A refined descriptive hydrogeologic framework of the Coastal Plain of eastern Virginia provides a new perspective on the regional ground-water system by incorporating recent understanding gained by discovery of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater and determination of other geological relations. The seaward-thickening wedge of extensive, eastward-dipping strata of largely unconsolidated sediments is classified into a series of 19 hydrogeologic units, based on interpretations of geophysical logs and allied descriptions and analyses from a regional network of 403 boreholes.
Potomac aquifer sediments of Early Cretaceous age form the primary ground-water supply resource. The Potomac aquifer is designated as a single aquifer because the fine-grained interbeds, which are spatially highly variable and inherently discontinuous, are not sufficiently dense across a continuous expanse to act as regional barriers to ground-water flow. Part of the Potomac aquifer in the outer part of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater consists of megablock beds, which are relatively undeformed internally but are bounded by widely separated faults. The Potomac aquifer is entirely truncated across the inner part of the crater. The Potomac confining zone approximates a transition from the Potomac aquifer to overlying hydrogeologic units.
New or revised designations of sediments of Late Cretaceous age that are present only south of the James River include the upper Cenomanian confining unit, the Virginia Beach aquifer and confining zone, and the Peedee aquifer and confining zone. The Virginia Beach aquifer is a locally important ground-water supply resource.
Sediments of late Paleocene to early Eocene age that compose the Aquia aquifer and overlying Nanjemoy-Marlboro confining unit are truncated along the margin of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. Sediments of late Eocene age compose three newly designated confining units within the crater, which are from bottom to top, the impact-generated Exmore clast and Exmore matrix confining units, and the Chickahominy confining unit.
Piney Point aquifer sediments of early Eocene to middle Miocene age overlie most of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater and beyond, but are a locally significant ground-water supply resource only outside of the crater across the middle reaches of the Northern Neck, Middle, and York-James Peninsulas. Sediments of middle Miocene to late Miocene age that compose the Calvert confining unit and overlying Saint Marys confining unit effectively separate the underlying Piney Point aquifer and deeper aquifers from overlying shallow aquifers. Saint Marys aquifer sediments of late Miocene age separate the Calvert and Saint Marys confining units across two limited areas only.
Sediments of the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer of late Miocene to late Pliocene age form the second most heavily used ground-water supply resource. The Yorktown confining zone approximates a transition to the overlying late Pliocene to Holocene sediments of the surficial aquifer, which extends across the entire land surface in the Virginia Coastal Plain and is a moderately used supply. The Yorktown-Eastover aquifer and the eastern part of the surficial aquifer are closely associated across complex and extensive hydraulic connections and jointly compose a shallow, generally semiconfined ground-water system that is hydraulically separated from the deeper system.
Vertical faults extend from the basement upward through most of the hydrogeologic units but may be more widespread and ubiquitous than recognized herein, because areas of sparse boreholes do not provide adequate spatial control. Hydraulic conductivity probably is decreased locally by disruption of depositional intergranular structure by fault movement in the generally incompetent sediments. Localized fluid flow in open fractures may be unique in the Chickahominy confining unit. Some hydrogeologic units are partly to wholly truncated where displacements are large relative to unit thickness, resulting in lateral flow barriers or flow conduits.
The tops of the Saint Marys confining unit, YorktownEastover aquifer, and Yorktown confining zone are widely sculpted by erosion that reflects both the present-day topography and buried paleochannels. Fault displacements across the top surfaces of these hydrogeologic units probably have been beveled by erosion. Additionally, erosion has modified the margins of many hydrogeologic units by truncation along the valleys of major rivers and their tributaries, beneath which underlying hydrogeologic units are incised. As a result, the surficial aquifer is in contact with a “patchwork” of underlying hydrogeologic units that create a complex array of hydraulic connections between the confined and unconfined ground-water systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1731","isbn":"1411310659","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"McFarland, R.E., and Scott, B.T., 2006, The Virginia Coastal Plain Hydrogeologic Framework: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1731, Report (x, 119 p.); 25 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1731.","productDescription":"Report ix, 118 p.; 25 Plates: 21.16 x 29.87 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81146.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"81146"},{"id":192448,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9467,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2006/1731/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Virginia Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 38.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d60c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McFarland, E. Randolph 0000-0002-4135-6842 ermcfarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4135-6842","contributorId":195668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"E.","email":"ermcfarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randolph","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruce, T. Scott","contributorId":197588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruce","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79748,"text":"ofr20071008 - 2006 - Quantifying the Components of Impervious Surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:12","indexId":"ofr20071008","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1008","title":"Quantifying the Components of Impervious Surfaces","docAbstract":"This study's objectives were to (1) determine the relative contribution of impervious surface individual components by collecting digital information from high-resolution imagery, 1-meter or better; and to (2) determine which of the more advanced techniques, such as spectral unmixing or the application of coefficients to land use or land cover data, was the most suitable method that could be used by State and local governments as well as Federal agencies to efficiently measure the imperviousness in any given watershed or area of interest.\r\n\r\nThe components of impervious surfaces, combined from all the watersheds and time periods from objective one were the following: buildings 29.2-percent, roads 28.3-percent, parking lots 24.6-percent; with the remaining three totaling 14-percent - driveways, sidewalks, and other, where other were any other features that were not contained within the first five.\r\n\r\nResults from objective two were spectral unmixing techniques will ultimately be the most efficient method of determining imperviousness, but are not yet accurate enough as it is critical to achieve accuracy better than 10-percent of the truth, of which the method is not consistently accomplishing as observed in this study. Of the three techniques in coefficient application tested, land use coefficient application was not practical, while if the last two methods, coefficients applied to land cover data, were merged, their end results could be to within 5-percent or better, of the truth. Until the spectral unmixing technique has been further refined, land cover coefficients should be used, which offer quick results, but not current as they were developed for the 1992 National Land Characteristics Data.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071008","isbn":"0607978159","collaboration":"Prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration; In collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Assessment","usgsCitation":"Tilley, J.S., and Slonecker, E.T., 2006, Quantifying the Components of Impervious Surfaces: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1008, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071008.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":246,"text":"Eastern Region Geographic Services","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9422,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1008/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cc7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilley, Janet S. jtilley@usgs.gov","contributorId":480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilley","given":"Janet","email":"jtilley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slonecker, E. Terrence 0000-0002-5793-0503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-0503","contributorId":67175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slonecker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terrence","affiliations":[{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79711,"text":"b2209L - 2006 - U.S. industrial garnet","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79711,"text":"b2209L - 2006 - U.S. industrial garnet","indexId":"b2209L","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"U.S. industrial garnet"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":44273,"text":"b2209 - 2003 - Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research","indexId":"b2209","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":44273,"text":"b2209 - 2003 - Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research","indexId":"b2209","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T19:54:55.138649","indexId":"b2209L","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2209","chapter":"L","title":"U.S. industrial garnet","docAbstract":"The United States presently consumes about 16 percent of global production of industrial garnet for use in abrasive airblasting, abrasive coatings, filtration media, waterjet cutting, and grinding. As of 2005, domestic garnet production has decreased from a high of 74,000 t in 1998, and imports have increased to the extent that as much as 60 percent of the garnet used in the United States in 2003 was imported, mainly from India, China, and Australia; Canada joined the list of suppliers in 2005. The principal type of garnet used is almandite (almandine), because of its specific gravity and hardness; andradite is also extensively used, although it is not as hard or dense as almandite.
Most industrial-grade garnet is obtained from gneiss, amphibolite, schist, skarn, and igneous rocks and from alluvium derived from weathering and erosion of these rocks. Garnet mines and occurrences are located in 21 States, but the only presently active (2006) mines are in northern Idaho (garnet placers; one mine), southeastern Montana (garnet placers; one mine), and eastern New York (unweathered bedrock; two mines). In Idaho, garnet is mined from Tertiary and (or) Quaternary sedimentary deposits adjacent to garnetiferous metapelites that are correlated with the Wallace Formation of the Proterozoic Belt Supergroup. In New York, garnet is mined from crystalline rocks of the Adirondack Mountains that are part of the Proterozoic Grenville province, and from the southern Taconic Range that is part of the northern Appalachian Mountains. In Montana, sources of garnet in placers include amphibolite, mica schist, and gneiss of Archean age and younger granite. Two mines that were active in the recent past in southwestern Montana produced garnet from gold dredge tailings and saprolite.
In this report, we review the history of garnet mining and production and describe some garnet occurrences in most of the Eastern States along the Appalachian Mountains and in some of the Western States where industrial-grade garnet or its possible occurrence has been reported. Other natural and manmade materials compete with garnet in nearly all of the applications for which garnet can be used; garnet, however, has the advantages that it is reusable, nontoxic, and nonreactive. In addition, garnet produces much less dust than other abrasive materials, and spills are relatively benign and easy to clean up.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to industrial-minerals research (Bulletin 2209)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2209L","usgsCitation":"Evans, J.G., and Moyle, P.R., 2006, U.S. industrial garnet (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2209, v, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2209L.","productDescription":"v, 54 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416679,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80832.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9367,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2209-l/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 55.36662484928637\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 56.145549500679074\n ],\n [\n -131.9677734375,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -135.3076171875,\n 59.833775202184206\n ],\n [\n -136.38427734375,\n 59.65664225341022\n ],\n [\n -136.6259765625,\n 59.23217626921806\n ],\n [\n -137.52685546875,\n 58.938673187948304\n ],\n [\n -137.65869140625,\n 59.33318942659219\n ],\n [\n -138.8232421875,\n 60.009970961180386\n ],\n [\n -139.21874999999997,\n 60.108670463036\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 60.403001945865476\n ],\n [\n -139.85595703125,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -140.99853515625,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 69.71810669906763\n ],\n [\n -143.4375,\n 70.17020068549206\n ],\n [\n -145.1953125,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n 70.58341752317065\n ],\n [\n -152.40234375,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n -152.314453125,\n 70.95969716686398\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 70.8734913192635\n ],\n [\n -162.0703125,\n 70.31873847853124\n ],\n [\n -163.916015625,\n 69.06856318696033\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.942606818121\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.26938680456564\n ],\n [\n -163.30078125,\n 66.86108230224609\n ],\n [\n -161.982421875,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.08936427047088\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.6181218846659\n ],\n [\n -165.76171875,\n 66.40795547978848\n ],\n [\n -168.0908203125,\n 65.69447579373418\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 65.14611484756372\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 65.05360170595502\n ],\n [\n -166.3330078125,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -162.861328125,\n 64.39693778132846\n ],\n [\n -160.927734375,\n 64.90491004905083\n ],\n [\n -161.0595703125,\n 64.47279382008166\n ],\n [\n -161.4990234375,\n 64.49172504435471\n ],\n [\n -160.8837890625,\n 63.87939001720202\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 63.470144746565424\n ],\n [\n -162.6416015625,\n 63.64625919492172\n ],\n [\n -163.212890625,\n 63.05495931065107\n ],\n [\n -164.2236328125,\n 63.37183226679281\n ],\n [\n -166.1572265625,\n 61.75233128411639\n ],\n [\n -165.3662109375,\n 60.54377524118842\n ],\n [\n -167.431640625,\n 60.326947742998414\n ],\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 59.866883195210214\n ],\n [\n -165.8935546875,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n -162.68554687499997,\n 59.734253447591364\n ],\n [\n -162.3779296875,\n 60.174306261926034\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 59.46740794183739\n ],\n [\n -162.0263671875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 58.768200159239576\n ],\n [\n -162.20214843749997,\n 58.65408464530598\n ],\n [\n -160.83984375,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 58.6769376725869\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 58.309488840677645\n ],\n [\n -156.88476562499997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 58.516651799363785\n ],\n [\n -157.8076171875,\n 57.61010702068388\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -168.6181640625,\n 53.4357192066942\n ],\n [\n -174.9462890625,\n 52.26815737376817\n ],\n [\n -178.2421875,\n 51.83577752045248\n ],\n [\n -173.1884765625,\n 51.590722643120145\n ],\n [\n -162.5537109375,\n 54.23955053156177\n ],\n [\n -155.302734375,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -151.4794921875,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -146.9970703125,\n 60.08676274626006\n ],\n [\n -145.546875,\n 60.21799073323445\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 59.93300042374631\n ],\n [\n -138.3837890625,\n 58.83649009392136\n ],\n [\n -135.6591796875,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 54.521081495443596\n ],\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -69.2578125,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 42.87596410238256\n ],\n [\n -82.68310546875,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -83.49609375,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 47.96050238891509\n ],\n [\n -90.76904296874999,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 48.37084770238366\n ],\n [\n -92.39501953125,\n 48.23930899024907\n ],\n [\n -92.94433593749999,\n 48.61838518688487\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 48.63290858589535\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 49.23912083246698\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.396675075193976\n ],\n [\n -95.20751953125,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 48.66194284607006\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 48.32703913063476\n ],\n [\n -124.78271484375,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 41.22824901518529\n ],\n [\n -124.73876953125,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.491230287947594\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.297327991404266\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -104.47998046875,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -103.20556640625,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -102.65625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -101.49169921875,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 28.246327971048842\n ],\n [\n -99.60205078124999,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -99.47021484375,\n 27.31321389856826\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.52956523826758\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -97.75634765625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 27.858503954841247\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -88.22021484375,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -87.91259765625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -85.2978515625,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 28.555576049185973\n ],\n [\n -83.21044921875,\n 27.800209937418252\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 25.264568475331583\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 24.56710835257599\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 25.34402602913433\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -80.66162109375,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 34.07086232376631\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -73.58642578125,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -69.63134765625,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -70.3564453125,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -67.2802734375,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -67.0166015625,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, James G. jevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":2396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"James","email":"jevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moyle, Phillip R.","contributorId":100898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79696,"text":"sim2916 - 2006 - Stratigraphic framework and depositional sequences in the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation, Appalachian Basin: From Licking County, Ohio, to Fayette County, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T20:32:18.839057","indexId":"sim2916","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2916","title":"Stratigraphic framework and depositional sequences in the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation, Appalachian Basin: From Licking County, Ohio, to Fayette County, West Virginia","docAbstract":"The Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation was named by Ryder and Zagorski (2003) for a 400-mile (mi)-long by 200-mi-wide hydrocarbon accumulation in the central Appalachian basin of the Eastern United States and Ontario, Canada. From the early 1880s to 2000, approximately 300 to 400 million barrels of oil and eight to nine trillion cubic feet of gas have been produced from the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation (Miller, 1975; McCormac and others, 1996; Harper and others, 1999). Dominant reservoirs in the regional accumulation are the Lower Silurian \"Clinton\" and Medina sandstones in Ohio and westernmost West Virginia and coeval rocks in the Lower Silurian Medina Group (Grimsby Sandstone (Formation) and Whirlpool Sandstone) in northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York. A secondary reservoir is the Upper Ordovician(?) and Lower Silurian Tuscarora Sandstone in central Pennsylvania and central West Virginia, a more proximal eastern facies of the \"Clinton\" sandstone and Medina Group (Yeakel, 1962; Cotter, 1982, 1983; Castle, 1998).
The Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation is subdivided by Ryder and Zagorski (2003) into the following three parts: (1) an easternmost part consisting of local gas-bearing sandstone units in the Tuscarora Sandstone that is included with the basin-center accumulation; (2) an eastern part consisting predominantly of gas-bearing \"Clinton\" sandstone-Medina Group sandstones that have many characteristics of a basin-center accumulation (Davis, 1984; Zagorski, 1988, 1991; Law and Spencer, 1993); and (3) a western part consisting of oil- and gas-bearing \"Clinton\" sandstone-Medina Group sandstones that is a conventional accumulation with hybrid features of a basin-center accumulation (Zagorski, 1999). With the notable exception of the offshore part of Lake Erie (de Witt, 1993), the supply of oil and (or) gas in the hybrid-conventional part of the regional accumulation continues to decline because of the many wells drilled there since the late 1880s. However, new gas and local oil continues to be discovered in the deeper basin-center part (Zagorski, 1991; Pees, 1994; Petroleum Information Corporation, 1994). In general, only small quantities of gas have been produced from the Tuscarora Sandstone fields because of their generally poor reservoir quality and because of the low energy (Btu) content of the gas (Avary, 1996). Although fracture porosity is the dominant porosity type in the Tuscarora Sandstone gas reservoirs (Avary, 1996), there are several fields, such as Indian Creek, where intergranular porosity seems to be important (Bruner, 1983; Castle and Byrnes, 2005).
