Rodents (and their fleas) that are associated with prairie dogs are considered important for the maintenance and transmission of the bacterium (Yersinia pestis) that causes plague. Our goal was to identify rodent and flea species that were potentially involved in a plague epizootic in black-tailed prairie dogs at Thunder Basin National Grassland. We collected blood samples and ectoparasites from rodents trapped at off- and on-colony grids at Thunder Basin National Grassland between 2002 and 2004. Blood samples were tested for antibodies to Y. pestis F-1 antigen by a passive hemagglutination assay, and fleas were tested by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction, for the presence of the plague bacterium. Only one of 1,421 fleas, an Oropsylla hirsuta collected in 2002 from a deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, tested positive for Y. pestis. Blood samples collected in summer 2004 from two northern grasshopper mice, Onychomys leucogaster, tested positive for Y. pestis antibodies. All three positive samples were collected from on-colony grids shortly after a plague epizootic occurred. This study confirms that plague is difficult to detect in rodents and fleas associated with prairie dog colonies, unless samples are collected immediately after a prairie dog die-off.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.731","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Thiagarajan, B., Bai, Y., Gage, K.L., and Cully, J.F., 2008, Prevalence of Yersinia pestis in rodents and fleas associated with black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) at Thunder Basin National Grassland, Wyoming: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 44, no. 3, p. 731-736, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.731.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"736","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.731","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":218755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Thunder Basin National Grassland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.37193298339844,\n 42.71170507522795\n ],\n [\n -105.22293090820311,\n 42.71170507522795\n ],\n [\n -105.22293090820311,\n 42.77977933922529\n ],\n [\n -105.37193298339844,\n 42.77977933922529\n ],\n [\n -105.37193298339844,\n 42.71170507522795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b6ee4b0c8380cd7e24f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiagarajan, Bala","contributorId":92520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiagarajan","given":"Bala","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bai, Ying","contributorId":96538,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bai","given":"Ying","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gage, Kenneth L.","contributorId":61742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gage","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cully, Jack F. Jr.","contributorId":113742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cully","given":"Jack","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179377,"text":"70179377 - 2008 - Behavior and movement of adult chum salmon in the lower Cowlitz River, 2007: Final Report of Research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T14:53:41","indexId":"70179377","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"2008-01","title":"Behavior and movement of adult chum salmon in the lower Cowlitz River, 2007: Final Report of Research","docAbstract":"n/a
","language":"English ","publisher":"Cowlitz River project Tacoma power ","publisherLocation":"Tacoma, WA","usgsCitation":"Liedtke, T., Kock, T., Ekstrom, B., Rondorf, D., and Henning, J., 2008, Behavior and movement of adult chum salmon in the lower Cowlitz River, 2007: Final Report of Research, 21 p. .","productDescription":"21 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332654,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lower Cowlitz River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.81341552734374,\n 46.493665357623776\n ],\n [\n -122.95623779296874,\n 46.431231755143315\n ],\n [\n -122.94937133789062,\n 46.320378031062354\n ],\n [\n -122.93975830078124,\n 46.12465270201173\n ],\n [\n -122.91229248046875,\n 46.10751733820335\n ],\n [\n -122.87933349609376,\n 46.10561307998295\n ],\n [\n -122.78594970703126,\n 46.403776166694634\n ],\n [\n -122.43576049804688,\n 46.5286346952717\n ],\n [\n -122.42889404296875,\n 46.5503610518162\n ],\n [\n -122.75299072265624,\n 46.50595444552049\n ],\n [\n -122.78732299804688,\n 46.49177448218621\n ],\n [\n -122.81341552734374,\n 46.493665357623776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f16e4b0cd2dabe7c4c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liedtke, T.L.","contributorId":32800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kock, T.J.","contributorId":39578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kock","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ekstrom, B.K.","contributorId":177682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ekstrom","given":"B.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henning, J.","contributorId":177773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henning","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179362,"text":"70179362 - 2008 - Effects of summer flow augmentation on the migratory behavior and survival of juvenile Snake River fall Chinook salmon. Annual report 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T12:52:28","indexId":"70179362","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Effects of summer flow augmentation on the migratory behavior and survival of juvenile Snake River fall Chinook salmon. Annual report 2006","docAbstract":"n/a
