Cassini's third and fourth radar flybys, T7 and T8, covered diverse terrains in the high southern and equatorial latitudes, respectively. The T7 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) swath is somewhat more straightforward to understand in terms of a progressive poleward descent from a high, dissected, and partly hilly terrain down to a low flat plain with embayments and deposits suggestive of the past or even current presence of hydrocarbon liquids. The T8 swath is dominated by dunes likely made of organic solids, but also contain somewhat enigmatic, probably tectonic, features that may be partly buried or degraded by erosion or relaxation in a thin crust. The dark areas in T7 show no dune morphology, unlike the dark areas in T8, but are radiometrically warm like the dunes. The Huygens landing site lies on the edge of the T8 swath; correlation of the radar and Huygens DISR images allows accurate determination of its coordinates, and indicates that to the north of the landing site sit two large longitudinal dunes. Indeed, had the Huygens probe trajectory been just 10 km north of where it actually was, images of large sand dunes would have been returned in place of the fluvially dissected terrain actually seen-illustrating the strong diversity of Titan's landscapes even at local scales.
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Around the drill sites, a grid of 2D high-resolution multichannel seismic data designed to image depths down to at least 1000 m sub-bottom reveals 7 unconformities and disconformities that, with the seafloor, bound 7 identifiable seismic stratigraphic units. A major disconformity in the middle of the units stands out for its angular baselapping geometry. From these data, three episodes of sedimentary deposition and deformation are inferred. The oldest episode consists of fine-grained muds deposited during a period of relative stability in the basin (units e, f, and g). Both the BSR and inferred gas hydrate occur within these older units. The gas hydrate occurs in near-vertical fractures. A second episode (units c and d) involved large vertical displacements associated with infilling and ponding of sediment. This second interval corresponds to deposition of intercalated fine and coarse-grained material that was recovered in the drill hole that penetrated the thin edges of the regionally much thicker units. The final episode of deposition (units a and b) occurred during more subdued vertical motions. Hemipelagic drape (unit a) characterizes the modern seafloor. The present-day Casey basin is mostly filled. Its sill is part of a subsiding graben structure that is only 10-20 m shallower than the deepest point in the basin, indicating that gravity-driven transport would mostly bypass the basin. Contemporary faulting along the basin margins has selectively reactivated an older group of faults. The intercalated sand and mud deposits of units c and d are tentatively correlated with Late Pleistocene deposition derived from the western shelf-edge delta/depocenter of the Mississippi River, which was probably most active from 320 ka to 70 ka [Winker, C.D., Booth, J., 2000. Sedimentary dynamics of the salt-dominated continental slope, Gulf of Mexico: integration of observations from the seafloor, near-surface, and deep subsurface. In: Proceedings of the GCSSEPM Foundation 20th Annual Research Conference, Deep-water Reservoirs of the World, pp. 1059-1086]. The presence of sand within the gas hydrate stability zone (in units c and d) is not sufficient to concentrate gas hydrate even though dispersed gas hydrate occurs deeper in the fractured mud/clay-rich sections of units e and f.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.012","issn":"02648","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Hart, P., Collett, T.S., Edwards, K., Twichell, D., and Snyder, F., 2008, Geologic framework of the 2005 Keathley Canyon gas hydrate research well, northern Gulf of Mexico: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 25, no. 9, p. 906-918, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.012.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"906","endPage":"918","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2617","text":"External Repository"},{"id":241171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.49218749999999,\n 18.646245142670608\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 18.646245142670608\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -99.49218749999999,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -99.49218749999999,\n 18.646245142670608\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a196de4b0c8380cd559ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, D. 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We present an approach for using sequential remotely sensed land cover observations and a biogeochemical model to estimate contemporary and future ecosystem carbon trends. We applied the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modelling System (GEMS) for the Laurentian Plains and Hills ecoregion in the northeastern United States for the period of 1975-2025. The land cover changes, especially forest stand-replacing events, were detected on 30 randomly located 10-km by 10-km sample blocks, and were assimilated by GEMS for biogeochemical simulations. In GEMS, each unique combination of major controlling variables (including land cover change history) forms a geo-referenced simulation unit. For a forest simulation unit, a Monte Carlo process is used to determine forest type, forest age, forest biomass, and soil C, based on the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data and the U.S. General Soil Map (STATSGO) data. Ensemble simulations are performed for each simulation unit to incorporate input data uncertainty. Results show that on average forests of the Laurentian Plains and Hills ecoregion have been sequestrating 4.2 Tg C (1 teragram = 1012 gram) per year, including 1.9 Tg C removed from the ecosystem as the consequences of land cover change. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.019","issn":"03043","usgsCitation":"Liu, J., Liu, S., Loveland, T., and Tieszen, L., 2008, Integrating remotely sensed land cover observations and a biogeochemical model for estimating forest ecosystem carbon dynamics: Ecological Modelling, v. 219, no. 3-4, p. 361-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.019.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213307,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.019"}],"volume":"219","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c80e4b0c8380cd62db7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":439652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032878,"text":"70032878 - 2008 - Volatility of bitumen prices and implications for the industry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:24","indexId":"70032878","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatility of bitumen prices and implications for the industry","docAbstract":"Sustained crude oil price increases have led to increased investment in and production of Canadian bitumen to supplement North American oil supplies. For new projects, the evaluation of profitability is based on a prediction of the future price path of bitumen and ultimately light/medium crude oil. This article examines the relationship between the bitumen and light crude oil prices in the context of a simple error-correction economic-adjustment model. The analysis shows bitumen prices to be significantly more volatile than light crude prices. Also, the dominant effect of an oil price shock on bitumen prices is immediate and is amplified, both in absolute terms and percentage price changes. It is argued that the bitumen industry response to such market risks will likely be a realignment toward vertical integration via new downstream construction, mergers, or on a de facto basis by the establishment of alliances. ?? 