In order to better understand the character and origin of the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation and its component parts, six cross sections were drawn through the Lower Silurian strata in parts of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The locations of all six cross sections are shown on sheet 2 (figs. 1 and 2) of this report. Each cross section shows the stratigraphic framework, depositional setting, sequence stratigraphy, and hydrocarbon-producing intervals of the Lower Silurian sandstone reservoirs and adjoining strata. Cross section F–F′ presented here is about 215 mi long and trends northwestward, approximately normal to the depositional strike of the Lower Silurian sandstone system, and extends through large stretches of the basin-center and hybrid-conventional parts of the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2916","isbn":"1411309677","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R., 2006, Stratigraphic framework and depositional sequences in the Lower Silurian regional oil and gas accumulation, Appalachian Basin: From Licking County, Ohio, to Fayette County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2916, Report: iii, 12 p.; 2 Sheets:52.00 x 26.00 inches and 48.00 x 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2916.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 12 p.; 2 Sheets:52.00 x 26.00 inches and 48.00 x 30.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194486,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9332,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2916/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110714,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80828.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80828"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.6667,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -81.6667,\n 37.8333\n ],\n [\n -80.9167,\n 37.8333\n ],\n [\n -80.9167,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -81.6667,\n 40.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0d46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69855,"text":"pp1674 - 2006 - Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":31197,"text":"ofr2000517 - 2001 - Mapping groundwater in three dimensions: An analysis of the airborne geophysical surveys of the upper San Pedro River basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona with an interpretation of where the groundwater lies","indexId":"ofr2000517","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Mapping groundwater in three dimensions: An analysis of the airborne geophysical surveys of the upper San Pedro River basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona with an interpretation of where the groundwater lies"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":69855,"text":"pp1674 - 2006 - Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona","indexId":"pp1674","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T22:04:50.388843","indexId":"pp1674","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1674","title":"Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the results of two airborne geophysical surveys conducted in the upper San Pedro Valley of southeastern Arizona in 1997 and 1999. The combined surveys cover about 1,000 square kilometers and extend from the Huachuca Mountains on the west to the Mule Mountains and Tombstone Hills on the east and from north of the Babocomari River to near the Mexican border on the south. The surveys included the acquisition of high-resolution magnetic data, which were used to map depth to the crystalline basement rocks underlying the sediments filling the basin. The magnetic inversion results show a complex basement morphology, with sediment thickness in the center of the valley ranging from ~237 meters beneath the city of Sierra Vista to ~1,500 meters beneath Huachuca City and the Palominas area near the Mexican border. The surveys also included acquisition of 60-channel time-domain electromagnetic (EM) data. Extensive quality analyses of these data, including inversion to conductivity vs. depth (conductivity-depth-transform or CDT) profiles and comparisons with electrical well logs, show that the electrical conductor mapped represents the subsurface water-bearing sediments throughout most of the basin.\r\n\r\nIn a few places (notably the mouth of Huachuca Canyon), the reported water table lies above where the electrical conductor places it. These exceptions appear to be due to a combination of outdated water-table information, significant horizontal displacement between the wells and the CDT profiles, and a subtle calibration issue with the CDT algorithm apparent only in areas of highly resistive (very dry) overburden. These occasional disparities appear in less than 5 percent of the surveyed area. Observations show, however, that wells drilled in the thick unsaturated zone along the Huachuca Mountain front eventually intersect water, at which point the water rapidly rises high into the unsaturated zone within the wellbore. This rising of water in a wellbore implies some sort of confinement below the thick unsaturated zone, a confinement that is not identified in the available literature. Occasional disparities notwithstanding, maps of the electrical conductor derived from the airborne EM system provide a synoptic view of the presence of water underlying the upper San Pedro Valley, including its three-dimensional distribution. The EM data even show faults previously only inferred from geologic mapping.\r\n\r\nThe magnetic and electromagnetic data together appear to show the thickness of the sediments, the water in the saturated sediments down to a maximum of about 400 meters depth, and even places where the main ground-water body is not in direct contact with the San Pedro River. However, the geophysical data cannot reveal anything directly about hydraulic conductivity or ground-water flow. Estimating these characteristics requires new hydraulic modeling based in part on this report.\r\n\r\nOne concern to reviewers of this report is the effect that clays may have on the electrical conductor mapped with the airborne geophysical system. Although the water in the basin is unusually conductive, averaging 338 microsiemens per centimeter, reasoning cited below suggests that the contribution of clays to the overall conductivity would be relatively small. Basic principles of sedimentary geology suggest that silts and clays should dominate the center of the basin, while sands and gravels would tend to dominate the margins. Although clay content may increase the amplitude of the observed electrical conductors somewhat, it will not affect the depths to the conductor derived from depth inversions. Further, fine-grained sediments generally have higher porosity and tend to lie toward a basin center, a fact in general agreement with the observed geophysical data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1674","isbn":"1411309014","usgsCitation":"Wynn, J., 2006, Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1674, Report: v, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 26.34 inches and 25.00 x 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1674.","productDescription":"Report: v, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 26.34 inches and 25.00 x 24.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":9341,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2006/1674/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110715,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80831.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80831"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Cochise County","otherGeospatial":"Upper San Pedro River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.4580522692127,\n 31.74663535853425\n ],\n [\n -110.4580522692127,\n 31.34199014408115\n ],\n [\n -109.85346594086583,\n 31.34199014408115\n ],\n [\n -109.85346594086583,\n 31.74663535853425\n ],\n [\n -110.4580522692127,\n 31.74663535853425\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69e1f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79622,"text":"ofr20061260A - 2006 - Surficial Geologic Map of the Clinton-Concord-Grafton-Medfield 12-Quadrangle Area in East Central Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"ofr20061260A","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1260","chapter":"A","title":"Surficial Geologic Map of the Clinton-Concord-Grafton-Medfield 12-Quadrangle Area in East Central Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The surficial geologic map shows the distribution of nonlithified earth materials at land surface in an area of twelve 7.5-minute quadrangles (total 660 square miles) in east-central Massachusetts. The geologic map differentiates surficial materials of Quaternary age on the basis of their lithologic characteristics (grain size, sedimentary structures, mineral and rock-particle composition), constructional geomorphic features, stratigraphic relationships, and age. Surficial earth materials significantly affect human use of the land, and an accurate description of their distribution is particularly important for water resources, construction aggregate resources, earth-surface hazards assessments, and land-use decisions. This compilation of surficial geologic materials is an interim product that defines the areas of exposed bedrock, and the boundaries between glacial till, glacial stratified deposits, and overlying postglacial deposits. This work is part of a comprehensive study to produce a statewide digital map of the surficial geology at a 1:24,000-scale level of accuracy. This report includes explanatory text (PDF), a regional map at 1:50,000 scale (PDF), quadrangle maps at 1:24,000 scale (12 PDF files), GIS data layers (ArcGIS shapefiles), scanned topographic base maps (TIF), metadata for the GIS layers, and a readme.txt file.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061260A","isbn":"1411312538","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Office of the State Geologist and Executive Office of Environmental Affairs ","usgsCitation":"Stone, J.R., and Stone, B.D., 2006, Surficial Geologic Map of the Clinton-Concord-Grafton-Medfield 12-Quadrangle Area in East Central Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1260, iii, 12 p.; maps; GIS data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061260A.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p.; maps; GIS data","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110703,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80659.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80659"},{"id":191001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9249,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1260/A/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689630","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway jrstone@usgs.gov","contributorId":1695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet","email":"jrstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Radway","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79585,"text":"ofr20061151 - 2006 - Environmental Setting of the Morgan Creek Basin, Maryland, 2002-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:12","indexId":"ofr20061151","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1151","title":"Environmental Setting of the Morgan Creek Basin, Maryland, 2002-04","docAbstract":"The Morgan Creek Basin is a 31-square-kilometer watershed in Kent County, Maryland on the Delmarva Peninsula. The Delmarva Peninsula covers about 15,500 square kilometers and includes most of the State of Delaware and parts of Maryland and Virginia east of the Chesapeake Bay. The Morgan Creek Basin is one of five sites selected for the study of sources, transport, and fate by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program's: Agricultural Chemicals: Sources, Transport and Fate study team (Agricultural Chemicals Team, ACT). A key component of the study is identifying the natural factors and human influences affecting water quality in the Morgan Creek Basin. \r\n The Morgan Creek Basin is in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province, which is a nearly level seaward-sloping lowland with areas of moderate topographic relief. The study area lies within a well-drained upland region with permeable and porous soils and aquifer sediments. The soils are well suited to most field crops.\r\n Agriculture is the principal land use in the Morgan Creek Basin, as well as throughout the entire Delmarva Peninsula. Most agricultural land is used for row crops such as corn, soybeans, and small grains, and slightly less land is used for pasture and hay production involving alfalfa, clover, and various perennial grasses. There are several animal operations in the study area. Farm management practices include fertilizer and herbicide applications, different tillage practices, addition of lime, forested riparian buffers, grassed waterways, and sediment retention ponds. Irrigation in the study area is minimal.\r\n The climate of the Morgan Creek Basin is humid and subtropical, with an average annual precipitation of 1.12 meters. Overall annual precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, from 76 to 101 millimeters per month; however, the spring and summer (March - September) tend to be slightly wetter than the autumn and winter (October - February). Anomalously high precipitation can occur in summer/early autumn due to occasional hurricanes and tropical storms. Thunderstorms can also produce relatively high localized precipitation over the Morgan Creek Basin during the summer months.\r\n Mean daily streamflows for Morgan Creek are highly variable, and somewhat flashy due to the relatively small area of the basin. The long-term median base flow for Morgan Creek is 59 percent of total flow, indicating that total streamflow is most often dominated by a sustained ground-water contribution. Surface runoff accounts for the other 41 percent of the water in total streamflow and dominates during and just after precipitation events. \r\n The surficial aquifer in the study area consists of permeable quartz-rich sand and gravel and is underlain by less permeable marine sand, silt, and clay. The depth to water table ranges from less than 0.4 meters below land surface in the floodplain to 12 meters below land surface in upland areas. Ground water generally flows from uplands toward the Morgan Creek floodplain at a variety of depths and time scales. Because the soils and sediments are permeable and porous, some fraction of chemicals applied to the land surface tend to move downward to the water table where they are transported to discharge areas near Morgan Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061151","usgsCitation":"Hancock, T.C., and Brayton, M.J., 2006, Environmental Setting of the Morgan Creek Basin, Maryland, 2002-04: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1151, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061151.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9204,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1151/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60257e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hancock, Tracy Connell","contributorId":62295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hancock","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"Connell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brayton, Michael J. mbrayton@usgs.gov","contributorId":2993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brayton","given":"Michael","email":"mbrayton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79564,"text":"ofr20061358 - 2006 - Knowledge and Understanding of the Hydrogeology of the Salt Basin in South-Central New Mexico and Future Study Needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:23","indexId":"ofr20061358","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1358","title":"Knowledge and Understanding of the Hydrogeology of the Salt Basin in South-Central New Mexico and Future Study Needs","docAbstract":"The Salt Basin covers about 2,400 square miles of south-central New Mexico and extends across the State line into Texas. As much as 57 million acre-feet of ground water may be stored within the New Mexico part of the Salt Basin of which 15 million acre-feet are potentially potable and recoverable. Recent work suggests that the volume of ground water in storage within the New Mexico portion of the Salt Basin may be substantially greater than 57 million acre-feet. \r\n\r\nIn this report, aquifers contained in the San Andres, Bone Spring, and Victorio Peak Limestones and in the Yeso, Hueco, and Abo Formations are collectively referred to as the carbonate aquifer. Porosity and permeability of the major aquifer are primarily determined by the density and interconnectedness of fractures and karstic solution channels. The spatial variability of these fractures and karstic features leads to a large spatial variability in hydraulic properties in the carbonate aquifer. \r\n\r\nGround water generally moves southward away from recharge areas along the northern border of the Salt Basin and generally moves eastward to southeastward away from areas of distributed recharge on the Otero Mesa and the Diablo Plateau. Ground water originating from these recharge areas generally moves toward the central valley. Present day discharge is mostly through ground-water withdrawal for agricultural irrigation. A zone of relatively low hydraulic gradient, corresponding to the location of the Otero Break, extends from near the Sacramento River watershed southward toward Dell City, Texas. Ground water in the carbonate aquifer generally is very hard and has dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 500 to 6,500 milligrams per liter. \r\n\r\nSubstantial variability exists in current estimates of (1) ground-water recharge, (2) natural ground-water discharge, (3) the volume of ground water in storage, (4) the volume of recoverable ground water, (5) the conceptual model of ground-water flow, (6) the distribution of ground-water quality, and (7) the distribution of hydraulic characteristics. Future study could reduce uncertainty in these estimates and allow for better management of ground-water resources in the Salt Basin.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061358","usgsCitation":"Huff, G.F., and Chace, D., 2006, Knowledge and Understanding of the Hydrogeology of the Salt Basin in South-Central New Mexico and Future Study Needs (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1358, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061358.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9181,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1358/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, G. F.","contributorId":11229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chace, D.A.","contributorId":60338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chace","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79546,"text":"ofr20061359 - 2006 - Calculation of area and volume for the north part of Great Salt Lake, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T15:58:54","indexId":"ofr20061359","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1359","title":"Calculation of area and volume for the north part of Great Salt Lake, Utah","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, Fire, and State Lands, collected bathymetric data for the north part of Great Salt Lake during the spring and early summer of 2006 using a single-beam, high-definition fathometer and real-time differential global positioning system. About 5.2 million depth measurements were collected along more than 765 miles (1,230 kilometers) of survey transects. Sound-velocity profiles were obtained in conjunction with the bathymetric data to provide time-of-travel corrections to the depth calculations. Data were processed with commercial hydrographic software and exported into geographic information system (GIS) software for mapping and calculation of area and volume. Area and volume calculations show a maximum area of about 385,000 acres (1,560 square kilometers) and a maximum volume of about 5,693,000 acre-feet (about 7 cubic kilometers) at a water-surface altitude of 4,200 feet (1,280 meters). Minimum natural water-surface altitude of the north part of Great Salt Lake is just below 4,167 feet (1,270 meters) in the area just north of the Union Pacific railroad causeway halfway between Saline and the western edge of the lake. The north part of Great Salt Lake generally grades gradually to the west and north and is bounded by steep scarps along its eastern border. Calculations for area and volume are based on a low altitude of 4,167 feet (1,270 meters) to a high altitude of 4,200 feet (1,280 meters).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061359","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, Fire, and State Lands","usgsCitation":"Baskin, R.L., 2006, Calculation of area and volume for the north part of Great Salt Lake, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1359, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061359.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334872,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sim2954","text":"Scientific Investigations Map 2954: Bathymetric map of the north part of Great Salt Lake, Utah, 2006","linkHelpText":"Scientific Investigations Map 2954: Bathymetric map of the north part of Great Salt Lake, Utah, 2006"},{"id":9161,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1359/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334871,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1359/PDF/ofr2006-1359.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.1139,\n 41.19889\n ],\n [\n -113.1139,\n 41.76667\n ],\n [\n -112.4717,\n 41.76667\n ],\n [\n -112.4717,\n 41.19889\n ],\n [\n -113.1139,\n 41.19889\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f96a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baskin, Robert L. 0000-0002-2175-8502 rbaskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2175-8502","contributorId":360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskin","given":"Robert","email":"rbaskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79541,"text":"sir20065310 - 2006 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow, Lake Point, Tooele County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:35:57","indexId":"sir20065310","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5310","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow, Lake Point, Tooele County, Utah","docAbstract":"Water for new residential development in Lake Point, Utah may be supplied by public-supply wells completed in consolidated rock on the east side of Lake Point. Ground-water flow models were developed to help understand the effect the proposed withdrawal will have on water levels, flowing-well discharge, spring discharge, and ground-water quality in the study area. This report documents the conceptual and numerical ground-water flow models for the Lake Point area.
The ground-water system in the Lake Point area receives recharge from local precipitation and irrigation, and from ground-water inflow from southwest of the area. Ground water discharges mostly to springs. Discharge also occurs to evapotranspiration, wells, and Great Salt Lake. Even though ground water discharges to Great Salt Lake, dense salt water from the lake intrudes under the less-dense ground water and forms a salt-water wedge under the valley. This salt water is responsible for some of the high dissolved-solids concentrations measured in ground water in Lake Point.
