2 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 \"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: Marhc 10, 2021; Version 1.1: March 24, 2021","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/earthquake-science-center\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/earthquake-science-center\">Earthquake Science Center</a>—Menlo Park, Calif. Office<br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 977<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>The Shake Alert Earthquake Early Warning System</li><li>Earthquake Hazards in the Pacific Northwest</li><li>Hazard Deaggregation</li><li>Definition of Warning Times</li><li>Warning Times for Shallow Crustal Events</li><li>Warning Times for Deep Instraslab Earthquakes</li><li>Warning Times for Offshore M 7–9 Megathrust Earthquakes</li><li>Implications for EEW Users in the Pacific Northwest</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-03-10","revisedDate":"2021-03-24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, Jeffrey J. 0000-0001-9235-2166 jmcguire@whoi.edu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9235-2166","contributorId":177447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGuire","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jmcguire@whoi.edu","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Deborah E. 0000-0002-8317-7762 deborahsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8317-7762","contributorId":5670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Deborah","email":"deborahsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":811675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wirth, Erin A. 0000-0002-8592-4442","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8592-4442","contributorId":197865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirth","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":811676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McBride, Sara K. 0000-0002-8062-6542 skmcbride@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8062-6542","contributorId":224627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"Sara","email":"skmcbride@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"de Groot, Robert M. 0000-0001-9995-4207","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9995-4207","contributorId":210451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Groot","given":"Robert M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":811678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70218729,"text":"ofr20201125 - 2021 - Sagebrush conservation strategy—Challenges to sagebrush conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-30T14:41:59.299981","indexId":"ofr20201125","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-10T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1125","displayTitle":"Sagebrush Conservation Strategy—Challenges to Sagebrush Conservation","title":"Sagebrush conservation strategy—Challenges to sagebrush conservation","docAbstract":"<p>The sagebrush (<i>Artemisia</i> spp.) biome, its wildlife, and the services and benefits it provides people and local communities are at risk. Development in the sagebrush biome, for many purposes, has resulted in multiple and often cumulative negative impacts. These impacts, ranging from simple habitat loss to complex, interactive changes in ecosystem function, continue to accelerate even as the need grows for the resources provided by this biome. This “Sagebrush Conservation Strategy—Challenges to Sagebrush Conservation,” is an overview and assessment of the challenges facing land managers and landowners in conserving sagebrush ecosystems. This strategy is intended to provide guidance so that the unparalleled collaborative efforts to conserve the iconic greater sage-grouse (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>) by State and Federal agencies, Tribes, academia, nongovernmental organizations, and stakeholders can be expanded to the entire sagebrush biome to benefit the people and wildlife that depend on this ecosystem. This report is organized into 3 parts.</p><p>“Part I. Importance of the Sagebrush Biome to People and Wildlife” introduces the biome and a subset of the more than 350 species of plants and animals associated with sagebrush for which there is some level of conservation concern. These include several sagebrush obligates that have been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), including greater sage-grouse, Gunnison sage-grouse (<i>C. minimus</i>; listed as threatened), and pygmy rabbit (<i>Brachylagus idahoensis</i>). Other sagebrush-dependent species, such as pronghorn (<i>Antilocapra americana</i>) and mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>), have experienced significant population declines.</p><p>“Part II. Change Agents in the Sagebrush Biome—Extent, Impacts, and Effort to Address Them” is an overview of the variety of change agents that are causing the continued loss and degradation of sagebrush. Topics covered include altered fire regimes, invasive plant species, conifer expansion, overabundant free-roaming equids, and human land uses, including energy development, cropland conversion, infrastructure, and improper livestock grazing. Climate changes, including warmer temperatures and altered amounts and timing of precipitation, have and will likely increasingly compound negative effects to sagebrush ecosystems from all these threats.</p><p>“Part III. Current Conservation Paradigm and Other Conservation Needs for Sagebrush” begins with an overview of how sage-grouse conservation, and the associated efforts and collaborations, may be able to address threats to and restoring degraded sagebrush and habitat for other sagebrush-dependent and -associated species. Meeting conservation goals for sage-grouse, mule deer, pygmy rabbits, and other sagebrush-associated wildlife will require extensive restoration of sagebrush communities already converted or degraded by the change agents outlined in Part II of this report. Concepts, considerations, techniques for restoration, and adaptive management and monitoring are discussed to help set the stage for potential strategies to improve conditions throughout the sagebrush biome. Communication, outreach, and engagement can enhance grassroots conservation efforts and build the next generation of managers, practitioners, scientists, and communicators who will care for the sagebrush ecosystem and stimulate or sustain public participation in sagebrush conservation issues.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201125","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, the Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Remington, T.E., Deibert, P.A., Hanser, S.E., Davis, D.M., Robb, L.A., and Welty, J.L., 2021, Sagebrush conservation strategy—Challenges to sagebrush conservation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1125, 327 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201125.","productDescription":"xxxiv, 327 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-112519","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384279,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1125/ofr20201125.pdf","text":"Report","size":"35.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1125"},{"id":384278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1125/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.0703125,\n              46.31658418182218\n            ],\n            [\n              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Geological Survey<br>2150 Centre Ave., Building C<br>Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Preface</li><li>Contributors</li><li>Common and Scientific Names of Animal Species in this Report</li><li>Common and Scientific Names of Plant Species in this Report</li><li>Executive Summary</li><li><strong>PART I. Importance of the Sagebrush Biome to People and Wildlife</strong></li><li><strong>Chapter A. Introduction to the Sagebrush Biome</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>History of the Sagebrush Biome</li><li>Sagebrush Benefits, Sagebrush Wildlife</li><li><strong>Chapter B. Human Dimensions of Sagebrush</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Historical Relationship of Humans to Sagebrush</li><li>Ecosystem Services</li><li>Threats</li><li><strong>Chapter C. Sagebrush Birds</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Habitat Selection and Dependency on Sagebrush</li><li>Population Trends and Conservation Status</li><li>Threats</li><li>Management Considerations</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li><strong>Chapter D. Greater and Gunnison Sage-Grouse</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Habitat Selection and Dependency on Sagebrush</li><li>Movements and Home Ranges</li><li>Population Trends and Conservation Status</li><li>Threats</li><li>Management Considerations</li><li><strong>Chapter E. Pygmy Rabbit</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Habitat Selection and Dependency on Sagebrush</li><li>Movements and Home Ranges</li><li>Population Trends and Conservation Status</li><li>Threats</li><li>Management Considerations</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li><strong>Chapter F. Pronghorn</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Habitat Selection and Dependency on Sagebrush</li><li>Movements and Migration</li><li>Population Trends and Conservation Status</li><li>Threats</li><li>Management Considerations</li><li><strong>Chapter G. Mule Deer</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Habitat Selection and Dependency on Sagebrush</li><li>Movements and Home Ranges</li><li>Population Trends and Conservation Status</li><li>Threats</li><li>Management Considerations</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li><strong>Chapter H. Sagebrush-Dependent Small Mammals</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Dark Kangaroo Mouse</li><li>Great Basin and Columbia Plateau Pocket Mouse</li><li>Merriam’s Shrew</li><li>Preble’s Shrew</li><li>Ord’s Kangaroo Rat</li><li>Sagebrush Vole</li><li>Southern Idaho Ground Squirrel</li><li>Wyoming Ground Squirrel</li><li>Wyoming Pocket Gopher</li><li>White-Tailed Prairie Dog</li><li>Black-Tailed Jackrabbit</li><li><strong>Chapter I. Amphibians and Reptiles in Sagebrush</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Amphibians</li><li>Reptiles</li><li>Conservation Status</li><li>Threats</li><li>Management Considerations</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Appendix I1. Amphibians and Reptiles that Overlap with the Sagebrush Biome</li><li><strong>Part II. Change Agents in the Sagebrush Biome—Extent, Impacts, and Efforts to Address Them</strong></li><li><strong>Chapter J. Altered Fire Regimes</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>The Role of Wildfire in Sagebrush Ecosystems</li><li>Recent Fire Trends and Patterns</li><li>Impact of Altered Fire Regimes on Sagebrush Communities and Postfire Recovery</li><li>Impacts of Altered Fire Regimes on Wildlife</li><li>Impacts of Prescribed Fire on Wildlife</li><li>Impacts of Altered Fire Regimes on Ecosystem Services</li><li>Fire-Suppression Costs</li><li>Burned Area Emergency Stabilization and Rehabilitation Costs</li><li>Other Costs Associated with Wildfire</li><li>Current Coordination Efforts Among Federal, State, and Tribal Entities to Address Fire</li><li><strong>Chapter K. Invasive Plant Species</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Invasive Plant Descriptions and Regulations</li><li>Impacts of Invasive Plants on Wildlife Communities</li><li>Impacts of Invasive Plants on Human Needs and Values</li><li>Support for Invasive Plant Threat Reduction</li><li>Management for Threat Abatement</li><li>Appendix K1. Nonnative Invasive Plants in Sagebrush Ecosystems</li><li><strong>Chapter L. Climate Adaptation</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Climate Change Trajectories and Impacts</li><li>Plant Community Impacts</li><li>Wildlife and Livestock Impacts</li><li>Diseases and Impacts to Wildlife and Humans</li><li>Climate Change Adaptation</li><li>Current Programs and Activities</li><li>Appendix L1. A Selection of Climate Vulnerability Assessments and Adaptation Strategies Relevant to the Sagebrush Biome</li><li><strong>Chapter M. Conifer Expansion</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Nature and Extent of Conifer Expansion</li><li>Impact on Sagebrush Communities, Ecosystem Processes, and Wildlife Communities</li><li>Impact on Human Resource Needs and Values</li><li>Current Efforts to Address Conifer Expansion</li><li>Efficacy of Tree Removal at Restoring Ecosystem Function and Plant and Animal Communities</li><li>Potential Impact of Conifer Removal on Sagebrush Species</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li><strong>Chapter N. Free-Roaming Equids</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Legal Status of Horses and Burros on Public Lands</li><li>Administrative Structure</li><li>Impacts of Free-Roaming Equids</li><li>Free-Roaming Equid Management</li><li>Free-Roaming Equid Fertility Management</li><li>Human Dimensions and Free-Roaming Equids</li><li>Management Considerations</li><li><strong>Chapter O. Mining and Energy</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Mining</li><li>Nonmining Energy Development</li><li>Renewable Energy Development</li><li>Reclamation Requirements for Mining and Energy Development Activities</li><li>Current Federal and State Regulatory and Mitigation Approaches</li><li>Voluntary Conservation Actions</li><li>Best Management Practices to Avoid, Minimize, or Mitigate Impacts of Mining and Energy</li><li>Mining and Energy—Key Gaps</li><li><strong>Chapter P. Land Use and Development</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Conversion of Sagebrush to Croplands</li><li>Federal and State Agricultural Programs</li><li>Livestock Grazing</li><li>Infrastructure</li><li>Residential Development</li><li>Recreation</li><li>Cumulative Impacts and Conclusions</li><li><strong>Part III. Current Conservation Paradigm and Other Conservation Needs for Sagebrush</strong></li><li><strong>Chapter Q. Sage-Grouse Management as an Umbrella for Conservation of Sagebrush</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Management of Sagebrush</li><li>Sage-Grouse Conservation as an Umbrella</li><li><strong>Chapter R. Restoration</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Restoration for Wildlife Conservation</li><li>Sagebrush Restoration</li><li>Landscape-Level Characterization and Prioritization</li><li>Project-Level Prioritization and Planning</li><li>Frameworks and Tools</li><li>Evaluation of Outcomes</li><li>Social and Economic Costs and Opportunities</li><li>Appendix R1. Generalized and Sagebrush-Ecosystem Specific Information Sources</li><li><strong>Chapter S. Adaptive Management and Monitoring</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Adaptive Management</li><li>Vegetation Monitoring</li><li>Project-Level Monitoring</li><li>State Agency Vegetation Monitoring Efforts</li><li>Remote Sensing and Geospatial Data for Monitoring</li><li>Additional Datasets for Monitoring and Adaptive Management</li><li>Challenges and Opportunities for Vegetation Monitoring</li><li>Wildlife Monitoring</li><li>Challenges and Opportunities to Implement Adaptive Management for Wildlife</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Appendix S1. Comparison of Federal Monitoring Programs in Rangelands</li><li>Appendix S2. Remotely Sensed Maps of Rangeland Vegetation Available Across the Sagebrush Biome</li><li><strong>Chapter T. Communication and Public Engagement</strong></li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Why Communication is Essential to Sagebrush Conservation Success</li><li>Current Capacity for Communication</li><li>Brand Identity</li><li>Public Perception</li><li>Stakeholder Engagement</li><li>Collaboration with Communicators</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Appendix T1. Communication Models</li><li><strong>References Cited</strong></li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-03-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Remington, Thomas E.","contributorId":201659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Remington","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36225,"text":"Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deibert, Patricia A.","contributorId":127500,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deibert","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":812000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanser, Steve E. 0000-0002-4430-2073 shanser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-2073","contributorId":152523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanser","given":"Steve","email":"shanser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Dawn M.","contributorId":254959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Dawn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":812002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robb, Leslie A.","contributorId":254960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robb","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36225,"text":"Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":812003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Welty, Justin L. 0000-0001-7829-7324 jwelty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-7324","contributorId":4206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welty","given":"Justin","email":"jwelty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70218517,"text":"ofr20201145 - 2021 - Estimated total phosphorus loads for selected sites on Great Lakes tributaries, water years 2014–2018","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T12:53:46.034292","indexId":"ofr20201145","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-04T15:39:22","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1145","displayTitle":"Estimated Total Phosphorus Loads for Selected Sites on Great Lakes Tributaries, Water Years 2014–2018","title":"Estimated total phosphorus loads for selected sites on Great Lakes tributaries, water years 2014–2018","docAbstract":"<p>Monthly and annual total phosphorus loads were estimated for water years 2014 through 2018 for 23 streamgaged (gaged) sites on tributaries to the Great Lakes. Processing and regression methods described by Robertson and others (2018) were used with discrete and continuous data collected during water years 2011 and 2018 to update regression models for estimating instantaneous flux with the same form of equations as published by Robertson and others (2018). Monthly and water year average fluxes for all but two of the 23 gage sites were estimated using a weighted combination of results from surrogate models (which have streamflow, turbidity, and seasonal indicators as explanatory variables) and unit-value (UV)-flow models which have only UV streamflow and seasonal indicators as explanatory variables. Two of the gage sites had extensive periods of missing turbidity records, so average flux estimates for those stations were based solely on results from UV-flow models.