2008 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11053-008-9078-5","issn":"15207","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., 2008, Volatility of bitumen prices and implications for the industry: Natural Resources Research, v. 17, no. 4, p. 205-213, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-008-9078-5.","startPage":"205","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213991,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-008-9078-5"},{"id":241674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2cde4b08c986b32ad90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70033529,"text":"70033529 - 2008 - Determination of methane concentrations in water in equilibrium with sI methane hydrate in the absence of a vapor phase by in situ Raman spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70033529","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of methane concentrations in water in equilibrium with sI methane hydrate in the absence of a vapor phase by in situ Raman spectroscopy","docAbstract":"Most submarine gas hydrates are located within the two-phase equilibrium region of hydrate and interstitial water with pressures (P) ranging from 8 to 60 MPa and temperatures (T) from 275 to 293 K. However, current measurements of solubilities of methane in equilibrium with hydrate in the absence of a vapor phase are limited below 20 MPa and 283.15 K, and the differences among these data are up to 30%. When these data were extrapolated to other P-T conditions, it leads to large and poorly known uncertainties. In this study, in situ Raman spectroscopy was used to measure methane concentrations in pure water in equilibrium with sI (structure one) methane hydrate, in the absence of a vapor phase, at temperatures from 276.6 to 294.6 (??0.3) K and pressures at 10, 20, 30 and 40 (??0.4%) MPa. The relationship among concentration of methane in water in equilibrium with hydrate, in mole fraction [X(CH4)], the temperature in K, and pressure in MPa was derived as: X(CH4) = exp [11.0464 + 0.023267 P - (4886.0 + 8.0158 P)/T]. Both the standard enthalpy and entropy of hydrate dissolution at the studied T-P conditions increase slightly with increasing pressure, ranging from 41.29 to 43.29 kJ/mol and from 0.1272 to 0.1330 kJ/K ?? mol, respectively. When compared with traditional sampling and analytical methods, the advantages of our method include: (1) the use of in situ Raman signals for methane concentration measurements eliminates possible uncertainty caused by sampling and ex situ analysis, (2) it is simple and efficient, and (3) high-pressure data can be obtained safely. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2007.11.006","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Lu, W., Chou, I., and Burruss, R., 2008, Determination of methane concentrations in water in equilibrium with sI methane hydrate in the absence of a vapor phase by in situ Raman spectroscopy: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 2, p. 412-422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.11.006.","startPage":"412","endPage":"422","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214193,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.11.006"},{"id":241888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb6e4b0c8380cd4f34e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, W.","contributorId":47576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":441282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burruss, R.C. 0000-0001-6827-804X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":99574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033517,"text":"70033517 - 2008 - Rainfall-triggered landslides, anthropogenic hazards, and mitigation strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T22:30:35","indexId":"70033517","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":655,"text":"Advances in Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall-triggered landslides, anthropogenic hazards, and mitigation strategies","docAbstract":"Rainfall-triggered landslides are part of a natural process of hillslope erosion that can result in catastrophic loss of life and extensive property damage in mountainous, densely populated areas. As global population expansion on or near steep hillslopes continues, the human and economic costs associated with landslides will increase. Landslide hazard mitigation strategies generally involve hazard assessment mapping, warning systems, control structures, and regional landslide planning and policy development. To be sustainable, hazard mitigation requires that management of natural resources is closely connected to local economic and social interests. A successful strategy is dependent on a combination of multi-disciplinary scientific and engineering approaches, and the political will to take action at the local community to national scale.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-14-147-2008","issn":"16807340","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., 2008, Rainfall-triggered landslides, anthropogenic hazards, and mitigation strategies: Advances in Geosciences, v. 14, p. 147-153, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-14-147-2008.","startPage":"147","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-14-147-2008","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269489,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-14-147-2008"},{"id":242216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a947fe4b0c8380cd8143d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, M. C.","contributorId":66287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70032651,"text":"70032651 - 2008 - Using an ecological ethics framework to make decisions about the relocation of wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:22","indexId":"70032651","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3344,"text":"Science and Engineering Ethics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using an ecological ethics framework to make decisions about the relocation of wildlife","docAbstract":"Relocation is an increasingly prominent conservation tool for a variety of wildlife, but the technique also is controversial, even among conservation practitioners. An organized framework for addressing the moral dilemmas often accompanying conservation actions such as relocation has been lacking. Ecological ethics may provide such a framework and appears to be an important step forward in aiding ecological researchers and biodiversity managers to make difficult moral choices. A specific application of this framework can make the reasoning process more transparent and give more emphasis to the strong sentiments about non-human organisms held by many potential users. Providing an example of the application of the framework may also increase the appeal of the reasoning process to ecological researchers and biodiversity managers. Relocation as a conservation action can be accompanied by a variety of moral dilemmas that reflect the interconnection of values, ethical positions, and conservation decisions. A model that is designed to address moral dilemmas arising from relocation of humans provides/demonstrates/illustrates a possible way to apply the ecological ethics framework and to involve practicing conservationists in the overall decision-making process. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science and Engineering Ethics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11948-008-9091-4","issn":"13533","usgsCitation":"McCoy, E., and Berry, K., 2008, Using an ecological ethics framework to make decisions about the relocation of wildlife: Science and Engineering Ethics, v. 14, no. 4, p. 505-521, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-008-9091-4.","startPage":"505","endPage":"521","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476676,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-008-9091-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-008-9091-4"},{"id":241387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc032e4b08c986b329fa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCoy, E.D.","contributorId":15022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, K.","contributorId":37670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033155,"text":"70033155 - 2008 - Patterns of volcanotectonic seismicity and stress during the ongoing eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995-2007)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-02T13:33:23","indexId":"70033155","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of volcanotectonic seismicity and stress during the ongoing eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995-2007)","docAbstract":"The ongoing eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, has been accompanied throughout by varying levels of high-frequency, ‘volcanotectonic’ (VT), seismicity. These earthquakes reflect the brittle response of the host rock to stresses generated within the magmatic system and thus reveal interesting and useful information about the structure of the volcanic conduit system and processes occurring within it. In