A steady-state MODFLOW-2000 ground-water model of Tooele Valley adequately simulates water levels, ground-water discharge, and ground-water flow direction observed in Lake Point in 1969 and 2002. Simulating an additional 1,650 acre-feet per year withdrawal from wells causes a maximum projected drawdown of about 550 feet in consolidated rock near the simulated wells and drawdown exceeding 80 feet in an area encompassing most of the Oquirrh Mountains east of Lake Point. Drawdown in most of Lake Point ranges from 2 to 10 ft, but increases to more than 40 feet in the areas proposed for residential development. Discharge to Factory Springs, flowing wells, evapotranspiration, and Great Salt Lake is decreased by about 1,100 acre-feet per year (23 percent).
The U.S. Geological Survey SUTRA variable-density ground-water-flow model generates a reasonable approximation of 2002 dissolved-solids concentration when simulating 2002 withdrawals. At most locations with measured dissolved-solids concentration in excess of 1,000 milligrams per liter, the model simulates salt-water intrusion with similar concentrations.
Simulating an additional 1,650 acre-feet per year withdrawal increased simulated dissolved-solids concentration by 200 to 1,000 milligrams per liter throughout much of Lake Point and near Factory Springs at a depth of about 250 to 300 feet below land surface. The increase in dissolved-solids concentration with increased withdrawals is greater at a depth of about 700 to 800 feet and exceeds 1,000 milligrams per liter throughout most of Lake Point. At the north end of Lake Point, increases exceed 10,000 milligrams per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065310","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tooele County; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and Lake Point Improvement Project","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L.E., 2006, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow, Lake Point, Tooele County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5310, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065310.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9096,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5310/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Tooele County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Point","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.35185623168945,\n 40.605351404521244\n ],\n [\n -112.35185623168945,\n 40.70445674541596\n ],\n [\n -112.22465515136717,\n 40.70445674541596\n ],\n [\n -112.22465515136717,\n 40.605351404521244\n ],\n [\n -112.35185623168945,\n 40.605351404521244\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79542,"text":"ds236 - 2006 - Seaside, Oregon, Tsunami Pilot Study— Modernization of FEMA flood hazard maps: GIS data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-23T20:56:25.653203","indexId":"ds236","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"236","title":"Seaside, Oregon, Tsunami Pilot Study— Modernization of FEMA flood hazard maps: GIS data","docAbstract":"Introduction: The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) guidelines do not currently exist for conducting and incorporating tsunami hazard assessments that reflect the substantial advances in tsunami research achieved in the last two decades; this conclusion is the result of two FEMA-sponsored workshops and the associated Tsunami Focused Study (Chowdhury and others, 2005). Therefore, as part of FEMA's Map Modernization Program, a Tsunami Pilot Study was carried out in the Seaside/Gearhart, Oregon, area to develop an improved Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA) methodology and to provide recommendations for improved tsunami hazard assessment guidelines (Tsunami Pilot Study Working Group, 2006). The Seaside area was chosen because it is typical of many coastal communities in the section of the Pacific Coast from Cape Mendocino to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and because State agencies and local stakeholders expressed considerable interest in mapping the tsunami threat to this area. The study was an interagency effort by FEMA, U.S. Geological Survey, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in collaboration with the University of Southern California, Middle East Technical University, Portland State University, Horning Geoscience, Northwest Hydraulics Consultants, and the Oregon Department of Geological and Mineral Industries. We present the spatial (geographic information system, GIS) data from the pilot study in standard GIS formats and provide files for visualization in Google Earth, a global map viewer.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ds236","usgsCitation":"Wong, F.L., Venturato, A.J., and Geist, E.L., 2006, Seaside, Oregon, Tsunami Pilot Study— Modernization of FEMA flood hazard maps: GIS data: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 236, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds236.","productDescription":"HTML Document","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9097,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388382,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78836.htm"},{"id":190644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Seaside","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.0191650390625,\n 45.9587876403564\n ],\n [\n -123.89419555664062,\n 45.9587876403564\n ],\n [\n -123.89419555664062,\n 46.06560846138691\n ],\n [\n -124.0191650390625,\n 46.06560846138691\n ],\n [\n -124.0191650390625,\n 45.9587876403564\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Venturato, Angie J.","contributorId":58720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venturato","given":"Angie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205496,"text":"70205496 - 2006 - Using optical proxies for biogeochemical properties to study land coverage and terrestrial inputs of organic carbon into coastal waters from the Penobscot Watershed to the Gulf of Maine ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T13:27:35","indexId":"70205496","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-31T13:18:06","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using optical proxies for biogeochemical properties to study land coverage and terrestrial inputs of organic carbon into coastal waters from the Penobscot Watershed to the Gulf of Maine ","docAbstract":"Coastal waters are physically, biogeochemically, and therefore optically complex as a result of the commingling of waters arising from terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Separating the influences of these three ecosystems on the optical properties of the resulting mixture is challenging, particularly given the variability within each. The longterm goals of this project are twofold: (1) to investigate the feasibility of identifying landuse changes using inwater optical observations, (2) to quantify the input of terrestrial organic carbon into the coastal marine environment. Our approach is to study the Penobscot River Watershed in Maine, from its many tributaries and subwatersheds into the main branch of the Penobscot River, Penobscot Bay and ultimately into the coastal waters of the Eastern Maine Coastal Current. The first step towards this goal is to define optical signatures associated with specific watershed land coverages measured at the source (optical proxies). The next step is to track those proxies from their respective sources to the coast, characterizing the dilution and transformative processes. Using analyses of discrete samples collected monthly from the subwatersheds, we have quantified optical proxies for both dissolved and particulate organic carbon, particulate carbon to nitrogen ratios and fluorophores unique to certain land coverages (e.g. wetlands, residence ponds, lumber mills, agriculture). We apply these proxies to in situ optical observations retrieved from sensors moored within the lower river and upper estuary to quantify the temporal patterns in the biogeochemical properties. To date we have approximately 2 years of observations, including the wettest year on record for the last century in this region. The proxies associated with the dissolved fraction are the most robust and provide signatures for both land coverage and for organic carbon concentration. Those associated with particles are robust proxies for carbon but are less informative about land coverage.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceeding of Ocean Optics XVIII 9-13 October, 2006, Montreal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Oceanography Society","usgsCitation":"Roesler, C.S., Barnard, A.H., Aiken, G., Huntington, T.G., Balch, W.B., and Xue, H., 2006, Using optical proxies for biogeochemical properties to study land coverage and terrestrial inputs of organic carbon into coastal waters from the Penobscot Watershed to the Gulf of Maine , in Proceeding of Ocean Optics XVIII 9-13 October, 2006, Montreal, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine, Penobscot Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-70.152589,43.746794],[-70.158456,43.751616],[-70.147646,43.758585],[-70.145911,43.772119],[-70.128271,43.774009],[-70.14089,43.753204],[-70.152589,43.746794]]],[[[-70.135957,43.753219],[-70.129721,43.76408],[-70.117688,43.765693],[-70.135957,43.753219]]],[[[-70.171245,43.663498],[-70.205934,43.633633],[-70.211062,43.641842],[-70.200116,43.662978],[-70.188047,43.673762],[-70.171245,43.663498]]],[[[-70.186213,43.682655],[-70.210825,43.661695],[-70.213948,43.666161],[-70.201893,43.685483],[-70.191041,43.689071],[-70.186213,43.682655]]],[[[-70.163884,43.692404],[-70.146115,43.701635],[-70.135563,43.700658],[-70.154503,43.680933],[-70.168227,43.675136],[-70.173571,43.683734],[-70.163884,43.692404]]],[[[-70.087621,43.699913],[-70.093704,43.6918],[-70.099594,43.695366],[-70.115908,43.682978],[-70.118174,43.686375],[-70.093113,43.710524],[-70.097184,43.700929],[-70.087621,43.699913]]],[[[-70.119671,43.748621],[-70.097318,43.757292],[-70.094986,43.753211],[-70.107812,43.734555],[-70.108978,43.722312],[-70.129383,43.70832],[-70.138128,43.718231],[-70.138711,43.727559],[-70.119671,43.748621]]],[[[-68.499465,44.12419],[-68.491521,44.109833],[-68.502942,44.099722],[-68.51706,44.10341],[-68.518703,44.113222],[-68.511266,44.125082],[-68.499465,44.12419]]],[[[-68.358388,44.125082],[-68.346724,44.127749],[-68.331032,44.10758],[-68.338012,44.101473],[-68.365176,44.101464],[-68.375382,44.11646],[-68.358388,44.125082]]],[[[-68.453236,44.189998],[-68.416434,44.187047],[-68.384903,44.154955],[-68.396634,44.14069],[-68.438518,44.11618],[-68.448646,44.125581],[-68.447505,44.133493],[-68.456813,44.145268],[-68.496639,44.146855],[-68.502096,44.152388],[-68.500817,44.160026],[-68.474365,44.181875],[-68.453236,44.189998]]],[[[-68.680773,44.279242],[-68.623554,44.255622],[-68.605906,44.230772],[-68.612749,44.207722],[-68.624994,44.197637],[-68.618872,44.18107],[-68.643002,44.15766],[-68.670014,44.151537],[-68.675056,44.137131],[-68.681899,44.138212],[-68.692343,44.153698],[-68.713232,44.160541],[-68.720435,44.169185],[-68.714313,44.20376],[-68.722956,44.219607],[-68.718635,44.228611],[-68.700627,44.234013],[-68.680458,44.262105],[-68.680773,44.279242]]],[[[-68.355279,44.199096],[-68.333227,44.207308],[-68.314789,44.197157],[-68.321178,44.199032],[-68.332639,44.192131],[-68.339029,44.171839],[-68.347416,44.169459],[-68.378872,44.184222],[-68.364469,44.197534],[-68.355279,44.199096]]],[[[-68.472831,44.219767],[-68.453843,44.201683],[-68.459182,44.197681],[-68.48452,44.202886],[-68.482726,44.227058],[-68.470323,44.22832],[-68.472831,44.219767]]],[[[-68.792139,44.237819],[-68.769833,44.222787],[-68.769047,44.213351],[-68.780055,44.203129],[-68.829593,44.21689],[-68.839422,44.236547],[-68.827627,44.242838],[-68.792139,44.237819]]],[[[-68.23638,44.266254],[-68.214641,44.263156],[-68.211329,44.257074],[-68.24031,44.251622],[-68.240806,44.239723],[-68.248913,44.235443],[-68.274427,44.237099],[-68.274719,44.258675],[-68.246598,44.257836],[-68.23638,44.266254]]],[[[-68.498637,44.369686],[-68.478785,44.319563],[-68.489641,44.313705],[-68.530394,44.333583],[-68.518573,44.381022],[-68.501364,44.382281],[-68.498637,44.369686]]],[[[-68.618212,44.012367],[-68.635315,44.018886],[-68.657031,44.003823],[-68.659874,44.022758],[-68.650767,44.039908],[-68.661594,44.075837],[-68.627893,44.088128],[-68.6181,44.096706],[-68.609722,44.094674],[-68.584074,44.070578],[-68.590792,44.058662],[-68.601099,44.058362],[-68.610703,44.013422],[-68.618212,44.012367]]],[[[-68.785601,44.053503],[-68.818441,44.032046],[-68.874139,44.025359],[-68.889717,44.032516],[-68.899997,44.06696],[-68.913406,44.08519],[-68.908984,44.110001],[-68.944597,44.11284],[-68.917286,44.148239],[-68.847249,44.183017],[-68.825067,44.186338],[-68.819156,44.180462],[-68.82284,44.173693],[-68.818423,44.160978],[-68.782375,44.14531],[-68.792065,44.136759],[-68.818039,44.136852],[-68.820515,44.130198],[-68.815562,44.115836],[-68.806832,44.116339],[-68.790525,44.09292],[-68.772639,44.078439],[-68.77029,44.069566],[-68.785601,44.053503]]],[[[-67.619761,44.519754],[-67.582113,44.513459],[-67.590627,44.49415],[-67.562651,44.472104],[-67.571774,44.453403],[-67.588346,44.449754],[-67.604919,44.502056],[-67.619211,44.506009],[-67.619761,44.519754]]],[[[-68.942826,44.281073],[-68.919301,44.309872],[-68.919325,44.335392],[-68.90353,44.378613],[-68.87894,44.386584],[-68.868444,44.38144],[-68.860649,44.364425],[-68.87169,44.344662],[-68.89285,44.334653],[-68.896587,44.321986],[-68.88746,44.303094],[-68.904255,44.279889],[-68.916872,44.242866],[-68.95189,44.218719],[-68.94709,44.226792],[-68.955332,44.243873],[-68.965896,44.249754],[-68.965264,44.259332],[-68.942826,44.281073]]],[[[-70.353392,43.535405],[-70.379123,43.507202],[-70.385615,43.487031],[-70.380233,43.46423],[-70.349684,43.442032],[-70.370514,43.434133],[-70.384949,43.418839],[-70.39089,43.402607],[-70.421282,43.395777],[-70.427672,43.389254],[-70.424986,43.375928],[-70.460717,43.34325],[-70.517695,43.344037],[-70.553854,43.321886],[-70.593907,43.249295],[-70.576692,43.217651],[-70.618973,43.163625],[-70.638355,43.114182],[-70.655322,43.098008],[-70.665958,43.076234],[-70.703818,43.059825],[-70.708896,43.074989],[-70.737897,43.073488],[-70.756397,43.079988],[-70.766398,43.092688],[-70.779098,43.095887],[-70.8268,43.127086],[-70.8338,43.146886],[-70.823501,43.174585],[-70.828301,43.186685],[-70.819146,43.195157],[-70.811852,43.228306],[-70.817773,43.237408],[-70.837274,43.242321],[-70.843302,43.254321],[-70.858207,43.256286],[-70.861384,43.263143],[-70.881704,43.272483],[-70.886504,43.282783],[-70.906005,43.291682],[-70.900386,43.301358],[-70.91246,43.308289],[-70.912004,43.319821],[-70.93711,43.337367],[-70.956528,43.334691],[-70.967229,43.343777],[-70.985965,43.380023],[-70.98739,43.393457],[-70.982565,43.39778],[-70.987249,43.411863],[-70.96115,43.438321],[-70.9669,43.450458],[-70.961428,43.469696],[-70.974245,43.47742],[-70.967968,43.480783],[-70.954755,43.509802],[-70.954066,43.52261],[-70.963281,43.538929],[-70.950838,43.551026],[-70.972716,43.570255],[-70.989037,43.792154],[-71.031039,44.655455],[-71.084334,45.305293],[-71.059265,45.313753],[-71.030565,45.312652],[-71.00905,45.319022],[-71.002563,45.327819],[-71.011144,45.334679],[-71.01081,45.34725],[-70.985595,45.332188],[-70.950824,45.33453],[-70.939188,45.320177],[-70.917904,45.311924],[-70.912111,45.296197],[-70.9217,45.279445],[-70.898565,45.258502],[-70.898482,45.244088],[-70.885029,45.234873],[-70.857042,45.22916],[-70.83877,45.237555],[-70.848319,45.244707],[-70.848554,45.263325],[-70.839042,45.269132],[-70.829661,45.290369],[-70.812338,45.302006],[-70.808613,45.311606],[-70.808322,45.325824],[-70.816585,45.330554],[-70.819828,45.340109],[-70.81445,45.356544],[-70.803848,45.364247],[-70.806244,45.376558],[-70.826033,45.398408],[-70.795009,45.428145],[-70.755567,45.428361],[-70.744077,45.421091],[-70.743775,45.411925],[-70.729972,45.399359],[-70.712286,45.390611],[-70.677995,45.394362],[-70.66116,45.386039],[-70.660775,45.378176],[-70.651175,45.377123],[-70.634661,45.383608],[-70.631354,45.41634],[-70.635498,45.427817],[-70.649739,45.442771],[-70.674903,45.452399],[-70.691762,45.471233],[-70.717047,45.487732],[-70.721611,45.515058],[-70.687605,45.549099],[-70.688214,45.563981],[-70.659286,45.58688],[-70.644687,45.607083],[-70.592252,45.629865],[-70.5584,45.666671],[-70.525831,45.666551],[-70.469869,45.701639],[-70.438878,45.704387],[-70.400404,45.719834],[-70.383552,45.734869],[-70.388501,45.749717],[-70.406548,45.761813],[-70.417641,45.79377],[-70.395907,45.798885],[-70.39662,45.808486],[-70.387916,45.819043],[-70.34244,45.852192],[-70.306162,45.85974],[-70.259117,45.890755],[-70.253897,45.906524],[-70.263313,45.923832],[-70.240177,45.943729],[-70.26541,45.962692],[-70.31628,45.963113],[-70.307463,45.982541],[-70.284571,45.995384],[-70.303034,45.998976],[-70.317629,46.01908],[-70.278334,46.057019],[-70.284176,46.062758],[-70.310609,46.064544],[-70.284554,46.098713],[-70.254021,46.0996],[-70.255038,46.108348],[-70.237947,46.147378],[-70.278034,46.175001],[-70.292736,46.191599],[-70.272054,46.209833],[-70.248421,46.267072],[-70.232682,46.284428],[-70.205719,46.299865],[-70.203119,46.31438],[-70.208733,46.328961],[-70.191412,46.348072],[-70.174709,46.358472],[-70.148529,46.358923],[-70.129734,46.369384],[-70.125459,46.381352],[-70.11044,46.38611],[-70.096286,46.40943],[-70.057061,46.415036],[-69.997086,46.69523],[-69.22442,47.459686],[-69.203886,47.452203],[-69.178412,47.456615],[-69.146439,47.44886],[-69.082508,47.423976],[-69.061192,47.433052],[-69.043947,47.427634],[-69.036882,47.407977],[-69.045403,47.39191],[-69.039818,47.386309],[-69.053885,47.377878],[-69.054628,47.315911],[-69.049118,47.306471],[-69.052748,47.294403],[-69.047076,47.267089],[-69.050334,47.256621],[-69.033456,47.240984],[-68.966433,47.212712],[-68.96113,47.205582],[-68.942484,47.206386],[-68.920253,47.195048],[-68.919752,47.189859],[-68.902425,47.178839],[-68.857519,47.19095],[-68.812157,47.215461],[-68.764487,47.222331],[-68.717867,47.240919],[-68.705314,47.238066],[-68.687662,47.244215],[-68.664071,47.236762],[-68.619749,47.243218],[-68.595427,47.257698],[-68.59688,47.271731],[-68.578551,47.287551],[-68.553896,47.28225],[-68.517982,47.296092],[-68.474851,47.297534],[-68.448844,47.282547],[-68.378678,47.287561],[-68.376319,47.294257],[-68.384706,47.305094],[-68.380334,47.340242],[-68.355171,47.35707],[-68.329879,47.36023],[-68.303778,47.355524],[-68.284101,47.360389],[-68.265138,47.352543],[-68.234604,47.355035],[-68.214551,47.339637],[-68.15515,47.32542],[-68.152302,47.309878],[-68.137059,47.296068],[-68.082896,47.271921],[-68.074061,47.259764],[-68.019724,47.238036],[-67.991871,47.212042],[-67.955669,47.199542],[-67.935868,47.164843],[-67.893266,47.129943],[-67.881302,47.103913],[-67.790515,47.067921],[-67.781095,45.943032],[-67.777626,45.934207],[-67.750422,45.917898],[-67.763725,45.91043],[-67.767827,45.898568],[-67.803318,45.883718],[-67.803678,45.869379],[-67.796514,45.859961],[-67.755068,45.82367],[-67.780507,45.817622],[-67.801989,45.803546],[-67.806598,45.794723],[-67.806308,45.755405],[-67.793083,45.750559],[-67.781892,45.731189],[-67.809833,45.729274],[-67.803148,45.696127],[-67.817892,45.693705],[-67.803313,45.677886],[-67.768648,45.677581],[-67.754245,45.667791],[-67.720401,45.662522],[-67.71799,45.665243],[-67.73372,45.684233],[-67.734605,45.688987],[-67.729908,45.689012],[-67.710464,45.679372],[-67.675417,45.630959],[-67.64581,45.613597],[-67.640238,45.616178],[-67.644206,45.62322],[-67.639741,45.624771],[-67.606172,45.606533],[-67.499444,45.587014],[-67.488452,45.594643],[-67.491061,45.598917],[-67.455406,45.604665],[-67.429716,45.583773],[-67.420976,45.550029],[-67.425399,45.540795],[-67.432236,45.541023],[-67.435275,45.530781],[-67.432207,45.519996],[-67.416416,45.503515],[-67.462882,45.508691],[-67.470732,45.500067],[-67.503088,45.489688],[-67.499767,45.47805],[-67.482353,45.460825],[-67.484328,45.451955],[-67.473366,45.425328],[-67.430001,45.392965],[-67.418747,45.37726],[-67.434281,45.365438],[-67.427797,45.355471],[-67.434996,45.340133],[-67.456288,45.32644],[-67.452267,45.316839],[-67.460554,45.300379],[-67.466091,45.29416],[-67.485683,45.291433],[-67.489464,45.282653],[-67.46357,45.244097],[-67.453473,45.241127],[-67.43998,45.227047],[-67.428889,45.193213],[-67.407139,45.179425],[-67.404629,45.159926],[-67.383635,45.152259],[-67.345585,45.126392],[-67.294881,45.149666],[-67.302568,45.161348],[-67.291417,45.17145],[-67.290603,45.187589],[-67.283619,45.192022],[-67.246697,45.180765],[-67.242293,45.17224],[-67.227324,45.163652],[-67.203933,45.171407],[-67.157919,45.161004],[-67.112414,45.112323],[-67.090786,45.068721],[-67.105899,45.065786],[-67.117688,45.05673],[-67.082074,45.029608],[-67.068274,45.001014],[-67.05461,44.986764],[-67.033474,44.939923],[-66.984466,44.912557],[-66.990351,44.882551],[-66.978142,44.856963],[-66.996523,44.844654],[-66.986318,44.820657],[-66.975009,44.815495],[-66.952112,44.82007],[-66.950569,44.814539],[-66.961068,44.807269],[-66.979708,44.80736],[-67.02615,44.768199],[-67.04335,44.765071],[-67.05516,44.771442],[-67.062239,44.769543],[-67.073439,44.741957],[-67.098931,44.741311],[-67.103957,44.717444],[-67.128792,44.695421],[-67.139209,44.693849],[-67.155119,44.66944],[-67.169857,44.662105],[-67.186612,44.66265],[-67.192068,44.655515],[-67.189427,44.645533],[-67.234275,44.637201],[-67.251247,44.640825],[-67.274122,44.626345],[-67.27706,44.61795],[-67.273076,44.610873],[-67.293403,44.599265],[-67.314938,44.598215],[-67.32297,44.609394],[-67.310745,44.613212],[-67.293665,44.634316],[-67.292462,44.648455],[-67.309627,44.659316],[-67.307909,44.691295],[-67.300144,44.696752],[-67.299176,44.705705],[-67.308538,44.707454],[-67.355966,44.69906],[-67.376742,44.681852],[-67.381149,44.66947],[-67.367298,44.652472],[-67.363158,44.631825],[-67.377554,44.619757],[-67.386605,44.626974],[-67.405492,44.594236],[-67.428367,44.609136],[-67.457747,44.598014],[-67.492373,44.61795],[-67.493632,44.628863],[-67.505804,44.636837],[-67.522802,44.63306],[-67.530777,44.621938],[-67.543368,44.626554],[-67.551133,44.621938],[-67.575056,44.560659],[-67.562321,44.539435],[-67.568159,44.531117],[-67.648506,44.525403],[-67.660678,44.537575],[-67.685861,44.537155],[-67.702649,44.527922],[-67.698872,44.51575],[-67.71419,44.495238],[-67.733986,44.496252],[-67.743353,44.497418],[-67.742942,44.526453],[-67.753854,44.543661],[-67.774001,44.547438],[-67.779457,44.543661],[-67.781556,44.520577],[-67.79726,44.520685],[-67.808837,44.544081],[-67.839896,44.558771],[-67.845772,44.551636],[-67.843254,44.542822],[-67.856684,44.523934],[-67.851648,44.484901],[-67.868774,44.465272],[-67.868875,44.456881],[-67.851764,44.428695],[-67.855108,44.419434],[-67.868856,44.424672],[-67.878509,44.435585],[-67.887323,44.433066],[-67.899571,44.394078],[-67.913346,44.430128],[-67.926357,44.431807],[-67.931453,44.411848],[-67.955737,44.416278],[-67.961613,44.4125],[-67.961613,44.39907],[-67.978876,44.387034],[-67.985668,44.386917],[-68.000646,44.406624],[-68.010719,44.407464],[-68.019533,44.396971],[-68.01399,44.390255],[-68.034223,44.360456],[-68.044296,44.357938],[-68.043037,44.343667],[-68.049334,44.33073],[-68.067047,44.335692],[-68.076066,44.347925],[-68.077873,44.373047],[-68.086268,44.376405],[-68.092983,44.370949],[-68.11229,44.401588],[-68.119845,44.445658],[-68.117746,44.475038],[-68.150904,44.482383],[-68.17105,44.470211],[-68.194554,44.47189],[-68.189517,44.478605],[-68.192036,44.487419],[-68.213861,44.492456],[-68.223934,44.487],[-68.224354,44.464335],[-68.22939,44.463496],[-68.2445,44.471051],[-68.252474,44.483222],[-68.261708,44.484062],[-68.270522,44.459718],[-68.281015,44.451324],[-68.298223,44.449225],[-68.299063,44.437893],[-68.294865,44.432857],[-68.268423,44.440411],[-68.247438,44.433276],[-68.24366,44.420685],[-68.249956,44.414809],[-68.21554,44.390466],[-68.20354,44.392365],[-68.184532,44.369145],[-68.173608,44.328397],[-68.191924,44.306675],[-68.233435,44.288578],[-68.275139,44.288895],[-68.289409,44.283858],[-68.298223,44.276303],[-68.298643,44.26665],[-68.290818,44.247673],[-68.317588,44.225101],[-68.339498,44.222893],[-68.343