We propose that the Rajahmundry Trap lavas, found near the east coast of peninsular India,are remnants of the longest lava flows yet recognized on Earth (∼ 1000 km long). These outlying Deccan-like lavas are shown to belong to the main Deccan Traps. Several previous studies have already suggested this correlation, but have not demonstrated it categorically. The exposed Rajahmundry lavas are interpreted to be the distal parts of two very-large-volume pāhoehoe flow fields, one each from the Ambenali and Mahabaleshwar Formations of the Wai Sub-group in the Deccan Basalt Group. Eruptive conditions required to emplace such long flows are met by plausible values for cooling and eruption rates, and this is shown by applying a model for the formation of inflated pāhoehoe sheet flow lobes. The model predicts flow lobe thicknesses similar to those observed in the Rajahmundry lavas. For the last 400 km of flow, the lava flows were confined to the pre-existing Krishna valley drainage system that existed in the basement beyond the edge of the gradually expanding Deccan lava field, allowing the flows to extend across the subcontinent to the eastern margin where they were emplaced into a littoral and/or shallow marine environment. These lavas and other individual flow fields in the Wai Sub-group may exceed eruptive volumes of 5000 km3, which would place them amongst the largest magnitude effusive eruptive units yet known.
We suggest that the length of flood basalt lava flows on Earth is restricted mainly by the size of land masses and topography. In the case of the Rajahmundry lavas, the flows reached estuaries and the sea, where their advance was perhaps effectively terminated by cooling and/or disruption. However, it is only during large igneous province basaltic volcanism that such huge volumes of lava are erupted in single events, and when the magma supply rate is sufficiently high and maintained to allow the formation of very long lava flows. The Rajahmundry lava fields were emplaced around 65 Ma during the later times of Deccan volcanism, probably just after the K/T environmental crisis. However, many lava-forming eruptions of similar magnitude and style straddled the K/T boundary.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.11.012","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Self, S., Jay, A.E., Widdowson, M., and Keszthelyi, L., 2008, Correlation of the Deccan and Rajahmundry Trap lavas: Are these the longest and largest lava flows on Earth?: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 172, no. 1-2, p. 3-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.11.012.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","otherGeospatial":"Rajahmundry Trap","volume":"172","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc45e4b0c8380cd4e1dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Self, Stephen","contributorId":191218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Self","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jay, Anne E.","contributorId":210513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jay","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Widdowson, Michael","contributorId":210514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Widdowson","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":440977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033400,"text":"70033400 - 2008 - Linking environmental risk assessment and communication: An experiment in co-evolving scientific and social knowledge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:38","indexId":"70033400","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2048,"text":"International Journal of Global Environmental Issues","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking environmental risk assessment and communication: An experiment in co-evolving scientific and social knowledge","docAbstract":"Dissemination of information to decision-makers and enhanced methods of public participation are often put forward as antidotes to a perceived disconnect between risk assessment and risk communication in the public domain. However, mechanisms that support both the provision of routine, timely and relevant technical knowledge to the public and meaningful opportunities for public participation in the evaluation and management of risk are few. We argue for the need to re-conceptualise the institutional context in which risk research and communication occur as one in which scientific knowledge and public understanding are co-evolutionary instead of independent or sequential. Here, we report on an experiment to promote coevolution of environmental risk assessment and risk communication through the instrumental use of a web-based platform that dynamically links expert and public discourses through common information sources, linked scenario evaluations, and opportunities for iterative dialogue. On the basis of technical feasibility, research value and public communication capacity, we conclude that there is potential for further refinement of the methodologies presented here. Copyright ?? 2008 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Global Environmental Issues","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1504/IJGENVI.2008.017264","issn":"14666650","usgsCitation":"Graffy, E., and Booth, N., 2008, Linking environmental risk assessment and communication: An experiment in co-evolving scientific and social knowledge: International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, v. 8, no. 1-2, p. 132-146, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGENVI.2008.017264.","startPage":"132","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213140,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJGENVI.2008.017264"},{"id":240733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47d3e4b0c8380cd679dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graffy, E.A.","contributorId":84984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graffy","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Booth, N.L.","contributorId":60815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033554,"text":"70033554 - 2008 - Sampling considerations for disease surveillance in wildlife populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033554","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling considerations for disease surveillance in wildlife populations","docAbstract":"Disease surveillance in wildlife populations involves detecting the presence of a disease, characterizing