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., and Connor, W., 2008, Effects of summer flow augmentation on the migratory behavior and survival of juvenile Snake River fall Chinook salmon. Annual report 2006.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f1ae4b0cd2dabe7c4d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connor, W.P.","contributorId":98090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179522,"text":"70179522 - 2008 - How temperature affects juvenile coho salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:42:26","indexId":"70179522","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1496,"text":"Endangered Species Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How temperature affects juvenile coho salmon","docAbstract":"Water temperature influences many aspects of a salmon’s life cycle, including egg development, juvenile appetite and growth, migration, and distribution. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), like most salmonids, need cool water for rearing, and they typically reside in a stream for a minimum of one year after hatching. Historically, coho were found throughout most of the 67-mile (108-kilometer) mainstem of Redwood Creek in Humboldt County, north coastal California. During at least the last decade, however, juvenile coho distribution in this area was limited to the last 12 miles (20 km) of the mainstem and a few large low-gradient tributaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Madej, M.A., 2008, How temperature affects juvenile coho salmon: Endangered Species Bulletin, v. 33, no. 3, p. 38-39.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/news/pdf/bulletin_fall2008.pdf"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1832e4b0f5ce109fcb2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179554,"text":"70179554 - 2008 - Ecological effects of large fires on US landscapes: benefit or catastrophe?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:18:23","indexId":"70179554","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological effects of large fires on US landscapes: benefit or catastrophe?","docAbstract":"The perception is that today’s large fires are an ecological catastrophe because they burn vast areas with high intensities and severities. However, little is known of the ecological impacts of large fires on both historical and contemporary landscapes. The present paper presents a review of the current knowledge of the effects of large fires in the United States by important ecosystems written by regional experts. The ecosystems are (1) ponderosa pine–Douglas-fir, (2) sagebrush–grasslands, (3) piñon–juniper, (4) chaparral, (5) mixed-conifer, and (6) spruce–fir. This review found that large fires were common on most historical western US landscapes and they will continue to be common today with exceptions. Sagebrush ecosystems are currently experiencing larger, more severe, and more frequent large fires compared to historical conditions due to exotic cheatgrass invasions. Historical large fires in south-west ponderosa pine forest created a mixed severity mosaic dominated by non-lethal surface fires while today’s large fires are mostly high severity crown fires. While large fires play an important role in landscape ecology for most regions, their importance is much less in the dry piñon–juniper forests and sagebrush–grasslands. Fire management must address the role of large fires in maintaining the health of many US fire-dominated ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publications","doi":"10.1071/WF07148","usgsCitation":"Keane, R.E., Agee, J.K., Fule, P., Keeley, J.E., Key, C.H., Kitchen, S.G., Miller, R., and Schulte, L.A., 2008, Ecological effects of large fires on US landscapes: benefit or catastrophe?: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 17, no. 6, p. 696-712, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF07148.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"696","endPage":"712","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1832e4b0f5ce109fcb29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keane, Robert E.","contributorId":73930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agee, James K.","contributorId":12446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agee","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fule, Peter","contributorId":177986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fule","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Key, Carl H. carl_key@usgs.gov","contributorId":4138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"Carl","email":"carl_key@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":657709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kitchen, Stanley G.","contributorId":60530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchen","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, Richard","contributorId":43697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schulte, Lisa A.","contributorId":177987,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schulte","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70179373,"text":"70179373 - 2008 - Estimates of fish-, spill-, and sluiceway-passage efficiencies of radio-tagged juvenile Chinook salmon during spring and summer at The Dalles Dam in 2003: Draft final report of research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T14:33:54","indexId":"70179373","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Estimates of fish-, spill-, and sluiceway-passage efficiencies of radio-tagged juvenile Chinook salmon during spring and summer at The Dalles Dam in 2003: Draft final report of research","docAbstract":"n/a