</p><p>For most sites, estimated loads of total phosphorus were computed and summed for water years 2014–2018. The cumulative loads were used to compute yields and flow-weighted mean concentrations for water years 2014–2018. The estimated cumulative total phosphorus loads for water years 2014–2018 ranged from 112 to 11,500 metric tons. The Maumee River site (U.S. Geological Survey gage number 04193500) had the largest estimated cumulative load for water years 2014–2018 and the third largest estimated flow-weighted mean concentration. In fact, the estimated cumulative load at the Maumee River site was more than three times larger than the second largest estimated cumulative load.</p><p>Estimated average annual total phosphorus yields and flow-weighted mean concentrations for water years 2014–2018 ranged from 0.016 metric tons per square kilometer to 0.771 metric tons per square kilometer and 0.033 milligram per liter to 0.466 milligram per liter, respectively. The Cattaraugus Creek gage site (U.S. Geological Survey gage number 04213500) had the highest estimated average annual total phosphorus yield and flow-weighted mean concentration. The average annual total phosphorus yield at the Cattaraugus Creek gage site was almost twice as large as the second largest estimated yield.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201145","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative","usgsCitation":"Koltun, G.F., 2021, Estimated total phosphorus loads for selected sites on Great Lakes tributaries, water years 2014–2018: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1145, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201145.","productDescription":"Report: v, 13 p.; 2 Appendixes; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-122090","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383717,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1145//ofr20201145_appendix_2.csv","text":"Appendix 2","size":"64.8 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tributaries"},{"id":383715,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1145/ofr20201145_appendix_1.csv","text":"Appendix 1","size":"8.45 kB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"OFR 2020–1145 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"— Estimated annual total phosphorus loads and flow-weighted mean concentrations at selected U.S. Geological Survey gage sites on Great Lakes tributaries"},{"id":383716,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1145/ofr20201145_appendix_2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"66.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2020–1145 Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"— Estimated monthly total phosphorus loads at selected U.S. Geological Survey gage sites on Great Lakes tributaries"},{"id":383718,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WEW32M","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Model 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-76.57470703125,\n              43.28520334369384\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water\" href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water\">Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>6460 Busch Boulevard Ste 100<br>Columbus, OH 43229-1737</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Study Methods</li><li>Regression Equations and Estimated Total Phosphorus Loads</li><li>Summary</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":15,"text":"Madison PSC"},"publishedDate":"2021-03-04","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960 gfkoltun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":140048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G.","email":"gfkoltun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70218590,"text":"ofr20201146 - 2021 - Practical field survey operations for flood insurance rate maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T12:41:18.272992","indexId":"ofr20201146","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-04T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1146","displayTitle":"Practical Field Survey Operations for Flood Insurance Rate Maps","title":"Practical field survey operations for flood insurance rate maps","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey assists the Federal Emergency Management Agency in its mission to identify flood hazards and zones for risk premiums for communities nationwide, by creating flood insurance rate maps through updating hydraulic models that use river geometry data. The data collected consist of elevations of river channels, banks, and structures, such as bridges, dams, and weirs that can affect flow. To account for the model complexity of river structure hydraulics and the fidelity between river channel and structure geometry, two distinct standards for collecting geometry data are presented, both using global navigation satellite system real-time network surveying. This method is adapted from U.S. Geological Survey manuals and is foundational in hydraulic surveying for flood insurance rate maps.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201146","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Taylor, N.J., and Simeone, C.E., 2021, Practical field survey operations for flood insurance rate maps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1146, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201146.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-114316","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383741,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm11D1","text":"Techniques and Methods 11-D1","linkHelpText":"- Methods of practice and guidelines for using survey-grade global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) to establish vertical datum in the United States Geological Survey"},{"id":383723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1146/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":383724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1146/ofr20201146.pdf","text":"Report","size":"662 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1146"},{"id":383725,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/tm11D3","text":"Techniques and Methods 11-D3","linkHelpText":"- Procedures and Best Practices for Trigonometric Leveling in the U.S. Geological Survey"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ nweng@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ nweng@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-england-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-england-water\">New England Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>10 Bearfoot Road<br>Northborough, MA 01532</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Procedures for Surveying Hydraulic Structures</li><li>Procedures for Surveying Cross Sections</li><li>Procedures for Metadata Quality Control</li><li>Limitations on Use</li><li>Summary</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Glossary</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"publishedDate":"2021-03-04","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Nicholas J. 0000-0002-4266-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4266-0256","contributorId":241051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Nicholas","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simeone, Caelan E. 0000-0003-3263-6452 csimeone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3263-6452","contributorId":221126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simeone","given":"Caelan","email":"csimeone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70218260,"text":"ofr20201152 - 2021 - Spatial variation in population dynamics of northern Great Plains piping plovers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-03T12:54:46.424713","indexId":"ofr20201152","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-02T15:55:14","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1152","displayTitle":"Spatial Variation in Population Dynamics of Northern Great Plains Piping Plovers","title":"Spatial variation in population dynamics of northern Great Plains piping plovers","docAbstract":"<p>Metapopulation dynamics are determined not only by within-patch birth and death processes but also by between-patch movements of individuals (emigration and immigration). To conserve and manage a species that has a metapopulation structure, defined by local populations that are distributed among patches of suitable habitat, we need to understand each of these vital rates. For the federally listed northern Great Plains <i>Charadrius melodus</i> (Ord, 1824) (piping plover), managers assumed a metapopulation structure consisting of four breeding groups with low, balanced dispersal, which resulted in low extinction risk in a simulation-based viability study. The degree to which the northern Great Plains piping plover breeding population functions as a metapopulation depends on the rate of movement amongst breeding areas. Sources of variation in survival, dispersal probabilities, and dispersal distances were examined for hatch-year and adult piping plovers breeding in the northern Great Plains from 2014 to 2019 focusing on four management units (U.S. Alkali Wetlands, Lake Sakakawea, Garrison Reach of the Missouri River, and Lake Oahe). Additionally, renesting probabilities, renest reproductive success, and reproductive output were investigated from 2014 to 2016 in each of these areas to understand within-patch productivity. This report includes two major sections: (1) a presentation that includes the context, results, and implications of the study, followed by a detailed text methodology, and (2) an appendix that provides synthesized estimates of piping plover vital rates from throughout their range. River and alkali wetland habitats seem to be of higher quality than reservoir habitats, although alkali wetland habitats have lower annual survival, lower reproductive output, and lower fidelity probabilities than riverine habitats. Habitat availability drove dispersal probabilities and dispersal distances for hatch-year and adult piping plovers. Renesting propensity and renest reproductive success were generally low, suggesting that renesting is an uncommon and unproductive strategy to replace most lost reproductive attempts. Estimates indicated high connectivity between the U.S. Alkali Wetlands and the northern river units (Lake Sakakawea, Garrison Reach, Lake Oahe) of the Missouri River, suggesting that the assumed metapopulation structure and population viability may need to be reassessed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201152","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Swift, R.J., Anteau, M.J., Ellis, K.S., Ring, M.M., Sherfy, M.H., Toy, D.L., and Koons, D.N., 2021, Spatial variation in population dynamics of northern Great Plains piping plovers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1152, 211 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201152.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 211 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"223","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-124226","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383503,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96PSOBQ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Spatial variation in population dynamics of Northern Great Plains piping plovers, 2014–2019"},{"id":383502,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VAS8P7","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Renesting propensity, intervals, and reproductive success data for the Northern Great Plains Piping Plover, a threatened shorebird species 2014–2016"},{"id":383501,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1152/ofr20201152.pdf","text":"Report","size":"39.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020–1152"},{"id":383500,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1152/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Northern Great Plains Piping Plovers","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.26171875,\n              43.197167282501276\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.8330078125,\n              43.67581809328341\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.31640625,\n              44.465151013519616\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.7998046875,\n              44.77793589631623\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.97558593749999,\n              46.042735653846506\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.97558593749999,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.0302734375,\n              48.019324184801185\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.6123046875,\n              48.3416461723746\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.501953125,\n              48.8936153614802\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.029296875,\n              48.63290858589535\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.853515625,\n              47.989921667414194\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.798828125,\n              47.517200697839414\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.5244140625,\n              47.12995075666307\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.90917968749999,\n              46.619261036171515\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.25,\n              45.73685954736049\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.25,\n              44.43377984606822\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.0302734375,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.1513671875,\n              43.100982876188546\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.2724609375,\n              42.8115217450979\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.0419921875,\n              42.97250158602597\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.26171875,\n              43.197167282501276\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/npwrc\" href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/npwrc\">Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center</a> <br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>8711 37th Street Southeast <br>Jamestown, ND</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Study Objectives</li><li>Presentation Slides</li><li>Study Species</li><li>Study Areas</li><li>Field Methods</li><li>Data Analysis</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Summary of Piping Plover Demographic Rates</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"publishedDate":"2021-03-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swift, Rose J. 0000-0001-7044-6196","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7044-6196","contributorId":212082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"Rose","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anteau, Michael J. 0000-0002-5173-5870 manteau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-5870","contributorId":3427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"Michael","email":"manteau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Kristen S. 0000-0003-2759-3670","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2759-3670","contributorId":251877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ring, Megan M. 0000-0001-8331-8492 mring@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8331-8492","contributorId":5149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ring","given":"Megan","email":"mring@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sherfy, Mark H. 0000-0003-3016-4105 msherfy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3016-4105","contributorId":125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherfy","given":"Mark","email":"msherfy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Toy, Dustin L. 0000-0001-5390-5784 dtoy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-5784","contributorId":5150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toy","given":"Dustin","email":"dtoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Koons, David N.","contributorId":28137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70218484,"text":"ofr20211011 - 2021 - Rock gnome lichen (Gymnoderma lineare) monitoring assessment, southern Appalachian Mountains, 1983–2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-02T12:38:13.020853","indexId":"ofr20211011","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-01T07:22:18","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1011","displayTitle":"Rock Gnome Lichen (<em>Gymnoderma lineare</em>) Monitoring Assessment, Southern Appalachian Mountains, 1983–2008","title":"Rock gnome lichen (Gymnoderma lineare) monitoring assessment, southern Appalachian Mountains, 1983–2008","docAbstract":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Rock gnome lichen (<i>Gymnoderma lineare</i> [Evans] Yoshimura and Sharp) was listed as a federally endangered species in 1995. It is endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains, with most known populations occurring in North Carolina, where it grows on vertical rock faces in the fog zone above an elevation of 1,525 meters or in humid, deep river gorges. Threats to the species include recreational use of habitat by hikers, climbers and sightseers; collectors; changes in microclimate due to loss of Fraser fir (<i>Abies fraseri</i>) to the exotic pest balsam woolly adelgid (<i>Adelges piceae</i>); air pollution; and climate change. Quantified estimates of population size are limited in number and only are available from 1983 to 2008. They show that known rock gnome populations increased in number during this period and increased in size from 1996 to 2008. The period of increase coincided with negative trends in nitrogen and sulfur deposition, stable precipitation and streamflow, and a posit</span><span class=\"s1\">ive trend in air temperature. Populations may have been afforded greater protection from recreational activities and collectors during this time. Specific incidents of population decline were associated with a high streamflow event and loss of shade owing to a fallen Fraser fir. Although the outlook for rock gnome lichen seems to have improved through 2008, threats from climate change and increasing human activity likely are increasing.