its prevalence and spread, and subsequent monitoring. A probability sample of animals selected from the population and corresponding estimators of disease prevalence and detection provide estimates with quantifiable statistical properties, but this approach is rarely used. Although wildlife scientists often assume probability sampling and random disease distributions to calculate sample sizes, convenience samples (i.e., samples of readily available animals) are typically used, and disease distributions are rarely random. We demonstrate how landscape-based simulation can be used to explore properties of estimators from convenience samples in relation to probability samples. We used simulation methods to model what is known about the habitat preferences of the wildlife population, the disease distribution, and the potential biases of the convenience-sample approach. Using chronic wasting disease in free-ranging deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as a simple illustration, we show that using probability sample designs with appropriate estimators provides unbiased surveillance parameter estimates but that the selection bias and coverage errors associated with convenience samples can lead to biased and misleading results. We also suggest practical alternatives to convenience samples that mix probability and convenience sampling. For example, a sample of land areas can be selected using a probability design that oversamples areas with larger animal populations, followed by harvesting of individual animals within sampled areas using a convenience sampling method.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2007-317","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Nusser, S., Clark, W., Otis, D.L., and Huang, L., 2008, Sampling considerations for disease surveillance in wildlife populations: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 1, p. 52-60, https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-317.","startPage":"52","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476660,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=stat_las_pubs","text":"External Repository"},{"id":214516,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-317"},{"id":242250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab074e4b0c8380cd87b00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nusser, S.M.","contributorId":49302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nusser","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, W.R.","contributorId":70716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otis, David L.","contributorId":64396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huang, L.","contributorId":19383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033754,"text":"70033754 - 2008 - Brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) trappability: Attributes of the snake, environment and trap","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70033754","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":837,"text":"Applied Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) trappability: Attributes of the snake, environment and trap","docAbstract":"We examined three classes of factors that may influence brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) trappability on Guam: (1) attributes of the snake, (2) attributes of the environment and (3) attributes of the trap. The attributes of the snake we considered included body condition, length and sex. Heavier snakes for a given size (better body condition) moved less and were less easily trapped. Longer snakes were easier to trap. Males were also slightly more easily trapped than females. We compared brown treesnake trappability between two study sites that differed greatly in the abundance of diurnal skinks, an important prey item for smaller snakes. We predicted that snakes, especially small individuals (<800 mm snout-vent length), would be more easily trapped in the low prey environment, a result that received only weak support from our data. However, small snakes were rarely trapped under any circumstance. We also predicted that diurnal foraging would be observed in the site with a higher density of diurnal prey, but daytime snake captures were negligible at both sites. Two attributes of traps that we varied were attractant (mouse vs. skink) and entrance flaps (present vs. absent). Traps with mice as attractant registered 6-16 fold more snake captures. We found little influence of entrances on captures. These modulators of brown treesnake trappability may have analogues in a variety of species, especially species that undergo an ontogenetic shift in diet. ?? 2008 Brill Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Herpetology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1163/157075408783489239","issn":"15707539","usgsCitation":"Boyarski, V., Savidge, J.A., and Rodda, G., 2008, Brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) trappability: Attributes of the snake, environment and trap: Applied Herpetology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 47-61, https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489239.","startPage":"47","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214560,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489239"},{"id":242295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f28ee4b0c8380cd4b248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyarski, V.L.","contributorId":31508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyarski","given":"V.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savidge, J. A.","contributorId":36078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savidge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodda, G.H.","contributorId":103998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodda","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033767,"text":"70033767 - 2008 - Food web dynamics in a seasonally varying wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:31","indexId":"70033767","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2699,"text":"Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food web dynamics in a seasonally varying wetland","docAbstract":"A spatially explicit model is developed to simulate the small fish community and its underlying food web, in the freshwater marshes of the Everglades. The community is simplified to a few small fish species feeding on periphyton and invertebrates. Other compartments are detritus, crayfish, and a piscivorous fish species. This unit food web model is applied to each of the 10,000 spatial cells on a 100 x 100 pixel landscape. Seasonal variation in water level is assumed and rules are assigned for fish movement in response to rising and falling water levels, which can cause many spatial cells to alternate between flooded and dry conditions. It is shown that temporal variations of water level on a spatially heterogeneous landscape can maintain at least three competing fish species. In addition, these environmental factors can strongly affect the temporal variation of the food web caused by top-down control from the piscivorous fish.