Perchlorate (ClO4−) is ubiquitous in the environment. It is produced naturally by atmospheric photochemical reactions, and also is synthesized in large quantities for military, aerospace, and industrial applications. Nitrate-enriched salt deposits of the Atacama Desert (Chile) contain high concentrations of natural ClO4−, and have been exported worldwide since the mid-1800s for use in agriculture. The widespread introduction of synthetic and agricultural ClO4− into the environment has contaminated numerous municipal water supplies. Stable isotope ratio measurements of Cl and O have been applied for discrimination of different ClO4− sources in the environment. This study explores the potential of 36Cl measurements for further improving the discrimination of ClO4− sources. Groundwater and desert soil samples from the southwestern United States (U.S.) contain ClO4− having high 36Cl abundances (36Cl/Cl = 3100 × 10−15 to 28,800 × 10−15), compared with those from the Atacama Desert (36Cl/Cl = 0.9 × 10−15 to 590 × 10−15) and synthetic ClO4−reagents and products (36Cl/Cl = 0.0 × 10−15 to 40 × 10−15). In conjunction with stable Cl and O isotope ratios, 36Cl data provide a clear distinction among three principal ClO4− source types in the environment of the southwestern U.S.
We measured the Cu isotopic composition of primary minerals and stream water affected by acid mine drainage in a mineralized watershed (Colorado, USA). The δ65Cu values (based on 65Cu/63Cu) of enargite (δ65Cu = −0.01 ± 0.10‰; 2σ) and chalcopyrite (δ65Cu = 0.16 ± 0.10‰) are within the range of reported values for terrestrial primary Cu sulfides (−1‰ < δ65Cu < 1‰). These mineral samples show lower δ65Cu values than stream waters (1.38‰ ⩽ δ65Cu ⩽ 1.69‰). The average isotopic fractionation (Δaq-min = δ65Cuaq − δ65Cumin, where the latter is measured on mineral samples from the field system), equals 1.43 ± 0.14‰ and 1.60 ± 0.14‰ for chalcopyrite and enargite, respectively. To interpret this field survey, we leached chalcopyrite and enargite in batch experiments and found that, as in the field, the leachate is enriched in 65Cu relative to chalcopyrite (1.37 ± 0.14‰) and enargite (0.98 ± 0.14‰) when microorganisms are absent. Leaching of minerals in the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans results in smaller average fractionation in the opposite direction for chalcopyrite (
Changes in land use have potentially large impacts on water resources, yet quantifying these impacts remains among the more challenging problems in hydrology. Water, food, energy, and climate are linked through complex webs of direct and indirect effects and feedbacks. Land use is undergoing major changes due not only to pressures for more efficient food, feed, and fiber production to support growing populations but also due to policy shifts that are creating markets for biofuel and agricultural carbon sequestration. Hydrologic systems embody flows of water, solutes, sediments, and energy that vary even in the absence of human activity. Understanding land use impacts thus necessitates integrated scientific approaches. Field measurements, remote sensing, and modeling studies are shedding new light on the modes and mechanisms by which land use changes impact water resources. Such studies can help deconflate the interconnected influences of human actions and natural variations on the quantity and quality of soil water, surface water, and groundwater, past, present, and future.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009WR007937","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., Scanlon, B., and Zhang, L., 2009, Introduction to special section on impacts of land use change on water resources: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 7, Article W00A00; 3 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007937.","productDescription":"Article W00A00; 3 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3df2e4b0c8380cd63994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":445573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scanlon, Bridget R.","contributorId":74093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Bridget R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Lu","contributorId":105238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Lu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037129,"text":"70037129 - 2009 - Fluvial fluxes of water, suspended particulate matter, and nutrients and potential impacts on tropical coastal water Biogeochemistry: Oahu, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037129","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":866,"text":"Aquatic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluvial fluxes of water, suspended particulate matter, and nutrients and potential impacts on tropical coastal water Biogeochemistry: Oahu, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Baseflow and storm runoff fluxes of water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and nutrients (N and P) were assessed in conservation, urban, and agricultural streams discharging to coastal waters around the tropical island of Oahu, Hawai'i. Despite unusually low storm frequency and intensity during the study, storms accounted for 8-77% (median 30%) of discharge, 57-99% (median 93%) of SPM fluxes, 11-79% (median 36%) of dissolved nutrient fluxes and 52-99% (median 85%) of particulate nutrient fluxes to coastal waters. Fluvial nutrient concentrations varied with hydrologic conditions and land use; land use also affected water and particulate fluxes at some sites. Reactive dissolved N:P ratios typically were ???16 (the 'Redfield ratio' for marine phytoplankton), indicating that inputs could support new production by coastal phytoplankton, but uptake of dissolved nutrients is probably inefficient due to rapid dilution and export of fluvial dissolved inputs. Particulate N and P fluxes were similar to or larger than dissolved fluxes at all sites (median 49% of total nitrogen, range 22-82%; median 69% of total phosphorus, range 49-93%). Impacts of particulate nutrients on coastal ecosystems will depend on how efficiently SPM is retained in nearshore areas, and on the timing and degree of transformation to reactive dissolved forms. Nevertheless, the magnitude of particulate nutrient fluxes suggests that they represent a significant nutrient source for many coastal ecosystems over relatively long time scales (weeks-years), and that reductions in particulate nutrient loading actually may have negative impacts on some coastal ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10498-009-9067-2","issn":"13806165","usgsCitation":"Hoover, D., and MacKenzie, F., 2009, Fluvial fluxes of water, suspended particulate matter, and nutrients and potential impacts on tropical coastal water Biogeochemistry: Oahu, Hawai'i: Aquatic Geochemistry, v. 15, no. 4, p. 547-570, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-009-9067-2.","startPage":"547","endPage":"570","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476210,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-009-9067-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217278,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10498-009-9067-2"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a129be4b0c8380cd5438b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoover, D.J.","contributorId":22594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKenzie, F.T.","contributorId":25681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037136,"text":"70037136 - 2009 - Is there evidence of adaptation to tidal flooding in saplings of baldcypress subjected to different salinity regimes?