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Hansel, H., Beeman, J., Hausmann, B., Juhnke, S., Haner, P., and Phelps, J., 2008, Estimates of fish-, spill-, and sluiceway-passage efficiencies of radio-tagged juvenile Chinook salmon during spring and summer at The Dalles Dam in 2003: Draft final report of research, 95 p. .","productDescription":"95 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332650,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f19e4b0cd2dabe7c4cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansel, H.C.","contributorId":34624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeman, J.W.","contributorId":32646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hausmann, B.J.","contributorId":177770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hausmann","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Juhnke, S.D.","contributorId":177771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Juhnke","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haner, P.V.","contributorId":63912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haner","given":"P.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Phelps, J.L.","contributorId":177772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phelps","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70180885,"text":"70180885 - 2008 - Restoration ecology and invasive riparian plants: An introduction to the special section on Tamarix spp. in western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T15:08:27","indexId":"70180885","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoration ecology and invasive riparian plants: An introduction to the special section on Tamarix spp. in western North America","docAbstract":"River systems around the world are subject to various perturbations, including the colonization and spread of non-native species in riparian zones. Riparian resource managers are commonly engaged in efforts to control problematic non-native species and restore native habitats. In western North America, small Eurasian trees or shrubs in the genus Tamarixoccupy hundreds of thousands of hectares of riparian lands, and are the targets of substantial and costly control efforts and associated restoration activities. Still, significant information gaps exist regarding approaches used in control and restoration efforts and their effects on riparian ecosystems. In this special section of papers, eight articles address various aspects of control and restoration associated with Tamarix spp. These include articles focused on planning restoration and revegetation; a synthetic analysis of past restoration efforts; and several specific research endeavors examining plant responses, water use, and various wildlife responses (including birds, butterflies, and lizards). These articles represent important additions to the Tamarix spp. literature and contain many lessons and insights that should be transferable to other analogous situations in river systems globally.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Ecological Restoration","doi":"10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00362.x","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P.B., and Briggs, M.K., 2008, Restoration ecology and invasive riparian plants: An introduction to the special section on Tamarix spp. in western North America: Restoration Ecology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 94-96, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00362.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"96","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999944e4b0efcedb71a0a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, Mark K.","contributorId":177076,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Briggs","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180871,"text":"70180871 - 2008 - Bats prove to be rich reservoirs for emerging viruses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T10:25:20","indexId":"70180871","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2726,"text":"Microbe","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bats prove to be rich reservoirs for emerging viruses","docAbstract":"Emerging pathogens, many of them viruses, continue to surprise us, providing many newly recognized diseases to study and to try to control. Many of these emergent viruses are zoonotic, transmitted from reservoirs in wild or domestic animals to humans, either by insect vectors or by exposure to the droppings or tissues of such animals. One rich- but, until recently, underappreciated-source of emergent viruses is bats (Chiroptera, meaning \"hand wing\"). Accounting for 1,116, or nearly one fourth, of the 4,600 recognized species of mammals, bats are grouped into two suborders Megachiroptera, which contains a single family, Pteropodidae, consisting of 42 genera and 186 species, and Microchiroptera, which contains 17 families, 160 genera, and 930 species.
Although bats are among the most abundant, diverse, and geographically dispersed orders of terrestrial mammals, research on these flying mammals historically focused more on their habits and outward characteristics than on their role in carrying microorganisms and transmitting pathogens to other species. Even in those cases where bats were known to carry particular pathogens, the microbiologists who studied those pathogens typically knew little about the bat hosts. Hence, investigators now are seeking to explain how variations of anatomy, physiology, ecology, and behavior influence the roles of bats as hosts for viral pathogens.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Calisher, C., Holmes, K.V., Dominguez, S.R., Schountz, T., and Cryan, P.M., 2008, Bats prove to be rich reservoirs for emerging viruses: Microbe, v. 3, no. 11, p. 521-528.