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Woodward, A., 2021, Rock gnome lichen (Gymnoderma lineare) monitoring assessment, southern Appalachian Mountains, 1983–2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1011, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211011.","productDescription":"v, 12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-120136","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1011/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":383694,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1011/ofr20211011.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1011"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Southern Appalachian Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.7542724609375,\n              35.429344044107154\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.63916015625,\n              35.429344044107154\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.63916015625,\n              36.02244668175846\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7542724609375,\n              36.02244668175846\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7542724609375,\n              35.429344044107154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/fresc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/fresc\">Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>777 NW 9th St., Suite 400<br>Corvallis, Oregon 97330</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Background</li><li>Objectives</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results of Updated Analysis of Rock Gnome Populations</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-03-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70218199,"text":"ofr20201149 - 2021 - Hydrographic and benthic mapping—St. Croix National Scenic Riverway—Osceola landing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-24T12:54:58.879829","indexId":"ofr20201149","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-23T14:19:37","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1149","displayTitle":"Hydrographic and Benthic Mapping—St. Croix National Scenic Riverway—Osceola Landing","title":"Hydrographic and benthic mapping—St. Croix National Scenic Riverway—Osceola landing","docAbstract":"<p>High-resolution topographic and bathymetric mapping can assist in the analysis of river habitat. The National Park Service has been planning to relocate a boat ramp along the St. Croix River in Minnesota, across the river from the town of Osceola, Wisconsin, to improve visitor safety, improve operations for commercial use, enhance the overall visitor experience, and eliminate deferred maintenance at the landing. This landing grants access to the St. Croix River, which is a part of the National Park Service St. Croix National Scenic Riverway. Hydrographic and topographic surveys were needed to determine where the new location should be. The objective for these surveys was to provide baseline information in order to assess the direct effects of the landing relocation on physical habitat in areas adjacent to Osceola, Wisconsin. The study area for these surveys was about 18.5 hectares and located directly off the existing landing. Although the existing boat launch is referred to as the Osceola landing, it is located on the Minnesota side of the river and is the busiest National Park Service landing on the St. Croix River (National Park Service St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, 2020). This report documents methods and results of aquatic benthic mapping in a small area of the St. Croix River.</p><p>The hydroacoustic and topographic surveys were collected from October 16–17, 2019. The hydrographic surveys consisted of multibeam and sidescan sound navigation and ranging (sonars). The topographic shoreline survey consisted of light detection and ranging (lidar) captured by boat adjacent to riverbanks. Additionally, an acoustic Doppler current profiler was used to measure flow velocities. The water level was higher than normal, and therefore had faster flow during the hydroacoustic surveys. Multibeam, lidar, and sidescan surveys occurred the first day, and the velocity mapping and ground truthing was conducted the second day. Multibeam and lidar provided derivative datasets that included bathymetry and a topobathy with a spatial resolution of 1 foot. From these data, additional data could be measured including slope and terrain ruggedness. Sidescan (acoustic reflectance measures) provided imagery that was used to help with interpretation of the river bottom.</p><p>Outcomes from these combined datasets were substrate and bedform maps. Much of the area was covered in sand ripples or small dunes. A small area running adjacent to the deeper valley or cut down the river consisted of harder substrates, such as cobble and gravel. Large woody debris piles were found throughout the study area. Multiple stationary moving-bed tests were completed, and no corrections were recommended for the conditions occurring during survey. Mussel presence was noted in some of the underwater videos. The physical parameters of depth, flow, bedforms, and substrate derived from the datasets provided baseline measures for a benthic habitat map. Further analysis of benthic habitat might be possible with additional biological and chemical data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service, the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, and the Denver Service Center","usgsCitation":"Hanson, J.L., and Strange, J.M., 2021, Hydrographic and benthic mapping—St. Croix National Scenic Riverway—Osceola landing: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1149, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201149.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 26 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-118301","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1149/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":383331,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1149/ofr20201149.pdf","text":"Report","size":"37.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020–1149"},{"id":383332,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9O0QH8B","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway (SACN)—Osceola boat landing 2019 benthic and bathymetry data"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Osceola","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.72460937499999,\n              45.3111146177239\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.69577026367185,\n              45.3111146177239\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.69577026367185,\n              45.33187500352944\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.72460937499999,\n              45.33187500352944\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.72460937499999,\n              45.3111146177239\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/umesc\" href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/umesc\">Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>2630 Fanta Reed Road<br>La Crosse, WI 54603</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Purpose and Scope</li><li>Methods</li><li>Derived Datasets and Benthic Analysis from Sonar Data</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Attributes from the Bed Observations Shapefile</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":15,"text":"Madison PSC"},"publishedDate":"2021-02-23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Jenny L. 0000-0001-8353-6908 jhanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8353-6908","contributorId":461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Jenny","email":"jhanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Jayme 0000-0002-0512-3072","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-3072","contributorId":251712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stone","given":"Jayme","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":810405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70218245,"text":"ofr20211002 - 2021 - Mangrove species’ response to sea-level rise across Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-19T21:35:50.775863","indexId":"ofr20211002","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-19T10:56:11","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1002","displayTitle":"Mangrove Species’ Response to Sea-Level Rise Across Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia","title":"Mangrove species’ response to sea-level rise across Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia","docAbstract":"<p>Mangrove forests are likely vulnerable to accelerating sea-level rise; however, we lack the tools necessary to understand their future resilience. On the Pacific island of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, mangroves are habitat to endangered species and provide critical ecosystem services that support local communities. We developed a generalizable modeling framework for mangroves that accounts for species interactions and the belowground processes that dictate soil elevation. The modeling framework was calibrated with extensive field datasets, including accretion rates derived from thirty 1-meter-deep soil cores dated with lead-210, more than 300 forest inventory plots, water-level monitoring, and differential leveling elevation surveys. We applied the model using a community of five mangrove species and across seven regions around Pohnpei to identify which regions are most vulnerable to sea-level rise. The responses of mean elevation and the mangrove community&nbsp; composition were analyzed under four global sea-level rise scenarios: an increase of 37, 52, 67, or 117 centimeters by 2100. The model was validated against a 20-year surface elevation table record (1999–2019) and showed good agreement when driven by observed water levels.</p><p>The model projected that mangroves around Pohnpei can build their elevations relative to moderate rates of sea-level rise to prevent submergence, with limited changes in mangrove community composition through 2060. By 2100, however, the model projected a decreasing abundance of high-elevation mangrove species and an increasing abundance of lower elevation species adapted to more persistent flooding. Under higher sea-level rise scenarios, forest elevation decreased substantially relative to mean sea level and there were more drastic changes in the tree community composition and loss of suitable mangrove habitat by 2100. Variation in accretion rates, water levels, and initial forest elevation led to differential&nbsp; vulnerability around the island, such that mangroves on the leeward side of the island generally were the most at-risk to higher rates of sea-level rise. Our findings indicate that the relatively undisturbed state of the mangrove forests and the surrounding landscape is an important factor in their ability to keep pace with sea-level rise.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211002","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Buffington, K.J., MacKenzie, R.A., Carr, J.A., Apwong, M., Krauss, K.W., and Thorne, K.M., 2021, Mangrove species’ response to sea-level rise across Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1002, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211002.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 44 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-121673","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436498,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96R8MZQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Mangrove Elevation and Species' Responses to Sea-level Rise Across Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (ver. 1.1, December 2021)"},{"id":383370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1002/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":383371,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1002/ofr20211002.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383372,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1002/ofr20211002.xml"},{"id":383373,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1002/images"},{"id":383374,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DDZX32","linkHelpText":"Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia Mangrove Elevation Survey Data"}],"country":"Federated States of Micronesia","state":"Pohnpei","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              158.06442260742188,\n              6.7723525317661215\n            ],\n            [\n              158.3740997314453,\n              6.7723525317661215\n            ],\n            [\n              158.3740997314453,\n              7.013667927566642\n            ],\n            [\n              158.06442260742188,\n              7.013667927566642\n            ],\n            [\n              158.06442260742188,\n              6.7723525317661215\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director,<br><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/%20centers/%20werc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/ centers/ werc\">Western Ecological Research Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>3020 State University Drive East<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2021-02-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buffington, Kevin J. 0000-0001-9741-1241 kbuffington@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-1241","contributorId":4775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buffington","given":"Kevin","email":"kbuffington@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKenzie, Richard A.","contributorId":169073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":25408,"text":"Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Hilo, HI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, Joel A. 0000-0002-9164-4156 jcarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9164-4156","contributorId":168645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Joel A.","email":"jcarr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Apwong, Maybeleen","contributorId":251804,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Apwong","given":"Maybeleen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25408,"text":"Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Hilo, HI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":810640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":221923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thorne, Karen M. 0000-0002-1381-0657 kthorne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-0657","contributorId":4191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorne","given":"Karen","email":"kthorne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70218011,"text":"ofr20211006 - 2021 - Aeromagnetic map of Burney and the surrounding area, northeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-12T12:50:25.298438","indexId":"ofr20211006","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-11T13:58:26","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1006","displayTitle":"Aeromagnetic Map of Burney and the Surrounding Area, Northeastern California","title":"Aeromagnetic map of Burney and the surrounding area, northeastern California","docAbstract":"<p>An aeromagnetic survey was conducted to improve understanding of the geology and structure in the area around Burney, northeastern California. The new data are a substantial improvement over existing data and reveal a prominent north northwest-trending magnetic grain that allows extension of mapped faults, delineation of plutons within the Mesozoic basement in the northern Sierra Nevada, and linear anomalies that limit the amount of strike-slip offset along various faults in the area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211006","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V.E., 2021, Aeromagnetic map of Burney and the surrounding area, northeastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1006, 8 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:250:000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211006.