132,44.229505],[-68.377982,44.247563],[-68.401268,44.252244],[-68.430946,44.298624],[-68.430853,44.312609],[-68.409027,44.32562],[-68.421619,44.336113],[-68.409867,44.356259],[-68.396552,44.363941],[-68.398035,44.376191],[-68.3581,44.392337],[-68.359082,44.402847],[-68.3791,44.430049],[-68.387678,44.430936],[-68.392559,44.41807],[-68.416412,44.397973],[-68.427874,44.3968],[-68.433901,44.401534],[-68.429648,44.439136],[-68.439281,44.448043],[-68.455095,44.447498],[-68.46382,44.436592],[-68.458849,44.412141],[-68.464106,44.398078],[-68.461072,44.378504],[-68.466109,44.377245],[-68.47828,44.378084],[-68.483317,44.388157],[-68.472824,44.404106],[-68.480379,44.432647],[-68.485415,44.434326],[-68.494649,44.429709],[-68.499686,44.414179],[-68.51452,44.41334],[-68.529905,44.39907],[-68.555088,44.403687],[-68.565161,44.39907],[-68.564741,44.385219],[-68.559285,44.374307],[-68.550051,44.371788],[-68.545434,44.355],[-68.563209,44.333039],[-68.566203,44.313007],[-68.556236,44.300819],[-68.538595,44.299902],[-68.531532,44.290388],[-68.528611,44.276117],[-68.519516,44.265046],[-68.529802,44.249594],[-68.525302,44.227554],[-68.550802,44.236534],[-68.603385,44.27471],[-68.682979,44.299201],[-68.733004,44.328388],[-68.762021,44.329597],[-68.795063,44.30786],[-68.827197,44.31216],[-68.825419,44.334547],[-68.814811,44.362194],[-68.821767,44.40894],[-68.815325,44.42808],[-68.801634,44.434803],[-68.783679,44.473879],[-68.829153,44.462242],[-68.880271,44.428112],[-68.897104,44.450643],[-68.927452,44.448039],[-68.931934,44.43869],[-68.946582,44.429108],[-68.982449,44.426195],[-68.990767,44.415033],[-68.978815,44.38634],[-68.961111,44.375076],[-68.948164,44.355882],[-68.954465,44.32405],[-68.979005,44.296327],[-69.003682,44.294582],[-69.005071,44.274071],[-69.040193,44.233673],[-69.054546,44.171542],[-69.079835,44.160953],[-69.075667,44.129991],[-69.080331,44.117824],[-69.100863,44.104529],[-69.101107,44.093601],[-69.092,44.085734],[-69.050814,44.094888],[-69.031878,44.079036],[-69.048917,44.062506],[-69.056093,44.06949],[-69.067876,44.067596],[-69.079805,44.055256],[-69.073767,44.046135],[-69.125738,44.019623],[-69.124475,44.007419],[-69.170345,43.995637],[-69.193805,43.975543],[-69.19633,43.950504],[-69.203668,43.941806],[-69.259838,43.921427],[-69.267515,43.943667],[-69.280498,43.95744],[-69.31427,43.942951],[-69.319751,43.94487],[-69.304301,43.962068],[-69.331411,43.974311],[-69.351961,43.974748],[-69.366702,43.964755],[-69.388059,43.96434],[-69.398455,43.971804],[-69.421072,43.938261],[-69.423324,43.915507],[-69.459637,43.903316],[-69.483498,43.88028],[-69.50329,43.837673],[-69.514889,43.831298],[-69.513267,43.84479],[-69.520301,43.868498],[-69.524673,43.875639],[-69.543912,43.881615],[-69.54945,43.880012],[-69.545028,43.861241],[-69.552606,43.841347],[-69.572697,43.844012],[-69.578527,43.823316],[-69.588551,43.81836],[-69.604179,43.813551],[-69.604616,43.825793],[-69.592373,43.830895],[-69.589167,43.851299],[-69.594705,43.858878],[-69.604616,43.858004],[-69.621086,43.826814],[-69.634932,43.845907],[-69.649798,43.836287],[-69.653337,43.79103],[-69.664922,43.791033],[-69.685579,43.820546],[-69.705838,43.823024],[-69.714873,43.810264],[-69.719723,43.786685],[-69.752801,43.75594],[-69.780097,43.755397],[-69.778494,43.747089],[-69.835323,43.721125],[-69.838689,43.70514],[-69.851297,43.703581],[-69.855081,43.704746],[-69.858947,43.740531],[-69.868673,43.742701],[-69.862155,43.758962],[-69.869732,43.775656],[-69.884066,43.778035],[-69.903164,43.77239],[-69.927011,43.780174],[-69.948539,43.765948],[-69.958056,43.767786],[-69.982574,43.750801],[-69.992615,43.724793],[-70.001645,43.717666],[-70.006954,43.717065],[-69.998793,43.740385],[-70.001708,43.744466],[-70.041351,43.738053],[-70.034355,43.759041],[-69.99821,43.798684],[-70.002874,43.812093],[-70.011035,43.810927],[-70.026193,43.822587],[-70.023278,43.834247],[-70.002874,43.848239],[-70.009869,43.859315],[-70.019197,43.858733],[-70.064671,43.813259],[-70.06642,43.819672],[-70.080995,43.819672],[-70.107229,43.809178],[-70.142792,43.791688],[-70.153869,43.781194],[-70.153869,43.774781],[-70.176023,43.76079],[-70.17544,43.777113],[-70.190014,43.771866],[-70.197593,43.753211],[-70.194678,43.742134],[-70.217998,43.71998],[-70.216832,43.704822],[-70.23199,43.704822],[-70.251812,43.683251],[-70.254144,43.676839],[-70.242289,43.669544],[-70.240987,43.659132],[-70.211204,43.625765],[-70.217087,43.596717],[-70.214369,43.590445],[-70.20112,43.586515],[-70.196911,43.565146],[-70.206123,43.557627],[-70.231963,43.561118],[-70.244331,43.551849],[-70.261917,43.553687],[-70.272497,43.562616],[-70.307764,43.544315],[-70.353392,43.535405]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Maine\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roesler, C. S.","contributorId":219149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roesler","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnard, A. H.","contributorId":219150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnard","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, G.","contributorId":82066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Balch, W. B.","contributorId":219151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balch","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Xue, H.","contributorId":219152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xue","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70228818,"text":"70228818 - 2006 - Last glacial loess sedimentary system of eastern Nebraska and western Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T16:58:28.3742","indexId":"70228818","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-31T10:52:09","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Last glacial loess sedimentary system of eastern Nebraska and western Iowa","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Guidebook of the 18th biennial meeting of the American Quaternary Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kansas Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Mason, J.A., Bettis, E., Roberts, H.M., Muhs, D., and Joeckel, R.M., 2006, Last glacial loess sedimentary system of eastern Nebraska and western Iowa, in Guidebook of the 18th biennial meeting of the American Quaternary Association, p. 1.1-1.22.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1.1","endPage":"1.22","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396254,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.42626953125,\n 40.49709237269567\n ],\n [\n -93.22998046875,\n 40.49709237269567\n ],\n [\n -93.22998046875,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -99.42626953125,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -99.42626953125,\n 40.49709237269567\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, Joseph A.","contributorId":279874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mason","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettis, E. Arthur III","contributorId":72822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettis","given":"E. Arthur","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Helen M.","contributorId":16691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":168575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel R.","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joeckel, R. M.","contributorId":37103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joeckel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70197335,"text":"70197335 - 2006 - Contrasting cratonal provenances for upper Cretaceous Valle Group quartzite clasts, Baja California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-29T16:31:57","indexId":"70197335","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Contrasting cratonal provenances for upper Cretaceous Valle Group quartzite clasts, Baja California","docAbstract":"Late Cretaceous Valle Group forearcbasin deposits on the Vizcaino Peninsula of Baja California Sur are dominated by firstcycle arc-derived volcanic-plutonic detritus derived from the adjacent Peninsular Ranges batholith. Craton-derived quartzite clasts are a minor but ubiquitous component in Valle Group conglomerates. The source of these clasts has implications for tectonic reconstructions and sediment-dispersal paths along the paleo-North American margin. Three strongly contrasting types of quartzite are recognized based on petrology and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. The first type is ultramature quartz arenite with well-rounded, highly spherical zircon grains. Detrital zircon ages from this type are nearly all >1.8 Ga with age distributions that closely match the distinctive Middle-Late Ordovician Peace River arch detrital signature of the Cordilleran margin. This type has been previously recognized from prebatholithic rocks in northeast Baja California (San Felipe quartzite). A second quartzite type is subarkosic sandstone with strong affinity to southwestern North America; important features of the age spectra are ~1.0-1.2 Ga, 1.42 and 1.66 Ga peaks representing cratonal basement, 500-300 Ma grains interpreted as recycled Appalachian-derived grains, and 284- 232 Ma zircon potentially derived from the Early Permian-Middle Triassic east Mexico arc. This quartzite type could have been carried to the continental margin during Jurassic time as outboard equivalents of Colorado Plateau eolianites. The third quartzite type is quartz pebble conglomerate with significant ~900- 1400 Ma and ~450-650 Ma zircon components, as well as mid- and late Paleozoic grains. The source of this type of quartzite is more problematic but could match either upper Paleozoic strata in the Oaxaca terrane of southern Mexico or a southwestern North America source. The similarity of detrital 98 zircon spectra in all three Valle Group quartzite types to rocks of the adjacent Cordilleran margin support previous interpretations that Valle Group forearc basin sediments were deposited in proximity to rocks on the mainland of northwest Mexico and southwestern United States.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Using stratigraphy, sedimentology, and geochemistry to unravel the geologic history of the southwestern Cordillera","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology, Pacific Section","usgsCitation":"Kimbrough, D., Abbott, G., Smith, D., Mahoney, J., Moore, T.E., and Gehrels, G.E., 2006, Contrasting cratonal provenances for upper Cretaceous Valle Group quartzite clasts, Baja California, chap. of Using stratigraphy, sedimentology, and geochemistry to unravel the geologic history of the southwestern Cordillera, v. 101, p. 97-101.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"101","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b157a1ce4b092d9651e1fa3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Girty, G.H.","contributorId":61076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girty","given":"G.H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736721,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, John D.","contributorId":31380,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":25628,"text":"Geological Sciences, California State University Fullerton","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":736722,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Kimbrough, D.L.","contributorId":25332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbott, G.","contributorId":80879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D.P.","contributorId":64911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahoney, J. B.","contributorId":70959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahoney","given":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gehrels, G. E.","contributorId":9660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrels","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70195021,"text":"70195021 - 2006 - Seafloor character and sedimentary processes in eastern Long Island Sound and western Block Island Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-02T14:52:33","indexId":"70195021","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seafloor character and sedimentary processes in eastern Long Island Sound and western Block Island Sound","docAbstract":"Multibeam bathymetric data and seismic-reflection profiles collected in eastern Long Island Sound and western Block Island Sound reveal previously unrecognized glacial features and modern bedforms. Glacial features include an ice-sculptured bedrock surface, a newly identified recessional moraine, exposed glaciolacustrine sediments, and remnants of stagnant-ice-contact deposits. Modern bedforms include fields of transverse sand waves, barchanoid waves, giant scour depressions, and pockmarks. Bedform asymmetry and scour around obstructions indicate that net sediment transport is westward across the northern part of the study area near Fishers Island, and eastward across the southern part near Great Gull Island.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00367-006-0016-4","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L.J., Cohen-DiGiacomo, M.L., Smith, S.M., Stewart, H., and Forfinski, N., 2006, Seafloor character and sedimentary processes in eastern Long Island Sound and western Block Island Sound: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 26, p. 59-68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-006-0016-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1708","text":"External Repository"},{"id":350985,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, New York","otherGeospatial":" Block Island Sound, Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.11376953125,\n 40.734770989672406\n ],\n [\n -71.1090087890625,\n 40.734770989672406\n ],\n [\n -71.1090087890625,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -74.11376953125,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -74.11376953125,\n 40.734770989672406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7586e0e4b00f54eb1d821d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, Lawrence J. lpoppe@usgs.gov","contributorId":139521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"Lawrence","email":"lpoppe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohen-DiGiacomo, M. L.","contributorId":42250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen-DiGiacomo","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, S. M.","contributorId":27859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, H.F.","contributorId":83620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Forfinski, N.A.","contributorId":13702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forfinski","given":"N.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70194879,"text":"70194879 - 2006 - Textural analysis of marine sediments at the USGS Woods Hole Science Center; methodology and data on DVD","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T10:39:11","indexId":"70194879","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Textural analysis of marine sediments at the USGS Woods Hole Science Center; methodology and data on DVD","docAbstract":"Marine sediments off the eastern United States vary markedly in texture (i.e., the size, shape, composition, and arrangement of their grains) due to a complex geologic history. For descriptive purposes, however, it is typically most useful to classify these sediments according to their grain-size distributions. In 1962, the U.S. Geological Survey began a program to study the marine geology of the continental margin off the Atlantic coast of the United States. As part of this program and numerous subsequent projects, thousands of sediment grab samples and cores were collected and analyzed for grain size at the Woods Hole Science Center. USGS Open-File Report 2005-1001 (Poppe et al., 2005), available on DVD and online, describes the field methods used to collect marine sediment samples as well as the laboratory methods used to determine and characterize grain-size distributions, and presents these data in several formats that can be readily employed by interested parties. The report is divided into three sections. The first section discusses procedures and contains pictures of the equipment, analytical flow diagrams, video clips with voice commentary, classification schemes, useful forms and compiled and uncompiled versions of the data-acquisition and data-processing software with documentation. The second section contains the grain-size data for more than 23,000 analyses in two “flat-file” formats, a data dictionary, and color-coded browse maps. The third section provides a GIS data catalog of the available point, interpretive, and baseline data layers, with FGDC-compliant metadata to help users visualize the textural information in a geographic context.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., Williams, S.J., and Paskevich, V.F., 2006, Textural analysis of marine sediments at the USGS Woods Hole Science Center; methodology and data on DVD, in Proceedings of the Eighth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, p. 905-911.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"905","endPage":"911","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/FISC_1947-2006/pdf/1st-7thFISCs-CD/8thFISC/Poster_Poppe.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 24.287026865376436\n ],\n [\n -61.87499999999999,\n 24.287026865376436\n ],\n [\n -61.87499999999999,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 24.287026865376436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9ae4b06e28e9cabb2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, Lawrence J. lpoppe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"Lawrence J.","email":"lpoppe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paskevich, Valerie F.","contributorId":81907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskevich","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79521,"text":"ds230 - 2006 - Compilation of historical water-quality data for selected springs in Texas, by ecoregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T15:09:28","indexId":"ds230","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"230","title":"Compilation of historical water-quality data for selected springs in Texas, by ecoregion","docAbstract":"Springs are important hydrologic features in Texas. A database of about 2,000 historically documented springs and available spring-flow measurements previously has been compiled and published, but water-quality data remain scattered in published sources. This report by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, documents the compilation of data for 232 springs in Texas on the basis of a set of criteria and the development of a water-quality database for the selected springs. The selection of springs for compilation of historical water-quality data in Texas was made using existing digital and hard-copy data, responses to mailed surveys, selection criteria established by various stakeholders, geographic information systems, and digital database queries. Most springs were selected by computing the highest mean spring flows for each Texas level III ecoregion. A brief assessment of the water-quality data for springs in Texas shows that few data are available in the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains, High Plains, East Central Texas Plains, Western Gulf Coastal Plain, and South Central Plains ecoregions. Water-quality data are more abundant for the Chihuahuan Deserts, Edwards Plateau, and Texas Blackland Prairies ecoregions. Selected constituent concentrations in Texas springs, including silica, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, strontium, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate (nitrogen), dissolved solids, and hardness (as calcium carbonate) are comparatively high in the Chihuahuan Deserts, Southwestern Tablelands, Central Great Plains, and Cross Timbers ecoregions, mostly as a result of subsurface geology. Comparatively low concentrations of selected constituents in Texas springs are associated with the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains, Southern Texas Plains, East Central Texas Plains, and South Central Plains ecoregions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","usgsCitation":"Heitmuller, F.T., and Williams, I.P., 2006, Compilation of historical water-quality data for selected springs in Texas, by ecoregion: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 230, vi, 32 p.; database files (available online only), https://doi.org/10.3133/ds230.