general, systematic changes in the rate, location, and fault-plane solutions of VT earthquakes correspond to changes in the volcano's behavior, and indicate that the main conduit for the eruption is a dike or system of dikes trending NE–SW and centered beneath the eruptive vent. To date, the eruption has comprised three extrusive phases, separated by two ~ 1–2 year-long periods of residual activity. Prior to the start of each extrusive phase, VT earthquakes with fault-plane solution p-axes oriented perpendicular to inferred regional maximum compression dominate the data set, consistent with stresses induced by the inflation of the mid-level conduit system. ~ 90°-rotated VT fault-plane solutions are also observed preceding a change in eruption style from effusive to explosive in 1997. While increases in the rate of VT earthquakes precede eruption phase onsets, high rates of VT seismicity are also observed during the first period of residual activity and in this case appear to reflect the relaxation of host rock following withdrawal of magma from the mid-crustal system. Most VT earthquakes are located directly beneath the eruptive vent, although two ‘distal VT clusters’ were observed during the first six months of the eruption (late 1995–early 1996). Both of these distal clusters likely resulted from stresses generated during the establishment of the main conduit system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.014","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Roman, D., De Angelis, S., Latchman, J., and White, R., 2008, Patterns of volcanotectonic seismicity and stress during the ongoing eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995-2007): Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 173, no. 3-4, p. 230-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.014.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213127,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.014"}],"state":"Montserrat","otherGeospatial":"Soufriere Hills Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -62.19257354736328,\n 16.6875015056279\n ],\n [\n -62.19257354736328,\n 16.730249010617833\n ],\n [\n -62.143821716308594,\n 16.730249010617833\n ],\n [\n -62.143821716308594,\n 16.6875015056279\n ],\n [\n -62.19257354736328,\n 16.6875015056279\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"173","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75efe4b0c8380cd77e1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roman, D.C.","contributorId":52372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"De Angelis, S.","contributorId":99781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Angelis","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Latchman, J.L.","contributorId":87311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latchman","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, Rickie","contributorId":100921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Rickie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033429,"text":"70033429 - 2008 - Geologic, geomorphic, and meteorological aspects of debris flows triggered by Hurricanes Frances and Ivan during September 2004 in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of Macon County, North Carolina (southeastern USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033429","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2604,"text":"Landslides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic, geomorphic, and meteorological aspects of debris flows triggered by Hurricanes Frances and Ivan during September 2004 in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of Macon County, North Carolina (southeastern USA)","docAbstract":"In September 2004, rain from the remnants of Hurricanes Frances and Ivan triggered at least 155 landslides in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. At least 33 debris flows occurred in Macon County, causing 5 deaths, destroying 16 homes, and damaging infrastructure. We mapped debris flows and debris deposits using a light-detecting and ranging digital elevation model, remote imagery and field studies integrated in a geographic information system. Evidence of past debris flows was found at all recent debris flow sites. Orographic rainfall enhancement along topographic escarpments influenced debris flow frequency at higher elevations. A possible trigger for the Wayah and fatal Peeks Creek debris flows was a spiral rain band within Ivan that moved across the area with short duration rainfall rates of 150-230 mm/h. Intersecting bedrock structures in polydeformed metamorphic rock influence the formation of catchments within structural-geomorphic domains where debris flows originate. ?? 2007 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10346-007-0109-9","issn":"1612510X","usgsCitation":"Wooten, R., Gillon, K., Witt, A., Latham, R., Douglas, T., Bauer, J., Fuemmeler, S., and Lee, L., 2008, Geologic, geomorphic, and meteorological aspects of debris flows triggered by Hurricanes Frances and Ivan during September 2004 in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of Macon County, North Carolina (southeastern USA): Landslides, v. 5, no. 1, p. 31-44, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-007-0109-9.","startPage":"31","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213226,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-007-0109-9"},{"id":240831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-11-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2208e4b0c8380cd56cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wooten, R.M.","contributorId":93593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooten","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillon, K.A.","contributorId":63464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillon","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witt, A.C.","contributorId":26146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Latham, R.S.","contributorId":66920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latham","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, T.J.","contributorId":79308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bauer, J.B.","contributorId":67293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fuemmeler, S.J.","contributorId":92873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuemmeler","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lee, L.G.","contributorId":9471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70032968,"text":"70032968 - 2008 - Predators of Dusky Canada Goose goslings and the effect of transmitters on gosling survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70032968","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predators of Dusky Canada Goose goslings and the effect of transmitters on gosling survival","docAbstract":"The population of Dusky Canada Geese (Branta canadensis occidentalis) has been in long-term decline, likely due to reduced breeding productivity. To identify causes of mortality, we monitored goslings marked with radio transmitters on the western Copper River Delta, Alaska, from 1997 to 1999. Almost all gosling mortality (96%; 81 of 84) was due to predation, with mink (Mustela vison) and Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) the most important predators. Bald Eagles are also major nest predators and, thus, appear to play a key role in limiting the breeding productivity of Dusky Canada Geese. Daily survival rate for goslings to 28 d of age was lower (0.011; 95% CI 0.002-0.024) for those with transmitters than for those without, but did not differ for older goslings (29-45 d). Although finer resolution in the timing of the transmitter effect within the first 28 d was not possible, we found that, by limiting our sample to goslings that survived until after 2-3 d posthatching, support for a transmitter effect was much reduced. Younger, smaller birds are inherently more vulnerable than older birds to transmitter effects. In addition, the process of radio-marking may have delayed the departure of goslings from nests and increased their risk of mortality shortly after hatching. Although radio transmitters may often be the only practical means for determining causes of mortality for young waterfowl, we suggest caution in using transmitters because of their potential negative effects, particularly during the first few days after hatching. ?? 