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-27T13:40:25","indexId":"70037136","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1575,"text":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is there evidence of adaptation to tidal flooding in saplings of baldcypress subjected to different salinity regimes?","docAbstract":"Plant populations may adapt to environmental conditions over time by developing genetically based morphological or physiological characteristics. For tidal freshwater forested wetlands, we hypothesized that the conditions under which trees developed led to ecotypic difference in response of progeny to hydroperiod. Specifically, we looked for evidence of ecotypic adaptation for tidal flooding at different salinity regimes using growth and ecophysiological characteristics of two tidal and two non-tidal source collections of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) L.C. Rich) from the southeastern United States. Saplings were subjected to treatments of hydrology (permanent versus tidal flooding) and salinity (0 versus ???2 g l-1) for two and a half growing seasons in a greenhouse environment. Saplings from tidal sources maintained 21-41% lower overall growth and biomass accumulation than saplings from non-tidal sources, while saplings from non-tidal sources maintained 14-19% lower overall rates of net photosynthetic assimilation, leaf transpiration, and stomatal conductance than saplings from tidal sources. However, we found no evidence for growth or physiological enhancement of saplings from tidal sources to tide, or of saplings from non-tidal sources to no tide. All saplings growing under permanent flooding exhibited reduced growth and leaf gas exchange regardless of source, with little evidence for consistent salinity effects across hydroperiods. While we reject our original hypothesis, we suggest that adaptations of coastal baldcypress to broad (rather than narrow) environmental conditions may promote ecophysiological and growth enhancements under a range of global-change-induced stressors, perhaps reflecting a natural resilience to environmental change while precluding adaptations for specific flood regimes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.05.005","issn":"00988472","usgsCitation":"Krauss, K., Doyle, T., and Howard, R., 2009, Is there evidence of adaptation to tidal flooding in saplings of baldcypress subjected to different salinity regimes?: Environmental and Experimental Botany, v. 67, no. 1, p. 118-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.05.005.","startPage":"118","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217366,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.05.005"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f34e4b0c8380cd64344","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krauss, K. W. 0000-0003-2195-0729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":19517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"K. W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyle, T.W. 0000-0001-5754-0671","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":16783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"T.W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, R.J. 0000-0001-7264-4364","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-4364","contributorId":86452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":459547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034358,"text":"70034358 - 2009 - Linking hydraulic properties of fire-affected soils to infiltration and water repellency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:46","indexId":"70034358","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking hydraulic properties of fire-affected soils to infiltration and water repellency","docAbstract":"Heat from wildfires can produce a two-layer system composed of extremely dry soil covered by a layer of ash, which when subjected to rainfall, may produce extreme floods. To understand the soil physics controlling runoff for these initial conditions, we used a small, portable disk infiltrometer to measure two hydraulic properties: (1) near-saturated hydraulic conductivity, Kf and (2) sorptivity, S(??i), as a function of initial soil moisture content, ??i, ranging from extremely dry conditions (??i < 0.02 cm3 cm-3) to near saturation. In the field and in the laboratory replicate measurements were made of ash, reference soils, soils unaffected by fire, and fire-affected soils. Each has a different degrees of water repellency that influences Kf and S(??i). Values of Kf ranged from 4.5 ?? 10-3 to 53 ?? 10-3 cm s-1 for ash; from 0.93 ?? 10-3 to 130 ?? 10-3 cm s-1 for reference soils; and from 0.86 ?? 10-3 to 3.0 ?? 10-3 cm s-1, for soil unaffected by fire, which had the lowest values of Kf. Measurements indicated that S(??i) could be represented by an empirical non-linear function of ??i with a sorptivity maximum of 0.18-0.20 cm s-0.5, between 0.03 and 0.08 cm3 cm-3. This functional form differs from the monotonically decreasing non-linear functions often used to represent S(??i) for rainfall-runoff modeling. The sorptivity maximum may represent the combined effects of gravity, capillarity, and adsorption in a transitional domain corresponding to extremely dry soil, and moreover, it may explain the observed non-linear behavior, and the critical soil-moisture threshold of water repellent soils. Laboratory measurements of Kf and S(??i) are the first for ash and fire-affected soil, but additional measurements are needed of these hydraulic properties for in situ fire-affected soils. They provide insight into water repellency behavior and infiltration under extremely dry conditions. Most importantly, they indicate how existing rainfall-runoff models can be modified to accommodate a possible two-layer system in extremely dry conditions. These modified models can be used to predict floods from burned watersheds under these initial conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.10.015","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., Kinner, D., and Ubeda, X., 2009, Linking hydraulic properties of fire-affected soils to infiltration and water repellency: Journal of Hydrology, v. 379, no. 3-4, p. 291-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.10.015.","startPage":"291","endPage":"303","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216827,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.10.015"}],"volume":"379","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47d4e4b0c8380cd679e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinner, D.A.","contributorId":99265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinner","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ubeda, X.","contributorId":17847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ubeda","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034353,"text":"70034353 - 2009 - UZIG USGS research: Advances through interdisciplinary interaction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T08:37:38","indexId":"70034353","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"UZIG USGS research: Advances through interdisciplinary interaction","docAbstract":"BBecause vadose zone research relates to diverse disciplines, applications, and modes of research, collaboration across traditional operational and topical divisions is especially likely to yield major advances in understanding. The Unsaturated Zone Interest Group (UZIG) is an informal organization sponsored by the USGS to encourage and support interdisciplinary collaboration in vadose or unsaturated zone hydrologic research across organizational boundaries. It includes both USGS and non-USGS scientists. Formed in 1987, the UZIG operates to promote communication, especially through periodic meetings with presentations, discussions, and field trips. The 10th meeting of the UZIG at Los Alamos, NM, in August 2007 was jointly sponsored by the USGS and Los Alamos National Laboratory. Presentations at this meeting served as the initial basis for selecting papers for this special section of Vadose Zone Journal, the purpose of which is to present noteworthy cutting-edge unsaturated zone research promoted by, facilitated by, or presented in connection with the UZIG.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/vzj2008.0185","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., Andraski, B.J., and Rafael, M., 2009, UZIG USGS research: Advances through interdisciplinary interaction: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 8, no. 2, p. 411-413, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2008.0185.