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.; database files (available online only)","numberOfPages":"37","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds230.PNG"},{"id":9076,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/230/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.276425,26.521729],[-97.31073,26.556558],[-97.345822,26.700589],[-97.370438,26.723896],[-97.368343,26.795649],[-97.387459,26.820789],[-97.390078,27.156512],[-97.359963,27.304732],[-97.361796,27.359988],[-97.317277,27.46369],[-97.236882,27.598293],[-97.231383,27.632336],[-97.214099,27.631551],[-97.200743,27.650144],[-97.203474,27.684533],[-97.103326,27.789068],[-97.098874,27.82285],[-97.134489,27.825206],[-97.056713,27.842294],[-96.985745,27.954048],[-96.967807,28.020041],[-96.952618,28.01644],[-96.906004,28.076147],[-96.886233,28.084396],[-96.879424,28.131402],[-96.84538,28.108881],[-96.83003,28.111842],[-96.81042,28.126034],[-96.816443,28.174808],[-96.791958,28.188687],[-96.703838,28.198246],[-96.702659,28.211208],[-96.662462,28.227314],[-96.651856,28.251275],[-96.592934,28.296972],[-96.450998,28.337039],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.397846,28.343513],[-96.4137,28.327343],[-96.547774,28.270798],[-96.694666,28.18212],[-96.849624,28.064939],[-96.966996,27.950531],[-97.166682,27.676583],[-97.30447,27.407734],[-97.350398,27.268105],[-97.370941,27.161166],[-97.37913,27.047996],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.333028,26.736479],[-97.194644,26.306513],[-97.154271,26.066841],[-97.169842,26.077853],[-97.194458,26.27164],[-97.240849,26.411504]]],[[[-94.886539,29.510724],[-94.894747,29.52697],[-94.87675,29.507922],[-94.886539,29.510724]]],[[[-97.868235,26.056656],[-97.88653,26.066339],[-97.967358,26.051718],[-97.981335,26.067182],[-98.028759,26.06647],[-98.039239,26.041275],[-98.070021,26.047992],[-98.084755,26.070808],[-98.091038,26.059169],[-98.105505,26.067537],[-98.146622,26.049412],[-98.177897,26.074672],[-98.197046,26.056153],[-98.220673,26.076467],[-98.248806,26.073101],[-98.264514,26.085507],[-98.277218,26.098802],[-98.265698,26.12037],[-98.296195,26.120321],[-98.302979,26.11005],[-98.323828,26.121249],[-98.336837,26.166432],[-98.354645,26.15304],[-98.386694,26.157872],[-98.404433,26.182564],[-98.442536,26.199151],[-98.450976,26.219904],[-98.496684,26.212853],[-98.543852,26.234492],[-98.576188,26.235221],[-98.599154,26.257612],[-98.669397,26.23632],[-98.681167,26.26271],[-98.745272,26.303096],[-98.755242,26.3251],[-98.789822,26.331575],[-98.807348,26.369421],[-98.890965,26.357569],[-98.921277,26.381426],[-98.950186,26.380303],[-98.967587,26.398266],[-99.008003,26.395459],[-99.032316,26.412082],[-99.082002,26.39651],[-99.110855,26.426278],[-99.091635,26.476977],[-99.127782,26.525199],[-99.166742,26.536079],[-99.178064,26.620547],[-99.209948,26.693938],[-99.208907,26.724761],[-99.240023,26.745851],[-99.242444,26.788262],[-99.268613,26.843213],[-99.295146,26.86544],[-99.316753,26.865831],[-99.3289,26.879761],[-99.324684,26.915973],[-99.379149,26.93449],[-99.393748,26.96073],[-99.377312,26.973819],[-99.415476,27.01724],[-99.42938,27.010833],[-99.446524,27.023008],[-99.452316,27.062669],[-99.429209,27.090982],[-99.442123,27.106839],[-99.426348,27.176262],[-99.441549,27.24992],[-99.463309,27.268437],[-99.492407,27.264118],[-99.494604,27.303542],[-99.536443,27.312538],[-99.504837,27.338289],[-99.487521,27.412396],[-99.495104,27.451518],[-99.480419,27.481596],[-99.497519,27.500496],[-99.52582,27.496696],[-99.515978,27.572131],[-99.55495,27.614454],[-99.580006,27.602251],[-99.578099,27.619196],[-99.594038,27.638573],[-99.638929,27.626758],[-99.665948,27.635968],[-99.668942,27.659974],[-99.711511,27.658365],[-99.77074,27.732134],[-99.796342,27.735586],[-99.813086,27.773952],[-99.835127,27.762881],[-99.850877,27.793974],[-99.877677,27.799427],[-99.876003,27.837968],[-99.904385,27.875284],[-99.895828,27.904178],[-99.937142,27.940537],[-99.931812,27.980967],[-99.991447,27.99456],[-100.017914,28.064787],[-100.053123,28.08473],[-100.083393,28.144035],[-100.208059,28.190383],[-100.22363,28.235224],[-100.2462,28.234092],[-100.289384,28.273491],[-100.286471,28.312296],[-100.341869,28.384953],[-100.349586,28.402604],[-100.337797,28.44296],[-100.368288,28.477196],[-100.333814,28.499252],[-100.38886,28.515748],[-100.411414,28.551899],[-100.398385,28.584884],[-100.44732,28.609325],[-100.445529,28.637144],[-100.495863,28.658569],[-100.510055,28.690723],[-100.507613,28.740599],[-100.533017,28.76328],[-100.53583,28.805888],[-100.547324,28.825817],[-100.57051,28.826317],[-100.602054,28.901944],[-100.640568,28.914212],[-100.651512,28.943432],[-100.645894,28.986421],[-100.674656,29.099777],[-100.772649,29.168492],[-100.767059,29.195287],[-100.785521,29.228137],[-100.795681,29.22773],[-100.797671,29.246943],[-100.876049,29.279585],[-100.886842,29.307848],[-100.948972,29.347246],[-101.004207,29.364772],[-101.060151,29.458661],[-101.151877,29.477005],[-101.173821,29.514566],[-101.254895,29.520342],[-101.242023,29.592512],[-101.259127,29.607284],[-101.307332,29.587847],[-101.311219,29.648491],[-101.361756,29.657821],[-101.415402,29.756561],[-101.441059,29.753451],[-101.475269,29.780663],[-101.522695,29.759671],[-101.546797,29.796991],[-101.582562,29.771334],[-101.625958,29.771063],[-101.646418,29.754304],[-101.662453,29.77128],[-101.706636,29.762737],[-101.852604,29.801895],[-101.922585,29.790161],[-101.974548,29.810276],[-101.987539,29.801057],[-102.034759,29.804028],[-102.050044,29.78507],[-102.115682,29.79239],[-102.159601,29.814356],[-102.181894,29.846034],[-102.227553,29.843534],[-102.315389,29.87992],[-102.364542,29.845387],[-102.386678,29.76688],[-102.508313,29.783219],[-102.513381,29.76576],[-102.539417,29.751629],[-102.559343,29.760377],[-102.630151,29.734315],[-102.670971,29.741954],[-102.698347,29.695591],[-102.693466,29.676507],[-102.742031,29.632142],[-102.739991,29.599041],[-102.768341,29.594734],[-102.771429,29.548546],[-102.808692,29.522319],[-102.807327,29.494009],[-102.832539,29.433109],[-102.824564,29.399558],[-102.843021,29.357988],[-102.879534,29.353327],[-102.888328,29.291947],[-102.906296,29.260011],[-102.871347,29.241625],[-102.866846,29.225015],[-102.890064,29.208814],[-102.915866,29.215878],[-102.917805,29.190697],[-102.944911,29.18882],[-102.953475,29.176308],[-102.989432,29.183174],[-103.015028,29.12577],[-103.035683,29.103029],[-103.074407,29.088534],[-103.100266,29.0577],[-103.113922,28.988547],[-103.156646,28.972831],[-103.227801,28.991532],[-103.239109,28.981651],[-103.260308,28.989731],[-103.28119,28.982138],[-103.341463,29.041224],[-103.355428,29.021529],[-103.427754,29.042334],[-103.471265,29.073115],[-103.503236,29.11911],[-103.524613,29.120998],[-103.523384,29.133389],[-103.558679,29.154962],[-103.645635,29.159286],[-103.71377,29.185008],[-103.816642,29.270927],[-103.975235,29.296017],[-104.038282,29.320156],[-104.106467,29.373127],[-104.166563,29.399352],[-104.233487,29.492734],[-104.318074,29.527938],[-104.334811,29.519463],[-104.381041,29.543406],[-104.399591,29.572319],[-104.507568,29.639624],[-104.539761,29.676074],[-104.565688,29.770462],[-104.679772,29.924659],[-104.679661,29.975272],[-104.706874,30.050685],[-104.685003,30.085643],[-104.695366,30.13213],[-104.687296,30.179464],[-104.713166,30.237957],[-104.733822,30.261221],[-104.749664,30.26126],[-104.761634,30.301148],[-104.809794,30.334926],[-104.824314,30.370466],[-104.859521,30.390413],[-104.85242,30.418792],[-104.876787,30.511004],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-104.967167,30.608107],[-105.002057,30.680972],[-105.062334,30.686303],[-105.113816,30.746001],[-105.152362,30.751452],[-105.195144,30.792138],[-105.255416,30.797029],[-105.287238,30.822206],[-105.314863,30.816961],[-105.360672,30.847384],[-105.394242,30.852979],[-105.399609,30.888941],[-105.533088,30.984859],[-105.55743,30.990229],[-105.60333,31.082625],[-105.64189,31.098322],[-105.646731,31.113908],[-105.709491,31.136375],[-105.742678,31.164897],[-105.773257,31.166897],[-105.779725,31.191283],[-105.869353,31.288634],[-105.938452,31.318735],[-105.953943,31.364749],[-106.004926,31.392458],[-106.080258,31.398702],[-106.203969,31.465378],[-106.246203,31.541153],[-106.280811,31.562062],[-106.303536,31.620413],[-106.378039,31.72831],[-106.451541,31.764808],[-106.484642,31.747809],[-106.542097,31.802146],[-106.602727,31.825024],[-106.605845,31.846305],[-106.635926,31.866235],[-106.629197,31.883717],[-106.645296,31.894859],[-106.614346,31.918003],[-106.623933,31.925335],[-106.614702,31.956],[-106.622819,31.952891],[-106.618745,31.966955],[-106.638186,31.97682],[-106.618486,32.000495],[-103.064423,32.000518],[-103.064625,32.999899],[-103.043531,34.018014],[-103.041924,36.500439],[-100.003762,36.499699],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-99.929334,34.576714],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.754248,34.421289],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.665992,34.374185],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.399603,34.375079],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.318363,34.408296],[-99.289922,34.414731],[-99.264167,34.405149],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.273958,34.38756],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.233274,34.344101],[-99.210716,34.336304],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.19457,34.272424],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.048792,34.198209],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.952513,34.21265],[-98.909349,34.177499],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.8579,34.159627],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.749291,34.124238],[-98.735471,34.135208],[-98.696518,34.133521],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.603978,34.160249],[-98.577136,34.148962],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.384381,34.146317],[-98.367494,34.156191],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.114506,34.154727],[-98.09066,34.12198],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.099096,34.048639],[-98.104022,34.036233],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-97.978243,34.005387],[-97.947572,33.991053],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.955511,33.938186],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.877387,33.850236],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.76377,33.914241],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.589254,33.903922],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.365507,33.823763],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.315913,33.865838],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.24618,33.900344],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.179609,33.89225],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.203514,33.821825],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.087999,33.808747],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.052209,33.841737],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.979415,33.956178],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.85609,33.84749],[-96.837413,33.871349],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.704457,33.835021],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.630117,33.895422],[-96.592948,33.895616],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.625399,33.856542],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.523863,33.818114],[-96.502286,33.77346],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.309964,33.710489],[-96.294867,33.764771],[-96.277269,33.769735],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.162757,33.788769],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.138905,33.839159],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.101349,33.845721],[-96.005296,33.845505],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.951609,33.857017],[-95.936132,33.886826],[-95.831948,33.835161],[-95.821666,33.856633],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.776255,33.845145],[-95.75431,33.853992],[-95.761916,33.883402],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.669978,33.905844],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.556915,33.92702],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.461499,33.883686],[-95.464211,33.873372],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.334523,33.885788],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.280351,33.896751],[-95.255747,33.902939],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.093929,33.895963],[-95.061065,33.895292],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-94.983303,33.851354],[-94.976208,33.859847],[-94.948716,33.818023],[-94.91945,33.810176],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.762961,33.731787],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.714865,33.707261],[-94.710725,33.691654],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.659167,33.692138],[-94.646113,33.6693],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.468086,33.599436],[-94.430039,33.591124],[-94.413155,33.569368],[-94.378076,33.577019],[-94.397398,33.562314],[-94.389515,33.546778],[-94.355945,33.54318],[-94.345513,33.567313],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.289129,33.582144],[-94.280849,33.577187],[-94.290901,33.558872],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.245932,33.589114],[-94.237975,33.577757],[-94.250197,33.556765],[-94.226392,33.552912],[-94.205634,33.567229],[-94.193248,33.556154],[-94.192483,33.570425],[-94.217408,33.57926],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.152626,33.575923],[-94.146048,33.581975],[-94.14852,33.565678],[-94.136864,33.571],[-94.128658,33.550952],[-94.088943,33.575322],[-94.061283,33.568805],[-94.055663,33.561887],[-94.073744,33.558285],[-94.06548,33.550909],[-94.04604,33.551321],[-94.04272,31.999265],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-93.923929,31.88985],[-93.904766,31.890599],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.827451,31.777741],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.802694,31.697783],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.838057,31.606795],[-93.834924,31.586211],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.743376,31.525196],[-93.725925,31.504092],[-93.74987,31.475276],[-93.70093,31.437784],[-93.704879,31.410881],[-93.674117,31.397681],[-93.665052,31.363886],[-93.687851,31.309835],[-93.642516,31.269508],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.598828,31.174679],[-93.588503,31.165581],[-93.535097,31.185614],[-93.551693,31.097258],[-93.52301,31.065241],[-93.516943,31.032584],[-93.539526,31.008498],[-93.566017,31.004567],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.554057,30.824941],[-93.561666,30.807739],[-93.584265,30.796663],[-93.592828,30.763986],[-93.619129,30.742002],[-93.611192,30.718053],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.684329,30.592586],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.729195,30.544842],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.697828,30.443838],[-93.757654,30.390423],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.708645,30.288317],[-93.705083,30.242752],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.701252,30.137376],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.732485,30.088914],[-93.70082,30.056274],[-93.720805,30.053043],[-93.739734,30.023987],[-93.786935,29.99058],[-93.838374,29.882855],[-93.927992,29.80964],[-93.926504,29.78956],[-93.89847,29.771577],[-93.891637,29.744618],[-93.873941,29.73777],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.866981,29.673085],[-94.001406,29.681486],[-94.132577,29.646217],[-94.594853,29.467903],[-94.694158,29.415632],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.778691,29.361483],[-94.783131,29.375642],[-94.766848,29.393489],[-94.6724,29.476843],[-94.608557,29.483345],[-94.566674,29.531988],[-94.532348,29.5178],[-94.495025,29.525031],[-94.503429,29.54325],[-94.522421,29.545672],[-94.553988,29.573882],[-94.740699,29.525858],[-94.783296,29.535314],[-94.78954,29.546494],[-94.755237,29.562782],[-94.708741,29.625226],[-94.693154,29.694453],[-94.695317,29.723052],[-94.735271,29.785433],[-94.816085,29.75671],[-94.851108,29.721373],[-94.872551,29.67125],[-94.893107,29.661336],[-94.915413,29.656614],[-94.936089,29.692704],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-95.015636,29.639457],[-94.982936,29.60167],[-95.016889,29.548303],[-94.981916,29.511141],[-94.909898,29.49691],[-94.930861,29.450504],[-94.8908,29.433432],[-94.893994,29.30817],[-94.921593,29.281556],[-94.952526,29.290122],[-95.099101,29.173529],[-95.151925,29.151162],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-95.136221,29.084537],[-94.879239,29.285839],[-94.824953,29.306005],[-94.822307,29.344254],[-94.810696,29.353435],[-94.784895,29.335535],[-94.72253,29.331446],[-95.081773,29.111222],[-95.38239,28.866348],[-95.439594,28.859022],[-95.812504,28.664942],[-96.220376,28.491966],[-96.378616,28.383909],[-96.37596,28.401682],[-96.335119,28.437795],[-96.223825,28.495067],[-96.21505,28.509679],[-95.98616,28.606319],[-95.978526,28.650594],[-95.996338,28.658736],[-96.006516,28.648049],[-96.047737,28.649067],[-96.221784,28.580364],[-96.233998,28.596649],[-96.212624,28.622604],[-96.230944,28.641433],[-96.192267,28.687744],[-96.19583,28.69894],[-96.222802,28.698431],[-96.287942,28.683164],[-96.304227,28.671459],[-96.303718,28.644996],[-96.373439,28.626675],[-96.487943,28.569677],[-96.485907,28.607845],[-96.510844,28.61497],[-96.499648,28.635835],[-96.563262,28.644487],[-96.572931,28.667897],[-96.561226,28.696395],[-96.584091,28.722798],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.61059,28.638889],[-96.61975,28.627693],[-96.611099,28.585962],[-96.565297,28.5824],[-96.561226,28.570695],[-96.526111,28.557972],[-96.505755,28.525911],[-96.402446,28.449066],[-96.59176,28.357462],[-96.672677,28.335579],[-96.705247,28.348811],[-96.710336,28.406827],[-96.772209,28.408074],[-96.794554,28.365688],[-96.791761,28.31217],[-96.809573,28.290287],[-96.787181,28.255681],[-96.800413,28.224128],[-96.934765,28.123873],[-96.962755,28.123365],[-97.027014,28.148408],[-97.021303,28.1841],[-97.037008,28.185528],[-97.153601,28.13318],[-97.214039,28.087494],[-97.21535,28.076575],[-97.176444,28.059892],[-97.137421,28.057037],[-97.025693,28.11216],[-97.035528,28.084688],[-97.025859,28.041939],[-97.129168,27.919801],[-97.186709,27.825453],[-97.219738,27.823939],[-97.250797,27.876035],[-97.272253,27.881427],[-97.379042,27.837867],[-97.393291,27.782905],[-97.368355,27.741683],[-97.316446,27.712676],[-97.253955,27.696696],[-97.296598,27.613947],[-97.294054,27.5941],[-97.321535,27.571199],[-97.401942,27.335574],[-97.508304,27.275014],[-97.532223,27.278577],[-97.544437,27.284175],[-97.498126,27.308602],[-97.502706,27.322343],[-97.483877,27.338628],[-97.48693,27.358984],[-97.501688,27.366618],[-97.609068,27.285193],[-97.63146,27.28621],[-97.640111,27.270943],[-97.628916,27.242953],[-97.54291,27.229213],[-97.42408,27.264073],[-97.443673,27.116235],[-97.45665,27.099695],[-97.495836,27.094098],[-97.477515,27.066108],[-97.48693,27.057711],[-97.486676,27.03481],[-97.473444,27.02285],[-97.478533,26.999186],[-97.555378,26.99028],[-97.555378,26.93888],[-97.540874,26.90631],[-97.563266,26.842188],[-97.509831,26.803511],[-97.468609,26.740915],[-97.445708,26.609362],[-97.416955,26.553637],[-97.441383,26.455418],[-97.41721,26.44982],[-97.42179,26.417249],[-97.382485,26.411326],[-97.369627,26.394603],[-97.388965,26.36585],[-97.387947,26.330481],[-97.358176,26.356435],[-97.335275,26.355672],[-97.336802,26.331753],[-97.352833,26.318521],[-97.343927,26.267376],[-97.311866,26.273737],[-97.307031,26.253126],[-97.32128,26.236078],[-97.296598,26.200709],[-97.306776,26.159487],[-97.282094,26.120301],[-97.294054,26.11394],[-97.270898,26.086459],[-97.199651,26.077044],[-97.195071,26.04193],[-97.224842,26.027426],[-97.219244,25.996128],[-97.208557,25.991802],[-97.167208,26.007069],[-97.162628,26.023482],[-97.18273,26.053126],[-97.152009,26.062108],[-97.146294,25.955606],[-97.276707,25.952147],[-97.277163,25.935438],[-97.350398,25.925241],[-97.37443,25.907444],[-97.360082,25.868874],[-97.372864,25.840117],[-97.422636,25.840378],[-97.445113,25.850026],[-97.454727,25.879337],[-97.521762,25.886458],[-97.546421,25.934077],[-97.582565,25.937857],[-97.583044,25.955443],[-97.598043,25.957556],[-97.643708,26.016943],[-97.758838,26.032131],[-97.789823,26.04246],[-97.801344,26.060017],[-97.868235,26.056656]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Texas\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa0ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heitmuller, Franklin T.","contributorId":67476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heitmuller","given":"Franklin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Iona P.","contributorId":72081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Iona","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79507,"text":"sir20065284 - 2006 - Peak Discharge, Flood Profile, Flood Inundation, and Debris Movement Accompanying the Failure of the Upper Reservoir at the Taum Sauk Pump Storage Facility near Lesterville, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:22","indexId":"sir20065284","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5284","title":"Peak Discharge, Flood Profile, Flood Inundation, and Debris Movement Accompanying the Failure of the Upper Reservoir at the Taum Sauk Pump Storage Facility near Lesterville, Missouri","docAbstract":"The Taum Sauk pump-storage hydroelectric power plant located in Reynolds County, Missouri, uses turbines that operate as pumps and hydraulic head generated by discharging water from an upper to a lower reservoir to produce electricity. A 55-acre upper reservoir with a 1.5- billion gallon capacity was built on top of Proffit Mountain, approximately 760 feet above the floodplain of the East Fork Black River. At approximately 5:16 am on December 14, 2005, a 680-foot wide section of the upper reservoir embankment failed suddenly, sending water rushing down the western side of Proffit Mountain and emptying into the floodplain of East Fork Black River. Flood waters from the upper reservoir flowed downstream through Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park and into the lower reservoir of the East Fork Black River. Floods such as this present unique challenges and opportunities to analyze and document peak-flow characteristics, flood profiles, inundation extents, and debris movement. \r\n\r\nOn December 16, 2005, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data were collected and used to support hydraulic analyses, forensic failure analyses, damage extent, and mitigation of future disasters. To evaluate the impact of sedimentation in the lower reservoir, a bathymetric survey conducted on December 22 and 23, 2005, was compared to a previous bathymetric survey conducted in April, 2005. Survey results indicated the maximum reservoir capacity difference of 147 acre-feet existed at a pool elevation of 730 feet. \r\n\r\nPeak discharge estimates of 289,000 cubic feet per second along Proffit Mountain and 95,000 cubic feet per second along the East Fork Black River were determined through indirect measurement techniques. The magnitude of the embankment failure flood along the East Fork Black River was approximately 4 times greater than the 100-year flood frequency estimate of 21,900 cubic feet per second, and approximately 3 times greater than the 500-year flood frequency estimate of 30,500 cubic feet per second. Dynamic wave unsteady flow models Dam Break (DAMBRK) and Unsteady NETwork (UNET) were used to route the flood wave from the embankment failure breach of the upper reservoir to the spillway of the lower reservoir. Simulated velocities ranged from 20 to 51 feet per second along Proffit Mountain and 12 to 32 feet per second along the East Fork Black River. Simulated arrival time of the flood wave took approximately 5.5 to 6.0 minutes to enter into the floodplain of the East Fork Black River, and roughly 29 minutes to begin filling the lower reservoir. Simulated shear stress values reached as high as 232 pounds per square foot along the slope of Proffit Mountain and 144 pounds per square foot within the Shut-Ins. Flood depths from the embankment failure may have reached greater than 50 feet along Proffit Mountain and as much as 30 to 40 feet along the East Fork Black River. \r\n\r\nA steady-state model was used to develop 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year flood frequency profiles along the East Fork Black River. A similar flood event, hypothetically resulting from a breach of the east embankment above Taum Sauk Creek, was simulated along with the 100- and 500-year flood profiles on Taum Sauk Creek. Estimated extents of flood inundation were developed for each profile. \r\n\r\nDebris movement was extensive as a result of the flood wave moving down Proffit Mountain and through Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park. A quantitative assessment of debris movement was conducted to benefit rehabilitation efforts within the park. Approximately 180 acres of timber were affected as a result of the embankment failure flood.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065284","usgsCitation":"Rydlund, P.H., 2006, Peak Discharge, Flood Profile, Flood Inundation, and Debris Movement Accompanying the Failure of the Upper Reservoir at the Taum Sauk Pump Storage Facility near Lesterville, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5284, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065284.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9064,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5284/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rydlund, Paul H. Jr. 0000-0001-9461-9944 prydlund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-9944","contributorId":3840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rydlund","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"prydlund@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79513,"text":"ofr20061377 - 2006 - Distribution, thickness, and volume of fine-grained sediment from precipitation of metals from acid-mine waters in Keswick Reservoir, Shasta County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:15:40","indexId":"ofr20061377","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1377","title":"Distribution, thickness, and volume of fine-grained sediment from precipitation of metals from acid-mine waters in Keswick Reservoir, Shasta County, California","docAbstract":"In February 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) acquired high-resolution seismic-reflection data to map the distribution and thickness of fine-grained sediments associated with acid-mine drainage in Keswick Reservoir on the Sacramento River, near Redding, California. In the Spring Creek Arm of Keswick Reservoir, the sediments occurred in three distinct accumulations; thicknesses are greater than 2 meters (m) in the western accumulation, greater than 5 m in the central accumulation, and up to 8 m in the eastern accumulation. In Keswick Reservoir, fine-grained sediments related to acid-mine drainage were present from slightly north of the Spring Creek Arm downstream to the Keswick Dam. Sediment thickness varies from about 3 m opposite the mouth of the Spring Creek Arm to less than 1 m near Keswick Dam.