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"528","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999945e4b0efcedb71a0ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calisher, Charles H.","contributorId":35445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calisher","given":"Charles H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Kathryn V.","contributorId":43091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dominguez, Samuel R.","contributorId":103402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dominguez","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schountz, Tony","contributorId":179101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schountz","given":"Tony","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70180883,"text":"70180883 - 2008 - On determining the significance of ephemeral continental wetlands to North American migratory shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-07T14:40:17","indexId":"70180883","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On determining the significance of ephemeral continental wetlands to North American migratory shorebirds","docAbstract":"Conservation challenges enhance the need for quantitative information on dispersed bird populations in extensive landscapes, for techniques to monitor populations and assess environmental effects, and for conservation strategies at appropriate temporal and spatial scales. By estimating population sizes of shorebirds in the U.S. portion of the prairie pothole landscape in central North America, where most migrating shorebirds exhibit a highly dispersed spatial pattern, we determined that the region may play a vital role in the conservation of shorebirds. During northward and southward migration, 7.3 million shorebirds (95% CI: 4.3–10.3 million) and 3.9 million shorebirds (95% CI: 1.7–6.0 million) stopped to rest and refuel in the study area; inclusion of locally breeding species increases the estimates by 0.1 million and 0.07 million shorebirds, respectively. Seven species of calidridine sandpipers, including Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla), White-rumped Sandpipers (C. fuscicollis), and Stilt Sandpipers (C. himantopus), constituted 50% of northbound migrants in our study area. We present an approach to population estimation and monitoring, based on stratified random selection of townships as sample units, that is well suited to 11 migratory shorebird species. For extensive and dynamic wetland systems, we strongly caution against a monitoring program based solely on repeated counts of known stopover sites with historically high numbers of shorebirds. We recommend refinements in methodology to address sample-size requirements and potential sources of bias so that our approach may form the basis of a rigorous migration monitoring program in this and other prairie wetland regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/auk.2008.125.1.20","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., Granfors, D.A., and Melcher, C.P., 2008, On determining the significance of ephemeral continental wetlands to North American migratory shorebirds: The Auk, v. 125, no. 1, p. 20-29, https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2008.125.1.20.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"29","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2008.125.1.20","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999944e4b0efcedb71a0a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granfors, Diane A.","contributorId":174567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Granfors","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melcher, Cynthia P. 0000-0002-8044-9689 melcherc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8044-9689","contributorId":5094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"Cynthia","email":"melcherc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180872,"text":"70180872 - 2008 - Mating behavior as a possible cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T10:32:35","indexId":"70180872","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mating behavior as a possible cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines","docAbstract":"Bats are killed by wind turbines in North America and Europe in large numbers, yet a satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon remains elusive. Most bat fatalities at turbines thus far occur during late summer and autumn and involve species that roost in trees. In this commentary I draw on existing literature to illustrate how previous behavioral observations of the affected species might help explain these fatalities. I hypothesize that tree bats collide with turbines while engaging in mating behaviors that center on the tallest trees in a landscape, and that such behaviors stem from 2 different mating systems (resource defense polygyny and lekking). Bats use vision to move across landscapes and might react to the visual stimulus of turbines as they do to tall trees. This scenario has serious conservation and management implications. If mating bats are drawn to turbines, wind energy facilities may act as population sinks and risk may be hard to assess before turbines are built. Researchers could observe bat behavior and experimentally manipulate trees, turbines, or other tall structures to test the hypothesis that tree bats mate at the tallest trees. If this hypothesis is supported, management actions aimed at decreasing the attractiveness of turbines to tree bats may help alleviate the problem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2193/2007-371","usgsCitation":"Cryan, P.M., 2008, Mating behavior as a possible cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 3, p. 845-849, https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-371.