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 8 p.; 1 Sheet: 30.37 x 34.42 inches; Data Release","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-111186","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383220,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PUFYDD","linkHelpText":"Aeromagnetic data, grid data, and magnetization boundaries of a survey flown in the Burney region, northeastern California"},{"id":383219,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1006/ofr20211006_sheet.pdf","text":"Sheet","size":"5.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383217,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1006/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":383218,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1006/ofr20211006_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.607421875,\n              39.57182223734374\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              39.57182223734374\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              41.541477666790286\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.607421875,\n              41.541477666790286\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.607421875,\n              39.57182223734374\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg/employee-directory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg/employee-directory\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg\">Geology, Minerals, Energy, &amp; Geophysics Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gmeg\">Menlo Park, California</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction&nbsp;</li><li>Data</li><li>Filtering and Magnetization Boundaries</li><li>Preliminary Results&nbsp;</li><li>References Cited&nbsp;</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2021-02-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":206978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70217852,"text":"ofr20201102 - 2021 - Using high resolution satellite and telemetry data to track flooded habitats, their use by waterfowl, and evaluate effects of drought on waterfowl and shorebird bioenergetics in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-10T18:00:22.216537","indexId":"ofr20201102","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-09T10:33:12","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1102","displayTitle":"Using High Resolution Satellite and Telemetry Data to Track Flooded Habitats, Their Use by Waterfowl, and Evaluate Effects of Drought on Waterfowl and Shorebird Bioenergetics in California","title":"Using high resolution satellite and telemetry data to track flooded habitats, their use by waterfowl, and evaluate effects of drought on waterfowl and shorebird bioenergetics in California","docAbstract":"<p class=\"default\"><span>Wetland managers in the Central Valley of California, a dynamic hydrological landscape, require information regarding the amount and location of existing wetland habitat to make decisions on how to best use water resources to support multiple wildlife objectives, particularly during drought. Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center (WERC), Point Blue Conservation Science (Point Blue), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) partnered to learn how wetland and flooded agricultural habitats used by waterfowl and shorebirds change during the non-breeding season (July–April) particularly during drought. During extreme drought conditions, the ability to provide sufficient water for wildlife often depends on the timing of water deliveries to managed wetlands and winter-flooded crop fields and decisions on whether to fallow croplands. Waterfowl and shorebirds could be particularly affected by these decisions because they typically rest and feed in flooded habitats. Poor habitat conditions resulting from spatially or temporally suboptimal water deliveries (that is, mismatch between waterfowl habitat needs and timing and location of flooded habitats) could reduce waterfowl hunting opportunities and body condition. Point Blue scientists developed a system for near real-time tracking of habitats used by waterfowl, shorebirds, and some other wetland-dependent “waterbirds” (</span><a data-mce-href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/watertracker\" href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/watertracker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>www.pointblue.org/watertracker</span></a><span>) and to assess the impacts of drought on habitat availability and on waterfowl and shorebird bioenergetics. The WERC researchers linked these data with near real-time tracking (telemetry) data of duck locations throughout the Valley. The team used these two datasets to relate duck locations to open-water characteristics and to learn how waterfowl use habitats under spatially and temporally changing conditions during drought and non-drought periods. We found that recent extreme drought (2013–15) significantly changed the timing and magnitude of flooding and consequently reduced the availability of habitats used by waterfowl and shorebirds more than other recent historic droughts 2000–11. Drought reduced irrigations of moist soil seed plants and thus there was lower food energy available for waterfowl. Analyses using bioenergetics models indicated that, overall, extreme drought increased food energy deficits (total number of deficit days) for shorebirds and waterfowl. Our analysis indicated a strong direct relationship between duck locations and classified habitat derived from open-water data during the wintering period (October–March). This result helps confirm the application of dynamic water data to identify flooded areas that provide waterfowl habitat. Presence of open water at a 1-hectare resolution can be used effectively to identify flooded landscape areas available as habitat for ducks. Our discoveries from evaluating use of space by ducks also indicated that nighttime feeding locations of ducks were concentrated nearby primary roosts and that foraging distances could depend on hydrologic dynamics of location (Suisun Marsh versus California excluding Suisun Marsh) and time of season (early, middle, late). Other results indicated that some areas on the California landscape with extremely reliable water supplies could receive consistent use by ducks year after year (in essence, almost drought proof). The Water Tracker is set up to automatically track wetland habitat and food availability each year and is making these data available to water and wetland managers. Results from this research are a significant step toward understanding how waterfowl and shorebird habitats can be optimally managed on the landscape to support desired populations of these migratory birds during extreme drought.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Regional Inventory and Monitoring Program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Matchett, E.L., Reiter, M., Overton, C.T., Jongsomjit, D., and Casazza, M.L., 2021, Using high resolution satellite and telemetry data to track flooded habitats, their use by waterfowl, and evaluate effects of drought on waterfowl and shorebird bioenergetics in California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1102, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201102.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 59 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102884","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383074,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1102/images"},{"id":383073,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P922KDU6","linkHelpText":"Classification of waterfowl habitat and quantification of interannual space use and movement distance from primary roosts to night feeding locations by waterfowl in California for October–March of 2015 through 2018"},{"id":383071,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1102/ofr20201102.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383070,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1102/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":383072,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1102/ofr20201102.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              36.06686213257888\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.44335937499999,\n              35.137879119634185\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.828125,\n              34.813803317113155\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.30078125,\n              35.137879119634185\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.49853515625,\n              35.71083783530009\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.39941406249999,\n              37.33522435930639\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.47607421874999,\n              38.16911413556086\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.89355468749999,\n              38.58252615935333\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22314453124999,\n              39.11301365149975\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.640625,\n              39.977120098439634\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.97021484374999,\n              40.74725696280421\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.3876953125,\n              41.0130657870063\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.84912109375,\n              40.613952441166596\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.87109375,\n              40.07807142745009\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              38.993572058209466\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.08007812499999,\n              37.68382032669382\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.37695312499999,\n              36.96744946416934\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              35.99578538642032\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              36.06686213257888\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director,&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/werc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/werc\">Western Ecological Research Center</a><br><a data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\" href=\"https://usgs.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>3020 State University Drive East<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Chapter A. Waterfowl and Shorebird Habitats, Drought, and Related Research in California’s Central Valley</li><li>Chapter B. Objective 1: Identify How Drought Influences Available Wetland Habitat Types and the Duration of Flooding</li><li>Chapter C. Objective 2: Evaluate the Impact of Changes in Waterfowl and Shorebird Food Energy Supplies</li><li>Chapter D. Objective 3: Integrate Wetland Classification Heuristic with Automated Water Tracking Data to Inform and Evaluate Water Allocation Decisions</li><li>Chapter E. Objective 4: Integrate Waterfowl Location and Dynamic Water Data to Evaluate Waterfowl Response to Distribution of Water</li><li>Appendixes</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2021-02-09","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matchett, Elliott 0000-0001-5095-2884 ematchett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5095-2884","contributorId":5541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matchett","given":"Elliott","email":"ematchett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiter, Matthew","contributorId":195769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reiter","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17734,"text":"Point Blue Conservation Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":809904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Overton, Cory T. 0000-0002-5060-7447 coverton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-7447","contributorId":3262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"Cory","email":"coverton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jongsomjit, Dennis","contributorId":197716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jongsomjit","given":"Dennis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70217867,"text":"ofr20211005 - 2021 - Estimation of suspended sediment at a discontinued streamgage on the lower Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-09T12:26:22.215944","indexId":"ofr20211005","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-08T18:20:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1005","displayTitle":"Estimation of Suspended Sediment at a Discontinued Streamgage on the Lower Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota","title":"Estimation of suspended sediment at a discontinued streamgage on the lower Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>In the spring of 2019, ice sheets transported down-stream during a large streamflow rise event in the lower Minnesota River destroyed an index-velocity streamgage at the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota (U.S. Geological Survey station 05330920; hereafter referred to as “Ft. Snelling”). The streamgage previously used an acoustic Doppler velocity meter to provide instantaneous streamflow and suspended-sedimentation concentration (SSC) data in backwater conditions caused by the confluence with the Mississippi River. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey cooperated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Lower Minnesota River Watershed District to develop linear regression models that estimate SSCs and suspended-sand concentrations (sand) at the destroyed streamgage using streamflow data from an upstream site Minnesota River near Jordan, Minn. (U.S. Geological Survey station 05330000, hereafter referred to as “Jordan”).</p><p>Simple linear regression models were developed for selected positions on the streamflow hydrograph to estimate SSC and sand at Ft. Snelling from the streamflow at Jordan. Statistically significant models could not be developed for estimating SSC at low streamflows and sand at high streamflows. Models developed to estimate sand were more uncertain than models used to estimate SSC, and models using streamflow to predict SSC and sand were more uncertain than models using acoustic backscatter to predict SSC. Annual loads of SSC and sand estimated from these models show the dynamic nature of sediment transport and storage in this section of the lower Minnesota River. These models and the associated ancillary data can help with management decisions that are crucial in managing aquatic habitat, supporting power production, and commercial navigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Lower Minnesota River Watershed District","usgsCitation":"Groten, J.T., Hendrickson, J.S., and Loomis, L.R., 2021, Estimation of suspended sediment at a discontinued streamgage on the lower Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1005, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211005.