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3934/mbe.2008.5.877","issn":"15471","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., Trexler, J., and Donalson, D., 2008, Food web dynamics in a seasonally varying wetland: Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, v. 5, no. 4, p. 877-887, https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2008.5.877.","startPage":"877","endPage":"887","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476646,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2008.5.877","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214234,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2008.5.877"},{"id":241934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12e6e4b0c8380cd54435","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trexler, J.C.","contributorId":23108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donalson, D.D.","contributorId":69793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donalson","given":"D.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033611,"text":"70033611 - 2008 - Pathogen and chemical transport in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer: 3. Use of microspheres to estimate the transport potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T09:08:08","indexId":"70033611","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Pathogen and chemical transport in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer: 3. Use of microspheres to estimate the transport potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts","title":"Pathogen and chemical transport in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer: 3. Use of microspheres to estimate the transport potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts","docAbstract":"The vulnerability of a municipal well in the Northwest well field in southeastern Florida to potential contamination by Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was assessed in a large‐scale, forced‐gradient (convergent) injection and recovery test. The field study involved a simultaneous pulse introduction of a nonreactive tracer (SF6, an inert gas) and oocyst‐sized (1.6, 2.9, and 4.9 μm diameter) carboxylated polystyrene microspheres into karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer characterized by a complex triple (matrix, touching‐vug, and conduit) porosity. Fractional recoveries 97 m down gradient were inversely related to diameter and ranged from 2.9% for the 4.9 μm microspheres to 5.8% for 1.6 μm microspheres. Their centers of mass arrived at the pumping well approximately threefold earlier than that of the nonreactive tracer SF6 (gas), underscoring the need for use of colloid tracers and field‐scale tracer tests for these kinds of evaluations. In a modified triaxial cell using near in situ chemical conditions, 2.9 and 4.9 μm microspheres underestimated by fourfold to sixfold the attachment potential of the less electronegative 2.9–4.1 μm oocysts in the matrix porosity of limestone core samples. The field and laboratory results collectively suggested that it may take 200–300 m of transport to ensure even a 1‐log unit removal of oocysts, even though the limestone surfaces exhibited a substantive capability for their sorptive removal. The study further demonstrated the utility of microspheres as oocyst surrogates in field‐scale assessments of well vulnerability in limestone, provided that differences in attachment behaviors between oocysts and microspheres are taken into account.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006060","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R.W., Metge, D.W., Shapiro, A.M., Renken, R.A., Osborn, C.L., Ryan, J.N., Cunningham, K.J., and Landkamer, L.L., 2008, Pathogen and chemical transport in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer: 3. Use of microspheres to estimate the transport potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: Water Resources Research, v. 44, no. 8, W08431; 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006060.","productDescription":"W08431; 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476722,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006060","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7596e4b0c8380cd77c20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":441663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metge, David W. dwmetge@usgs.gov","contributorId":663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"David","email":"dwmetge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":441665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":441667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":441668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Osborn, Christina L.","contributorId":118702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osborn","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":441669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cunningham, Kevin J. 0000-0002-2179-8686 kcunning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-8686","contributorId":1689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kevin","email":"kcunning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":441664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Landkamer, Lee L.","contributorId":65679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landkamer","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70033551,"text":"70033551 - 2008 - Rates of zinc and trace metal release from dissolving sphalerite at pH 2.0-4.