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"413","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbbf7e4b08c986b328937","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":445380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rafael, M.-C.","contributorId":26546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rafael","given":"M.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035032,"text":"70035032 - 2009 - Respiratory arsenate reductase as a bidirectional enzyme","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T10:38:58","indexId":"70035032","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1000,"text":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Respiratory arsenate reductase as a bidirectional enzyme","docAbstract":"The haloalkaliphilic bacterium Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii is capable of anaerobic chemolithoautotrophic growth by coupling the oxidation of arsenite (As(III)) to the reduction of nitrate and carbon dioxide. Analysis of its complete genome indicates that it lacks a conventional arsenite oxidase (Aox), but instead possesses two operons that each encode a putative respiratory arsenate reductase (Arr). Here we show that one homolog is expressed under chemolithoautotrophic conditions and exhibits both arsenite oxidase and arsenate reductase activity. We also demonstrate that Arr from two arsenate respiring bacteria, Alkaliphilus oremlandii and Shewanella sp. strain ANA-3, is also biochemically reversible. Thus Arr can function as a reductase or oxidase. Its physiological role in a specific organism, however, may depend on the electron potentials of the molybdenum center and [Fe–S] clusters, additional subunits, or constitution of the electron transfer chain. This versatility further underscores the ubiquity and antiquity of microbial arsenic metabolism.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.045","issn":"0006291X","usgsCitation":"Richey, C., Chovanec, P., Hoeft, S., Oremland, R., Basu, P., and Stolz, J., 2009, Respiratory arsenate reductase as a bidirectional enzyme: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, v. 382, no. 2, p. 298-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.045.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"298","endPage":"302","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215143,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.045"}],"volume":"382","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa0de4b0c8380cd860f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richey, C.","contributorId":101903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richey","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chovanec, P.","contributorId":94516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chovanec","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoeft, S.E.","contributorId":24479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoeft","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Basu, P.","contributorId":35527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stolz, J.F.","contributorId":94022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolz","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035971,"text":"70035971 - 2009 - Predicting the biological condition of streams: Use of geospatial indicators of natural and anthropogenic characteristics of watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035971","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the biological condition of streams: Use of geospatial indicators of natural and anthropogenic characteristics of watersheds","docAbstract":"We developed and evaluated empirical models to predict biological condition of wadeable streams in a large portion of the eastern USA, with the ultimate goal of prediction for unsampled basins. Previous work had classified (i.e., altered vs. unaltered) the biological condition of 920 streams based on a biological assessment of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Predictor variables were limited to widely available geospatial data, which included land cover, topography, climate, soils, societal infrastructure, and potential hydrologic modification. We compared the accuracy of predictions of biological condition class based on models with continuous and binary responses. We also evaluated the relative importance of specific groups and individual predictor variables, as well as the relationships between the most important predictors and biological condition. Prediction accuracy and the relative importance of predictor variables were different for two subregions for which models were created. Predictive accuracy in the highlands region improved by including predictors that represented both natural and human activities. Riparian land cover and road-stream intersections were the most important predictors. In contrast, predictive accuracy in the lowlands region was best for models limited to predictors representing natural factors, including basin topography and soil properties. Partial dependence plots revealed complex and nonlinear relationships between specific predictors and the probability of biological alteration. We demonstrate a potential application of the model by predicting biological condition in 552 unsampled basins across an ecoregion in southeastern Wisconsin (USA). Estimates of the likelihood of biological condition of unsampled streams could be a valuable tool for screening large numbers of basins to focus targeted monitoring of potentially unaltered or altered stream segments. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-008-0256-z","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Carlisle, D., Falcone, J., and Meador, M.R., 2009, Predicting the biological condition of streams: Use of geospatial indicators of natural and anthropogenic characteristics of watersheds: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 151, no. 1-4, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0256-z.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216148,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0256-z"},{"id":243997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81cde4b0c8380cd7b738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlisle, D.M.","contributorId":81059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falcone, J.","contributorId":20548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037151,"text":"70037151 - 2009 - Age-distribution estimation for karst groundwater: Issues of parameterization and complexity in inverse modeling by convolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:11","indexId":"70037151","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age-distribution estimation for karst groundwater: Issues of parameterization and complexity in inverse modeling by convolution","docAbstract":"Convolution modeling is useful for investigating the temporal distribution of groundwater age based on environmental tracers. The framework of a quasi-transient convolution model that is applicable to two-domain flow in karst aquifers is presented. The model was designed to provide an acceptable level of statistical confidence in parameter estimates when only chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and tritium (3H) data are available. We show how inverse modeling and uncertainty assessment can be used to constrain model parameterization to a level warranted by available data while allowing major aspects of the flow system to be examined. As an example, the model was applied to water from a pumped well open to the Madison aquifer in central USA with input functions of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and 3H, and was calibrated to several samples collected during a 16-year period. A bimodal age distribution was modeled to represent quick and slow flow less than 50 years old. The effects of pumping and hydraulic head on the relative volumetric fractions of these domains were found to be influential factors for transient flow. Quick flow and slow flow were estimated to be distributed mainly within the age ranges of 0-2 and 26-41 years, respectively. The fraction of long-term flow (>50 years) was estimated but was not dateable. The different tracers had different degrees of influence on parameter estimation and uncertainty assessments, where 3H was the most critical, and CFC-113 was least influential.