The δ34S and δ18O values for dissolved sulfate in groundwater are commonly used in aquifer studies to identify sulfate reservoirs and describe biogeochemical processes. The utility of these data, however, often is compromised by mixing of sulfate sources within reservoirs and isotope fractionation during sulfur redox cycling. Our study shows that, after all potential sulfate sources are identified and isotopically characterized, the δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 values differentiate processes such as sulfate-source mixing, sulfide oxidation, barite dissolution, and organosulfur decomposition. During bacterial reduction of sulfate, the values reflect kinetic sulfur isotope fractionation and exchange of oxygen isotopes between sulfate and water. Detailed analysis of the chemistry (Cl and SO4 concentrations) and isotopic composition (δ2HH2Oand δ18OH2O) of groundwater in an alluvial aquifer in Central Oklahoma, USA allowed the identification of five distinct end members that supply water to the aquifer (regional groundwater flowing into the study area, river water, leachate from a closed landfill that operated within the site, rain, and surface runoff). The δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 values in each end member differentiated three sources of sulfate: sulfate dissolved from Early to Late Permian rocks within the drainage basin (δ34SSO4 = 8–12‰ and δ18OSO4 = 10‰), iron sulfides oxidized by molecular oxygen during low water-table levels (δ34SSO4 = − 16‰ and δ18OSO4 = 10‰), and organosulfur compounds (predominately ester sulfates) from decomposition of vegetation on the surface and from landfill trash buried in the alluvium (δ34SSO4 = 8‰ and δ18OSO4 = 6‰). During bacterial reduction of these sulfate sources, similar isotope fractionation processes are recorded in the parallel trends of increasing δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 values. When extensive reduction occurs, the kinetic sulfur isotope fractionation (estimated by εH2S–SO4 = − 23‰) results in the steady increase of δ34SSO4values to greater than 70‰. Equilibrium isotope fractionation during exchange of sulfate oxygen and water oxygen, a process not commonly observed in field-based studies, is documented in δ18OSO4 values asymptotically approaching 21‰, the value predicted for conditions at the study site (εSO4–H2O = 27‰). These results show that recognition of all potential sulfate sources is a critical first step to resolving complexities in δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 data. The approach taken in this study can be used in other aquifer systems where the identification of multiple sulfate sources and sulfur redox cycling is important to understanding natural processes and anthropogenic influences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.05.009","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Tuttle, M., Breit, G.N., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 2009, Processes affecting δ34S and δ18O values of dissolved sulfate in alluvium along the Canadian River, central Oklahoma, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 265, no. 3-4, p. 455-467, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.05.009.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"467","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217651,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.05.009"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Canadian River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.99755859375,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -99.99755859375,\n 36.08462129606931\n ],\n [\n -94.7900390625,\n 36.08462129606931\n ],\n [\n -94.7900390625,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -99.99755859375,\n 34.59704151614417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"265","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8da4e4b0c8380cd7ed37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuttle, Michele L. mtuttle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"Michele L.","email":"mtuttle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breit, George N. 0000-0003-2188-6798 gbreit@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-6798","contributorId":1480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"George","email":"gbreit@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036714,"text":"70036714 - 2009 - Holocene climate on the Modoc Plateau, northern California, USA: The view from Medicine Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T12:24:40","indexId":"70036714","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene climate on the Modoc Plateau, northern California, USA: The view from Medicine Lake","docAbstract":"Medicine Lake is a small (165 ha), relatively shallow (average 7.3 m), intermediate elevation (2,036 m) lake located within the summit caldera of Medicine Lake volcano, Siskiyou County, California, USA. Sediment cores and high-resolution bathymetric and seismic reflection data were collected from the lake during the fall of 1999 and 2000. Sediments were analyzed for diatoms, pollen, density, grain size (sand/mud ratio), total organic carbon (TOC), and micro-scale fabric analysis. Using both 14C (AMS) dating and tephrochronology, the basal sediments were estimated to have been deposited about 11,400 cal year BP, thus yielding an estimated average sedimentation rate of about 20.66 cm/1,000 year. The lowermost part of the core (11,400–10,300 cal year BP) contains the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions. From about 11,000–5,500 cal year BP, Medicine Lake consisted of two small, steep-sided lakes or one lake with two steep-sided basins connected by a shallow shelf. During this time, both the pollen (Abies/Artemisia ratio) and the diatom (Cyclotella/Navicula ratio) evidences indicate that the effective moisture increased, leading to a deeper lake. Over the past 5,500 years, the pollen record shows that effective moisture continued to increase, and the diatom record indicates fluctuations in the lake level. The change in the lake level pattern from one of the increasing depths prior to about 6,000 cal year BP to one of the variable depths may be related to changes in the morphology of the Medicine Lake caldera associated with the movement of magma and the eruption of the Medicine Lake Glass Flow about 5,120 cal year BP. These changes in basin morphology caused Medicine Lake to flood the shallow shelf which surrounds the deeper part of the lake. During this period, the Cyclotella/Navicula ratio and the percent abundance of Isoetes vary, suggesting that the level of the lake fluctuated, resulting in changes in the shelf area available for colonization by benthic diatoms and Isoetes. These fluctuations are not typical of the small number of low-elevation Holocene lake records in the region, and probably reflect the hydrologic conditions unique to Medicine Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10750-009-9811-z","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Starratt, S.W., 2009, Holocene climate on the Modoc Plateau, northern California, USA: The view from Medicine Lake: Hydrobiologia, v. 631, no. 1, p. 197-211, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9811-z.