2008 Association of Field Ornithologists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00191.x","issn":"02738","usgsCitation":"Fondell, T., Grand, J., Miller, D.A., and Anthony, R.M., 2008, Predators of Dusky Canada Goose goslings and the effect of transmitters on gosling survival: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 79, no. 4, p. 399-407, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00191.x.","startPage":"399","endPage":"407","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213413,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00191.x"},{"id":241037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a817ae4b0c8380cd7b554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fondell, T.F.","contributorId":11154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fondell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, David A.","contributorId":29193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":438747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":54535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033144,"text":"70033144 - 2008 - Influences of fragmentation on three species of native warmwater fishes in a Colorado River Basin headwater stream system, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:38","indexId":"70033144","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influences of fragmentation on three species of native warmwater fishes in a Colorado River Basin headwater stream system, Wyoming","docAbstract":"We investigated the effects of constructed instream structures on movements and demographics of bluehead suckers Catostomus discobolus, flannelmouth suckers C. latipinnis, and roundtail chub Gila robusta in the upstream portion of Muddy Creek, an isolated headwater stream system in the upper Colorado River basin of Wyoming. Our objectives were to (1) evaluate upstream and downstream movements of these three native species past a small dam built to divert irrigation water from the stream and a barrier constructed to prevent upstream movements of nonnative salmonids and (2) describe population characteristics in stream segments created by these structures. Our results indicated that upstream and downstream movements of the three target fishes were common. Fish of all three species moved frequently downstream over both structures, displayed some upstream movements over the irrigation diversion dam, and did not move upstream over the fish barrier. Spawning migrations by some fish into an intermittent tributary, which was not separated from Muddy Creek by a barrier, were observed for all three species. Both the irrigation diversion dam and the fish barrier contributed to fragmentation of the native fish populations, and considerable differences in population features were observed among segments. The instream structures may eventually cause extirpation of some native species in one or more of the segments created by the structures. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M07-226.1","issn":"02755","usgsCitation":"Compton, R., Hubert, W., Rahel, F., Quist, M., and Bower, M., 2008, Influences of fragmentation on three species of native warmwater fishes in a Colorado River Basin headwater stream system, Wyoming: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1733-1743, https://doi.org/10.1577/M07-226.1.","startPage":"1733","endPage":"1743","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213461,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M07-226.1"},{"id":241087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b9fe4b0c8380cd626ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Compton, R.I.","contributorId":13446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Compton","given":"R.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rahel, F.J.","contributorId":82037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahel","given":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quist, M.C. 0000-0001-8268-1839","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":62805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bower, M.R.","contributorId":14094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bower","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032969,"text":"70032969 - 2008 - Model predictions of realgar precipitation by reaction of As(III) with synthetic mackinawite under anoxic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T10:57:25","indexId":"70032969","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Model predictions of realgar precipitation by reaction of As(III) with synthetic mackinawite under anoxic conditions","docAbstract":"This study investigates the removal of As(III) from solution using mackinawite, a nanoparticulate reduced iron sulfide. Mackinawite suspensions (0.1−40 g/L) effectively lower initial concentrations of 1.3×10−5 M As(III) from pH 5−10, with maximum removal occurring under acidic conditions. Based on Eh measurements, it was found that the redox state of the system depended on the mackinawite solids concentration and pH. Higher initial mackinawite concentrations and alkaline pH resulted in a more reducing redox condition. Given this, the pH edge data were modeled thermodynamically using pe (−log[e−]) as a fitting parameter and linear pe−pH relationships within the range of measured Eh values as a function of pH and mackinawite concentration. The model predicts removal of As(III) from solution by precipitation of realgar with the formation of secondary oxidation products, greigite or a mixed-valence iron oxide phase, depending on pH. This study demonstrates that mackinawite is an effective sequestration agent for As(III) and highlights the importance of incorporating redox into models describing the As−Fe−S−H2O system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es801669g","issn":"00139","usgsCitation":"Gallegos, T., Han, Y., and Hayes, K., 2008, Model predictions of realgar precipitation by reaction of As(III) with synthetic mackinawite under anoxic conditions: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 42, no. 24, p. 9338-9343, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801669g.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"9338","endPage":"9343","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bb1e4b0c8380cd6f739","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallegos, T.J. 0000-0003-3350-6473","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-6473","contributorId":11834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallegos","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Han, Y.-S.","contributorId":64898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Han","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, K.F.","contributorId":103089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033697,"text":"70033697 - 2008 - Historical changes in the Mississippi-Alabama barrier-island chain and the roles of extreme storms, sea level, and human activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T15:23:57.268382","indexId":"70033697","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical changes in the Mississippi-Alabama barrier-island chain and the roles of extreme storms, sea level, and human activities","docAbstract":"Barrier-island chains worldwide are undergoing substantial changes, and their futures remain uncertain. An historical analysis of a barrier-island chain in the north-central Gulf of Mexico shows that the Mississippi barriers are undergoing rapid systematic land loss and translocation associated with: (1) unequal lateral transfer of sand related to greater updrift erosion compared to downdrift deposition; (2) barrier narrowing resulting from simultaneous erosion of shores along the Gulf and Mississippi Sound; and (3) barrier segmentation related to storm breaching. Dauphin Island, Alabama, is also losing land for some of the same reasons as it gradually migrates landward. The principal causes of land loss are frequent intense storms, a relative rise in sea level, and a sediment-budget deficit. Considering the predicted trends for storms and sea level related to global warming, it is certain that the Mississippi-Alabama (MS-AL) barrier islands will continue to lose land area at a rapid rate unless the trend of at least one causal factor reverses. Historical land-loss trends and engineering records show that progressive increases in land-loss rate correlate with nearly simultaneous deepening of channels dredged across the outer bars of the three tidal inlets maintained for deep-draft shipping. This correlation indicates that channel-maintenance activities along the MS-AL barriers have impacted the sediment budget by disrupting the alongshore sediment transport system and progressively reducing sand supply. Direct management of this causal factor can be accomplished by strategically placing dredged sediment where adjacent barrier-island shores will receive it for island nourishment and rebuilding.