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.064","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Long, A., and Putnam, L., 2009, Age-distribution estimation for karst groundwater: Issues of parameterization and complexity in inverse modeling by convolution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 376, no. 3-4, p. 579-588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.064.","startPage":"579","endPage":"588","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.064"},{"id":245086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8fde4b0c8380cd48014","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J.","contributorId":80023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putnam, L.D.","contributorId":47417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037154,"text":"70037154 - 2009 - Enantiomer fractions of chlordane components in sediment from U.S. Geological Survey sites in lakes and rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:10:57","indexId":"70037154","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enantiomer fractions of chlordane components in sediment from U.S. Geological Survey sites in lakes and rivers","docAbstract":"Spatial, temporal, and sediment-type trends in enantiomer signatures were evaluated for cis- and trans-chlordane (CC, TC) in archived core, suspended, and surficial-sediment samples from six lake, reservoir, and river sites across the United States. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) measured in these samples are in good agreement with those reported for sediment, soil, and air samples in previous studies. The chlordane EFs were generally close to the racemic value of 0.5, with CC values ranging from 0.493 to 0.527 (usually >0.5) and TC values from 0.463 to 0.53 (usually <0.5). EF changes with core depth were detected for TC and CC in some cores, with the most non-racemic values near the top of the core. Surficial and suspended sediments generally have EF values similar to the top core layers but are often more non-racemic, indicating that enantioselective degradation is occurring before soils are eroded and deposited into bottom sediments. We hypothesize that rapid losses (desorption or degradation) from suspended sediments of the more bioavailable chlordane fraction during transport and initial deposition could explain the apparent shift to more racemic EF values in surficial and top core sediments. Near racemic CC and TC in the core profiles suggest minimal alteration of chlordane from biotic degradation, unless it is via non-enantioselective processes. EF values for the heptachlor degradate, heptachlor epoxide (HEPX), determined in surficial sediments from one location only were always non-racemic (EF ≈ 0.66), were indicative of substantial biotic processing, and followed reported EF trends.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.023","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Ulrich, E., Foreman, W., Van Metre, P., Wilson, J., and Rounds, S., 2009, Enantiomer fractions of chlordane components in sediment from U.S. Geological Survey sites in lakes and rivers: Science of the Total Environment, v. 407, no. 22, p. 5884-5893, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.023.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"5884","endPage":"5893","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217220,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.023"}],"volume":"407","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0919e4b0c8380cd51de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulrich, E.M.","contributorId":10956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulrich","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foreman, W.T.","contributorId":94684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, J.T.","contributorId":97489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rounds, S.A.","contributorId":88395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rounds","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034293,"text":"70034293 - 2009 - Comparing approaches for simulating the reactive transport of U(VI) in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:16:12","indexId":"70034293","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2745,"text":"Mine Water and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing approaches for simulating the reactive transport of U(VI) in ground water","docAbstract":"The reactive transport of U(VI) in a well-characterized shallow alluvial aquifer at a former U(VI) mill located near Naturita, CO, was predicted for comparative purposes using a surface complexation model (SCM) and a constant K d approach to simulate U(VI) adsorption. The ground water at the site had U(VI) concentrations that ranged from 0.01 to 20 µM, alkalinities that ranged from 2.5 to 18 meq/L, and a nearly constant pH of 7.1. The SCM used to simulate U(VI) adsorption was previously determined independently using laboratory batch adsorption experiments. Simulations obtained using the SCM approach were compared with simulations that used a constant K d approach to simulate adsorption using previously determined site-specific K d values. In both cases, the ground water flow and transport models used a conceptual model that was previously calibrated to a chloride plume present at the site. Simulations with the SCM approach demonstrated that the retardation factor varied temporally and spatially because of the differential transport of alkalinity and dissolved U(VI) and the nonlinearity of the U(VI) adsorption. The SCM model also simulated a prolonged slow decline in U(VI) concentration, which was not simulated using a constant K d model. Simulations using the SCM approach and the constant K d approach were similar after 20 years of transport but diverged significantly after 60 years. The simulations demonstrate the need for site-specific geochemical information on U(VI) adsorption to produce credible simulations of future transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10230-009-0064-x","issn":"10259112","usgsCitation":"Curtis, G., Kohler, M., and Davis, J., 2009, Comparing approaches for simulating the reactive transport of U(VI) in ground water: Mine Water and the Environment, v. 28, no. 2, p. 84-93, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-009-0064-x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"93","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216793,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10230-009-0064-x"},{"id":244685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f831e4b0c8380cd4cf2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, G.P.","contributorId":65619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kohler, M.","contributorId":32694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036233,"text":"70036233 - 2009 - Effects of sediment transport and seepage direction on hydraulic properties at the sediment-water interface of hyporheic settings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:06","indexId":"70036233","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of sediment transport and seepage direction on hydraulic properties at the sediment-water interface of hyporheic settings","docAbstract":"Relations between seepage flux and hydraulic properties are difficult to quantify in fluvial settings because of the difficulty in measuring these variables in situ. Tests conducted in a 1.5-m diameter by 1.5-m tall sediment-filled tank indicate that hydraulic gradient increased and hydraulic conductivity (K) decreased following the onset of downward seepage but both parameters were little changed following the onset of upward seepage. Reductions in K during downward seepage were more pronounced when surface-water current was