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-014190","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217739,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9811-z"}],"volume":"631","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31dae4b0c8380cd5e2ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starratt, Scott W. 0000-0001-9405-1746 sstarrat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-1746","contributorId":2891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"Scott","email":"sstarrat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70033999,"text":"70033999 - 2009 - Water balance dynamics in the Nile Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T11:19:47","indexId":"70033999","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water balance dynamics in the Nile Basin","docAbstract":"Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of key water balance components of the Nile River will provide important information for the management of its water resources. This study used satellite-derived rainfall and other key weather variables derived from the Global Data Assimilation System to estimate and map the distribution of rainfall, actual evapotranspiration (ETa), and runoff. Daily water balance components were modelled in a grid-cell environment at 0·1 degree (∼10 km) spatial resolution for 7 years from 2001 through 2007. Annual maps of the key water balance components and derived variables such as runoff and ETa as a percent of rainfall were produced. Generally, the spatial patterns of rainfall and ETa indicate high values in the upstream watersheds (Uganda, southern Sudan, and southwestern Ethiopia) and low values in the downstream watersheds. However, runoff as a percent of rainfall is much higher in the Ethiopian highlands around the Blue Nile subwatershed. The analysis also showed the possible impact of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands in reducing ETa magnitudes despite the availability of sufficient rainfall. Although the model estimates require field validation for the different subwatersheds, the runoff volume estimate for the Blue Nile subwatershed is within 7·0% of a figure reported from an earlier study. Further research is required for a thorough validation of the results and their integration with ecohydrologic models for better management of water and land resources in the various Nile Basin ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.7364","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Senay, G.B., Asante, K., and Artan, G.A., 2009, Water balance dynamics in the Nile Basin: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 26, p. 3675-3681, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7364.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3675","endPage":"3681","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216834,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7364"}],"volume":"23","issue":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc7c2e4b08c986b32c5f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":443581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asante, Kwabena 0000-0001-5408-1852","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-1852","contributorId":65948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asante","given":"Kwabena","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Artan, Guleid A. 0000-0001-8409-6182 gartan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-6182","contributorId":2938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artan","given":"Guleid","email":"gartan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":443582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036736,"text":"70036736 - 2009 - In situ measurements of microbially-catalyzed nitrification and nitrate reduction rates in an ephemeral drainage channel receiving water from coalbed natural gas discharge, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T06:46:16","indexId":"70036736","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ measurements of microbially-catalyzed nitrification and nitrate reduction rates in an ephemeral drainage channel receiving water from coalbed natural gas discharge, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"Nitrification and nitrate reduction were examined in an ephemeral drainage channel receiving discharge from coalbed natural gas (CBNG) production wells in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. CBNG co-produced water typically contains dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), primarily as ammonium. In this study, a substantial portion of discharged ammonium was oxidized within 50 m of downstream transport, but speciation was markedly influenced by diel fluctuations in dissolved oxygen (> 300 µM). After 300 m of transport, 60% of the initial DIN load had been removed. The effect of benthic nitrogen-cycling processes on stream water chemistry was assessed at 2 locations within the stream channel using acrylic chambers to conduct short-term (2–6 h), in-stream incubations. The highest ambient DIN removal rates (2103 µmol N m− 2h− 1) were found at a location where ammonium concentrations > 350 µM. This occurred during light incubations when oxygen concentrations were highest. Nitrification was occurring at the site, however, net accumulation of nitrate and nitrite accounted for < 12% of the ammonium consumed, indicating that other ammonium-consuming processes were also occurring. In dark incubations, nitrite and nitrate consumption were dominant processes, while ammonium was produced rather than consumed. At a downstream location nitrification was not a factor and changes in DIN removal rates were controlled by nitrate reduction, diel fluctuations in oxygen concentration, and availability of electron donor. This study indicates that short-term adaptation of stream channel processes can be effective for removing CBNG DIN loads given sufficient travel distances, but the long-term potential for nitrogen remobilization and nitrogen saturation remain to be determined.