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education & Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/07-0953.1","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., 2008, Historical changes in the Mississippi-Alabama barrier-island chain and the roles of extreme storms, sea level, and human activities: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 246, p. 1587-1600, https://doi.org/10.2112/07-0953.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1587","endPage":"1600","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241960,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.05591151754759,\n 30.31289854882833\n ],\n [\n -89.20124454126747,\n 30.31289854882833\n ],\n [\n -89.20124454126747,\n 30.140147793920036\n ],\n [\n -88.05591151754759,\n 30.140147793920036\n ],\n [\n -88.05591151754759,\n 30.31289854882833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"246","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3185e4b0c8380cd5dfbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Robert A","contributorId":305597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":442032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70032970,"text":"70032970 - 2008 - Mass balance and isotope effects during nitrogen transport through septic tank systems with packed-bed (sand) filters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T09:21:53","indexId":"70032970","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass balance and isotope effects during nitrogen transport through septic tank systems with packed-bed (sand) filters","docAbstract":"Septic tank systems are an important source of NO3− to many aquifers, yet characterization of N mass balance and isotope systematics following septic tank effluent discharge into unsaturated sediments has received limited attention. In this study, samples of septic tank effluent before and after transport through single-pass packed-bed filters (sand filters) were evaluated to elucidate mass balance and isotope effects associated with septic tank effluent discharge to unsaturated sediments. Chemical and isotopic data from five newly installed pairs and ten established pairs of septic tanks and packed-bed filters serving single homes in Oregon indicate that aqueous solute concentrations are affected by variations in recharge (precipitation, evapotranspiration), NH4+ sorption (primarily in immature systems), nitrification, and gaseous N loss via NH3 volatilization and(or) N2 or N2O release during nitrification/denitrification. Substantial NH4+ sorption capacity was also observed in laboratory columns with synthetic effluent. Septic tank effluent δ15N–NH4+ values were almost constant and averaged + 4.9‰ ± 0.4‰ (1 σ). In contrast, δ15N values of NO3−leaving mature packed-bed filters were variable (+ 0.8 to + 14.4‰) and averaged + 7.2‰ ± 2.6‰. Net N loss in the two networks of packed-bed filters was indicated by average 10–30% decreases in Cl−-normalized N concentrations and 2–3‰ increases in δ15N, consistent with fractionation accompanying gaseous N losses and corroborating established links between septic tank effluent and NO3− in a local, shallow aquifer. Values of δ18O–NO3− leaving mature packed-bed filters ranged from − 10.2 to − 2.3‰ (mean − 6.4‰ ± 1.8‰), and were intermediate between a 2/3 H2O–O + 1/3 O2–O conceptualization and a 100% H2O–O conceptualization of δ18O–NO3− generation during nitrification.
As a country whose economy is heavily dependent on low-productivity rainfed agriculture, rainfall trends are often cited as one of the more important factors in explaining various socio-economic problems such as food insecurity. Therefore, in order to help policymakers and developers make more informed decisions, this study investigated the temporal dynamics of rainfall and its spatial distribution within Ethiopia. Changes in rainfall were examined using data from 134 stations in 13 watersheds between 1960 and 2002. The variability and trends in seasonal and annual rainfall were analysed at the watershed scale with data (1) from all available years, and (2) excluding years that lacked observations from at least 25% of the gauges. Similar analyses were also performed at the gauge, regional, and national levels. By regressing annual watershed rainfall on time, results from the one-sample t-test show no significant changes in rainfall for any of the watersheds examined. However, in our regressions of seasonal rainfall averages against time, we found a significant decline in June to September rainfall (i.e. Kiremt) for the Baro-Akobo, Omo-Ghibe, Rift Valley, and Southern Blue Nile watersheds located in the southwestern and central parts of Ethiopia. While the gauge level analysis showed that certain gauge stations experienced recent changes in rainfall, these trends are not necessarily reflected at the watershed or regional levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1002/joc.1623","issn":"08998","usgsCitation":"Cheung, W., Senay, G., and Singh, A., 2008, Trends and spatial distribution of annual and seasonal rainfall in Ethiopia: International Journal of Climatology, v. 28, no. 13, p. 1723-1734, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1623.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1723","endPage":"1734","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213547,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1623"}],"volume":"28","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7d3e4b08c986b3274e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheung, W.H.","contributorId":23767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheung","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, G.B. 0000-0002-8810-8539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":17741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singh, A.","contributorId":61211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033763,"text":"70033763 - 2008 - Response in the water quality of the Salton Sea, California, to changes in phosphorus loading: An empirical modeling approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:19:06","indexId":"70033763","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response in the water quality of the Salton Sea, California, to changes in phosphorus loading: An empirical modeling approach","docAbstract":"Salton Sea, California, like many other lakes, has become eutrophic because of excessive nutrient loading, primarily phosphorus (P). A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is being prepared for P to reduce the input of P to the Sea. In order to better understand how P-load reductions should affect the average annual water quality of this terminal saline lake, three different eutrophication programs (BATHTUB, WiLMS, and the Seepage Lake Model) were applied. After verifying that specific empirical models within these programs were applicable to this saline lake, each model was calibrated using water-quality and nutrient-loading data for 1999 and then used to simulate the effects of specific P-load reductions. Model simulations indicate that a 50% decrease in external P loading would decrease near-surface total phosphorus concentrations (TP) by 25-50%. Application of other empirical models demonstrated that this decrease in loading should decrease near-surface chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl a) by 17-63% and increase Secchi depths (SD) by 38-97%. The wide range in estimated responses in Chl a and SD were primarily caused by uncertainty in how non-algal turbidity would respond to P-load reductions. If only the models most applicable to the Salton Sea are considered, a 70-90% P-load reduction is required for the Sea to be classified as moderately eutrophic (trophic state index of 55). These models simulate steady-state conditions in the Sea; therefore, it is difficult to ascertain how long it would take for the simulated changes to occur after load reductions. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10750-008-9321-4","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., and Schladow, S., 2008, Response in the water quality of the Salton Sea, California, to changes in phosphorus loading: An empirical modeling approach: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, no. 1, p. 5-19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9321-4.","startPage":"5","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214176,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9321-4"}],"volume":"604","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa12e4b0c8380cd8611d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":442344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schladow, S.G.","contributorId":92791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schladow","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033749,"text":"70033749 - 2008 - The evolution of volcano-hosted geothermal systems based on deep wells from Karaha-Telaga Bodas, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70033749","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The evolution of volcano-hosted geothermal systems based on deep wells from Karaha-Telaga Bodas, Indonesia","docAbstract":"Temperature and pressure surveys, fluid samples, and petrologic analyses of rock samples from deep drill holes at the Karaha - Telaga Bodas geothermal field on the volcanic ridge extending northward from Galunggung Volcano, West Java, have provided a unique opportunity to characterize the evolution of an active volcano-hosted geothermal system. Wells up to 3 km in depth have encountered temperatures as high as 353??C and a weakly altered granodiorite that intruded to within 2 to 3 km of the surface. The intrusion is shallowest beneath the southern end of the field where an acid lake overlies a nearly vertical low resistivity structure (<10 ohm-m) defined by magnetotelluric measurements. This structure is interpreted to represent a vapor-dominated chimney that provides a pathway to the surface for magmatic gases. Four distinct hydrothermal mineral assemblages document the evolution of the geothermal system and the transition from liquid- to vapor-dominated conditions. The earliest assemblage represents the initial liquid-dominated system generated during emplacement of the granodiorite between 5910 ?? 76 and 4200 ?? 150 y BP. Tourmaline, biotite, actinolite, epidote and clay minerals were deposited contemporaneously at progressively greater distances from the intrusive contact (assemblage 1). At 4200 ?? 150 y BP, flank collapse and the formation of the volcano's crater, Kawah Galunggung, resulted in catastrophic decompression and boiling of the hydrothermal fluids. This event initiated development of the modern vapor-dominated regime. Chalcedony and then quartz were deposited as the early low salinity liquids boiled (assemblage 2). Both vapor- and liquid-rich fluid inclusions were trapped in the quartz crystals. Liquid-rich fluid inclusions from the southern part of the field record salinities ranging from 0 to 26 weight percent NaCl- CaCl2 equivalent and locally contain fluorite daughter crystals. We suggest, based on temperature-salinity relationships and evidence of boiling, that these fluids were progressively concentrated as steam was lost from the system. However, mixing with fluids derived from the underlying intrusion or generated during the formation of acid SO4 water on the vapor-dominated chimney margins could have contributed to the observed salinities. As pressures declined, CO2- and SO4-rich steam-heated water drained downward, depositing anhydrite and calcite (assemblage 3) in the fractures, limiting further recharge. Fluid inclusions with salinities up to 31 weight percent NaCl equivalent were trapped in these minerals as the descending water vaporized. The final assemblage is represented by precipitates of NaCl, KCl and FeClx deposited on rock surfaces in portions of the vapor-dominated zone that boiled dry. Vapor-dominated conditions extend over a distance of at least 10 km and to depths below sea level. Deep wells drilled into the underlying liquid-dominated reservoir in the northern and central part of the volcanic ridge produce low salinity fluids representing recent recharge of meteoric and steam-heated water. The evolution of volcanic-hosted vapor-dominated geothermal systems can be described by a five stage model. Stage 1 involves the formation of an over-pressured liquid-dominated geothermal system soon after magmatic intrusion. In Stages 2 and 3, pressures progressively decrease, and a curtain of steam-heated water surrounding a magmatic vapor-dominated chimney at 350??C and 14 ?? 2 MPa develops. The relatively low pressure near the base of the chimney causes liquid inflow adjacent to the intrusion and the development of a secondary marginal vapor-dominated zone. In Stage 4, the magmatic vapor discharge from the intrusion becomes small, vapor pressure declines, and the secondary vapor-dominated zone expands above the intrusion. In Stage 5, the vapor-dominated zone floods because heat from the intrusion is insufficient to boil all liquid inflow. A more common, liquid-dominated volcanic-hosted system the","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2475/10.2008.01","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Allis, R., Nemcok, M., Powell, T., Bruton, C., Wannamaker, P., Raharjo, I., and Norman, D., 2008, The evolution of volcano-hosted geothermal systems based on deep wells from Karaha-Telaga Bodas, Indonesia: American Journal of Science, v. 308, no. 1, p. 1-48, https://doi.org/10.2475/10.2008.01.","startPage":"1","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487751,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/10.2008.01","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214471,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2475/10.2008.01"},{"id":242199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"308","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babe9e4b08c986b32316a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.N.","contributorId":22795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allis, R.G.","contributorId":86150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allis","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nemcok, M.","contributorId":104248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nemcok","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powell, T.S.","contributorId":9880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bruton, C.J.","contributorId":34736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruton","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wannamaker, P.E.","contributorId":18989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wannamaker","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Raharjo, I.B.","contributorId":66499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raharjo","given":"I.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Norman, D.I.","contributorId":11839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70033139,"text":"70033139 - 2008 - Nanomaterial synthesis and characterization for toxicological studies: TiO2 case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:38","indexId":"70033139","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nanomaterial synthesis and characterization for toxicological studies: TiO2 case study","docAbstract":"In recent years it has become apparent that the novel properties of nanomaterials may predispose them to a hitherto unknown potential for toxicity. A number of recent toxicological studies of nanomaterials exist, but these appear to be fragmented and often contradictory. Such discrepancies may be, at least in part, due to poor description of the nanomaterial or incomplete characterization, including failure to recognise impurities, surface modifications or other important physicochemical aspects of the nanomaterial. Here we make a case for the importance of good quality, well-characterized nanomaterials for future toxicological studies, combined with reliable synthesis protocols, and we present our efforts to generate such materials. The model system for which we present results is TiO2 nanoparticles, currently used in a variety of commercial products. ?? 