sufficient to mobilize sediment on the bed. Averaged ratios of K determined during upward seepage to K determined during downward seepage (Kup/Kdown) through a sand-and-gravel bed increased from 1.4 to 1.7 with increasing surface-water velocity, and decreased to slightly greater than 1 when the sediment bed became fully mobile. Kup/Kdown for tests conducted with a silt veneer on the bed surface was greater than 2 for all but the fastest surface-water velocities. Substantial reductions in K also were associated with a silt floc that formed on the bed surface during and following test runs. Although the silt floc was typically less than 0.5 mm in thickness, most of the hydraulic gradient was distributed across this thin layer. K of the thin silt floc was reduced by two to three orders of magnitude relative to the underlying sediment. Directional bias in K and relation between K and surface-water velocity require the presence or absence of a layer of lower-K sediment at or near the bed surface, without which no reduction in K and corresponding increase in hydraulic gradient can occur at the bed surface. The lack of prior observation of the consistent bias in K associated with seepage direction is somewhat surprising given the numerous studies where K has been measured in fluvial settings, but may be explained by the small value of the bias relative to the typical uncertainty associated with field determinations of K. If shown to exist in field settings, this bias and its relation to fluvial processes will be relevant to many studies conducted in hyporheic settings that require determination of fluxes across the sediment-water interface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.030","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D., and Pitlick, J., 2009, Effects of sediment transport and seepage direction on hydraulic properties at the sediment-water interface of hyporheic settings: Journal of Hydrology, v. 373, no. 3-4, p. 377-391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.030.","startPage":"377","endPage":"391","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218428,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.030"},{"id":246435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"373","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07c4e4b0c8380cd5180f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":455015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitlick, J.","contributorId":57020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitlick","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70034286,"text":"70034286 - 2009 - First-order exchange coefficient coupling for simulating surface water-groundwater interactions: Parameter sensitivity and consistency with a physics-based approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:46","indexId":"70034286","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First-order exchange coefficient coupling for simulating surface water-groundwater interactions: Parameter sensitivity and consistency with a physics-based approach","docAbstract":"Distributed hydrologic models capable of simulating fully-coupled surface water and groundwater flow are increasingly used to examine problems in the hydrologic sciences. Several techniques are currently available to couple the surface and subsurface; the two most frequently employed approaches are first-order exchange coefficients (a.k.a., the surface conductance method) and enforced continuity of pressure and flux at the surface-subsurface boundary condition. The effort reported here examines the parameter sensitivity of simulated hydrologic response for the first-order exchange coefficients at a well-characterized field site using the fully coupled Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM). This investigation demonstrates that the first-order exchange coefficients can be selected such that the simulated hydrologic response is insensitive to the parameter choice, while simulation time is considerably reduced. Alternatively, the ability to choose a first-order exchange coefficient that intentionally decouples the surface and subsurface facilitates concept-development simulations to examine real-world situations where the surface-subsurface exchange is impaired. While the parameters comprising the first-order exchange coefficient cannot be directly estimated or measured, the insensitivity of the simulated flow system to these parameters (when chosen appropriately) combined with the ability to mimic actual physical processes suggests that the first-order exchange coefficient approach can be consistent with a physics-based framework. Copyright ?? 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.7279","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Ebel, B., Mirus, B., Heppner, C., VanderKwaak, J., and Loague, K., 2009, First-order exchange coefficient coupling for simulating surface water-groundwater interactions: Parameter sensitivity and consistency with a physics-based approach: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 13, p. 1949-1959, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7279.","startPage":"1949","endPage":"1959","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216700,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7279"}],"volume":"23","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a106ce4b0c8380cd53c77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebel, B.A.","contributorId":87772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mirus, B.B.","contributorId":68128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirus","given":"B.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heppner, C.S.","contributorId":37147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heppner","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"VanderKwaak, J.E.","contributorId":103497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderKwaak","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loague, K.","contributorId":77307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loague","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032278,"text":"70032278 - 2009 - Distinguishing iron-reducing from sulfate-reducing conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:23:44","indexId":"70032278","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distinguishing iron-reducing from sulfate-reducing conditions","docAbstract":"Ground water systems dominated by iron‐ or sulfate‐reducing conditions may be distinguished by observing concentrations of dissolved iron (Fe2+) and sulfide (sum of H2S, HS−, and S= species and denoted here as “H2S”). This approach is based on the observation that concentrations of Fe2+ and H2S in ground water systems tend to be inversely related according to a hyperbolic function. That is, when Fe2+ concentrations are high, H2S concentrations tend to be low and vice versa. This relation partly reflects the rapid reaction kinetics of Fe2+ with H2S to produce relatively insoluble ferrous sulfides (FeS). This relation also reflects competition for organic substrates between the iron‐ and the sulfate‐reducing microorganisms that catalyze the production of Fe2+ and H2S. These solubility and microbial constraints operate in tandem, resulting in the observed hyperbolic relation between Fe2+ and H2S concentrations. Concentrations of redox indicators, including dissolved hydrogen (H2) measured in a shallow aquifer in Hanahan, South Carolina, suggest that if the Fe2+/H2S mass ratio (units of mg/L) exceeded 10, the screened interval being tapped was consistently iron reducing (H2∼0.2 to 0.8 nM). Conversely, if the Fe2+/H2S ratio was less than 0.30, consistent sulfate‐reducing (H2∼1 to 5 nM) conditions were observed over time. Concomitantly high Fe2+ and H2S concentrations were associated with H2 concentrations that varied between 0.2 and 5.0 nM over time, suggesting mixing of water from adjacent iron‐ and sulfate‐reducing zones or concomitant iron and sulfate reduction under nonelectron donor–limited conditions. These observations suggest that Fe2+/H2S mass ratios may provide useful information concerning the occurrence and distribution of iron and sulfate reduction in ground water systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00536.x","issn":"00174","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., Bradley, P., Thomas, M., and McMahon, P., 2009, Distinguishing iron-reducing from sulfate-reducing conditions: Ground Water, v. 47, no. 2, p. 300-305, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00536.