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"845","endPage":"849","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999944e4b0efcedb71a0aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":86138,"text":"ofr20081251 - 2008 - Development and Application of a Decision Support System for Water Management Investigations in the Upper Yakima River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:41","indexId":"ofr20081251","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1251","title":"Development and Application of a Decision Support System for Water Management Investigations in the Upper Yakima River, Washington","docAbstract":"The Yakima River Decision Support System (YRDSS) was designed to quantify and display the consequences of different water management scenarios for a variety of state variables in the upper Yakima River Basin, located in central Washington. The impetus for the YRDSS was the Yakima River Basin Water Storage Feasibility Study, which investigated alternatives for providing additional water in the basin for threatened and endangered fish, irrigated agriculture, and municipal water supply. The additional water supplies would be provided by combinations of water exchanges, pumping stations, and off-channel storage facilities, each of which could affect the operations of the Bureau of Reclamation's (BOR) five headwaters reservoirs in the basin. The driver for the YRDSS is RiverWare, a systems-operations model used by BOR to calculate reservoir storage, irrigation deliveries, and streamflow at downstream locations resulting from changes in water supply and reservoir operations. The YRDSS uses output from RiverWare to calculate and summarize changes at 5 important flood plain reaches in the basin to 14 state variables: (1) habitat availability for selected life stages of four salmonid species, (2) spawning-incubation habitat persistence, (3) potential redd scour, (4) maximum water temperatures, (5) outmigration for bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) from headwaters reservoirs, (6) outmigration of salmon smolts from Cle Elum Reservoir, (7) frequency of beneficial overbank flooding, (8) frequency of damaging flood events, (9) total deliverable water supply, (10) total water supply deliverable to junior water rights holders, (11) end-of-year reservoir carryover, (12) potential fine sediment transport rates, (13) frequency of events capable of armor layer disruption, and (14) geomorphic work performed during each water year. Output of the YRDSS consists of a series of conditionally formatted scoring tables, wherein the changes to a state variable resulting from an operational scenario are compiled and summarized. Increases in the values for state variables result in their respective backgrounds to turn green in the scoring matrix, whereas decreases in the values for state variables result in their respective backgrounds turning red. This convention was designed to provide decision makers with a quick visual assessment of the overall results of an operating scenario. An evaluation matrix and a variety of weighting strategies to reflect the relative importance of different state variables are also presented as options for further distillation of YRDSS results during the decision-making process.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081251","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., Waddle, T.J., Talbert, C., Hatten, J.R., and Batt, T.R., 2008, Development and Application of a Decision Support System for Water Management Investigations in the Upper Yakima River, Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1251, xviii, 289 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081251.","productDescription":"xviii, 289 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"0","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11705,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1251/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.75,46 ], [ -121.75,47.5 ], [ -119,47.5 ], [ -119,46 ], [ -121.75,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6672ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbert, Colin talbertc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbert","given":"Colin","email":"talbertc@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatten, James R. 0000-0003-4676-8093 jhatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-8093","contributorId":3431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"James","email":"jhatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Batt, Thomas R. tbatt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batt","given":"Thomas","email":"tbatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":86128,"text":"ofr20081245 - 2008 - Techniques for Monitoring Razorback Sucker in the Lower Colorado River, Hoover to Parker Dams, 2006-2007, Final Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:16","indexId":"ofr20081245","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1245","title":"Techniques for Monitoring Razorback Sucker in the Lower Colorado River, Hoover to Parker Dams, 2006-2007, Final Report","docAbstract":"Trammel netting is generally the accepted method of monitoring razorback sucker in reservoirs, but this method is ineffective for monitoring this fish in rivers. Trammel nets set in the current become fouled with debris, and nets set in backwaters capture high numbers of nontarget species. Nontargeted fish composed 97 percent of fish captured in previous studies (1999-2005). In 2005, discovery of a large spawning aggregation of razorback sucker in midchannel near Needles, Calif., prompted the development of more effective methods to monitor this and possibly other riverine fish populations. \r\nThis study examined the effectiveness of four methods of monitoring razorback sucker in a riverine environment. Hoop netting, electrofishing, boat surveys, and aerial photography were evaluated in terms of data accuracy, costs, stress on targeted fish, and effect on nontargeted fish as compared with trammel netting. \r\nTrammel netting in the riverine portion of the Colorado River downstream of Davis Dam, Arizona-Nevada yielded an average of 43 razorback suckers a year (1999 to 2005). Capture rates averaged 0.5 razorback suckers per staff day effort, at a cost exceeding $1,100 per fish. Population estimates calculated for 2003-2005 were 3,570 (95 percent confidence limits [CL] = 1,306i??i??i??