2008 The Mineralogical Society.","largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Magazine","language":"English","doi":"10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.515","issn":"00264","usgsCitation":"Valsami-Jones, E., Berhanu, D., Dybowska, A., Misra, S., Boccaccini, A., Tetley, T., Luoma, S., and Plant, J., 2008, Nanomaterial synthesis and characterization for toxicological studies: TiO2 case study, in Mineralogical Magazine, v. 72, no. 1, p. 515-519, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.515.","startPage":"515","endPage":"519","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.515"},{"id":241014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-07-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6182e4b0c8380cd719dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valsami-Jones, E.","contributorId":103088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valsami-Jones","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berhanu, D.","contributorId":86177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berhanu","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dybowska, A.","contributorId":47171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dybowska","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Misra, S.","contributorId":107940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misra","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boccaccini, A.R.","contributorId":59637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boccaccini","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tetley, T.D.","contributorId":52796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tetley","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Plant, J.A.","contributorId":84137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70033714,"text":"70033714 - 2008 - Variability of passive gas emissions, seismicity, and deformation during crater lake growth at White Island Volcano, New Zealand, 2002-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T10:27:32","indexId":"70033714","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of passive gas emissions, seismicity, and deformation during crater lake growth at White Island Volcano, New Zealand, 2002-2006","docAbstract":"We report on 4 years of airborne measurements of CO2, SO2, and H2S emission rates during a quiescent period at White Island volcano, New Zealand, beginning in 2003. During this time a significant crater lake emerged, allowing scrubbig processes to be investigated. CO2 emissions varied from a baseline of 250 to >2000 t d-1 and demonstrated clear annual cycling that was consistent with numbers of earthquake detections and annual changes in sea level. The annual variability was found to be most likely related to increases in the strain on the volcano during sea level highs, temporarily causing fractures to reduce in size in the upper conduit. SO2 emissions varied from 0 to >400 t d-1 and were clearly affected by scrubbing processes within the first year of take development. Scrubbing caused increases of SO42- and Cl- in lake waters, and the ratio of carbon to total sulphur suggested that elemental sulphur deposition was also significant in the lake during the first year. Careful measurements of the lake level and chemistry allowed estimates of the rate of H2O(g) and HCl(g) input into the lake and suggested that the molar abundances of major gas species (H2O, CO2, SO2, and HCl) during this quiescent phase were similar to fumarolic ratios observed between earlier eruptive periods. The volume of magma estimated from CO2 emissions (0.0 15-0.04 km3) was validated by Cl- increases in the lake, suggesting that the gas and magma are transported from deep to shallow depths as a closed system and likely become open in the upper conduit region. The absence of surface deformation further leads to a necessity of magma convection to supply and remove magma from the degassing depths. Two models of convection configurations are discussed. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005094","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Werner, C., Hurst, T., Scott, B., Sherburn, S., Christenson, B., Britten, K., Cole-Baker, J., and Mullan, B., 2008, Variability of passive gas emissions, seismicity, and deformation during crater lake growth at White Island Volcano, New Zealand, 2002-2006: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 113, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005094.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214468,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005094"}],"volume":"113","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc13ae4b08c986b32a4be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Werner, C.","contributorId":72917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hurst, T.","contributorId":35556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurst","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, B.","contributorId":76560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sherburn, S.","contributorId":31175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherburn","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christenson, B.W.","contributorId":104678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Britten, K.","contributorId":23775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britten","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cole-Baker, J.","contributorId":41232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole-Baker","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mullan, B.","contributorId":17437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullan","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70033743,"text":"70033743 - 2008 - Mineral sources and transport pathways for arsenic release in a coastal watershed, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T12:14:53","indexId":"70033743","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral sources and transport pathways for arsenic release in a coastal watershed, USA","docAbstract":"Metasedimentary bedrock of coastal Maine contains a diverse suite of As-bearing minerals that act as significant sources of elements found in ground and surface waters in the region. Arsenic sources in the Penobscot Formation include, in order of decreasing As content by weight: löllingite and realgar (c.70%), arsenopyrite, cobaltite, glaucodot, and gersdorffite (in the range of 34–45%), arsenian pyrite (<4%), and pyrrhotite (<0.15%). In the Penobscot Formation, the relative stability of primary As-bearing minerals follows a pattern where the most commonly observed highly altered minerals are pyrrhotite, realgar, niccolite, löllingite > glaucodot, arsenopyrite-cobaltian > arsenopyrite, cobaltite, gersdorffite, fine-grained pyrite, Ni-pyrite > coarse-grained pyrite. Reactions illustrate that oxidation of Fe-As disulphide group and As-sulphide minerals is the primary release process for As. Liberation of As by carbonation of realgar and orpiment in contact with high-pH groundwaters may contribute locally to elevated contents of As in groundwater, especially where As is decoupled from Fe. Released metals are sequestered in secondary minerals by sorption or by incorporation in crystal structures. Secondary minerals acting as intermediate As reservoirs include claudetite (c.75%), orpiment (61%), scorodite (c. 45%), secondary arsenopyrite (c. 46%), goethite (<4490 ppm), natrojarosite (<42 ppm), rosenite, melanterite, ferrihydrite, and Mn-hydroxide coatings. Some soils also contain Fe-Co-Ni-arsenate, Ca-arsenate, and carbonate minerals. Reductive dissolution of Fe-oxide minerals may govern the ultimate release of iron and arsenic – especially As(V) – to groundwater; however, dissolution of claudetite (arsenic trioxide) may directly contribute As(III). Processes thought to explain the release of As from minerals in bedrock include oxidation of arsenian pyrite or arsenopyrite, or carbonation of As-sulphides, and most models based on these generally rely on discrete minerals or on a fairly limited series of minerals. In contrast, in the Penobscot Formation and other metasedimentary rocks of coastal Maine, oxidation of As-bearing Fe-cobalt-nickel-sulphide minerals, dissolution (by reduction) of As-bearing secondary As and Fe hydroxide and sulphate minerals, carbonation and/or oxidation of As-sulphide minerals, and desorption of As from Fe-hydroxide mineral surfaces are all thought to be involved. All of these processes contribute to the occurrence of As in groundwaters in coastal Maine, as a result of variability in composition and in stability of the As source minerals. Arsenic contents of soils and groundwater thus reflect the predominant influence and integration of a spectrum of primary mineral reservoirs (instead of single or unique mineral reservoirs). Cycling of As through metasedimentary bedrock aquifers may therefore depend on consecutive stages of carbonation, oxidation and reductive dissolution of primary and secondary As host minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1144/1467-7873/07-152","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., and Ayuso, R.A., 2008, Mineral sources and transport pathways for arsenic release in a coastal watershed, USA: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 8, no. 1, p. 59-75, https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/07-152.