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033551","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates of zinc and trace metal release from dissolving sphalerite at pH 2.0-4.0","docAbstract":"High-Fe and low-Fe sphalerite samples were reacted under controlled pH conditions to determine nonoxidative rates of release of Zn and trace metals from the solid-phase. The release (solubilization) of trace metals from dissolving sphalerite to the aqueous phase can be characterized by a kinetic distribution coefficient, (Dtr), which is defined as [(Rtr/X(tr)Sph)/(RZn/X(Zn) Sph)], where R is the trace metal or Zn release rate, and X is the mole fraction of the trace metal or Zn in sphalerite. This coefficient describes the relationship of the sphalerite dissolution rate to the trace metal mole fraction in the solid and its aqueous concentration. The distribution was used to determine some controls on metal release during the dissolution of sphalerite. Departures from the ideal Dtr of 1.0 suggest that some trace metals may be released via different pathways or that other processes (e.g., adsorption, solubility of trace minerals such as galena) affect the observed concentration of metals. Nonoxidative sphalerite dissolution (mediated by H+) is characterized by a \"fast\" stage in the first 24-30 h, followed by a \"slow\" stage for the remainder of the reaction. Over the pH range 2.0-4.0, and for similar extent of reaction (reaction time), sphalerite composition, and surface area, the rates of release of Zn, Fe, Cd, Cu, Mn and Pb from sphalerite generally increase with lower pH. Zinc and Fe exhibit the fastest rates of release, Mn and Pb have intermediate rates of release, and Cd and Cu show the slowest rates of release. The largest variations in metal release rates occur at pH 2.0. At pH 3.0 and 4.0, release rates show less variation and appear less dependent on the metal abundance in the solid. For the same extent of reaction (100 h), rates of Zn release range from 1.53 ?? 10-11 to 5.72 ?? 10-10 mol/m2/s; for Fe, the range is from 4.59 ?? 10-13 to 1.99 ?? 10-10 mol/m2/s. Trace metal release rates are generally 1-5 orders of magnitude slower than the Zn or Fe rates. Results indicate that the distributions of Fe and Cd are directly related to the rate of sphalerite dissolution throughout the reaction at pH 3.0 and 4.0 because these two elements substitute readily into sphalerite. These two metals are likely to be more amenable to usage in predictive acid dissolution models because of this behavior. The Pb distribution shows no strong relation to sphalerite dissolution and appears to be controlled by pH-dependent solubility, most likely related to trace amounts of galena. The distribution of Cu is similar to that of Fe but is the most-dependent of all metals on its mole fraction ratio (Zn:Cu) in sphalerite. The Mn distributions suggest an increase in the rate of Mn release relative to sphalerite dissolution occurs in low Mn samples as pH increases. The Mn distribution in high Mn samples is nearly independent of pH and sphalerite dissolution at pH 2.0 but shows a dependence on these two parameters at higher pH (3.0-4.0).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.10.005","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Stanton, M., Gemery-Hill, P., Shanks, W.C., and Taylor, C., 2008, Rates of zinc and trace metal release from dissolving sphalerite at pH 2.0-4.0: Applied Geochemistry, v. 23, no. 2, p. 136-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.10.005.","startPage":"136","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214459,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.10.005"},{"id":242187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a954ae4b0c8380cd81917","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, M.R.","contributorId":103684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gemery-Hill, P. A.","contributorId":86575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gemery-Hill","given":"P. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, C. D. 0000-0001-6376-6298","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-6298","contributorId":100401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033166,"text":"70033166 - 2008 - Pheromone disruption of Argentine ant trail integrity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033166","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2205,"text":"Journal of Chemical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pheromone disruption of Argentine ant trail integrity","docAbstract":"Disruption of Argentine ant trail following and reduced ability to forage (measured by bait location success) was achieved after presentation of an oversupply of trail pheromone, (Z)-9-hexadecenal. Experiments tested single pheromone point sources and dispersion of a formulation in small field plots. Ant walking behavior was recorded and digitized by using video tracking, before and after presentation of trail pheromone. Ants showed changes in three parameters within seconds of treatment: (1) Ants on trails normally showed a unimodal frequency distribution of walking track angles, but this pattern disappeared after presentation of the trail pheromone; (2) ants showed initial high trail integrity on a range of untreated substrates from painted walls to wooden or concrete floors, but this was significantly reduced following presentation of a point source of pheromone; (3) the number of ants in the pheromone-treated area increased over time, as recruitment apparently exceeded departures. To test trail disruption in small outdoor plots, the trail pheromone was formulated with carnuba wax-coated quartz laboratory sand (1 g quartz sand/0.2 g wax/1 mg pheromone). The pheromone formulation, with a half-life of 30 h, was applied by rotary spreader at four rates (0, 2.5, 7.5, and 25 mg pheromone/m2) to 1- and 4-m2 plots in Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Ant counts at bait cards in treated plots were significantly reduced compared to controls on the day of treatment, and there was a significant reduction in ant foraging for 2 days. These results show that trail pheromone disruption of Argentine ants is possible, but a much more durable formulation is needed before nest-level impacts can be expected. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chemical Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10886-008-9566-4","issn":"00980","usgsCitation":"Suckling, D., Peck, R., Manning, L., Stringer, L., Cappadonna, J., and El-Sayed, A.M., 2008, Pheromone disruption of Argentine ant trail integrity: Journal of Chemical Ecology, v. 34, no. 12, p. 1602-1609, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9566-4.","startPage":"1602","endPage":"1609","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213308,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9566-4"},{"id":240920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7890e4b0c8380cd7871f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suckling, D.M.","contributorId":76950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suckling","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peck, R.W.","contributorId":96076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manning, L.M.","contributorId":67294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stringer, L.D.","contributorId":88566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringer","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cappadonna, J.","contributorId":102694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cappadonna","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"El-Sayed, A. M.","contributorId":92499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"El-Sayed","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033393,"text":"70033393 - 2008 - Spatial and temporal zoning of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Sossego iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: Paragenesis and stable isotope constraints","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-02T14:57:37","indexId":"70033393","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal zoning of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Sossego iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: Paragenesis and stable isotope constraints","docAbstract":"The Sossego iron oxide–copper–gold deposit (245 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au) in the Carajás Mineral Province of Brazil consists of two major groups of orebodies (Pista–Sequeirinho–Baiano and Sossego–Curral) with distinct alteration assemblages that are separated from each other by a major high angle fault. The deposit is located along a regional WNW–ESE-striking shear zone that defines the contact between metavolcano–sedimentary units of the ∼2.76 Ga Itacaiúnas Supergroup and tonalitic to trondhjemitic gneisses and migmatites of the ∼2.8 Ga Xingu Complex. The deposit is hosted by granite, granophyric granite, gabbro, and felsic metavolcanic rocks. The Pista–Sequeirinho–Baiano orebodies have undergone regional sodic (albite–hematite) alteration and later sodic–calcic (actinolite-rich) alteration associated with the formation of massive magnetite–(apatite) bodies. Both these alteration assemblages display ductile to ductile–brittle fabrics. They are cut by spatially restricted zones of potassic (biotite and potassium feldspar) alteration that grades outward to chlorite-rich assemblages. The Sossego–Curral orebodies contain weakly developed early albitic alteration and very poorly developed subsequent calcic–sodic alteration. These orebodies contain well-developed potassic alteration assemblages that were formed during brittle deformation that resulted in the formation of breccia bodies. Breccia matrix commonly displays coarse mineral infill suggestive of growth into open space. Sulfides in both groups of deposits were precipitated first with potassic alteration and more importantly with a later assemblage of calcite–quartz–epidote–chlorite. In the Sequeirinho orebodies, sulfides range from undeformed to deformed; sulfides in the Sossego–Curral orebodies are undeformed. Very late, weakly mineralized hydrolytic alteration is present in the Sossego/Currral orebodies. The sulfide assemblage is dominated by chalcopyrite with subsidiary siegenite, and millerite. Pyrrhotite and pyrite are minor constituents of ore in the Sequerinho orebodies while pyrite is relatively abundant in the Sossego–Curral bodies. Oxygen isotope partitioning between mineral pairs constrains temperatures in the deposit spatially and through time. In the Sequeirinho orebody, the early sodic–calcic alteration stage was characterized by temperatures exceeding 500°C and δ18OH2O values for the alteration fluid of 6.9 ± 0.9‰. Temperature declines outward and upward from the zone of most intense alteration. Paragenetically later copper–gold mineralization displays markedly lower temperatures (<300°C) and was characterized by the introduction of 18O-depleted hydrothermal fluids −1.8 ± 3.4‰. The calculated δDH2O and δ18OH2O values suggest that the fluids that formed the early calcic–sodic alteration assemblage were of formational/metamorphic or magmatic origin. The decrease of δ18OH2O values through time may reflect influx of surficially derived waters during later alteration and mineralization events. Influx of such fluids could be related to episodic fluid overpressure, resulting in dilution and cooling of the metalliferous fluid, causing deposition of metals transported as metal chloride complexes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00126-006-0121-3","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Monteiro, L., Xavier, R., Carvalho, E., Hitzman, M., Johnson, C.A., Souza, F.C., and Torresi, I., 2008, Spatial and temporal zoning of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Sossego iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: Paragenesis and stable isotope constraints: Mineralium Deposita, v. 43, no. 2, p. 129-159, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0121-3.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"159","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213138,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0121-3"}],"country":"Brazil","otherGeospatial":"Carajas Mineral Province","volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b945ce4b08c986b31aa29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monteiro, Lena V.S.","contributorId":15395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monteiro","given":"Lena V.