-8,925), 1,768 (CL = 878-3,867) and 1,652 (CL = 706-5,164); wide confidence ranges reflect the small sample size. By-catch associated with trammel netting included common carp, game fish and, occasionally, shorebirds, waterfowl, and muskrats. \r\nHoop nets were prone to downstream drift owing to design and anchoring problems aggravated by hydropower ramping. Tests were dropped after the 2006 field season and replaced with electrofishing. \r\nElectrofishing at night during low flow and when spawning razorback suckers moved to the shoreline proved extremely effective. In 2006 and 2007, 263 and 299 (respectively) razorback suckers were taken. Capture rates averaged 8.3 razorback suckers per staff day at a cost of $62 per fish. The adult population was estimated at 1,196 (925-1,546) fish. Compared with trammel netting, confidence limits narrowed substantially, from +or- 500 percent to +or- 30 percent, reflecting more precise estimates. By-catch was limited to two common carp. No recreational game fish, waterfowl, or mammals were captured or handled during use of electrofishing. \r\nAerial photography (2006 and 2007) suggested an annual average of 580 fish detected on imagery. Identification of species was not possible; carp commonly have been mistaken for razorback sucker. Field verification determined that the proportion of razorback suckers to other fish was 3:1. On that basis, we estimated 435 razorback suckers were photographed, which equals 8.4 razorback suckers per staff day at a cost of $78 per fish. The data did not lend itself to population estimates. \r\nFish were more easily identified from boats, where their lateral rather than their dorsal aspect is visible. On average, 888 razorback suckers were positively identified each year. Observation rates averaged 29.6 razorback suckers per staff day at a cost less than $18 per fish observed. Sucker densities averaged 20.5 and 9.6 fish/hectare which equated to an average spawning population at Needles, Calif., of 2,520 in 2006 and 1152 in 2007. The lower 2007 estimate reflected a refinement in sampling approach which removed a sampling bias. \r\nElectrofishing and boat surveys were more cost effective than other methods tested, and they provided more accurate information without the by-catch associated with trammel netting. However, they provided different types of data. Handling fish may be necessary for research purposes but unnecessary for general trend analysis. Electrofishing was extremely effective but can harm fish if not used with caution. Unnecessary electrofishing increases the likelihood of spinal damage and possible damage to eggs and potential young, and it may alter spawning behavior or duration. B","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081245","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, TSC, Denver, Colorado under the Multi-Species Conservation Program Work Task G-3 Adaptive Management Research Project and Conservation Measure RASU-6, Lower Colorado Regional Office, Boulder City, Nevada","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G.A., Wydoski, R., Best, E., Hiebert, S., Lantow, J., Santee, M., Goettlicher, B., and Millosovich, J., 2008, Techniques for Monitoring Razorback Sucker in the Lower Colorado River, Hoover to Parker Dams, 2006-2007, Final Report (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1245, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081245.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"0","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11695,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1245/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686189","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Gordon A.","contributorId":86420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wydoski, Richard","contributorId":14843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wydoski","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Best, Eric","contributorId":39071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hiebert, Steve","contributorId":52216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiebert","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lantow, Jeff","contributorId":18066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantow","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Santee, Mark","contributorId":30693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santee","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Goettlicher, Bill","contributorId":60723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goettlicher","given":"Bill","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Millosovich, Joe","contributorId":20425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millosovich","given":"Joe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70182242,"text":"70182242 - 2008 - Mathematical models frame environmental dispute [Review of the article Useless arithmetic: Ten points to ponder when using mathematical models in environmental decision making]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T09:39:21","indexId":"70182242","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5301,"text":"Public Administration Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mathematical models frame environmental dispute [Review of the article Useless arithmetic: Ten points to ponder when using mathematical models in environmental decision making]","docAbstract":"When Linda Pilkey- Jarvis and Orrin Pilkey state in their article, \"Useless Arithmetic,\" that \"mathematical models are simplified, generalized representations of a process or system,\" they probably do not mean to imply that these models are simple. Rather, the models are simpler than nature and that is the heart of the problem with predictive models. We have had a long professional association with the developers and users of one of these simplifications of nature in the form of a mathematical model known as Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM), which is part of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM). The IFIM is a suite of techniques, including PHABSIM, that allows the analyst to incorporate hydrology , hydraulics, habitat, water quality, stream temperature, and other variables into a tradeoff analysis that decision makers can use to design a flow regime to meet management objectives (Stalnaker et al. 1995). Although we are not the developers of the IFIM, we have worked with those who did design it, and we have tried to understand how the IFIM and PHABSIM are actually used in decision making (King, Burkardt, and Clark 2006; Lamb 1989).