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"305","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214632,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00536.x"}],"volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0250e4b0c8380cd4ffce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, M.A.","contributorId":66877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037214,"text":"70037214 - 2009 - Biological soil crusts exhibit a dynamic response to seasonal rain and release from grazing with implications for soil stability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:07","indexId":"70037214","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biological soil crusts exhibit a dynamic response to seasonal rain and release from grazing with implications for soil stability","docAbstract":"In Northern Mexico, long-term grazing has substantially degraded semiarid landscapes. In semiarid systems, ecological and hydrological processes are strongly coupled by patchy plant distribution and biological soil crust (BSC) cover in plant-free interspaces. In this study, we asked: 1) how responsive are BSC cover/composition to a drying/wetting cycle and two-year grazing removal, and 2) what are the implications for soil erosion? We characterized BSC morphotypes and their influence on soil stability under grazed/non-grazed conditions during a dry and wet season. Light- and dark-colored cyanobacteria were dominant at the plant tussock and community level. Cover changes in these two groups differed after a rainy season and in response to grazing removal. Lichens with continuous thalli were more vulnerable to grazing than those with semi-continuous/discontinuous thalli after the dry season. Microsites around tussocks facilitated BSC colonization compared to interspaces. Lichen and cyanobacteria morphotypes differentially enhanced resistance to soil erosion; consequently, surface soil stability depends on the spatial distribution of BSC morphotypes, suggesting soil stability may be as dynamic as changes in the type of BSC cover. Longer-term spatially detailed studies are necessary to elicit spatiotemporal dynamics of BSC communities and their functional role in biotically and abiotically variable environments. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.05.009","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Jimenez, A.A., Huber-Sannwald, E., Belnap, J., Smart, D., and Arredondo, M.J., 2009, Biological soil crusts exhibit a dynamic response to seasonal rain and release from grazing with implications for soil stability: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 73, no. 12, p. 1158-1169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.05.009.","startPage":"1158","endPage":"1169","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217168,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.05.009"},{"id":245089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f16ce4b0c8380cd4ac5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jimenez, Aguilar A.","contributorId":81726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jimenez","given":"Aguilar","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huber-Sannwald, E.","contributorId":41255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huber-Sannwald","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smart, D.R.","contributorId":99774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smart","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arredondo, Moreno J.T.","contributorId":37573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arredondo","given":"Moreno","email":"","middleInitial":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036091,"text":"70036091 - 2009 - Isoscapes to address large-scale earth science challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T08:37:19","indexId":"70036091","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isoscapes to address large-scale earth science challenges","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009EO130001","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Bowen, G., West, J.B., Vaughn, B.H., Dawson, T.E., Ehleringer, J., Fogel, M., Hobson, K., Hoogewerff, J., Kendall, C., Lai, C., Miller, C., Noone, D., Schwarcz, H., and Still, C., 2009, Isoscapes to address large-scale earth science challenges: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 90, no. 13, p. 109-110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009EO130001.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487296,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009eo130001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218155,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009EO130001"}],"volume":"90","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f73e4b0c8380cd64546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, G.J.","contributorId":18882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"West, J. B.","contributorId":13847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"West","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaughn, B. H.","contributorId":63806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, T. E.","contributorId":84537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ehleringer, J.R.","contributorId":47965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehleringer","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fogel, M. L.","contributorId":31588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogel","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hobson, K.","contributorId":45157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hoogewerff, J.","contributorId":11865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoogewerff","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lai, C.-T.","contributorId":52429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lai","given":"C.-T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Miller, C.C.","contributorId":46346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Noone, D.","contributorId":26916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noone","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Schwarcz, H.","contributorId":81352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarcz","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Still, C.J.","contributorId":61277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Still","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70034266,"text":"70034266 - 2009 - Assigning land use to supply wells for the statistical characterization of regional groundwater quality: Correlating urban land use and VOC occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T08:47:04","indexId":"70034266","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assigning land use to supply wells for the statistical characterization of regional groundwater quality: Correlating urban land use and VOC occurrence","docAbstract":"Many national and regional groundwater studies have correlated land use \"near\" a well, often using a 500 m radius circle, with water quality. However, the use of a 500 m circle may seem counterintuitive given that contributing areas are expected to extend up-gradient from wells, and not be circular in shape. The objective of this study was to evaluate if a 500 m circle is adequate for assigning land use to a well for the statistical correlation between urban land use and the occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Land use and VOC data came from 277 supply wells in four study areas in California. Land use was computed using ten different-sized circles and wedges (250 m to 10 km in radius), and