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xavier, R.P.","contributorId":60015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xavier","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carvalho, E.R.","contributorId":79712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carvalho","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hitzman, M.W.","contributorId":107906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitzman","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Souza, Filho C.R.","contributorId":11007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souza","given":"Filho","email":"","middleInitial":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Torresi, I.","contributorId":39588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torresi","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70033712,"text":"70033712 - 2008 - Effects of grade control structures on the macroinvertebrate assemblage of an agriculturally impacted stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70033712","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of grade control structures on the macroinvertebrate assemblage of an agriculturally impacted stream","docAbstract":"Nearly 400 rock rip-rap grade control structures (hereafter GCS) were recently placed in streams of western Iowa, USA to reduce streambank erosion and protect bridge infrastructure and farmland. In this region, streams are characterized by channelized reaches, highly incised banks and silt and sand substrates that normally support low macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity. Therefore, GCS composed of rip-rap provide the majority of coarse substrate habitat for benthic macroinvertebrates in these streams. We sampled 20 sites on Walnut Creek, Montgomery County, Iowa to quantify macroinvertebrate assemblage characteristics (1) on GCS rip-rap and at sites located (2) 5-50 m upstream of GCS, (3) 5-50 m downstream of GCS and (4) at least 1 km from any GCS (five sites each). Macroinvertebrate biomass, numerical densities and diversity were greatest at sites with coarse substrates, including GCS sites and one natural riffle site and relatively low at remaining sites with soft substrates. Densities of macroinvertebrates in the orders Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Acariformes were abundant on GCS rip-rap. Increases in macroinvertebrate biomass, density and diversity at GCS may improve local efficiency of breakdown of organic matter and nutrient and energy flow, and provide enhanced food resources for aquatic vertebrates. However, lack of positive macroinvertebrate responses immediately upstream and downstream of GCS suggest that positive effects might be restricted to the small areas of streambed covered by GCS. Improved understanding of GCS effects at both local and ecosystem scales is essential for stream management when these structures are present. Copyright ?? 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/rra.1063","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Litvan, M., Stewart, T., Pierce, C., and Larson, C., 2008, Effects of grade control structures on the macroinvertebrate assemblage of an agriculturally impacted stream: River Research and Applications, v. 24, no. 2, p. 218-233, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1063.","startPage":"218","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487139,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=nrem_pubs","text":"External Repository"},{"id":214437,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1063"},{"id":242164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0702e4b0c8380cd51504","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litvan, M.E.","contributorId":67734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litvan","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, T.W.","contributorId":78558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, C.L. 0000-0001-5088-5431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-5431","contributorId":93606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, C.J.","contributorId":35957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033758,"text":"70033758 - 2008 - General and specialized media routinely employed for primary isolation of bacterial pathogens of fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033758","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"General and specialized media routinely employed for primary isolation of bacterial pathogens of fishes","docAbstract":"There are a number of significant diseases among cultured and free-ranging freshwater fishes that have a bacterial etiology; these represent a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive genera. Confirmatory diagnosis of these diseases involves primary isolation of the causative bacterium on bacteriologic media. Frequently used \"general\" bacteriologic media simply provide the essential nutrients for growth. For most of the major pathogens, however, there are differential and/or selective media that facilitate primary recovery. Some specialized media are available as \"ready-to-use\" from suppliers, while others must be prepared. Differential media employ various types of indicator systems, such as pH indicators, that allow diagnosticians to observe assimilation of selected substrates. An advantage to the use of differential media for primary isolation is that they hasten bacterial characterization by yielding the appropriate positive or negative result for a particular substrate, often leading to a presumptive identification. Selective media also incorporate agent(s) that inhibit the growth of contaminants typically encountered with samples from aquatic environments. Media that incorporate differential and/or selective components are ideally based on characters that are unique to the targeted bacterium, and their use can reduce the time associated with diagnosis and facilitate early intervention in affected fish populations. In this review, the concepts of general and differential/selective bacteriologic media and their use and development for fish pathogens are discussed. The media routinely employed for primary isolation of the significant bacterial pathogens of fishes are presented. ?? Wildlife Disease Association 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., 2008, General and specialized media routinely employed for primary isolation of bacterial pathogens of fishes: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 44, no. 1, p. 121-132.","startPage":"121","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14fee4b0c8380cd54c69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70033757,"text":"70033757 - 2008 - The effect of terrace geology on ground-water movement and on the interaction of ground water and surface water on a mountainside near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T09:29:51","indexId":"70033757","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of terrace geology on ground-water movement and on the interaction of ground water and surface water on a mountainside near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, USA","docAbstract":"The west watershed of Mirror Lake in the White Mountains of New Hampshire