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 12 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-121668","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383100,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1005/ofr20211005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1005"},{"id":383101,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AIULOQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Suspended-sediment and sand concentrations, streamflow, acoustic data, linear regression models, and loads for the Lower Minnesota River, 2012 -2019"},{"id":383108,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1005/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Fort Snelling State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          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of Suspended-Sediment Loads</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-02-08","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groten, Joel T. 0000-0002-0441-8442 jgroten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-8442","contributorId":173464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groten","given":"Joel","email":"jgroten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendrickson, Jon S.","contributorId":177520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hendrickson","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loomis, Linda R.","contributorId":248820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loomis","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":50028,"text":"Lower Minnesota Watershed District","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70217745,"text":"ofr20201112 - 2021 - Summary of fish communities along Underwood Creek, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2004–2019","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-03T12:36:09.475181","indexId":"ofr20201112","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-02T12:50:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1112","displayTitle":"Summary of Fish Communities along Underwood Creek, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2004–2019","title":"Summary of fish communities along Underwood Creek, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2004–2019","docAbstract":"<p>Beginning in 2010, sections of Underwood Creek in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, have undergone reconstruction to allow for improved fish habitat and better management of storm flows. In addition, dam and drop structures were removed to help improve fish migration while reintroducing several native fish species. With the reconstruction of Underwood Creek underway, the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District sought to evaluate if these measures have resulted in improvements to the fish community in the upstream parts of the watershed. The U.S. Geological Survey began sampling fish communities in 2004 at the farthest downstream site on Underwood Creek (Reach A) which was reconstructed in 2017. Reach B, which is slightly upstream, had undergone reconstruction in 2010 and fish community sampling began in 2016. A third reach farther upstream near Elm Grove was schedule to begin reconstruction in 2019. To compare the fish before and after reconstruction at the Elm Grove Reach, a fish community survey was conducted in spring of 2019 at Elm Grove and Reach B. This document describes the fish community from this sampling in comparison to previous surveys. Before reconstruction, Elm Grove Reach contained fish species more indicative of a slower, stagnant, warmwater stream than the other two rehabilitated reaches. Although six of the eight species found in Elm Grove Reach have been found at the lower reaches, all but two of the species are considered tolerant. Reconstruction of Elm Grove Reach to a similar habitat as the lower reaches will likely support a more diverse fish community.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201112","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","usgsCitation":"Bell, A.H., Sullivan, D.J., and Scudder Eikenberry, B.C., 2021, Summary of fish communities along Underwood Creek, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2004–2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1112, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201112.","productDescription":"Report: v, 14 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-117234","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382828,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F77W698B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"U.S. Geological Survey, n.d., BioData — aquatic bioassessment data for the Nation"},{"id":382826,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1112/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382827,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1112/ofr20201112.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.81 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1112"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Milwaukee","otherGeospatial":"Underwood Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.13438415527344,\n              43.01594430071724\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.01696777343749,\n              43.01669737169671\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.01525115966797,\n              43.086441866511805\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.13301086425781,\n              43.08594039080513\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.13438415527344,\n              43.01594430071724\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/centers/umesc/\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/centers/umesc/\">Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>8505 Research Way<br>Middleton, WI 53562</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods</li><li>Fish Communities along Underwood Creek</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-02-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, Amanda H. 0000-0002-7199-2145 ahbell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-2145","contributorId":1752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Amanda","email":"ahbell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3738","contributorId":204322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eikenberry, Barbara C. Scudder 0000-0001-8058-1201 beikenberry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8058-1201","contributorId":172148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eikenberry","given":"Barbara C. Scudder","email":"beikenberry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":809446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70217742,"text":"ofr20201150 - 2021 - Summary of available data from the monarch overwintering colonies in central Mexico, 1976–1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-02T12:46:07.608646","indexId":"ofr20201150","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-01T15:55:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1150","displayTitle":"Summary of Available Data from the Monarch Overwintering Colonies in Central Mexico, 1976–1991","title":"Summary of available data from the monarch overwintering colonies in central Mexico, 1976–1991","docAbstract":"<p><span>Historical estimates of the area occupied by overwintering <i>Danaus plexippus</i> (monarchs) in central Mexico (between winters of 1976 and 1991) were published in García-Serrano and others (2004) and more recently in Mawdsley and others (2020). Our primary objectives were to identify the specific data that informed those estimates and, importantly, determine the degree to which the reported estimates reflect the total size of the overwintering monarch population during that period. Understanding how historical estimates of the overwintering area relate to total population size is necessary to ensure that inferences about population abundance and temporal trends are reliable, particularly as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is in the process of determining if the species should be listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Zylstra, E.R., Thogmartin, W.E., Ramírez, M.I., and Zipkin, E.F., 2020, Summary of available data from the monarch overwintering colonies in central Mexico, 1976–1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1150, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201150.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-123783","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1150/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382820,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1150/ofr20201150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2020-1150"}],"country":"Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -102.85400390625,\n              15.834535741221565\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.15283203125,\n              15.834535741221565\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.15283203125,\n              22.411028521558706\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.85400390625,\n              22.411028521558706\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.85400390625,\n              15.834535741221565\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/centers/umesc/\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/centers/umesc/\">Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>2630 Fanta Reed Road<br>La Crosse, WI 54602</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Overview</li><li>Monarch Migratory Cycle and Overwintering Ecology</li><li>Data Collection at Overwintering Colonies, 1993–2019</li><li>Historical Data, 1976–1990</li><li>Inferences About Monarch Population Size and Trends</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-02-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zylstra, Erin R 0000-0002-2536-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2536-0403","contributorId":218873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zylstra","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramirez, M. Isabel 0000-0002-6738-1165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6738-1165","contributorId":248586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramirez","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Isabel","affiliations":[{"id":25354,"text":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zipkin, Elise F. 0000-0003-4155-6139","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4155-6139","contributorId":192755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zipkin","given":"Elise","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70217723,"text":"ofr20201153 - 2021 - Estimates of county-level nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer and manure from 1950 through 2017 in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-01T15:13:30.295773","indexId":"ofr20201153","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-29T16:05:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1153","displayTitle":"Estimates of County-Level Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Fertilizer and Manure from 1950 through 2017 in the Conterminous United States","title":"Estimates of county-level nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer and manure from 1950 through 2017 in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"<p>This report and associated dataset provide tabular county-level estimates of kilograms of nitrogen and phosphorus generated from two sources: (a) fertilizer from commercial sources and (b) livestock-based manure, for the period 1950 through 2017 for the conterminous United States. Datasets collected during this time span are for intervals of approximately 5 years that coincide with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s census years. Nutrients from fertilizer for 1950–2012 are exactly those previously described in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports and datasets; however, estimates of nutrient masses from fertilizer applied in 2017 are described here as a new product modeled from 11 predictor variables for 2017 including county-level fertilizer expenditures, land use, and acres of fertilized land. Fertilizer-based estimates are provided for both farm and nonfarm (urban) usage. The estimates of nutrients from manure for all years were generated anew by using methods and formulas described in previous USGS reports but adjusted to account for historical changes in the annual averages of animal weights. The tabular data are available as an accompanying data release.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201153","usgsCitation":"Falcone, J.A., 2021, Estimates of county-level nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer and manure from 1950 through 2017 in the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1153, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201153.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 20 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-117936","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382790,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1153/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382791,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1153/ofr20201153.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.95 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]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Earth System Processes Division<br><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources\">Water Mission Area</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>12201 Sunrise Valley Drive<br>Reston, VA 20192</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods</li><li>Regional and National Results</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2021-01-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Falcone, James A. 0000-0001-7202-3592 jfalcone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-3592","contributorId":614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"James","email":"jfalcone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70217743,"text":"ofr20201134 - 2021 - Characterizing fault roughness—Are faults rougher at long or short wavelengths?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-01T15:17:49.001421","indexId":"ofr20201134","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-29T12:36:55","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1134","displayTitle":"Characterizing Fault Roughness—Are Faults Rougher at Long or Short Wavelengths?","title":"Characterizing fault roughness—Are faults rougher at long or short wavelengths?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Changes in fault roughness with scale, “scaling,” is the topic of this report; changes are considered using a general power law relation between some measure of surface height, <i>H</i>, and another of length, <i>L</i>, <i>H=kL<sup>n</sup></i>, where <i>k</i> is a constant and n is an exponent that characterizes the scaling. Extensive profile measurements of natural fault surfaces show that the ratio of average surface height to profile length decreases with scale. Average height is defined using the root mean squared height, Rq. For this analysis, fault surfaces are smoother at long wavelengths (have smaller average height to profile length ratios) than they are at shorter wavelengths. These and other statistical properties of natural fault surfaces hold for more than five orders of magnitude, a huge range from tens of micrometers to 10 meters. However, a different roughness metric, the average height (amplitude) that is specifically associated with a wavelength shows the opposite sense of scaling. The ratio of average amplitude to wavelength increases with wavelength. Thus, the same fault surface can be deemed rougher at long wavelength, or smoother, depending on the chosen metric. This apparent contradiction is a curiosity of the statistics of rough surfaces that have scaling exponents that relate profile length to Rq between 0.5 and 1, as most natural faults do. To add context, the implied roughness scaling for reference synthetic surfaces is determined. These span the natural range of scaling exponents and have moderate to strong point to point amplitude correlation. The potential payoff of expanded descriptions of natural fault roughness and of reference surfaces are improved constraints on physical mechanisms that generate and modify roughness during shear.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201134","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N.M., 2021, Characterizing fault roughness—Are faults rougher at long or short wavelengths?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1134, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201134.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-097230","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382822,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1134/ofr20201134.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1134"},{"id":382821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1134/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:eq_questions@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:eq_questions@usgs.gov\">Contact Information</a>, Menlo Park, Calif. <a href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/\"><br>Office—Earthquake Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 977<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Natural Fault Roughness</li><li>Ratios of Amplitude to Wavelength</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix. Voss-McCartney Algorithm for Pink Noise</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-01-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-3397-8481 nbeeler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":2682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"Nicholas","email":"nbeeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70217656,"text":"ofr20201151 - 2021 - Modeling Least Bell’s Vireo habitat suitability in current and historic ranges in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-27T12:54:14.460569","indexId":"ofr20201151","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-26T15:54:25","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1151","displayTitle":"Modeling Least Bell’s Vireo Habitat Suitability in Current and Historic Ranges in California","title":"Modeling Least Bell’s Vireo habitat suitability in current and historic ranges in California","docAbstract":"<p><span>We developed a habitat suitability model for the federally endangered Least Bell’s Vireo (</span><i>Vireo bellii pusillus</i><span>) across its current and historic range in California. The vireo disappeared from most of its range by the 1980s, remaining only in southern California and northern Baja California, Mexico. This decline was due to habitat loss and introduction of brood parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (</span><i>Molothrus ater</i><span>) into California in the late 1800s. Habitat protection and management since the mid-1980s increased southern California vireo populations with small numbers of birds recently expanding back into the historic range. The vireo habitat model will help meet the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recovery objectives by distinguishing specific areas to survey for new occurrences; characterizing important vireo-habitat relationships; and identifying areas for habitat management. We constructed models based on the vireo’s current range to predict suitable habitat in the historic range, which differs substantially in environmental conditions. We used the partitioned Mahalanobis D</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;modeling technique designed to predict habitat suitability in areas not included in a sample of species locations and under novel conditions. We constructed alternative models with different combinations of environmental variables hypothesized to be important components of vireo habitat. We selected a set of best performing models to predict suitable habitat for a riparian vegetation grid buffered 500 meters across California. Most models for southern California did not predict suitable habitat in the historic range. The top performing model has an area under the curve value of 0.93. It is a simple model and discriminated among riparian habitats, with only 6 percent predicted as suitable. On average, suitable vireo habitat had more than 60-percent riparian vegetation and flat land at the 150-meter scale, little-to-no slope, and was within 130 meters of water.