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.69775390625,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -66.7529296875,\n 44.86365630540611\n ],\n [\n -70.697021484375,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -67.69775390625,\n 45.72152152227954\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5a5be4b0c8380cd6ee2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":442248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":442249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033745,"text":"70033745 - 2008 - Simulating the impact of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides on non-target wildlife in irrigated crops","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70033745","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the impact of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides on non-target wildlife in irrigated crops","docAbstract":"We present a simulation model for risk assessment of the impact of insecticide inhibitors of cholinesterase (ChE) applied in irrigated agricultural fields on non-target wildlife. The model, which we developed as a compartment model based on difference equations (??t = 1 h), consists of six submodels describing the dynamics of (1) insecticide application, (2) insecticide movement into floodable soil, (3) irrigation and rain, (4) insecticide dissolution in water, (5) foraging and insecticide intake from water, and (6) ChE inhibition and recovery. To demonstrate application of the model, we simulated historical and \"worst-case\" scenarios of the impact of ChE-inhibiting insecticides on white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica) inhabiting natural brushland adjacent to cotton and sugarcane fields in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, USA. Only when a rain event occurred just after insecticide application did predicted levels of ChE inhibition surpass the diagnostic level of 20% exposure. The present model should aid in assessing the effect of ChE-inhibiting insecticides on ChE activity of different species that drink contaminated water from irrigated agricultural fields, and in identifying specific situations in which the juxtaposition of environmental conditions and management schemes could result in a high risk to non-target wildlife. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.017","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Pisani, J., Grant, W., and Mora, M., 2008, Simulating the impact of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides on non-target wildlife in irrigated crops: Ecological Modelling, v. 210, no. 1-2, p. 179-192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.017.","startPage":"179","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214438,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.017"},{"id":242165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"210","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fd8e4b08c986b319190","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pisani, J.M.","contributorId":35555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pisani","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grant, W.E.","contributorId":78903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mora, M.A.","contributorId":71923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033436,"text":"70033436 - 2008 - Analysis of iron, zinc, selenium and cadmium in paraffin-embedded prostate tissue specimens using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033436","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2485,"text":"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of iron, zinc, selenium and cadmium in paraffin-embedded prostate tissue specimens using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry","docAbstract":"Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens represent a valuable and abundant resource of pathologic material for various biomedical studies. In the present study, we report the application of high-resolution inductively coupled mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS) for quantification of Fe, Zn, Se and Cd in FFPE prostate tissue. These elements have a possible role in the development of prostate diseases: while Zn and Se are needed for a healthy prostate, Cd shows multiple toxic and carcinogenic effects. Excessive accumulation of Fe induces the production of highly reactive hydroxyl radical species, which may play a role in cancer etiopathogenesis. To assess whether the levels of these metals in the FFPE prostate tissue represent their original content, we compared their levels with those in the fresh tissue (on dry weight basis) in samples obtained from 15 patients. We found that in FFPE tissue, the recoveries of Se, Fe, Cd and Zn were progressively decreased, 97??11% (r=0.88), 82??22% (r=0.86), 59??23% (r=0.69) and 24??11% (r=0.38), respectively. Thus, the use of correction factors, determined as k=0.16 for Se, k=0.20 for Fe, k=0.27 for Cd and k=0.67 for Zn, is required to estimate the retrospective levels of these elements in the parental non-processed fresh (wet) prostate tissue. The technique used in this study enables the analysis of archival FFPE prostate tissue for the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Se and Cd to study association between the levels of these metals and prostate disease. ?? 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.03.010","issn":"09466","usgsCitation":"Sarafanov, A., Todorov, T., Kajdacsy-Balla, A., Gray, M., MacIas, V., and Centeno, J., 2008, Analysis of iron, zinc, selenium and cadmium in paraffin-embedded prostate tissue specimens using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, v. 22, no. 4, p. 305-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.03.010.","startPage":"305","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214387,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.03.010"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb1ce4b0c8380cd48c1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sarafanov, A.G.","contributorId":85418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarafanov","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Todorov, T.I.","contributorId":10995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todorov","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kajdacsy-Balla, A.","contributorId":81319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kajdacsy-Balla","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, Michael A.","contributorId":20135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":440869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"MacIas, V.","contributorId":107114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacIas","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Centeno, J.A.","contributorId":73806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Centeno","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70179801,"text":"70179801 - 2008 - Rivers and streams: Ecosystem dynamics and integrating paradigms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T15:18:01","indexId":"70179801","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Rivers and streams: Ecosystem dynamics and integrating paradigms","docAbstract":"Full understanding of running waters requires an ecosystem perspective, which encompasses the physical and chemical setting in interaction with dependent biological communities. Several conceptual models or paradigms of river and stream ecosystems that capture critical components of lotic ecosystems have been developed, including the ‘river continuum concept’, to describe fluxes of matter and energy within the stream or river channel together with exchanges between the channel and its terrestrial setting. A complete ecosystem perspective includes consideration of hierarchical spatial scales in a temporal context. Flow of energy in lotic ecosystems is driven by two alternative energy sources: sunlight regulating in-stream photosynthesis and plant litter derived from the stream-side riparian corridor or floodplain. Energy transfers within the ecosystem pass through micro- and macroproducers (algae and vascular hydrophytes) and micro- and macroconsumers (microorganisms, invertebrates, and vertebrates). 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