three different-sized \"searchlights\" (1-2 km in length). We define these shapes as contributing area surrogates (CASs), recognizing that a simple shape is at best a surrogate for the actual contributing area. The presence or absence of correlation between land use and the occurrence of VOCs was evaluated using Kendall's tau (??). Values of ?? were within 10% of one another for wedges and circles ranging in size from 500 m to 2 km, with correlations remaining statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all CAS sizes and shapes, suggesting that a 500 m circular CAS is adequate for assigning land use to a well. Additional evaluation indicated that urban land use is autocorrelated at distances ranging from 8 to 36 km. Thus, urban land use in a 500 m CAS is likely to be predictive of urban land use in the actual contributing area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.056","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T., and Belitz, K., 2009, Assigning land use to supply wells for the statistical characterization of regional groundwater quality: Correlating urban land use and VOC occurrence: Journal of Hydrology, v. 370, no. 1-4, p. 100-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.056.","startPage":"100","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216882,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.056"}],"volume":"370","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee8be4b0c8380cd49dea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, T.D.","contributorId":32744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, K. 0000-0003-4481-2345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":10164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70034245,"text":"70034245 - 2009 - Numerical models of caldera deformation: Effects of multiphase and multicomponent hydrothermal fluid flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T11:56:10","indexId":"70034245","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical models of caldera deformation: Effects of multiphase and multicomponent hydrothermal fluid flow","docAbstract":"Ground surface displacement (GSD) in large calderas is often interpreted as resulting from magma intrusion at depth. Recent advances in geodetic measurements of GSD, notably interferometric synthetic aperture radar, reveal complex and multifaceted deformation patterns that often require complex source models to explain the observed GSD. Although hydrothermal fluids have been discussed as a possible deformation agent, very few quantitative studies addressing the effects of multiphase flow on crustal mechanics have been attempted. Recent increases in the power and availability of computing resources allow robust quantitative assessment of the complex time-variant thermal interplay between aqueous fluid flow and crustal deformation. We carry out numerical simulations of multiphase (liquid-gas), multicomponent (H 2O-CO2) hydrothermal fluid flow and poroelastic deformation using a range of realistic physical parameters and processes. Hydrothermal fluid injection, circulation, and gas formation can generate complex, temporally and spatially varying patterns of GSD, with deformation rates, magnitudes, and geometries (including subsidence) similar to those observed in several large calderas. The potential for both rapid and gradual deformation resulting from magma-derived fluids suggests that hydrothermal fluid circulation may help explain deformation episodes at calderas that have not culminated in magmatic eruption.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2008JB006151","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hutnak, M., Hurwitz, S., Ingebritsen, S.E., and Hsieh, P.A., 2009, Numerical models of caldera deformation: Effects of multiphase and multicomponent hydrothermal fluid flow: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 4, B04411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006151.","productDescription":"B04411","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476361,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jb006151","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216581,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006151"}],"volume":"114","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6901e4b0c8380cd73afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutnak, M.","contributorId":16674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutnak","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hurwitz, S.","contributorId":61110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hsieh, P. A.","contributorId":40596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037239,"text":"70037239 - 2009 - Combining particle-tracking and geochemical data to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining particle-tracking and geochemical data to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium","docAbstract":"Flow-model particle-tracking results and geochemical data from seven study areas across the United States were analyzed using three statistical methods to test the hypothesis that these variables can successfully be used to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium. Principal components analysis indicated that arsenic and uranium concentrations were associated with particle-tracking variables that simulate time of travel and water fluxes through aquifer systems and also through specific redox and pH zones within aquifers. Time-of-travel variables are important because many geochemical reactions are kinetically limited, and geochemical zonation can account for different modes of mobilization and fate. Spearman correlation analysis established statistical significance for correlations of arsenic and uranium concentrations with variables derived using the particle-tracking routines. Correlations between uranium concentrations and particle-tracking variables were generally strongest for variables computed for distinct redox zones. Classification tree analysis on arsenic concentrations yielded a quantitative categorical model using time-of-travel variables and solid-phase-arsenic concentrations. The classification tree model accuracy on the learning data subset was 70%, and on the testing data subset, 79%, demonstrating one application in which particle-tracking variables can be used predictively in a quantitative screening-level assessment of public supply well vulnerability. Ground-water management actions that are based on avoidance of young ground water, reflecting the premise that young ground water is more vulnerable to anthropogenic contaminants than is old ground water, may inadvertently lead to increased vulnerability to natural contaminants due to the tendency for concentrations of many natural contaminants to increase with increasing ground-water residence time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.020","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S., Kauffman, L.J., Thomas, M., Brown, C.J., McCarthy, K.A., Eberts, S.M., Rosen, M.R., and Katz, B., 2009, Combining particle-tracking and geochemical data to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium: Journal of Hydrology, v. 376, no. 1-2, p. 132-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.020.","startPage":"132","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.020"},{"id":244999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e0e4b0c8380cd4cd49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, S.R.","contributorId":74778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauffman, L. J. 0000-0003-4564-0362","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":65217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":460025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, M.A.","contributorId":66877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, C. J.","contributorId":90342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R.","contributorId":43096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70037243,"text":"70037243 - 2009 - Effects of introduced fish on macroinvertebrate communities in