\nOur estimate for the total volume of fine-grained sediments in the Spring Creek Arm at the time of the geophysical survey in February 1993 is about 152,000 cubic meters in three sediment accumulations, with about 14,000, 32,000, and 105,000 cubic meters respectively in the western, central, and eastern accumulations. We interpreted that an additional 110, 000 cubic meters of material was present in the main part of Keswick Reservoir. At the time of data collection, we therefore estimate that the total volume of fine-grained sediment was 260,000 cubic meters. In the main part of Keswick Reservoir, 42% to 50% of the reservoir area contiguous to Spring Creek Arm had mappable fine-grained sediments. Decreasing sediment supply down-reservoir meant that mappable sediment covered only about 35% of the reservoir in the area to the south, decreasing to about 12% near Keswick Dam. Much of the reservoir bottom below the Spring Creek Arm could have had a thin (less than 20-30 cm) cover of fine-grained sediment that was not mappable using the seismic-reflection data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061377","usgsCitation":"Bruns, T.R., Alpers, C.N., and Carlson, P., 2006, Distribution, thickness, and volume of fine-grained sediment from precipitation of metals from acid-mine waters in Keswick Reservoir, Shasta County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1377, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061377.","productDescription":"HTML Document","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061377.PNG"},{"id":9067,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1377/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Shasta County","otherGeospatial":"Keswick Reservoir","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634a01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruns, Terry R.","contributorId":29420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruns","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, Paul","contributorId":52234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79469,"text":"ofr20061330 - 2006 - Digital data set of orchards where arsenical pesticides were likely used in Clark and Frederick Counties, Virginia, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T21:10:49.074963","indexId":"ofr20061330","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1330","title":"Digital data set of orchards where arsenical pesticides were likely used in Clark and Frederick Counties, Virginia, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia","docAbstract":"This data set shows orchard locations in Clarke and Frederick Counties, Virginia, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia where arsenical pesticides have likely been used. The orchard locations (fig. 1) were compiled from aerial photos and topographic maps for the time period of extensive use of arsenical pesticides between the 1920s and 1960s. An orchard's presence in this data set does not necessarily indicate the use of arsenical pesticides on that site or that elevated arsenic and metal concentrations are present. Arsenical pesticides may have been used on part, or none, of the land; furthermore, the land may have been remediated and may no longer contain elevated arsenic and metal concentrations in the soil.
","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061330","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.W., Larkins, P., and Robinson, G.R., 2006, Digital data set of orchards where arsenical pesticides were likely used in Clark and Frederick Counties, Virginia, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1330, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061330.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1943-01-01","temporalEnd":"1972-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402721,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78775.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9017,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1330/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18","country":"United States","state":"Virginia, West Virginia","county":"Berkeley County, Clark County, Frederick County, Jefferson County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-77.8299,39.1343],[-77.8331,39.1275],[-77.8397,39.1221],[-77.8493,39.1182],[-77.8523,39.1155],[-77.8548,39.1092],[-77.8564,39.0938],[-77.8619,39.0853],[-77.8679,39.0813],[-77.8792,39.0782],[-77.8817,39.076],[-77.8921,39.0612],[-77.8993,39.054],[-77.909,39.0469],[-77.927,39.0349],[-77.9367,39.0264],[-77.9415,39.0224],[-77.9558,39.0189],[-77.9612,39.0154],[-77.969,39.01],[-77.9882,38.9994],[-78.0045,38.9819],[-78.0553,39.0197],[-78.0606,39.0188],[-78.0749,39.0167],[-78.0945,39.0138],[-78.1515,39.0366],[-78.1594,39.0285],[-78.1619,39.0191],[-78.3137,39.0102],[-78.3142,39.0129],[-78.3159,39.0183],[-78.3157,39.0297],[-78.3145,39.031],[-78.311,39.031],[-78.3092,39.0319],[-78.3091,39.0337],[-78.3115,39.0355],[-78.315,39.0365],[-78.3179,39.0388],[-78.3197,39.0415],[-78.3226,39.0424],[-78.3262,39.0425],[-78.3285,39.0434],[-78.3285,39.0479],[-78.3302,39.0489],[-78.3367,39.0521],[-78.3431,39.0567],[-78.3448,39.0599],[-78.343,39.0617],[-78.3394,39.0653],[-78.3394,39.068],[-78.3399,39.0703],[-78.3381,39.072],[-78.3322,39.0729],[-78.3274,39.0742],[-78.3262,39.0756],[-78.3268,39.0778],[-78.3315,39.082],[-78.3332,39.0851],[-78.3308,39.0883],[-78.3307,39.0906],[-78.3324,39.0942],[-78.3336,39.0974],[-78.3347,39.101],[-78.3371,39.1015],[-78.3389,39.1011],[-78.3419,39.0988],[-78.3454,39.0975],[-78.3514,39.098],[-78.3567,39.0967],[-78.368,39.0954],[-78.3745,39.0932],[-78.3781,39.0933],[-78.3828,39.0942],[-78.3864,39.0956],[-78.3893,39.0956],[-78.3911,39.0938],[-78.3929,39.0929],[-78.4007,39.0921],[-78.403,39.0912],[-78.4078,39.0876],[-78.4204,39.08],[-78.4258,39.0746],[-78.4283,39.0688],[-78.4307,39.0661],[-78.4367,39.0634],[-78.4421,39.0571],[-78.4439,39.054],[-78.4428,39.0485],[-78.4447,39.0417],[-78.446,39.0349],[-78.4496,39.0295],[-78.4502,39.0282],[-78.4962,39.044],[-78.5422,39.0598],[-78.538,39.0624],[-78.5332,39.065],[-78.5296,39.0669],[-78.5255,39.0705],[-78.5228,39.0727],[-78.5216,39.0739],[-78.518,39.0775],[-78.5128,39.0831],[-78.5076,39.0891],[-78.5032,39.0943],[-78.5027,39.0947],[-78.4966,39.0997],[-78.4932,39.1027],[-78.4924,39.1031],[-78.49,39.1046],[-78.4852,39.1073],[-78.4817,39.1082],[-78.4805,39.1082],[-78.4781,39.1087],[-78.4746,39.1092],[-78.4732,39.1096],[-78.4675,39.1114],[-78.4664,39.1117],[-78.4638,39.113],[-78.4597,39.1149],[-78.4567,39.1171],[-78.4525,39.1202],[-78.4488,39.1229],[-78.4457,39.1261],[-78.4428,39.1296],[-78.4396,39.1341],[-78.438,39.1368],[-78.4365,39.14],[-78.436,39.1409],[-78.4335,39.1445],[-78.4305,39.1485],[-78.4257,39.1521],[-78.4193,39.1562],[-78.4122,39.1598],[-78.4064,39.165],[-78.404,39.1672],[-78.403,39.1687],[-78.4027,39.1695],[-78.4026,39.1704],[-78.4039,39.1717],[-78.4045,39.1721],[-78.406,39.1724],[-78.4083,39.1733],[-78.4095,39.1738],[-78.4136,39.1765],[-78.42,39.1798],[-78.4214,39.181],[-78.423,39.1825],[-78.4243,39.1835],[-78.4255,39.1847],[-78.4267,39.1875],[-78.426,39.1902],[-78.426,39.1924],[-78.4265,39.1942],[-78.4283,39.1953],[-78.4306,39.1957],[-78.4312,39.1961],[-78.4329,39.1971],[-78.4341,39.198],[-78.4352,39.2003],[-78.4341,39.2025],[-78.4322,39.2052],[-78.4268,39.2106],[-78.4183,39.2187],[-78.4158,39.2212],[-78.4104,39.2271],[-78.4077,39.2307],[-78.4062,39.2331],[-78.4044,39.2367],[-78.4036,39.2384],[-78.4031,39.2413],[-78.4029,39.2421],[-78.4029,39.2438],[-78.4028,39.2461],[-78.404,39.2492],[-78.406,39.2508],[-78.4095,39.2526],[-78.4131,39.2541],[-78.4163,39.2553],[-78.4181,39.2562],[-78.4186,39.2581],[-78.4167,39.2612],[-78.4141,39.2636],[-78.4117,39.2659],[-78.4088,39.2688],[-78.4085,39.2692],[-78.4056,39.2721],[-78.4033,39.2762],[-78.402,39.2789],[-78.4007,39.2811],[-78.4003,39.2814],[-78.3984,39.2825],[-78.3947,39.2842],[-78.3941,39.2846],[-78.3924,39.2858],[-78.3905,39.2878],[-78.3887,39.29],[-78.3881,39.2909],[-78.3869,39.2923],[-78.3856,39.294],[-78.3845,39.2952],[-78.3809,39.2988],[-78.3784,39.3011],[-78.3736,39.3051],[-78.3693,39.3091],[-78.3663,39.3122],[-78.3649,39.3136],[-78.3628,39.3161],[-78.3584,39.3208],[-78.3543,39.3274],[-78.3532,39.329],[-78.3509,39.3329],[-78.3501,39.3344],[-78.3494,39.3364],[-78.3487,39.3381],[-78.3481,39.3396],[-78.3475,39.3427],[-78.3471,39.3437],[-78.3465,39.3446],[-78.3429,39.3468],[-78.3405,39.3482],[-78.3401,39.3487],[-78.3392,39.35],[-78.3392,39.3509],[-78.341,39.3527],[-78.3451,39.3541],[-78.3456,39.3542],[-78.3532,39.3559],[-78.3587,39.3569],[-78.3623,39.3575],[-78.364,39.3585],[-78.3651,39.3601],[-78.3641,39.3618],[-78.3609,39.3661],[-78.3558,39.3721],[-78.3548,39.3733],[-78.3532,39.3751],[-78.3505,39.3786],[-78.3487,39.3809],[-78.3468,39.3836],[-78.3462,39.3868],[-78.3467,39.3901],[-78.3472,39.3918],[-78.349,39.3945],[-78.3506,39.3967],[-78.3513,39.3977],[-78.3536,39.3996],[-78.3565,39.4019],[-78.3588,39.4051],[-78.3599,39.4087],[-78.3593,39.4124],[-78.3589,39.4129],[-78.357,39.4154],[-78.3534,39.4203],[-78.3509,39.4225],[-78.3505,39.4233],[-78.3501,39.4245],[-78.35,39.4267],[-78.3503,39.4282],[-78.3509,39.4294],[-78.3516,39.4314],[-78.352,39.4325],[-78.3524,39.4336],[-78.3528,39.4354],[-78.3521,39.4385],[-78.3515,39.4394],[-78.3509,39.4403],[-78.3491,39.4421],[-78.3484,39.4431],[-78.3476,39.4447],[-78.347,39.4474],[-78.347,39.4504],[-78.3469,39.4515],[-78.3469,39.4534],[-78.3469,39.4552],[-78.3469,39.4574],[-78.348,39.4597],[-78.3485,39.462],[-78.3478,39.4646],[-78.3475,39.4658],[-78.3473,39.4666],[-78.268,39.4179],[-78.2486,39.4051],[-78.2299,39.3929],[-78.2275,39.396],[-78.2207,39.4054],[-78.2151,39.4126],[-78.2151,39.4149],[-78.2156,39.4185],[-78.2125,39.4235],[-78.2118,39.4262],[-78.2106,39.4293],[-78.2075,39.4338],[-78.2079,39.4402],[-78.2036,39.4451],[-78.1987,39.45],[-78.1974,39.4532],[-78.1967,39.4595],[-78.1941,39.4685],[-78.1743,39.519],[-78.1686,39.5321],[-78.158,39.5514],[-78.1415,39.5884],[-78.1397,39.592],[-78.1324,39.5946],[-78.1247,39.5945],[-78.1181,39.593],[-78.1099,39.587],[-78.0981,39.5836],[-78.0915,39.5844],[-78.089,39.5885],[-78.0894,39.5976],[-78.0857,39.5984],[-78.0822,39.5993],[-78.069,39.6],[-78.0588,39.6012],[-78.0546,39.6038],[-78.0497,39.6087],[-78.0436,39.6127],[-78.0375,39.6158],[-78.0369,39.6181],[-78.0362,39.6208],[-78.032,39.6225],[-78.0267,39.6241],[-78.0258,39.6226],[-78.0234,39.619],[-78.0162,39.6109],[-78.0138,39.6077],[-78.0091,39.6036],[-78.0067,39.6024],[-78.0036,39.6014],[-78,39.6005],[-77.9973,39.6003],[-77.9926,39.6001],[-77.9881,39.6001],[-77.9824,39.6006],[-77.9797,39.6009],[-77.9787,39.6012],[-77.9755,39.6019],[-77.9746,39.6026],[-77.9731,39.6038],[-77.9697,39.6057],[-77.9673,39.6074],[-77.966,39.6088],[-77.9612,39.6097],[-77.9577,39.6097],[-77.9553,39.6093],[-77.9535,39.6084],[-77.9525,39.6064],[-77.9514,39.6044],[-77.9511,39.6027],[-77.9507,39.6013],[-77.9504,39.5989],[-77.9503,39.5958],[-77.951,39.5908],[-77.9487,39.5885],[-77.9457,39.5871],[-77.9428,39.5871],[-77.941,39.5872],[-77.939,39.588],[-77.9367,39.5926],[-77.9359,39.5965],[-77.9355,39.6012],[-77.9349,39.6062],[-77.935,39.6098],[-77.9367,39.6124],[-77.9402,39.6143],[-77.9428,39.6161],[-77.9431,39.6175],[-77.9435,39.6194],[-77.9422,39.6206],[-77.941,39.6211],[-77.9388,39.6216],[-77.9362,39.6216],[-77.9334,39.6207],[-77.9306,39.6185],[-77.9289,39.6163],[-77.9276,39.6141],[-77.9254,39.6107],[-77.9254,39.6099],[-77.9236,39.6085],[-77.9225,39.6071],[-77.9207,39.6067],[-77.9195,39.6057],[-77.9146,39.6044],[-77.9017,39.6023],[-77.8934,39.6012],[-77.891,39.6005],[-77.8886,39.6004],[-77.8859,39.6003],[-77.8845,39.6008],[-77.8839,39.601],[-77.8824,39.6018],[-77.8814,39.6033],[-77.8807,39.6051],[-77.8819,39.6078],[-77.8836,39.6101],[-77.8847,39.6119],[-77.886,39.6145],[-77.8864,39.6161],[-77.8857,39.6169],[-77.8831,39.6179],[-77.8822,39.6183],[-77.8789,39.6172],[-77.8757,39.6159],[-77.8741,39.615],[-77.8717,39.6136],[-77.8699,39.6132],[-77.8681,39.6127],[-77.8621,39.6109],[-77.849,39.6082],[-77.8418,39.6073],[-77.8394,39.6069],[-77.8371,39.6057],[-77.8354,39.6048],[-77.834,39.6038],[-77.8328,39.6022],[-77.8325,39.6015],[-77.8314,39.5993],[-77.8308,39.597],[-77.8303,39.5942],[-77.8304,39.5911],[-77.8299,39.5879],[-77.8298,39.5847],[-77.8307,39.582],[-77.8311,39.5802],[-77.8314,39.5793],[-77.8326,39.577],[-77.8327,39.5757],[-77.8339,39.5744],[-77.8346,39.5731],[-77.8357,39.572],[-77.84,39.5681],[-77.8443,39.5664],[-77.8512,39.5652],[-77.8622,39.5644],[-77.8691,39.5642],[-77.8736,39.5642],[-77.8742,39.5642],[-77.8772,39.5637],[-77.8802,39.5629],[-77.882,39.5625],[-77.8838,39.5611],[-77.8851,39.5589],[-77.8857,39.5576],[-77.8852,39.5557],[-77.8841,39.5532],[-77.8833,39.5524],[-77.8829,39.5521],[-77.8815,39.5506],[-77.8776,39.5485],[-77.876,39.5482],[-77.8749,39.547],[-77.8706,39.5446],[-77.8678,39.5425],[-77.866,39.5402],[-77.8648,39.5384],[-77.8642,39.5359],[-77.8641,39.5336],[-77.8647,39.5316],[-77.8659,39.528],[-77.8665,39.5248],[-77.8659,39.5198],[-77.8628,39.5168],[-77.8601,39.5159],[-77.8581,39.5154],[-77.8559,39.5154],[-77.8539,39.5158],[-77.8515,39.5162],[-77.8493,39.517],[-77.8469,39.5184],[-77.845,39.5194],[-77.8439,39.5201],[-77.8426,39.5219],[-77.842,39.5228],[-77.8413,39.5251],[-77.8407,39.5269],[-77.8402,39.5285],[-77.8399,39.5289],[-77.8385,39.5308],[-77.838,39.5313],[-77.837,39.5318],[-77.8357,39.5327],[-77.8328,39.5326],[-77.831,39.5326],[-77.8286,39.5322],[-77.8268,39.5318],[-77.8257,39.5307],[-77.8251,39.5289],[-77.8252,39.5274],[-77.8253,39.5267],[-77.8259,39.5226],[-77.8271,39.5204],[-77.8294,39.517],[-77.831,39.516],[-77.8318,39.5154],[-77.8339,39.5131],[-77.8371,39.5108],[-77.839,39.5094],[-77.8401,39.5085],[-77.8407,39.5083],[-77.8443,39.5067],[-77.8454,39.5047],[-77.8454,39.5022],[-77.8445,39.5002],[-77.8413,39.4986],[-77.8392,39.4977],[-77.8383,39.4976],[-77.8359,39.4972],[-77.8332,39.4968],[-77.8309,39.4964],[-77.8303,39.4963],[-77.8264,39.4959],[-77.8243,39.4958],[-77.819,39.4956],[-77.8182,39.4954],[-77.8142,39.4944],[-77.8109,39.4932],[-77.8066,39.4918],[-77.8025,39.4903],[-77.8019,39.4902],[-77.7995,39.4901],[-77.796,39.491],[-77.793,39.4928],[-77.7919,39.4934],[-77.7901,39.4953],[-77.7886,39.4961],[-77.7841,39.4992],[-77.7829,39.4996],[-77.7795,39.5006],[-77.7757,39.501],[-77.7711,39.5006],[-77.7687,39.5002],[-77.7676,39.4997],[-77.7658,39.4983],[-77.7651,39.4966],[-77.7656,39.4951],[-77.7667,39.4937],[-77.7677,39.4927],[-77.7703,39.4915],[-77.7738,39.4899],[-77.7763,39.4886],[-77.7793,39.4878],[-77.784,39.486],[-77.7858,39.4856],[-77.79,39.4846],[-77.7943,39.483],[-77.7968,39.4812],[-77.7977,39.4802],[-77.7984,39.4788],[-77.7978,39.4772],[-77.7974,39.4767],[-77.7953,39.4747],[-77.7934,39.4731],[-77.7864,39.4697],[-77.7834,39.4683],[-77.781,39.467],[-77.7792,39.4656],[-77.7788,39.465],[-77.778,39.4634],[-77.778,39.4625],[-77.7803,39.4616],[-77.7821,39.4615],[-77.7848,39.4615],[-77.7875,39.4616],[-77.7899,39.4621],[-77.7932,39.4625],[-77.7947,39.4627],[-77.7954,39.4626],[-77.796,39.4625],[-77.797,39.4615],[-77.7978,39.4607],[-77.7976,39.4597],[-77.7965,39.4574],[-77.7946,39.4561],[-77.7922,39.4535],[-77.7869,39.4511],[-77.7858,39.4493],[-77.7845,39.4484],[-77.7845,39.4475],[-77.7841,39.4464],[-77.7841,39.4457],[-77.7847,39.4449],[-77.7874,39.4434],[-77.7884,39.443],[-77.7916,39.4429],[-77.794,39.4429],[-77.7949,39.443],[-77.7967,39.4429],[-77.7987,39.4424],[-77.8004,39.442],[-77.8011,39.4411],[-77.8015,39.4405],[-77.801,39.4391],[-77.7999,39.4375],[-77.7981,39.4357],[-77.7952,39.4345],[-77.7923,39.4331],[-77.7863,39.4321],[-77.7749,39.4303],[-77.7713,39.4298],[-77.7677,39.4298],[-77.7649,39.4299],[-77.7614,39.4289],[-77.7584,39.4285],[-77.756,39.4277],[-77.754,39.4258],[-77.753,39.425],[-77.7516,39.424],[-77.7513,39.4234],[-77.7503,39.4219],[-77.7492,39.4191],[-77.7486,39.417],[-77.7438,39.4109],[-77.7395,39.404],[-77.7372,39.3977],[-77.736,39.3937],[-77.7358,39.3925],[-77.7352,39.3909],[-77.7354,39.3895],[-77.7356,39.3887],[-77.7359,39.3881],[-77.7371,39.3873],[-77.7384,39.3868],[-77.7408,39.3868],[-77.7431,39.3864],[-77.7461,39.3855],[-77.7475,39.3852],[-77.7491,39.3847],[-77.7503,39.3838],[-77.7503,39.3825],[-77.7504,39.3806],[-77.7499,39.379],[-77.7497,39.3775],[-77.7485,39.3755],[-77.7473,39.3728],[-77.7465,39.3709],[-77.746,39.3701],[-77.7454,39.3679],[-77.7449,39.366],[-77.7444,39.3642],[-77.7444,39.3628],[-77.7445,39.3606],[-77.7449,39.3583],[-77.7458,39.3556],[-77.7483,39.3516],[-77.752,39.3489],[-77.7538,39.3476],[-77.7561,39.3465],[-77.7567,39.3456],[-77.7579,39.3442],[-77.7578,39.3424],[-77.7577,39.3405],[-77.757,39.3395],[-77.7559,39.3381],[-77.7547,39.3372],[-77.7539,39.3362],[-77.7535,39.3359],[-77.7531,39.3357],[-77.7512,39.3349],[-77.7483,39.3334],[-77.7412,39.3315],[-77.7364,39.3301],[-77.731,39.3286],[-77.7294,39.3281],[-77.7197,39.3253],[-77.7273,39.3199],[-77.734,39.315],[-77.735,39.3133],[-77.7353,39.3129],[-77.7371,39.3101],[-77.7402,39.3052],[-77.7446,39.3003],[-77.7471,39.2963],[-77.7496,39.2909],[-77.7527,39.2864],[-77.7546,39.2824],[-77.7559,39.2765],[-77.7573,39.2719],[-77.7598,39.2674],[-77.7629,39.2639],[-77.7636,39.2632],[-77.7658,39.2612],[-77.7681,39.2589],[-77.7694,39.2576],[-77.7707,39.2554],[-77.771,39.2545],[-77.7713,39.2531],[-77.7709,39.2486],[-77.7703,39.2459],[-77.771,39.2418],[-77.7713,39.2404],[-77.772,39.2387],[-77.7736,39.2364],[-77.7747,39.235],[-77.7755,39.2342],[-77.7776,39.2324],[-77.781,39.2292],[-77.782,39.2283],[-77.7851,39.2248],[-77.7888,39.2194],[-77.7917,39.2127],[-77.7919,39.2122],[-77.7956,39.2045],[-77.7982,39.1974],[-77.7995,39.1923],[-77.8009,39.1875],[-77.8028,39.183],[-77.8036,39.178],[-77.8053,39.1743],[-77.8074,39.1708],[-77.8104,39.1682],[-77.8135,39.1641],[-77.816,39.1605],[-77.8178,39.1574],[-77.8198,39.1516],[-77.8207,39.1492],[-77.8213,39.1468],[-77.8222,39.1429],[-77.8227,39.1409],[-77.8239,39.1371],[-77.8262,39.1353],[-77.8299,39.1343]]],[[[-78.1881,39.1399],[-78.1976,39.1423],[-78.1998,39.1532],[-78.1956,39.1554],[-78.1936,39.1667],[-78.1893,39.1744],[-78.2011,39.1795],[-78.1961,39.193],[-78.1876,39.2047],[-78.1604,39.1981],[-78.1375,39.1842],[-78.1525,39.1722],[-78.1569,39.1627],[-78.1647,39.1573],[-78.1721,39.1429],[-78.1787,39.1353],[-78.1881,39.1399]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clarke\",\"state\":\"VA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bradley W.","contributorId":15300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larkins, Peter","contributorId":40691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larkins","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79468,"text":"fs20063134 - 2006 - Digital data set of orchards where arsenical pesticides were likely used in Clark and Frederick Counties, Virginia, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T21:14:56.337746","indexId":"fs20063134","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3134","title":"Digital data set of orchards where arsenical pesticides were likely used in Clark and Frederick Counties, Virginia, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia","docAbstract":"This Fact Sheet provides information on a digital data set that identifies orchard areas under cultivation between the 1920s and 1960s in Clarke and Frederick Counties, Virginia and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia. The apple orchards in these areas likely used arsenical pesticides during this time. The digital data set can be used in a geographic information system (GIS) to identify where elevated arsenic and lead concentrations may be present in soils. The digital data set, the associated metadata, and the related files are available on the World Wide Web at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1330/shapefile/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20063134","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.W., Larkins, P., and Robinson, G.R., 2006, Digital data set of orchards where arsenical pesticides were likely used in Clark and Frederick Counties, Virginia, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3134, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063134.