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201151","collaboration":"Wildlife Program","usgsCitation":"Preston, K.L., Kus, B.E., and Perkins, E., 2021, Modeling Least Bell’s Vireo habitat suitability in current and historic ranges in California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1151, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201151.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 44 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-123538","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382648,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1151/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382649,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1151/ofr20201151.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1151"},{"id":382650,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90T9WT2","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Least Bell’s Vireo habitat suitability model for California (2019)"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/ centers/ werc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/ centers/ werc\">Western Ecological Research Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3020 State University Drive East<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendixes 1–3</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-01-26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Preston, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6958-1128 kpreston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6958-1128","contributorId":207765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"Kristine","email":"kpreston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kus, Barbara E. 0000-0002-3679-3044 barbara_kus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3679-3044","contributorId":3026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"Barbara E.","email":"barbara_kus@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, Emily 0000-0002-6286-3480 eperkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6286-3480","contributorId":140442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Emily","email":"eperkins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70217655,"text":"ofr20201141 - 2021 - Sediment mobility and river corridor assessment for a 140-kilometer segment of the main-stem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-15T19:59:13.766549","indexId":"ofr20201141","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-26T15:46:01","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1141","displayTitle":"Sediment Mobility and River Corridor Assessment for a 140-Kilometer Segment of the Main-Stem Klamath River Below Iron Gate Dam, California","title":"Sediment mobility and river corridor assessment for a 140-kilometer segment of the main-stem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>This river corridor assessment documents sediment mobility and river response to flood disturbance along a 140-kilometer segment of the main-stem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, California. Field and remote sensing methods were used to assess fundamental indicators of active sediment transport and river response to a combination of natural runoff events and reservoir releases during the study period from 2005 to 2019. Discharge measurements at two gaged sites and bed-material samples at two ungaged sites provided direct and indirect evidence of mobile bed conditions, scour and fill, and surface flushing of fine sediment. Available remote-sensing datasets collected in 2005, 2009, 2010, and 2016 were used to determine sediment storage, flood inundation boundaries, and provide indirect evidence of flood-induced scour. These datasets validate channel-maintenance flows defined by Shea and others (2016). During the study period, flows greater than or equal to 6,030 cubic feet per second mobilized the substrate, caused localized scour, and flushed fine sediment from bar surfaces. Flows greater than or equal to 10,400 cubic feet per second stripped vegetation from bars and floodplains and produced deeper scour. Flood disturbance within the study reach is produced by the combined effect of natural flows and reservoir releases, which resulted in mobile bed conditions during the study period. Periodic scour and substrate disturbance are considered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to be integral for managing disease-induced mortality of juvenile and adult salmonids. Substrate conditions conducive to parasites that host infectious diseases, particularly Ceratonova shasta, occur periodically. Additional studies are required to determine whether disease prevalence can be mitigated by well-timed reservoir releases. Study results are useful for interpreting linkages among physical and biological processes and for evaluating the effectiveness of flow management targeted to improve river bed conditions for endangered salmonid populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201141","collaboration":"Water Availability and Use Science Program<br />Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation","usgsCitation":"Curtis, J., Poitras, T., Bond, S., and Byrd, K., 2021, Sediment mobility and river corridor assessment for a 140-kilometer segment of the main-stem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1141, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201141.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 38 p.; 2 Data Releases; Related Work","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-120782","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397134,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1141/ofr20201141_table1.1.csv","text":"Table 1.1","size":"5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"— Discharge measurements with an accuracy rating of fair (±8%) or better for the Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam CA (USGS 11516530) gaging station for water years 2016 to 2019."},{"id":382633,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS web interface","description":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, National Water Information System: U.S. Geological Survey web interface, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN.","linkHelpText":"— U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, National Water Information System"},{"id":382632,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q2FZK2","text":"USGS data release","description":"Poitras, T.B., and Byrd, K.K, Curtis, J.A., and Bond, S., 2020, Sediment mobility and river corridor assessment for a 140-km segment of the mainstem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, CA – vegetation mapping 2005, 2009, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q2FZK2.","linkHelpText":"Sediment mobility and river corridor assessment for a 140-km segment of the mainstem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, CA – vegetation mapping 2005, 2009, 2016"},{"id":382631,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91X3RSF","text":"USGS data release","description":"Curtis, J.A., and Bond, S., 2021, Sediment mobility and river corridor assessment for a 140-km segment of the mainstem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, CA – database of geomorphic features 2010: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P91X3RSF.","linkHelpText":"Sediment mobility and river corridor assessment for a 140-km segment of the mainstem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, CA – database of geomorphic features 2010"},{"id":382629,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1141/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":397135,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1141/ofr20201141_table1.2.csv","text":"Table 1.2","size":"5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"— Discharge measurements with an accuracy of fair (±8%) or better for the Klamath River near Seiad Valley CA (USGS 11520500)  gaging station for water years 2016 to 2019."},{"id":382630,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1141/ofr20201141.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1141"}],"country":"United 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kbyrd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-7486","contributorId":172431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"Kristin","email":"kbyrd@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70217278,"text":"ofr20201128 - 2021 - Nearshore water quality and coral health indicators along the west coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi, 2010–2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T23:40:02.79231","indexId":"ofr20201128","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-15T11:57:31","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1128","displayTitle":"Nearshore Water Quality and Coral Health Indicators Along the West Coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi, 2010–2014","title":"Nearshore water quality and coral health indicators along the west coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi, 2010–2014","docAbstract":"<p><span>Coral reefs worldwide are experiencing rapid degradation in response to climate and land-use change, namely effects of warming sea-surface temperatures, contaminant runoff, and overfishing. Extensive coral bleaching caused by the steady rise of sea-surface temperatures is projected to increase, but our understanding and ability to predict where corals may be most resilient to this effect is limited owing to a lack of knowledge of nearshore habitat conditions and the role of compromised coral health in preconditioning bleaching vulnerability. On high islands and most atolls, fresh to brackish groundwater discharges to the coast through the beach face and seafloor, where it mixes with marine waters and commonly creates cool estuarine nearshore waters that are important to wildlife and ecosystem services that benefit people. Here, we summarize results of a study to evaluate the ecosystem services and effects of groundwater on coral reef health and the potential role of groundwater to maintain cold-water refugia that can buffer corals from thermal stress during temperature maxima. Across 75 kilometers of the west coastline of the Island of Hawaiʻi, paired time-series and discrete measurements of water quality, coral-community and colony size structures, and coral health indicators, including bleaching, at 33 stations grouped into 12 study areas were made from July 2010 to December 2013. The results show that nearshore water temperatures are depressed by groundwater across extensive areas of the nearshore. Persistent cold-water refugia ranging from 1 to 5 degrees Celsius below surrounding marine water temperatures are shown to be associated with identified groundwater inputs. Significant correlations were found between metrics of coral health and water temperature. Because areas of temperature refugia were notable along the west coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi and are identified by ecologists as increasingly important to valued wildlife, improved understanding of groundwater flux to the long-term resilience of coral reefs is likely important. In particular, evaluating the extent that the magnitude and timing of groundwater discharge across the nearshore mitigate thermal bleaching stress may help inform the fate of coral reefs projected to experience rising sea-surface temperatures worldwide.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Grossman, E.E., Marrack, L., and vanArendonk, N.R., 2021, Nearshore water quality and coral health indicators along the west coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi, 2010–2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1128, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201128.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 45 p.; Data Releases","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112588","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science 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Discussion</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendixes</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2021-01-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, Eric E. 0000-0003-0269-6307 egrossman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-6307","contributorId":196610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Eric","email":"egrossman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marrack, Lisa","contributorId":215564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marrack","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36942,"text":"University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"vanArendonk, Nathan R. 0000-0003-3911-995X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3911-995X","contributorId":219469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"vanArendonk","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12723,"text":"Western Washington University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70217188,"text":"ofr20201136 - 2021 - Development and application of surrogate models, calculated loads, and aquatic export of carbon based on specific conductance, Big Cypress National Preserve, south Florida, 2015–17","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T12:46:29.556276","indexId":"ofr20201136","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-14T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1136","displayTitle":"Development and Application of Surrogate Models, Calculated Loads, and Aquatic Export of Carbon Based  on Specific Conductance, Big Cypress National Preserve, South Florida, 2015–17","title":"Development and application of surrogate models, calculated loads, and aquatic export of carbon based on specific conductance, Big Cypress National Preserve, south Florida, 2015–17","docAbstract":"<p>Understanding the carbon transport within aquatic environments is crucial to quantifying global and local carbon budgets, yet limited empirical data currently (2021) exist. This report documents methodology and provides data for quantifying the aquatic export of carbon from a cypress swamp within Big Cypress National Preserve and is part of a larger carbon budget study. The U.S. Geological Survey operated two continuous monitoring stations, 022889001 and 022909471, that measured flow volume and water quality within the Big Cypress National Preserve in South Florida from September 2015 to October 2017. Station 022889001 represented the flow into the study area and station 022909471 represented the flow out of the study area. Site-specific regression models were developed by using continuously measured specific conductance and concomitant, discretely collected dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, and particulate carbon samples to calculate total carbon (TC) concentrations at 15-minute intervals.</p><p>Calculated TC concentrations typically increased as flow was decreasing and decreased as flow was increasing. TC loads were calculated by multiplying concentrations and flow volume, and the difference between the load calculations for input/output locations of the swamp flow system was used to determine the aquatic carbon export from the study area.