contains several terraces that are at different altitudes and have different geologic compositions. The lowest terrace (FSE) has 5 m of sand overlying 9 m of till. The two next successively higher terraces (FS2 and FS1) consist entirely of sand and have maximum thicknesses of about 7 m. A fourth, and highest, terrace (FS3) lies in the north-west watershed directly adjacent to the west watershed. This highest terrace has 2 m of sand overlying 8 m of till. All terraces overlie fractured crystalline bedrock. Numerical models of hypothetical settings simulating ground-water flow in a mountainside indicated that the presence of a terrace can cause local ground-water flow cells to develop, and that the flow patterns differ based on the geologic composition of the terrace. For example, more ground water moves from the bedrock to the glacial deposits beneath terraces consisting completely of sand than beneath terraces that have sand underlain by till. Field data from Mirror Lake watersheds corroborate the numerical experiments. The geology of the terraces also affects how the stream draining the west watershed interacts with ground water. The stream turns part way down the mountainside and passes between the two sand terraces, essentially transecting the movement of ground water down the valley side. Transects of water-table wells were installed across the stream's riparian zone above, between, and below the sand terraces. Head data from these wells indicated that the stream gains ground water on both sides above and below the sand terraces. However, where it flows between the sand terraces the stream gains ground water on its uphill side and loses water on its downhill side. Biogeochemical processes in the riparian zone of the flow-through reach have resulted in anoxic ground water beneath the lower sand terrace. Results of this study indicate that it is useful to understand patterns of ground-water flow in order to fully understand the flow and chemical characteristics of both ground water and surface water in mountainous terrain.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6593","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., Buso, D., Shattuck, P., Harte, P., Vroblesky, D., and Goode, D., 2008, The effect of terrace geology on ground-water movement and on the interaction of ground water and surface water on a mountainside near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 22, no. 1, p. 21-32, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6593.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214111,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6593"}],"country":"United States ","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab57e4b08c986b322d97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buso, D.C.","contributorId":31392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buso","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shattuck, P.C.","contributorId":60455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shattuck","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harte, P. T. 0000-0002-7718-1204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":36143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"P. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goode, D.J. 0000-0002-8527-2456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":95512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033756,"text":"70033756 - 2008 - Estimation of walrus populations on sea ice with infrared imagery and aerial photography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T20:05:57","indexId":"70033756","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of walrus populations on sea ice with infrared imagery and aerial photography","docAbstract":"Population sizes of ice-associated pinnipeds have often been estimated with visual or photographic aerial surveys, but these methods require relatively slow speeds and low altitudes, limiting the area they can cover. Recent developments in infrared imagery and its integration with digital photography could allow substantially larger areas to be surveyed and more accurate enumeration of individuals, thereby solving major problems with previous survey methods. We conducted a trial survey in April 2003 to estimate the number of Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) hauled out on sea ice around St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. The survey used high altitude infrared imagery to detect groups of walruses on strip transects. Low altitude digital photography was used to determine the number of walruses in a sample of detected groups and calibrate the infrared imagery for estimating the total number of walruses. We propose a survey design incorporating this approach with satellite radio telemetry to estimate the proportion of the population in the water and additional low-level flights to estimate the proportion of the hauled-out population in groups too small to be detected in the infrared imagery. We believe that this approach offers the potential for obtaining reliable population estimates for walruses and other ice-associated pinnipeds. ?? 2007 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Mammal Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00169.x","issn":"08240469","usgsCitation":"Udevitz, M.S., Burn, D.M., and Webber, M., 2008, Estimation of walrus populations on sea ice with infrared imagery and aerial photography: Marine Mammal Science, v. 24, no. 1, p. 57-70, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00169.x.","startPage":"57","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214562,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00169.x"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bbee4b0c8380cd52865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":442310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burn, D. M.","contributorId":102838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burn","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webber, M.A.","contributorId":28205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webber","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033755,"text":"70033755 - 2008 - Compound-specific isotope analysis: Questioning the origins of a trichloroethene plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70033755","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1537,"text":"Environmental Forensics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compound-specific isotope