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3134.jpg"},{"id":9016,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3134/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402722,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78774.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia, West Virginia","county":"Berkeley County, Clark County, Frederick County, Jefferson County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-77.8299,39.1343],[-77.8331,39.1275],[-77.8397,39.1221],[-77.8493,39.1182],[-77.8523,39.1155],[-77.8548,39.1092],[-77.8564,39.0938],[-77.8619,39.0853],[-77.8679,39.0813],[-77.8792,39.0782],[-77.8817,39.076],[-77.8921,39.0612],[-77.8993,39.054],[-77.909,39.0469],[-77.927,39.0349],[-77.9367,39.0264],[-77.9415,39.0224],[-77.9558,39.0189],[-77.9612,39.0154],[-77.969,39.01],[-77.9882,38.9994],[-78.0045,38.9819],[-78.0553,39.0197],[-78.0606,39.0188],[-78.0749,39.0167],[-78.0945,39.0138],[-78.1515,39.0366],[-78.1594,39.0285],[-78.1619,39.0191],[-78.3137,39.0102],[-78.3142,39.0129],[-78.3159,39.0183],[-78.3157,39.0297],[-78.3145,39.031],[-78.311,39.031],[-78.3092,39.0319],[-78.3091,39.0337],[-78.3115,39.0355],[-78.315,39.0365],[-78.3179,39.0388],[-78.3197,39.0415],[-78.3226,39.0424],[-78.3262,39.0425],[-78.3285,39.0434],[-78.3285,39.0479],[-78.3302,39.0489],[-78.3367,39.0521],[-78.3431,39.0567],[-78.3448,39.0599],[-78.343,39.0617],[-78.3394,39.0653],[-78.3394,39.068],[-78.3399,39.0703],[-78.3381,39.072],[-78.3322,39.0729],[-78.3274,39.0742],[-78.3262,39.0756],[-78.3268,39.0778],[-78.3315,39.082],[-78.3332,39.0851],[-78.3308,39.0883],[-78.3307,39.0906],[-78.3324,39.0942],[-78.3336,39.0974],[-78.3347,39.101],[-78.3371,39.1015],[-78.3389,39.1011],[-78.3419,39.0988],[-78.3454,39.0975],[-78.3514,39.098],[-78.3567,39.0967],[-78.368,39.0954],[-78.3745,39.0932],[-78.3781,39.0933],[-78.3828,39.0942],[-78.3864,39.0956],[-78.3893,39.0956],[-78.3911,39.0938],[-78.3929,39.0929],[-78.4007,39.0921],[-78.403,39.0912],[-78.4078,39.0876],[-78.4204,39.08],[-78.4258,39.0746],[-78.4283,39.0688],[-78.4307,39.0661],[-78.4367,39.0634],[-78.4421,39.0571],[-78.4439,39.054],[-78.4428,39.0485],[-78.4447,39.0417],[-78.446,39.0349],[-78.4496,39.0295],[-78.4502,39.0282],[-78.4962,39.044],[-78.5422,39.0598],[-78.538,39.0624],[-78.5332,39.065],[-78.5296,39.0669],[-78.5255,39.0705],[-78.5228,39.0727],[-78.5216,39.0739],[-78.518,39.0775],[-78.5128,39.0831],[-78.5076,39.0891],[-78.5032,39.0943],[-78.5027,39.0947],[-78.4966,39.0997],[-78.4932,39.1027],[-78.4924,39.1031],[-78.49,39.1046],[-78.4852,39.1073],[-78.4817,39.1082],[-78.4805,39.1082],[-78.4781,39.1087],[-78.4746,39.1092],[-78.4732,39.1096],[-78.4675,39.1114],[-78.4664,39.1117],[-78.4638,39.113],[-78.4597,39.1149],[-78.4567,39.1171],[-78.4525,39.1202],[-78.4488,39.1229],[-78.4457,39.1261],[-78.4428,39.1296],[-78.4396,39.1341],[-78.438,39.1368],[-78.4365,39.14],[-78.436,39.1409],[-78.4335,39.1445],[-78.4305,39.1485],[-78.4257,39.1521],[-78.4193,39.1562],[-78.4122,39.1598],[-78.4064,39.165],[-78.404,39.1672],[-78.403,39.1687],[-78.4027,39.1695],[-78.4026,39.1704],[-78.4039,39.1717],[-78.4045,39.1721],[-78.406,39.1724],[-78.4083,39.1733],[-78.4095,39.1738],[-78.4136,39.1765],[-78.42,39.1798],[-78.4214,39.181],[-78.423,39.1825],[-78.4243,39.1835],[-78.4255,39.1847],[-78.4267,39.1875],[-78.426,39.1902],[-78.426,39.1924],[-78.4265,39.1942],[-78.4283,39.1953],[-78.4306,39.1957],[-78.4312,39.1961],[-78.4329,39.1971],[-78.4341,39.198],[-78.4352,39.2003],[-78.4341,39.2025],[-78.4322,39.2052],[-78.4268,39.2106],[-78.4183,39.2187],[-78.4158,39.2212],[-78.4104,39.2271],[-78.4077,39.2307],[-78.4062,39.2331],[-78.4044,39.2367],[-78.4036,39.2384],[-78.4031,39.2413],[-78.4029,39.2421],[-78.4029,39.2438],[-78.4028,39.2461],[-78.404,39.2492],[-78.406,39.2508],[-78.4095,39.2526],[-78.4131,39.2541],[-78.4163,39.2553],[-78.4181,39.2562],[-78.4186,39.2581],[-78.4167,39.2612],[-78.4141,39.2636],[-78.4117,39.2659],[-78.4088,39.2688],[-78.4085,39.2692],[-78.4056,39.2721],[-78.4033,39.2762],[-78.402,39.2789],[-78.4007,39.2811],[-78.4003,39.2814],[-78.3984,39.2825],[-78.3947,39.2842],[-78.3941,39.2846],[-78.3924,39.2858],[-78.3905,39.2878],[-78.3887,39.29],[-78.3881,39.2909],[-78.3869,39.2923],[-78.3856,39.294],[-78.3845,39.2952],[-78.3809,39.2988],[-78.3784,39.3011],[-78.3736,39.3051],[-78.3693,39.3091],[-78.3663,39.3122],[-78.3649,39.3136],[-78.3628,39.3161],[-78.3584,39.3208],[-78.3543,39.3274],[-78.3532,39.329],[-78.3509,39.3329],[-78.3501,39.3344],[-78.3494,39.3364],[-78.3487,39.3381],[-78.3481,39.3396],[-78.3475,39.3427],[-78.3471,39.3437],[-78.3465,39.3446],[-78.3429,39.3468],[-78.3405,39.3482],[-78.3401,39.3487],[-78.3392,39.35],[-78.3392,39.3509],[-78.341,39.3527],[-78.3451,39.3541],[-78.3456,39.3542],[-78.3532,39.3559],[-78.3587,39.3569],[-78.3623,39.3575],[-78.364,39.3585],[-78.3651,39.3601],[-78.3641,39.3618],[-78.3609,39.3661],[-78.3558,39.3721],[-78.3548,39.3733],[-78.3532,39.3751],[-78.3505,39.3786],[-78.3487,39.3809],[-78.3468,39.3836],[-78.3462,39.3868],[-78.3467,39.3901],[-78.3472,39.3918],[-78.349,39.3945],[-78.3506,39.3967],[-78.3513,39.3977],[-78.3536,39.3996],[-78.3565,39.4019],[-78.3588,39.4051],[-78.3599,39.4087],[-78.3593,39.4124],[-78.3589,39.4129],[-78.357,39.4154],[-78.3534,39.4203],[-78.3509,39.4225],[-78.3505,39.4233],[-78.3501,39.4245],[-78.35,39.4267],[-78.3503,39.4282],[-78.3509,39.4294],[-78.3516,39.4314],[-78.352,39.4325],[-78.3524,39.4336],[-78.3528,39.4354],[-78.3521,39.4385],[-78.3515,39.4394],[-78.3509,39.4403],[-78.3491,39.4421],[-78.3484,39.4431],[-78.3476,39.4447],[-78.347,39.4474],[-78.347,39.4504],[-78.3469,39.4515],[-78.3469,39.4534],[-78.3469,39.4552],[-78.3469,39.4574],[-78.348,39.4597],[-78.3485,39.462],[-78.3478,39.4646],[-78.3475,39.4658],[-78.3473,39.4666],[-78.268,39.4179],[-78.2486,39.4051],[-78.2299,39.3929],[-78.2275,39.396],[-78.2207,39.4054],[-78.2151,39.4126],[-78.2151,39.4149],[-78.2156,39.4185],[-78.2125,39.4235],[-78.2118,39.4262],[-78.2106,39.4293],[-78.2075,39.4338],[-78.2079,39.4402],[-78.2036,39.4451],[-78.1987,39.45],[-78.1974,39.4532],[-78.1967,39.4595],[-78.1941,39.4685],[-78.1743,39.519],[-78.1686,39.5321],[-78.158,39.5514],[-78.1415,39.5884],[-78.1397,39.592],[-78.1324,39.5946],[-78.1247,39.5945],[-78.1181,39.593],[-78.1099,39.587],[-78.0981,39.5836],[-78.0915,39.5844],[-78.089,39.5885],[-78.0894,39.5976],[-78.0857,39.5984],[-78.0822,39.5993],[-78.069,39.6],[-78.0588,39.6012],[-78.0546,39.6038],[-78.0497,39.6087],[-78.0436,39.6127],[-78.0375,39.6158],[-78.0369,39.6181],[-78.0362,39.6208],[-78.032,39.6225],[-78.0267,39.6241],[-78.0258,39.6226],[-78.0234,39.619],[-78.0162,39.6109],[-78.0138,39.6077],[-78.0091,39.6036],[-78.0067,39.6024],[-78.0036,39.6014],[-78,39.6005],[-77.9973,39.6003],[-77.9926,39.6001],[-77.9881,39.6001],[-77.9824,39.6006],[-77.9797,39.6009],[-77.9787,39.6012],[-77.9755,39.6019],[-77.9746,39.6026],[-77.9731,39.6038],[-77.9697,39.6057],[-77.9673,39.6074],[-77.966,39.6088],[-77.9612,39.6097],[-77.9577,39.6097],[-77.9553,39.6093],[-77.9535,39.6084],[-77.9525,39.6064],[-77.9514,39.6044],[-77.9511,39.6027],[-77.9507,39.6013],[-77.9504,39.5989],[-77.9503,39.5958],[-77.951,39.5908],[-77.9487,39.5885],[-77.9457,39.5871],[-77.9428,39.5871],[-77.941,39.5872],[-77.939,39.588],[-77.9367,39.5926],[-77.9359,39.5965],[-77.9355,39.6012],[-77.9349,39.6062],[-77.935,39.6098],[-77.9367,39.6124],[-77.9402,39.6143],[-77.9428,39.6161],[-77.9431,39.6175],[-77.9435,39.6194],[-77.9422,39.6206],[-77.941,39.6211],[-77.9388,39.6216],[-77.9362,39.6216],[-77.9334,39.6207],[-77.9306,39.6185],[-77.9289,39.6163],[-77.9276,39.6141],[-77.9254,39.6107],[-77.9254,39.6099],[-77.9236,39.6085],[-77.9225,39.6071],[-77.9207,39.6067],[-77.9195,39.6057],[-77.9146,39.6044],[-77.9017,39.6023],[-77.8934,39.6012],[-77.891,39.6005],[-77.8886,39.6004],[-77.8859,39.6003],[-77.8845,39.6008],[-77.8839,39.601],[-77.8824,39.6018],[-77.8814,39.6033],[-77.8807,39.6051],[-77.8819,39.6078],[-77.8836,39.6101],[-77.8847,39.6119],[-77.886,39.6145],[-77.8864,39.6161],[-77.8857,39.6169],[-77.8831,39.6179],[-77.8822,39.6183],[-77.8789,39.6172],[-77.8757,39.6159],[-77.8741,39.615],[-77.8717,39.6136],[-77.8699,39.6132],[-77.8681,39.6127],[-77.8621,39.6109],[-77.849,39.6082],[-77.8418,39.6073],[-77.8394,39.6069],[-77.8371,39.6057],[-77.8354,39.6048],[-77.834,39.6038],[-77.8328,39.6022],[-77.8325,39.6015],[-77.8314,39.5993],[-77.8308,39.597],[-77.8303,39.5942],[-77.8304,39.5911],[-77.8299,39.5879],[-77.8298,39.5847],[-77.8307,39.582],[-77.8311,39.5802],[-77.8314,39.5793],[-77.8326,39.577],[-77.8327,39.5757],[-77.8339,39.5744],[-77.8346,39.5731],[-77.8357,39.572],[-77.84,39.5681],[-77.8443,39.5664],[-77.8512,39.5652],[-77.8622,39.5644],[-77.8691,39.5642],[-77.8736,39.5642],[-77.8742,39.5642],[-77.8772,39.5637],[-77.8802,39.5629],[-77.882,39.5625],[-77.8838,39.5611],[-77.8851,39.5589],[-77.8857,39.5576],[-77.8852,39.5557],[-77.8841,39.5532],[-77.8833,39.5524],[-77.8829,39.5521],[-77.8815,39.5506],[-77.8776,39.5485],[-77.876,39.5482],[-77.8749,39.547],[-77.8706,39.5446],[-77.8678,39.5425],[-77.866,39.5402],[-77.8648,39.5384],[-77.8642,39.5359],[-77.8641,39.5336],[-77.8647,39.5316],[-77.8659,39.528],[-77.8665,39.5248],[-77.8659,39.5198],[-77.8628,39.5168],[-77.8601,39.5159],[-77.8581,39.5154],[-77.8559,39.5154],[-77.8539,39.5158],[-77.8515,39.5162],[-77.8493,39.517],[-77.8469,39.5184],[-77.845,39.5194],[-77.8439,39.5201],[-77.8426,39.5219],[-77.842,39.5228],[-77.8413,39.5251],[-77.8407,39.5269],[-77.8402,39.5285],[-77.8399,39.5289],[-77.8385,39.5308],[-77.838,39.5313],[-77.837,39.5318],[-77.8357,39.5327],[-77.8328,39.5326],[-77.831,39.5326],[-77.8286,39.5322],[-77.8268,39.5318],[-77.8257,39.5307],[-77.8251,39.5289],[-77.8252,39.5274],[-77.8253,39.5267],[-77.8259,39.5226],[-77.8271,39.5204],[-77.8294,39.517],[-77.831,39.516],[-77.8318,39.5154],[-77.8339,39.5131],[-77.8371,39.5108],[-77.839,39.5094],[-77.8401,39.5085],[-77.8407,39.5083],[-77.8443,39.5067],[-77.8454,39.5047],[-77.8454,39.5022],[-77.8445,39.5002],[-77.8413,39.4986],[-77.8392,39.4977],[-77.8383,39.4976],[-77.8359,39.4972],[-77.8332,39.4968],[-77.8309,39.4964],[-77.8303,39.4963],[-77.8264,39.4959],[-77.8243,39.4958],[-77.819,39.4956],[-77.8182,39.4954],[-77.8142,39.4944],[-77.8109,39.4932],[-77.8066,39.4918],[-77.8025,39.4903],[-77.8019,39.4902],[-77.7995,39.4901],[-77.796,39.491],[-77.793,39.4928],[-77.7919,39.4934],[-77.7901,39.4953],[-77.7886,39.4961],[-77.7841,39.4992],[-77.7829,39.4996],[-77.7795,39.5006],[-77.7757,39.501],[-77.7711,39.5006],[-77.7687,39.5002],[-77.7676,39.4997],[-77.7658,39.4983],[-77.7651,39.4966],[-77.7656,39.4951],[-77.7667,39.4937],[-77.7677,39.4927],[-77.7703,39.4915],[-77.7738,39.4899],[-77.7763,39.4886],[-77.7793,39.4878],[-77.784,39.486],[-77.7858,39.4856],[-77.79,39.4846],[-77.7943,39.483],[-77.7968,39.4812],[-77.7977,39.4802],[-77.7984,39.4788],[-77.7978,39.4772],[-77.7974,39.4767],[-77.7953,39.4747],[-77.7934,39.4731],[-77.7864,39.4697],[-77.7834,39.4683],[-77.781,39.467],[-77.7792,39.4656],[-77.7788,39.465],[-77.778,39.4634],[-77.778,39.4625],[-77.7803,39.4616],[-77.7821,39.4615],[-77.7848,39.4615],[-77.7875,39.4616],[-77.7899,39.4621],[-77.7932,39.4625],[-77.7947,39.4627],[-77.7954,39.4626],[-77.796,39.4625],[-77.797,39.4615],[-77.7978,39.4607],[-77.7976,39.4597],[-77.7965,39.4574],[-77.7946,39.4561],[-77.7922,39.4535],[-77.7869,39.4511],[-77.7858,39.4493],[-77.7845,39.4484],[-77.7845,39.4475],[-77.7841,39.4464],[-77.7841,39.4457],[-77.7847,39.4449],[-77.7874,39.4434],[-77.7884,39.443],[-77.7916,39.4429],[-77.794,39.4429],[-77.7949,39.443],[-77.7967,39.4429],[-77.7987,39.4424],[-77.8004,39.442],[-77.8011,39.4411],[-77.8015,39.4405],[-77.801,39.4391],[-77.7999,39.4375],[-77.7981,39.4357],[-77.7952,39.4345],[-77.7923,39.4331],[-77.7863,39.4321],[-77.7749,39.4303],[-77.7713,39.4298],[-77.7677,39.4298],[-77.7649,39.4299],[-77.7614,39.4289],[-77.7584,39.4285],[-77.756,39.4277],[-77.754,39.4258],[-77.753,39.425],[-77.7516,39.424],[-77.7513,39.4234],[-77.7503,39.4219],[-77.7492,39.4191],[-77.7486,39.417],[-77.7438,39.4109],[-77.7395,39.404],[-77.7372,39.3977],[-77.736,39.3937],[-77.7358,39.3925],[-77.7352,39.3909],[-77.7354,39.3895],[-77.7356,39.3887],[-77.7359,39.3881],[-77.7371,39.3873],[-77.7384,39.3868],[-77.7408,39.3868],[-77.7431,39.3864],[-77.7461,39.3855],[-77.7475,39.3852],[-77.7491,39.3847],[-77.7503,39.3838],[-77.7503,39.3825],[-77.7504,39.3806],[-77.7499,39.379],[-77.7497,39.3775],[-77.7485,39.3755],[-77.7473,39.3728],[-77.7465,39.3709],[-77.746,39.3701],[-77.7454,39.3679],[-77.7449,39.366],[-77.7444,39.3642],[-77.7444,39.3628],[-77.7445,39.3606],[-77.7449,39.3583],[-77.7458,39.3556],[-77.7483,39.3516],[-77.752,39.3489],[-77.7538,39.3476],[-77.7561,39.3465],[-77.7567,39.3456],[-77.7579,39.3442],[-77.7578,39.3424],[-77.7577,39.3405],[-77.757,39.3395],[-77.7559,39.3381],[-77.7547,39.3372],[-77.7539,39.3362],[-77.7535,39.3359],[-77.7531,39.3357],[-77.7512,39.3349],[-77.7483,39.3334],[-77.7412,39.3315],[-77.7364,39.3301],[-77.731,39.3286],[-77.7294,39.3281],[-77.7197,39.3253],[-77.7273,39.3199],[-77.734,39.315],[-77.735,39.3133],[-77.7353,39.3129],[-77.7371,39.3101],[-77.7402,39.3052],[-77.7446,39.3003],[-77.7471,39.2963],[-77.7496,39.2909],[-77.7527,39.2864],[-77.7546,39.2824],[-77.7559,39.2765],[-77.7573,39.2719],[-77.7598,39.2674],[-77.7629,39.2639],[-77.7636,39.2632],[-77.7658,39.2612],[-77.7681,39.2589],[-77.7694,39.2576],[-77.7707,39.2554],[-77.771,39.2545],[-77.7713,39.2531],[-77.7709,39.2486],[-77.7703,39.2459],[-77.771,39.2418],[-77.7713,39.2404],[-77.772,39.2387],[-77.7736,39.2364],[-77.7747,39.235],[-77.7755,39.2342],[-77.7776,39.2324],[-77.781,39.2292],[-77.782,39.2283],[-77.7851,39.2248],[-77.7888,39.2194],[-77.7917,39.2127],[-77.7919,39.2122],[-77.7956,39.2045],[-77.7982,39.1974],[-77.7995,39.1923],[-77.8009,39.1875],[-77.8028,39.183],[-77.8036,39.178],[-77.8053,39.1743],[-77.8074,39.1708],[-77.8104,39.1682],[-77.8135,39.1641],[-77.816,39.1605],[-77.8178,39.1574],[-77.8198,39.1516],[-77.8207,39.1492],[-77.8213,39.1468],[-77.8222,39.1429],[-77.8227,39.1409],[-77.8239,39.1371],[-77.8262,39.1353],[-77.8299,39.1343]]],[[[-78.1881,39.1399],[-78.1976,39.1423],[-78.1998,39.1532],[-78.1956,39.1554],[-78.1936,39.1667],[-78.1893,39.1744],[-78.2011,39.1795],[-78.1961,39.193],[-78.1876,39.2047],[-78.1604,39.1981],[-78.1375,39.1842],[-78.1525,39.1722],[-78.1569,39.1627],[-78.1647,39.1573],[-78.1721,39.1429],[-78.1787,39.1353],[-78.1881,39.1399]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clarke\",\"state\":\"VA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bradley W.","contributorId":15300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larkins, Peter","contributorId":40691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larkins","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79471,"text":"sir20065280 - 2006 - Ground-water hydrology and water quality of the Southern High Plains Aquifer, Cannon Air Force Base, Curry County, New Mexico, 1994-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T16:33:18","indexId":"sir20065280","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5280","title":"Ground-water hydrology and water quality of the Southern High Plains Aquifer, Cannon Air Force Base, Curry County, New Mexico, 1994-2005","docAbstract":"In cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Geological Survey has collected hydrologic data about the Southern High Plains aquifer at Cannon Air Force Base in east-central New Mexico since 1994. Under the guidance of the State of New Mexico, ground-water quality of the aquifer has been analyzed as part of annual monitoring at regulated sites at the base. This report provides a summary and interpretation of all available hydrologic data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey for Cannon Air Force Base environmental managers for the regulated sites of Landfill 5 and the Sewage Lagoons between 1994 and 2005.