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Public Administration","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., and Burkardt, N., 2008, Mathematical models frame environmental dispute [Review of the article Useless arithmetic: Ten points to ponder when using mathematical models in environmental decision making]: Public Administration Review, v. 68, no. 3, p. 55-60.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"60","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58aeb13de4b01ccd54f9ee22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":96784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkardt, Nina 0000-0002-9392-9251 burkardtn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-9251","contributorId":2781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"Nina","email":"burkardtn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":670198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1004087,"text":"1004087 - 2008 - Genetic diversity among sea otter isolates of Toxoplasma gondii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-23T18:47:21.652003","indexId":"1004087","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3686,"text":"Veterinary Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic diversity among sea otter isolates of Toxoplasma gondii","docAbstract":"Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have been reported to become infected with Toxoplasma gondiiand at times succumb to clinical disease. Here, we determined genotypes of 39 T. gondiiisolates from 37 sea otters in two geographically distant locations (25 from California and 12 from Washington). Six genotypes were identified using 10 PCR-RFLP genetic markers including SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico, and by DNA sequencing of loci SAG1 and GRA6 in 13 isolates. Of these 39 isolates, 13 (33%) were clonal Type II which can be further divided into two groups at the locus Apico. Two of the 39 isolates had Type II alleles at all loci except a Type I allele at locus L358. One isolate had Type II alleles at all loci except the Type I alleles at loci L358 and Apico. One isolate had Type III alleles at all loci except Type II alleles at SAG2 and Apico. Two sea otter isolates had a mixed infection. Twenty-one (54%) isolates had an unique allele at SAG1 locus. Further genotyping or DNA sequence analysis for 18 of these 21 isolates at loci SAG1 and GRA6 revealed that there were two different genotypes, including the previously identified Type X (four isolates) and a new genotype named Type A (14 isolates). The results from this study suggest that the sea otter isolates are genetically diverse.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.012","usgsCitation":"Sundar, N., Cole, R.A., Thomas, N., Majumdar, D., Dubey, J., and Su, C., 2008, Genetic diversity among sea otter isolates of Toxoplasma gondii: Veterinary Parasitology, v. 151, no. 2-4, p. 125-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.012.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-008091","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, 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J. 0000-0002-0161-0391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":49731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Majumdar, D.","contributorId":10017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majumdar","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dubey, J. P.","contributorId":80609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dubey","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Su, C.","contributorId":18334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Su","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70115358,"text":"70115358 - 2008 - Avoidance behavior of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) exposed to Bayluscide 3.2% Granular Sea Lamprey Larvicide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-27T10:13:12","indexId":"70115358","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"displayTitle":"Avoidance behavior of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) exposed to Bayluscide 3.2% Granular Sea Lamprey Larvicide","title":"Avoidance behavior of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) exposed to Bayluscide 3.2% Granular Sea Lamprey Larvicide","docAbstract":"Avoidance of juvenile lake sturgeons < 100 mm in length in response to application of the Bayluscide 3.2% Granular Sea Lamprey Larvicide was assessed. Clear plexiglas columns (107 cm in height, 30.5 cm in diameter) to evaluate the potential for the normally bottom-dwelling fishes to move vertically in the water column to avoid niclosamide dissolving from the Bayluscide granules. Vertical migration of lake sturgeons to > 15 cm off the bottom of the column was considered avoidance. Lake sturgeons began displaying avoidance behaviors within 4 to 8 min after the granules were applied and continued for up to 60 min. After 60 min, most or all of the sturgeons were near the surface in the treated columns. In contrast, little movement above the 15-cm mark was observed at any time in any of the control columns. The results of this study are similar to a previous study where juvenile lake sturgeons > 100 mm in length showed the ability to avoid granular Bayluscide. Taken together, we conclude that juvenile lake sturgeons of any size range can detect and avoid granular Bayluscide applications.