analysis: Questioning the origins of a trichloroethene plume","docAbstract":"Stable carbon isotope ratios of trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2- dichloroethene, and trans-1,2-dichloroethene were determined by use of gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectroscopy to determine whether compound-specific stable carbon isotopes could be used to help understand the origin and history of a TCE groundwater plume in Fort Worth, TX. Calculated ??13C values for total chlorinated ethenes in groundwater samples, which can approximate the ??13C of a spilled solvent if all degradation products are accounted for, were useful for determining whether separate lobes of the plume resulted from different sources. Most notably, values for one lobe, where tetrachloroethene (PCE) has been detected periodically, were outside the range for manufactured TCE but within the range for manufactured PCE, whereas values for a separate lobe, which is downgradient of reported TCE spills, were within the range for manufactured TCE. Copyright ?? Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Forensics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/15275920801888368","issn":"15275922","usgsCitation":"Eberts, S.M., Braun, C., and Jones, S., 2008, Compound-specific isotope analysis: Questioning the origins of a trichloroethene plume: Environmental Forensics, v. 9, no. 1, p. 85-95, https://doi.org/10.1080/15275920801888368.","startPage":"85","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214561,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15275920801888368"},{"id":242296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f93ee4b0c8380cd4d50e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Braun, C.","contributorId":35140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, S.","contributorId":43468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033753,"text":"70033753 - 2008 - Integrated impact of tropical cyclones on sea surface chlorophyll in the North Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033753","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated impact of tropical cyclones on sea surface chlorophyll in the North Atlantic","docAbstract":"Past studies have shown that surface chlorophyll-a concentrations increase in the wake of hurricanes. Given the reported increase in the intensity of North Atlantic hurricanes in recent years, increasing chlorophyll-a concentrations, perhaps an indication of increasing biological productivity, would be an expected consequence. However, in order to understand the impact of variable hurricane activity on ocean biology, the magnitude of the hurricane-induced chlorophyll increase relative to other events that stir or mix the upper ocean must be assessed. This study investigates the upper ocean biological response to tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic from 1997-2005. Specifically, we quantitatively compare the anomalous chlorophyll-a concentrations created by cyclone activity to the total distribution of anomalies in the subtropical waters. We show that the cyclone-induced chlorophyll-a increase has minimal impact on the integrated biomass budget, a result that holds even when taking into consideration the lagged and asymmetrical response of ocean color. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007GL031862","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, M.N., Lozier, M., and Palter, J., 2008, Integrated impact of tropical cyclones on sea surface chlorophyll in the North Atlantic: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031862.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476648,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031862","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214528,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031862"},{"id":242262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c64e4b0c8380cd62cd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanshaw, M. N. 0000-0001-9305-307X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9305-307X","contributorId":56462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lozier, M.S.","contributorId":86187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lozier","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palter, J.B.","contributorId":55657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palter","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033752,"text":"70033752 - 2008 - Impairment of the reproductive potential of male fathead minnows by environmentally relevant exposures to 4-nonylphenolf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T10:05:23","indexId":"70033752","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impairment of the reproductive potential of male fathead minnows by environmentally relevant exposures to 4-nonylphenolf","docAbstract":"The synthetic organic compound 4-nonylphenol (NP) has been detected in many human-impacted surface waters in North America. In this study, we examined the ability of NP to alter reproductive competence in male fathead minnows after a 28 day flow-through exposure in a range of environmentally relevant concentrations bracketing the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity-based NP chronic exposure criterion of 6.1 μg NP/L. Exposure to NP at and above the EPA chronic exposure criterion resulted in an induction of plasma vitellogenin (VTG) within 14 days. However, 7 days after the cessation of exposure, VTG concentrations had dropped more than 50% and few males expressed VTG above the detection threshold. All of the morphological endpoints, including gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, secondary sexual characters, and histopathology, were unaltered by all NP treatments. However, when NP-exposed male fish were allowed to compete with control males for access to nest sites and females, most treatments altered the reproductive competence of exposed males. At lower NP concentrations, exposed males out-competed control males, possibly by being primed through the estrogenic NP exposure in a fashion similar to priming by pheromones released from female fathead minnows. At higher NP exposure concentrations, this priming effect was negated by the adverse effects of the exposure and control males out-competed treated males. Results of this study indicate the complexity of endocrine disrupting effects and the need for multiple analysis levels to assess the effects of these compounds on aquatic organisms.