</p><p>Calculated monthly TC loads ranged from 0 metric tons in spring 2017 at both stations to 3,145 and 7,821 metric tons in September 2017 at 022889001 and 022909471, respectively. During 2016, the annual loads were 10,479 and 15,243 metric tons at 022889001 and 022909471, respectively. Calculated monthly aquatic TC exports from the study area ranged from −0.7 gram of carbon per square meter in May 2016 to 44.1 grams of carbon per square meter during September 2017. The carbon export from the study area varied monthly, increased as flow increased, and was greatly influenced by Hurricane Irma in September 2017. The aquatic TC export from the Sweetwater Strand study area was 42.0 grams of carbon per square meter per year in 2016, which is substantially (about 15 times) larger than the estimated overall mean riverine carbon export per square meter for the eastern United States; however, it was also less than the monthly export of carbon in September 2017. The monthly aquatic carbon export from the study area in September 2017 alone was greater than the aquatic carbon export from all of 2016, which is largely the result of the substantial increase in flow attributed to Hurricane Irma.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201136","collaboration":"Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystem Science Program","usgsCitation":"Booth, A.C., 2021, Development and application of surrogate models, calculated loads, and aquatic export of carbon based on specific conductance, Big Cypress National Preserve, South Florida, 2015–17: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1136, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201136.","productDescription":"Report: v, 14 p.; Data Release; 2 Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112929","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382104,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/appendix2.rtf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"960 kB","description":"OFR 2020-1136 Appendix 2 rtf file","linkHelpText":"Model Archive for Total Carbon Concentration at U.S. Geological Survey Station  022909471: Loop Road Culverts Monroe Station to  Florida Trail, Florida (rtf file)"},{"id":382062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382063,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/ofr20201136.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1136"},{"id":382064,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EXZLJT","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Calculated carbon concentrations, loads, and export in Big Cypress National Preserve, South Florida, 2015-2017"},{"id":382101,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/appendix1.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"424 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1136 Appendix 1 pdf file","linkHelpText":"Model Archive for Total Carbon  Concentration at U.S. Geological Survey Station  022889001: Tamiami Canal 11 Mile Road to Monroe  Station, Florida"},{"id":382102,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/appendix2.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"356 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1136 Appendix 2 pdf file","linkHelpText":"Model Archive for Total Carbon Concentration at U.S. Geological Survey Station  022909471: Loop Road Culverts Monroe Station to  Florida Trail, Florida"},{"id":382103,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/appendix1.rtf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"2.91 MB","description":"OFR 2020-1136 Appendix 1 rtf file","linkHelpText":"Model Archive for Total Carbon  Concentration at U.S. Geological Survey Station  022889001: Tamiami Canal 11 Mile Road to Monroe  Station, Florida (rtf file)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Big Cypress National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.22604370117186,\n              25.812254545273433\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8978271484375,\n              25.812254545273433\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8978271484375,\n              26.058016587844723\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.22604370117186,\n              26.058016587844723\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.22604370117186,\n              25.812254545273433\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water/\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108<br>Lutz, FL 33559</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Study Methods</li><li>Lateral Variability</li><li>Total Carbon Models</li><li>Total Carbon Concentrations, Loads, and Export</li><li>Summary</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendixes 1–2</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-01-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, Amanda 0000-0002-2666-2366 acbooth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2666-2366","contributorId":5432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"Amanda","email":"acbooth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70217247,"text":"ofr20201135 - 2021 - An assessment of the economic potential of lignite and leonardite resources in the Williston Basin, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T12:52:49.599044","indexId":"ofr20201135","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-13T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1135","displayTitle":"An Assessment of the Economic Potential of Lignite and Leonardite Resources in the Williston Basin, North Dakota","title":"An assessment of the economic potential of lignite and leonardite resources in the Williston Basin, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) requested assistance from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to conduct an assessment study to identify areas that may have economic potential for the future extraction of lignite and leonardite resources in the Williston Basin in North Dakota. The study will be used by the BLM to assist with the preparation of a revised resource management plan for the Williston Basin, in accordance with BLM planning policies.</p><p>The assessment of the economic potential of lignite resources required the establishment of criteria defining an economic lignite deposit. In consultation with the BLM, criteria were established to delineate drill holes that contained economic lignite beds. The criteria established are a minimum lignite bed thickness, a minimum cumulative lignite thickness, a maximum cumulative stripping ratio, and a maximum overburden. Likewise, an assessment of the economic potential of leonardite deposits required the establishment of criteria delineating drill holes that contained economic leonardite deposits. The criteria established are a minimum leonardite bed thickness, a minimum cumulative leonardite thickness, and a maximum overburden.</p><p>The drill hole data utilized in this study were obtained from the National Coal Resources Data System database and from several coal companies. Data from more than 20,000 drill holes, both proprietary and nonproprietary, were used to compile areas of economic potential for lignite or leonardite.</p><p>Areas delineated as having lignite or leonardite resources with economic potential, based on the established criteria, were present in 24 counties in the western portion of North Dakota. Areas of economic potential were delineated using a visual best-fit method without croplines. Areas defined as having economic potential for certain lignite beds or leonardite deposits may extend beyond known croplines in this study.</p><p>Stratigraphically, the lignite and leonardite deposits in the Williston Basin in North Dakota are mostly found in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation. Thick (greater than 20 feet) and laterally extensive (greater than 5 square miles) lignite beds are present in the Fort Union Formation throughout the Sentinel Butte and Tongue River Members. Lignite beds are also present in the Ludlow Member of the Fort Union Formation, although they are not as numerous or thick as they are in the overlying Sentinel Butte and Tongue River Members. As a result of lateral facies changes and migrating fluvial channel complexes in the Fort Union Formation, lignite beds of varying thickness occupy different stratigraphic horizons vertically throughout the Williston Basin.</p><p>The calculation of volumes for lignite and leonardite resources was not part of the scope of this study requested by the BLM, but a future study by the USGS may involve a comprehensive assessment of lignite resources and reserves in the Williston Basin. This future study could combine geologic data compiled in this study with geologic data from a previously unpublished 2019 assessment study by the USGS in the Williston Basin in eastern Montana. This future USGS study could also include the calculation of volumes for lignite resources and reserves, based on economic models derived using analogs from active mining operations in the Williston Basin and available spot market or contract coal prices.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, B.N., 2021, An assessment of the economic potential of lignite and leonardite resources in the Williston Basin, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1135, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201135.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-120360","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436582,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93GGU6P","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Mercer and Oliver Counties, North Dakota"},{"id":436581,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93GGU6P","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Mercer and Oliver Counties, North Dakota"},{"id":436580,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NWIHEE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in McLean County, North Dakota"},{"id":436579,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NWIHEE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in McLean County, North Dakota"},{"id":436578,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94V9WV8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Billings County, North Dakota"},{"id":436577,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94V9WV8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Billings County, North Dakota"},{"id":436576,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90636SP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Golden Valley County, North Dakota"},{"id":436575,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90636SP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Golden Valley County, North Dakota"},{"id":436574,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FHHH4T","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Dunn County, North Dakota"},{"id":382138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1135/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382139,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1135/ofr20201135.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1135"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Williston Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.0625,\n              45.89000815866184\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.931640625,\n              45.89000815866184\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.931640625,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0625,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0625,\n              45.89000815866184\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"http://energy.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://energy.usgs.gov/\">Central Energy Resources Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>Box 25046, MS-939<br>Denver, CO 80225-0046</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Previous Studies</li><li>Study Area</li><li>Generalized Geology</li><li>Data</li><li>Methodology</li><li>Areas of Potentially Economic Lignite</li><li>Areas of Potentially Economic Leonardite</li><li>Future Studies</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-01-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, Brian N. 0000-0002-8787-7504","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8787-7504","contributorId":203755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Brian N.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70217128,"text":"ofr20201132 - 2021 - U.S. Geological Survey Community for Data Integration 2019 Workshop Proceedings—From big data to smart data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-08T12:52:02.874636","indexId":"ofr20201132","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-07T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1132","displayTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Community for Data Integration 2019 Workshop Proceedings—From Big Data to Smart Data","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Community for Data Integration 2019 Workshop Proceedings—From big data to smart data","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Community for Data Integration (CDI) Workshop was held during June 3–7, 2019, at Center Green in Boulder, Colo. The theme of the workshop was “From Big Data to Smart Data” with the purpose of bringing together the community to discuss current topics, shared challenges, and steps forward to advance twenty-first century science at the USGS. The workshop agenda was driven by the needs of the CDI with topics highlighting current resources and technologies that could help attendees in their daily work. Workshop-session categories included enabling integrated science, computing in the cloud, advancing data management, releasing and preserving science outputs, and improving usability and communication. These proceedings provide documentation of the plenary talks, topical-session content and notes, posters, live demonstrations, and attendee comments from the 2019 CDI Workshop.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201132","usgsCitation":"Hsu, L., 2021, U.S. Geological Survey Community for Data Integration 2019 Workshop Proceedings—From big data to smart data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1132, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201132.","productDescription":"ix, 48 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-122707","costCenters":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38128,"text":"Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1132/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":381963,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1132/ofr20201132.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1132"}],"contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/science-analytics-and-synthesis//\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/science-analytics-and-synthesis//\">Science Analytics and Synthesis</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>P.O. Box 25046, Mail Stop 302<br>Denver, CO 80225</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Presentations</li><li>Topical Sessions</li><li>Trainings</li><li>DataBlast</li><li>Summary of Workshop Outcomes</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Agenda</li><li>Appendix 2. Attendees</li><li>Appendix 3. Key Take-aways</li><li>Appendix 4. Interactive Questions and Comments</li><li>Appendix 5. Community for Data Integration and Science Support Framework</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2021-01-07","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsu, Leslie 0000-0002-5353-807X lhsu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5353-807X","contributorId":191745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsu","given":"Leslie","email":"lhsu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70212786,"text":"ofr20191023C - 2020 - Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals in Alaska—Aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten, chap. C of U.S. Geological Survey, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic sources of critical minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T16:56:03.904619","indexId":"ofr20191023C","displayToPublicDate":"2022-07-14T10:32:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-1023","chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Resources of 11 Critical Minerals in Alaska—Aluminum, Cobalt, Graphite, Lithium, Niobium, Platinum Group Elements, Rare Earth Elements, Tantalum, Tin, Titanium, and Tungsten","title":"Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals in Alaska—Aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten, chap. C of U.S. Geological Survey, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic sources of critical minerals","docAbstract":"<p>Phase 2 of the Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI) focuses on geologic belts that are favorable for hosting mineral systems that may contain select critical minerals. Phase 1 of the Earth MRI program focused on rare earth elements (REE), and phase 2 adds aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group metals, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten. This report describes the methodology and techniques utilized to define focus areas for future data acquisition in Alaska; the conterminous United States are covered in a separate report.</p><p>Definition of focus areas relies on a mineral systems framework that considers geologic features that may influence or control the formation and preservation of a mineral deposit and links the critical commodities to genetically related processes. Mineral systems are therefore larger than any given deposit. Evaluation of these larger systems allows for a broader understanding of how and where critical minerals may move through geologic systems.