historically fishless headwater and kettle lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T10:43:07","indexId":"70037243","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of introduced fish on macroinvertebrate communities in historically fishless headwater and kettle lakes","docAbstract":"Widespread fish introductions have led to a worldwide decline in the number of fishless lakes and their associated communities. Studies assessing effects of fish stocking on native communities in historically fishless lakes have been limited to high-elevation headwater lakes stocked with non-native trout. Little is known about the effect of fish stocking in historically fishless and hydrologically isolated lowland kettle lakes. We compared the effects of introduced fish on macroinvertebrate communities in kettle lakes stocked with centrarchids, salmonids, and cyprinids, and headwater lakes stocked with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Maine, USA. Fish had significant effects on macroinvertebrate community structure in both lake types, with reduced species richness and abundances of taxa characteristic of fishless lakes. The effects of introduced fish were more pronounced in headwater lakes despite a less diverse fish assemblage than in kettle lakes. We attribute this to abundant submerged vegetation providing refuge from fish predation and reduced stocking frequency in kettle lakes. We assessed effects of stocking duration on macroinvertebrates in a subset of headwater lakes with known dates of trout introduction. Species richness and abundance of most taxa declined within 3 years following trout introduction; however, richness and abundance were least in lakes with long stocking histories (≥40 years). Macroinvertebrates previously identified as fishless bioindicators were absent from all stocked lakes, indicating that trout rapidly eliminate these sensitive taxa. Conservation of this historically undervalued ecosystem requires protecting remaining fishless lakes and recovering those that have been stocked.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.003","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Schilling, E., Loftin, C., and Huryn, A.D., 2009, Effects of introduced fish on macroinvertebrate communities in historically fishless headwater and kettle lakes: Biological Conservation, v. 142, no. 12, p. 3030-3038, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.003.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3030","endPage":"3038","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-008370","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217144,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.003"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.0101318359375,\n 44.3002644115815\n ],\n [\n -71.0760498046875,\n 45.205263456162385\n ],\n [\n -70.83984375,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -70.59814453125,\n 45.6101948758674\n ],\n [\n -70.24658203125,\n 45.954968795113395\n ],\n [\n -69.093017578125,\n 45.84793427349226\n ],\n [\n -67.97241210937499,\n 45.40230699238177\n ],\n [\n -67.39562988281249,\n 44.680371641890375\n ],\n [\n -67.8131103515625,\n 44.64911632343077\n ],\n [\n -68.0712890625,\n 44.50434127765394\n ],\n [\n -68.4173583984375,\n 44.50434127765394\n ],\n [\n -69.36767578124999,\n 45.10066901851988\n ],\n [\n -71.0101318359375,\n 44.3002644115815\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"142","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0729e4b0c8380cd515b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, Emily Gaenzle","contributorId":66069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schilling","given":"Emily Gaenzle","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":460049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftin, Cynthia S. 0000-0001-9104-3724 cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-3724","contributorId":2167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Cynthia S.","email":"cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":460050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huryn, Alexander D. 0000-0002-1365-2361","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1365-2361","contributorId":20164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huryn","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":28219,"text":"The University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":460048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037244,"text":"70037244 - 2009 - Elevated naturally occurring arsenic in a semiarid oxidizing system, Southern High Plains aquifer, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T10:13:20","indexId":"70037244","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevated naturally occurring arsenic in a semiarid oxidizing system, Southern High Plains aquifer, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"High groundwater As concentrations in oxidizing systems are generally associated with As adsorption onto hydrous metal (Al, Fe or Mn) oxides and mobilization with increased pH. The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution, sources and mobilization mechanisms of As in the Southern High Plains (SHP) aquifer, Texas, relative to those in other semiarid, oxidizing systems. Elevated groundwater As levels are widespread in the southern part of the SHP (SHP-S) aquifer, with 47% of wells exceeding the current EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 μg/L (range 0.3–164 μg/L), whereas As levels are much lower in the north (SHP-N: 9% ⩾ As MCL of 10 μg/L; range 0.2–43 μg/L). The sharp contrast in As levels between the north and south coincides with a change in total dissolved solids (TDS) from 395 mg/L (median north) to 885 mg/L (median south). Arsenic is present as arsenate (As V) in this oxidizing system and is correlated with groundwater TDS (Spearman’s ρ = 0.57). The most likely current source of As is sorbed As onto hydrous metal oxides based on correlations between As and other oxyanion-forming elements (V, ρ = 0.88; Se, ρ = 0.54; B, ρ = 0.51 and Mo, ρ = 0.46). This source is similar to that in other oxidizing systems and constitutes a secondary source; the most likely primary source being volcanic ashes in the SHP aquifer or original source rocks in the Rockies, based on co-occurrence of As and F (ρ = 0.56), oxyanion-forming elements and SiO2 (ρ = 0.41), which are found in volcanic ashes. High groundwater As concentrations in some semiarid oxidizing systems are related to high evaporation. Although correlation of As with TDS in the SHP aquifer may suggest evaporative concentration, unenriched stable isotopes (δ2H: −65 to −27; δ18O: −9.1 to −4.2) in the SHP aquifer do not support evaporation. High TDS in the SHP aquifer is most likely related to upward movement of saline water from the underlying Triassic Dockum aquifer. Mobilization of As in other semiarid oxidizing systems is caused by increased pH; however, pH in the SHP aquifer is near neutral (10–90 percentiles, 7.0–7.6). Although many processes, such as competitive desorption with SiO2, VO4, or PO4, could be responsible for local mobilization of As in the SHP aquifer, the most plausible explanation for the regional As distribution and correlation with TDS is the counterion effect caused by a change from Ca- to Na-rich, water as shown by the high correlation between As and Na/(Ca)0.5 ratios (ρ = 0.57). This change in chemistry is related to mixing with saline water that moves upward from the underlying Dockum aquifer. This counterion effect may mobilize other anions and oxyanion-forming elements that are correlated with As (F, V, Se, B, Mo and SiO2). Competition among the oxyanions for sorption sites may enhance As mobilization. The SHP case study has similar As sources to those of other semiarid, oxidizing systems (original volcanic ash source followed by sorption onto hydrous metal oxides) but contrasts with these systems by showing lack of evaporative concentration and pH mobilization of As but counterion mobilization of As instead in the SHP-S aquifer.
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