Final Rept. ; Prepared in Cooperation With Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Inst. of Arctic Biology. Sponsored By National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, Ak. AlaskaFisheries Science Center. ; Stranded Exxon Valdez Oil Has Persisted for 16 Years At Boulder-Armored Beach Sites Along National Park Coastlines Bordering the Gulf of Alaska. These Sites Are Up to 640 Km From the Spill Origin and Were Contaminated By Oil Mousse, a Viscous Water-in-Oil Emulsion. Although Surface Oil Has Continued to Decline, Subsurface Oiling Persists in Patches. Especially Striking Is the General Lack of Weathering of Stranded Oil on Armored Beaches Over the Last 16 Years. At Three of the Four Sites Where Oil Was Sampled in 2005, the Oil Was Compositionally Similar to 11-Day Old Exxon Valdez Oil, Even After 16 Years. The Formation of Mousse Allowed Less-Weathered Oil to Be Transported Long Distances. The Sequestration of the Oil Beneath a Boulder Armor, Coupled With the Stability of the Boulder Armoring (Investigated By Examining Movement of Marked Boulders), Had Contributed to the Lengthy Persistence of This Stranded Oil. Opportunistic Sampling of Several Previously Studied Oiled Mussel Beds Indicates Continued Contamination of At Least One of the Sites By Not Very Weathered Exxon Valdez Oil. Long-Term Persistence of Oil in These Habitats Should Cause Reconsideration of Response Activities After Spills, and May Influence the Environmental Sensitivity Indices Applied to These Habitats.
","largerWorkTitle":"TOXLINE","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","usgsCitation":"Irvine, G., Mann, D., and Short, J., 2008, Monitoring lingering oil from the Exxon Valdez spill on Gulf of Alaska armored beaches and mussel beds sixteen years post-spill, v. 12.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57724e32e4b07657d1a819b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irvine, G.V.","contributorId":97051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irvine","given":"G.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mann, D.H.","contributorId":23282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Short, J.W.","contributorId":65631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032052,"text":"70032052 - 2008 - Ground-based thermography of fluvial systems at low and high discharge reveals potential complex thermal heterogeneity driven by flow variation and bioroughness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T08:07:48","indexId":"70032052","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-based thermography of fluvial systems at low and high discharge reveals potential complex thermal heterogeneity driven by flow variation and bioroughness","docAbstract":"Temperature is a primary physical and biogeochemical variable in aquatic systems. Field‐based measurement of temperature at discrete sampling points has revealed temperature variability in fluvial systems, but traditional techniques do not readily allow for synoptic sampling schemes that can address temperature‐related questions with broad, yet detailed, coverage. We present results of thermal infrared imaging at different stream discharge (base flow and peak flood) conditions using a handheld IR camera. Remotely sensed temperatures compare well with those measured with a digital thermometer. The thermal images show that periphyton, wood, and sandbars induce significant thermal heterogeneity during low stages. Moreover, the images indicate temperature variability within the periphyton community and within the partially submerged bars. The thermal heterogeneity was diminished during flood inundation, when the areas of more slowly moving water to the side of the stream differed in their temperature. The results have consequences for thermally sensitive hydroecological processes and implications for models of those processes, especially those that assume an effective stream temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lead concentrations and isotope ratios measured in river water colloids and streambed sediment samples along 426 km of the Sacramento River, California reveal that the influence of lead from the historical mining of massive sulfide deposits in the West Shasta Cu-mining district (at the headwaters of the Sacramento River) is confined to a 60 km stretch of river immediately downstream of that mining region, whereas inputs from past leaded gasoline emissions and historical hydraulic Au-mining in the Sierra Nevadan foothills are the dominant lead sources in the remaining 370 km of the river. Binary mixing calculations suggest that more than 50% of the lead in the Sacramento River outside of the region of influence of the West Shasta Cu-mining district is derived from past depositions of leaded gasoline emissions. This predominance is the first direct documentation of the geographic extent of gasoline lead persistence throughout a large riparian system (>160,000 km2) and corroborates previous observations based on samples taken at the mouth of the Sacramento River. In addition, new analyses of sediment samples from the hydraulic gold mines of the Sierra Nevada foothills confirm the present-day fluxes into the Sacramento River of contaminant metals derived from historical hydraulic Au-mining that occurred during the latter half of the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries. These fluxes occur predominantly during periods of elevated river discharge associated with heavy winter precipitation in northern California. In the broadest context, the study demonstrates the potential for altered precipitation patterns resulting from climate change to affect the mobility and transport of soil-bound contaminants in the surface environment.