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065280","isbn":"9781411312210","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, Cannon Air Force Base","usgsCitation":"Langman, J.B., Falk, S.E., Gebhardt, F., and Blanchard, P.J., 2006, Ground-water hydrology and water quality of the Southern High Plains Aquifer, Cannon Air Force Base, Curry County, New Mexico, 1994-2005 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5280, v, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065280.","productDescription":"v, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"66","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9019,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5280/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Curry County","otherGeospatial":"Cannon Air Force Base, Southern High Plains Aquifer","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d5ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langman, Jeff B.","contributorId":22036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langman","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falk, Sarah E. sefalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falk","given":"Sarah","email":"sefalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gebhardt, Fredrick E.","contributorId":65538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebhardt","given":"Fredrick E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blanchard, Paul J.","contributorId":24388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79487,"text":"ofr20061272 - 2006 - Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T21:04:09.713268","indexId":"ofr20061272","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1272","title":"Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Vermont","docAbstract":"The rapid growth in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has highlighted the need for regional and national scale digital geologic maps that have standardized information about geologic age and lithology. Such maps can be conveniently used to generate derivative maps for manifold special purposes such as mineral-resource assessment, metallogenic studies, tectonic studies, and environmental research. Although two digital geologic maps (Schruben and others, 1994; Reed and Bush, 2004) of the United States currently exist, their scales (1:2,500,000 and 1:5,000,000) are too general for many regional applications. Most states have digital geologic maps at scales of about 1:500,000, but the databases are not comparably structured and, thus, it is difficult to use the digital database for more than one state at a time. This report describes the result for a seven state region of an effort by the U.S. Geological Survey to produce a series of integrated and standardized state geologic map databases that cover the entire United States.\r\nIn 1997, the United States Geological Survey's Mineral Resources Program initiated the National Surveys and Analysis (NSA) Project to develop national digital databases. One primary activity of this project was to compile a national digital geologic map database, utilizing state geologic maps, to support studies in the range of 1:250,000- to 1:1,000,000-scale. To accomplish this, state databases were prepared using a common standard for the database structure, fields, attribution, and data dictionaries. For Alaska and Hawaii new state maps are being prepared and the preliminary work for Alaska is being released as a series of 1:250,000 scale quadrangle reports.\r\nThis document provides background information and documentation for the integrated geologic map databases of this report. This report is one of a series of such reports releasing preliminary standardized geologic map databases for the United States. The data products of the project consist of two main parts, the spatial databases and a set of supplemental tables relating to geologic map units. The datasets serve as a data resource to generate a variety of stratigraphic, age, and lithologic maps.\r\nThis documentation is divided into four main sections: (1) description of the set of data files provided in this report, (2) specifications of the spatial databases, (3) specifications of the supplemental tables, and (4) an appendix containing the data dictionaries used to populate some fields of the spatial database and supplemental tables.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061272","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, S.W., Dicken, C.L., Horton, J.D., Foose, M.P., Mueller, J.A., and Hon, R., 2006, Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Vermont (Version 1.1, Updated Dec 2007): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1272, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061272.","productDescription":"HTML Document","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389034,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83354.htm"},{"id":9027,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1272/index.htm","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.65234375,\n 40.99337446752447\n ],\n [\n -73.42300415039062,\n 41.041038066743404\n ],\n [\n -73.02337646484375,\n 41.17968758574463\n ],\n [\n -72.81326293945312,\n 41.245804912387506\n ],\n [\n -72.62374877929688,\n 41.23238023874139\n ],\n [\n -72.09503173828125,\n 41.279870545327114\n ],\n [\n -72.00439453125,\n 41.23031465959445\n ],\n [\n -71.8231201171875,\n 41.30050773444147\n ],\n [\n -71.45095825195312,\n 41.352072144512924\n ],\n [\n -70.80001831054688,\n 41.237543901082574\n ],\n [\n -69.96917724609375,\n 41.235478485093836\n ],\n [\n -69.92385864257812,\n 41.30979233971626\n ],\n [\n -69.87579345703125,\n 41.881831370505594\n ],\n [\n -70.037841796875,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -70.2081298828125,\n 42.1104489601222\n ],\n [\n -70.79864501953125,\n 42.29762739128456\n ],\n [\n -70.81512451171875,\n 42.500453028125584\n ],\n [\n -70.58441162109375,\n 42.58342200132361\n ],\n [\n -70.5487060546875,\n 42.66628070564928\n ],\n [\n -70.73822021484375,\n 42.76516228327469\n ],\n [\n -70.7684326171875,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -70.169677734375,\n 43.538593801442374\n ],\n [\n -69.22210693359375,\n 43.74530493763506\n ],\n [\n -68.43658447265625,\n 44.022446574403226\n ],\n [\n -66.884765625,\n 44.79158175909386\n ],\n [\n -66.98638916015625,\n 44.873389196779264\n ],\n [\n -66.99737548828125,\n 44.93758500391091\n ],\n [\n -67.16766357421875,\n 45.17622870105657\n ],\n [\n -67.28302001953125,\n 45.195586850206176\n ],\n [\n -67.35443115234375,\n 45.131679975460536\n ],\n [\n -67.48901367187499,\n 45.282617057517406\n ],\n [\n -67.42584228515625,\n 45.37916094640917\n ],\n [\n -67.50823974609375,\n 45.48516915340121\n ],\n [\n -67.423095703125,\n 45.51404592560424\n ],\n [\n -67.45880126953125,\n 45.606352077118316\n ],\n [\n -67.64007568359375,\n 45.612116176517304\n ],\n [\n -67.7362060546875,\n 45.6716438522655\n ],\n [\n -67.8021240234375,\n 45.729191061299915\n ],\n [\n -67.796630859375,\n 45.94351068030587\n ],\n [\n -67.796630859375,\n 47.092565552235705\n ],\n [\n -68.2635498046875,\n 47.364873807434094\n ],\n [\n -68.4393310546875,\n 47.31275872224939\n ],\n [\n -68.9337158203125,\n 47.19344533938292\n ],\n [\n -69.06005859375,\n 47.253135632244216\n ],\n [\n -69.0435791015625,\n 47.402067376409036\n ],\n [\n -69.224853515625,\n 47.46152250874388\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 46.70596917928676\n ],\n [\n -70.081787109375,\n 46.41513877649199\n ],\n [\n -70.2850341796875,\n 46.21785176740299\n ],\n [\n -70.3179931640625,\n 45.977877918928264\n ],\n [\n -70.2630615234375,\n 45.90147732739488\n ],\n [\n -70.4058837890625,\n 45.775186183521036\n ],\n [\n -70.4058837890625,\n 45.72535642341016\n ],\n [\n -70.6915283203125,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -70.6915283203125,\n 45.471688258104614\n ],\n [\n -70.6585693359375,\n 45.36372498305678\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 45.4524242413431\n ],\n [\n -70.8453369140625,\n 45.22074260255366\n ],\n [\n -70.99365234375,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n 45.31352900692258\n ],\n [\n -71.1639404296875,\n 45.236217535866025\n ],\n [\n -71.290283203125,\n 45.30193900072719\n ],\n [\n -71.455078125,\n 45.24008561090264\n ],\n [\n -71.5264892578125,\n 45.01918507438176\n ],\n [\n -73.32824707031249,\n 45.01530198999212\n ],\n [\n -73.36669921875,\n 44.34742225636393\n ],\n [\n -73.4271240234375,\n 43.60823944964323\n ],\n [\n -73.2843017578125,\n 43.57243174740972\n ],\n [\n -73.2952880859375,\n 42.791369723650135\n ],\n [\n -73.443603515625,\n 42.313877566161864\n ],\n [\n -73.5260009765625,\n 42.0615286181226\n ],\n [\n -73.5589599609375,\n 41.52091689636249\n ],\n [\n -73.553466796875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -73.4930419921875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -73.619384765625,\n 41.1290213474951\n ],\n [\n -73.6688232421875,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -73.65234375,\n 40.99337446752447\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.14672851562499,\n 40.50126945841645\n ],\n [\n -74.0478515625,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -73.98193359375,\n 40.89275342420696\n ],\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -74.0972900390625,\n 41.08763212467916\n ],\n [\n -74.6905517578125,\n 41.36856413680967\n ],\n [\n -75.1300048828125,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -75.069580078125,\n 40.8595252289932\n ],\n [\n -75.2178955078125,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -75.1739501953125,\n 40.588928169693745\n ],\n [\n -75.03662109375,\n 40.42604212826493\n ],\n [\n -74.87182617187499,\n 40.271143686084194\n ],\n [\n -74.7344970703125,\n 40.17047886718109\n ],\n [\n -75.1080322265625,\n 39.96870074491696\n ],\n [\n -75.35522460937499,\n 39.80009595634838\n ],\n [\n -75.55847167968749,\n 39.65222681530652\n ],\n [\n -75.5474853515625,\n 39.48284540453334\n ],\n [\n -75.2947998046875,\n 39.26203141523749\n ],\n [\n -75.091552734375,\n 39.1854331703021\n ],\n [\n -74.9102783203125,\n 39.155622393423215\n ],\n [\n -74.9871826171875,\n 38.94232097947902\n ],\n [\n -74.8992919921875,\n 38.90385833966778\n ],\n [\n -74.59167480468749,\n 39.20671884491848\n ],\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 39.40648882684979\n ],\n [\n -74.102783203125,\n 39.69450749856091\n ],\n [\n -73.927001953125,\n 40.44276659332215\n ],\n [\n -73.9984130859375,\n 40.49291502689579\n ],\n [\n -74.14672851562499,\n 40.50126945841645\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1, Updated Dec 2007","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e4c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, Suzanne W. 0000-0002-9365-1894 swnich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-1894","contributorId":880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Suzanne","email":"swnich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dicken, Connie L. 0000-0002-1617-8132 cdicken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1617-8132","contributorId":57098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dicken","given":"Connie","email":"cdicken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, John D. 0000-0003-2969-9073 jhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-9073","contributorId":1227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"John","email":"jhorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foose, Michael P. mfoose@usgs.gov","contributorId":4756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foose","given":"Michael","email":"mfoose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mueller, Julia A. L.","contributorId":43861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hon, Rudi","contributorId":95153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"Rudi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":79448,"text":"cir1298 - 2006 - Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption Trends from 1900 through 2003","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51465,"text":"ofr0383 - 2003 - Worldwide asbestos supply and consumption trends from 1900 to 2000","indexId":"ofr0383","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Worldwide asbestos supply and consumption trends from 1900 to 2000"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":79448,"text":"cir1298 - 2006 - Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption Trends from 1900 through 2003","indexId":"cir1298","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption Trends from 1900 through 2003"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-12T10:41:27","indexId":"cir1298","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1298","title":"Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption Trends from 1900 through 2003","docAbstract":"This Circular updates and supersedes U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 03–083, \"Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption Trends from 1900 to 2000,\" with the addition of supply and consumption estimates and analysis from 2001 through 2003 and revisions to the consumption estimates for 1998 through 2000. The text from Open-File Report 03–083 also has been updated in this Circular to include revisions to and expansion of the time-series coverage. The use of asbestos is one of the most controversial issues surrounding the industrial minerals industry. Its carcinogenic nature, an overall lack of knowledge of minimum safe exposure levels, its widespread use for more than 100 years, and the long latency for the development of lung cancer and mesothelioma are the main contributing factors to these controversies. Another factor is that, despite decades of research, the mechanisms responsible for its carcinogenic properties are still largely unknown. The United States produced about 3.29 million metric tons (Mt) of asbestos and used approximately 31.5 Mt between 1900 and 2003. About half of this amount was used after 1960. In 2002, the last asbestos mine in the United States closed, marking the end of more than 110 years of U.S. asbestos production. Cumulative world production from 1900 through 2003 was about 181 Mt. If one assumes that unusually large stocks were not maintained and that world consumption roughly equaled production, then about half of the world production and consumption occurred between the end of 1976 and the end of 2003. The United States and Western European nations were the largest consumers of asbestos during the first two-thirds of the 20th century. They were surpassed by the collective production and consumption of Kazakhstan and Russia by the 1970s. After the onset of the health issues concerning asbestos in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the decline in world production and consumption began to be evident in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union, a major user of asbestos, resulted in a significant decline in asbestos consumption and production in former Soviet-bloc countries. Consumption and production in Kazakhstan and Russia increased through 2003 from 2001, albeit to a much lower level than in the 1980s. In 2003, world consumption was estimated to be 2.11 Mt, about 45 percent that of 1980. Relatively few countries in Asia, the Middle East, South America, and the former Soviet Union remained as the leading users of asbestos. China was the leading consuming nation, using an estimated 492,000 metric tons (t) in 2003. China was followed, in decreasing order of consumption, by Russia (429,000 t), India (192,000 t), Kazakhstan (174,000 t), Ukraine (156,000 t), Thailand (133,000 t), Brazil (78,400 t), and Iran (75,800 t). These eight countries accounted for 82 percent of the world's apparent consumption in 2003. Following Iran, in decreasing order of consumption by tonnage, were Uzbekistan (42,400 t), Vietnam (39,400 t), Indonesia (32,300 t), the Republic of Korea (23,800 t), Kyrgyzstan (23,700 t), Japan (23,400 t), and Mexico (20,100 t). Consumption in all other countries was estimated to be less than 15,000 t each in 2003. Sizable consumption increases occurred in Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Thailand, and Ukraine between 2000 and the end of 2003. Consumption patterns in countries using less than 5,000 t per year were too erratic to ascertain any trends in their use of asbestos.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1298","isbn":"1411311671","collaboration":"Updates to the data tables in this publication can be found in the Mineral Industry Surveys and Minerals Yearbook chapters about asbestos, at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/asbestos/","usgsCitation":"Virta, R.L., 2006, Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption Trends from 1900 through 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1298, v, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1298.","productDescription":"v, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"85","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1900-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8989,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2006/1298/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6992b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, Robert L. rvirta@usgs.gov","contributorId":395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"Robert","email":"rvirta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}