</p><p>Delineation of focus areas in Alaska was informed by statewide geological, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral occurrence datasets that are publicly available. Additionally, previously published prospectivity analyses for six different critical mineral-bearing deposit types help identify focus areas. A total of 74 focus areas prospective for the phase 2 critical minerals that occur in 12 different mineral systems were defined in Alaska. Identified focus areas may be used to guide future geologic, geochemical, and geophysical data in the State of Alaska.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191023C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Kreiner, D.C., and Jones, J.V., 2020, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals in Alaska—Aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten (ver. 1.1, July 2022), chap. C <em>of</em> U.S. Geological Survey, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic sources of critical minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1023, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023C.","productDescription":"viii, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-118999","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403734,"rank":7,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023E","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-E","linkHelpText":"- Alaska Focus Area Definition for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Sources of Critical Minerals in Alaska for Antimony, Barite, Beryllium, Chromium, Fluorspar, Hafnium, Magnesium, Manganese, Uranium, Vanadium, and Zirconium"},{"id":403733,"rank":6,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023D","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-D","linkHelpText":"- Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Resources of 13 Critical Minerals in the Conterminous United States and Puerto Rico—Antimony, Barite, Beryllium, Chromium, Fluorspar, Hafnium, Helium, Magnesium, Manganese, Potash, Uranium, Vanadium, and Zirconium"},{"id":501523,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_110565.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":378569,"rank":5,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023B","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-B","description":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-B","linkHelpText":"- Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Resources of 11 Critical Minerals in the Conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico—Aluminum, Cobalt, Graphite, Lithium, Niobium, Platinum-Group Elements, Rare Earth Elements, Tantalum, Tin, Titanium, and Tungsten"},{"id":378568,"rank":4,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023A","text":"Open-File Report 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1.0: September 2020: Version 1.1: July 2022","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/asc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/asc/\">Alaska Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>4210 University Drive<br>Anchorage, Alaska 99508</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Preface</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Mineral Systems Approach</li><li>Data Sources</li><li>Delineation of Focus Areas</li><li>Mineral Systems</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2020-09-17","revisedDate":"2022-07-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kreiner, Douglas C. 0000-0002-4405-1403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4405-1403","contributorId":220474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreiner","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":799118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, James V. III 0000-0002-6602-5935 jvjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6602-5935","contributorId":201245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"James","suffix":"III","email":"jvjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":799119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70213160,"text":"ofr20191023B - 2020 - Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals in the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico—Aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T16:54:19.281618","indexId":"ofr20191023B","displayToPublicDate":"2022-07-14T10:31:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-1023","chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Resources of 11 Critical Minerals in the Conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico—Aluminum, Cobalt, Graphite, Lithium, Niobium, Platinum-Group Elements, Rare Earth Elements, Tantalum, Tin, Titanium, and Tungsten","title":"Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals in the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico—Aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten","docAbstract":"<p>In response to a need for information on potential domestic sources of critical minerals, the Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI) was established to identify and prioritize areas for acquisition of new geologic mapping, geophysical data, and elevation data to improve our knowledge of the geologic framework of the United States. Phase 1 of Earth MRI concentrated on those geologic terranes favorable for hosting the rare earth elements (REEs). Phase 2 continued to address the REEs and also identified focus areas for potential domestic sources of 10 more of the 35 critical minerals on the U.S. critical minerals list (aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten). This report describes the methodology, data sources, and summary results for mineral systems that host these 11 critical minerals in the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico; Alaska is covered in a separate report. The mineral systems framework adopted for this study links critical mineral commodities to families of genetically related mineral deposit types. The mineral systems approach is an efficient approach, providing a simultaneous evaluation of geologic terranes through aggregation of genetically related mineral deposit types that are much larger than individual ore deposits. Geologic, geochemical, topographic, and geophysical mapping provided by Earth MRI will document geologic features that reflect the extent of individual mineral systems and provide information about critical mineral deposits that may not have been recognized previously.</p><p>Each critical mineral commodity is discussed in terms of importance to the Nation’s economy, modes of occurrence, mineral systems, and deposit types along with maps and tables listing examples of focus areas for each critical mineral. Important mineral systems for these critical minerals include chemical weathering systems for aluminum (bauxite); placer systems for titanium and REEs; metamorphic systems for graphite; mafic magmatic systems for platinum-group elements and cobalt; lacustrine evaporite and porphyry tin systems for lithium; and copper-molybdenum-gold (Cu-Mo-Au) systems for tungsten. REEs occur in many different mineral systems. Focus areas were developed by scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey in collaboration with scientists from State geological surveys and other institutions. This first national-scale compilation of focus areas represents an initial step in addressing the Nation’s critical mineral needs by screening areas for acquisition of new data to provide the geologic framework necessary for identifying domestic sources of critical minerals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191023B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with American Association of State Geologists","usgsCitation":"Hammarstrom, J., Dicken, C., Day, W., Hofstra, A., Drenth, B., Shah, A., McCafferty, A., Woodruff, L., Foley, N., Ponce, D., Frost, T., and Stillings, L., 2020, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals in the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico—Aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten (ver. 1.1, July 2022), chap. B <em>of</em> U.S. Geological Survey, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic sources of critical minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1023, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023B.","productDescription":"xiii, 67 p.","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-119187","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436687,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U6SODG","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GIS for focus areas of potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals-aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten (version 2.0, August 2020)"},{"id":436686,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95CO8LR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GIS for focus areas of potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals - aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten"},{"id":403732,"rank":7,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023E","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-E","linkHelpText":"- Alaska Focus Area Definition for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Sources of Critical Minerals in Alaska for Antimony, Barite, Beryllium, Chromium, Fluorspar, Hafnium, Magnesium, Manganese, Uranium, Vanadium, and Zirconium"},{"id":403731,"rank":6,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023D","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-D","linkHelpText":"- Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Resources of 13 Critical Minerals in the Conterminous United States and Puerto Rico—Antimony, Barite, Beryllium, Chromium, Fluorspar, Hafnium, Helium, Magnesium, Manganese, Potash, Uranium, Vanadium, and Zirconium"},{"id":501522,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_110563.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":378334,"rank":4,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023A","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-A","linkHelpText":"- Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Sources of Critical Minerals—Rare Earth Elements"},{"id":403684,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1023/b/versionHist.txt","size":"3.32 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":378335,"rank":5,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023C","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-C","linkHelpText":"- Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Resources of 11 Critical Minerals in Alaska—Aluminum, Cobalt, Graphite, Lithium, Niobium, Platinum Group Elements, Rare Earth Elements, Tantalum, Tin, Titanium, and Tungsten"},{"id":378316,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1023/b/ofr20191023b.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1023-B"},{"id":378315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1023/b/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n    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data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/energy-and-minerals/mineral-resources-program\">Mineral Resources Program</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>913 National Center<br>Reston, VA 20192</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Preface</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Background</li><li>Methods</li><li>Data Sources</li><li>Delineation of Focus Areas</li><li>Using Focus Areas</li><li>Phase 2 Critical Mineral Commodities and Associated Mineral Systems</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Mineral Systems Framework</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2020-09-18","revisedDate":"2022-07-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dicken, Connie L. 0000-0002-1617-8132 cdicken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1617-8132","contributorId":57098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dicken","given":"Connie","email":"cdicken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hofstra, Albert H. 0000-0002-2450-1593 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science 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,{"id":70208401,"text":"ofr20201012 - 2020 - Major-element compositional data and thermal data for drill core from K&#299;lauea Iki lava lake, plus analyses of glasses from scoria of the 1959 summit eruption of K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T12:03:49.083736","indexId":"ofr20201012","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-15T15:40:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1012","displayTitle":"Major-Element Compositional Data and Thermal Data for Drill Core from K&#299;lauea Iki Lava Lake, Plus Analyses of Glasses from Scoria of the 1959 Summit Eruption of K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawaii","title":"Major-element compositional data and thermal data for drill core from K&#299;lauea Iki lava lake, plus analyses of glasses from scoria of the 1959 summit eruption of K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents electron microprobe data on glasses and selected crystalline phases from Kīlauea Iki lava lake and glasses from the 1959 summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii. Some of these data have been published previously, but the complete set has not been published before. In addition, this report includes electron microprobe data for phases in melting experiments reported earlier, which form the basis for using many of the glass compositions reported here to estimate quenching temperatures of the samples. Finally, because of the latter application, this report includes all useful field determinations of temperature taken in Kīlauea Iki boreholes from 1967 to 1988. These field measurements have been merged with geothermometry based on glass and Fe-Ti oxide compositions to produce a comprehensive review of all available thermal information for Kīlauea Iki. Making these datasets available completes documentation of field and chemical information on Kīlauea Iki lava lake, supplementing six previous U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports listed in the References Cited.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201012","usgsCitation":"Helz, R.T., 2020, Major-element compositional data and thermal data for drill core from Kīlauea Iki lava lake, plus analyses of glasses from scoria of the 1959 summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii (ver 1.1, December 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1012, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201012.","productDescription":"Report: v, 48 p.; Appendix 1-2","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-109981","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374174,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201012_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Tables 1.1–1.13 as an Excel file"},{"id":374175,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201012_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"48.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Tables 2.1–2.4 as an Excel file"},{"id":374172,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":374177,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201021_appendix2_csv.zip","text":"Appendix 2","size":"5.50 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Tables 2.1–2.4 as CSV files in a zipped folder"},{"id":374205,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.00 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1012"},{"id":392665,"rank":7,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/versionHist.txt","size":"691 B","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":374176,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201021_appendix1_csv.zip","text":"Appendix 1","size":"41.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Tables 1.1–1.13 as CSV files in a zipped folder"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.30410766601562,\n              19.38759093442151\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2306365966797,\n              19.38759093442151\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2306365966797,\n              19.44846418467642\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30410766601562,\n              19.44846418467642\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30410766601562,\n              19.38759093442151\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: April 23, 2020; Version 1.1: December 15, 2021","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/fbgc\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/fbgc\">Florence Bascom Geoscience Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>12201 Sunrise Valley Drive<br>Reston, VA 21092</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Introduction</li><li>Background and Previous Work</li><li>Electron Microprobe Analytical Techniques</li><li>Discussion of Glass Compositional Data</li><li>Discussion of Analyses of Crystalline Phases</li><li>Discussion of Analyses from Melting Experiments</li><li>Notes on the Analytical Tables (Appendix 1)</li><li>Thermal Data on Kīlauea Iki Lava Lake—Methods</li><li>Notes on the Thermal Data in Appendix 2 and in Figures 15–22</li><li>Comparative Geothermometry for Individual Cores from Kīlauea Iki Lava Lake</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1</li><li>Appendix 2</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2020-04-23","revisedDate":"2021-12-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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