Mercury-rich coals in the Donets Basin (Donbas region) of Ukraine were sampled in active underground mines to assess the levels of potentially harmful elements and the potential for dispersion of metals through use of this coal. For 29 samples representing c11 to m3 Carboniferous coals, mercury contents range from 0.02 to 3.5 ppm (whole-coal dry basis). Mercury is well correlated with pyritic sulfur (0.01 to 3.2 wt.%), with an r2 of 0.614 (one outlier excluded). Sulfides in these samples show enrichment of minor constituents in late-stage pyrite formed as a result of interaction of coal with hydrothermal fluids. Mine water sampled at depth and at surface collection points does not show enrichment of trace metals at harmful levels, indicating pyrite stability at subsurface conditions. Four samples of coal exposed in the defunct open-cast Nikitovka mercury mines in Gorlovka have extreme mercury contents of 12.8 to 25.5 ppm. This coal was formerly produced as a byproduct of extracting sandstone-hosted cinnabar ore. Access to these workings is unrestricted and small amounts of extreme mercury-rich coal are collected for domestic use, posing a limited human health hazard. More widespread hazards are posed by the abandoned Nikitovka mercury processing plant, the extensive mercury mine tailings, and mercury enrichment of soils extending into residential areas of Gorlovka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2009.06.003","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Kolker, A., Panov, B., Panov, Y., Landa, E.R., Conko, K., Korchemagin, V., Shendrik, T., and McCord, J., 2009, Mercury and trace element contents of Donbas coals and associated mine water in the vicinity of Donetsk, Ukraine: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 79, no. 3, p. 83-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.06.003.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"91","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217625,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.06.003"}],"country":"Ukraine","otherGeospatial":"Donbas mines","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 37.0,\n 49.0\n ],\n [\n 37.0,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n 38.4,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n 38.4,\n 49.0\n ],\n [\n 37.0,\n 49.0\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53e4e4b0c8380cd6cdb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolker, A. 0000-0002-5768-4533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":10947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Panov, B.S.","contributorId":79735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panov","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panov, Y.B.","contributorId":13071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panov","given":"Y.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conko, K.M. 0000-0001-6361-4921","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-4921","contributorId":37503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conko","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Korchemagin, V.A.","contributorId":83767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korchemagin","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shendrik, T.","contributorId":47210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shendrik","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McCord, J.D.","contributorId":74199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCord","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70036753,"text":"70036753 - 2009 - Investigation of uptake and retention of atmospheric Hg(II) by boreal forest plants using stable Hg isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:12:09","indexId":"70036753","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of uptake and retention of atmospheric Hg(II) by boreal forest plants using stable Hg isotopes","docAbstract":"Although there is now a general consensus among mercury (Hg) biogeochemists that increased atmospheric inputs of inorganic Hg(II) to lakes and watersheds can result in increased methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in fish, researchers still lack kinetic data describing the movement of Hg from the atmosphere, through watershed and lake ecosystems, and into fish. The use of isotopically enriched Hg species in environmental studies now allows experimentally applied new Hg to be distinguished from ambient Hg naturally present in the system. Four different enriched stable Hg(II) isotope “spikes” were applied sequentially over four years to the ground vegetation of a microcatchment at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in the remote boreal forest of Canada to examine retention of Hg(II) following deposition. Areal masses of the spikes and ambient THg (all forms of Hg in a sample) were monitored for eight years, and the pattern of spike retention was used to estimate retention of newly deposited ambient Hg within the ground vegetation pool. Fifty to eighty percent of applied spike Hg was initially retained by ground vegetation. The areal mass of spike Hg declined exponentially over time and was best described by a first-order process with constants (k) ranging between 9.7 × 10−4 day−1 and 11.6 × 10−4day−1. Average half-life (t1/2) of spike Hg within the ground vegetation pool (±S.D.) was 704 ± 52 days. This retention of new atmospheric Hg(II) by vegetation delays movement of new Hg(II) into soil, runoff, and finally into adjacent lakes. Ground-applied Hg(II) spikes were not detected in tree foliage and litterfall, indicating that stomatal and/or root uptake of previously deposited Hg (i.e., “recycled” from ground vegetation or soil Hg pools) were likely not large sources of foliar Hg under these experimental conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es900357s","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Graydon, J., , L., Hintelmann, H., Lindberg, S., Sandilands, K., Rudd, J., Kelly, C., Tate, M., Krabbenhoft, D., and Lehnherr, I., 2009, Investigation of uptake and retention of atmospheric Hg(II) by boreal forest plants using stable Hg isotopes: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 13, p. 4960-4966, https://doi.org/10.1021/es900357s.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4960","endPage":"4966","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217821,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es900357s"}],"volume":"43","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3eaae4b0c8380cd63f47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graydon, J.A.","contributorId":7902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graydon","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":" Louis","contributorId":71353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"given":"Louis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hintelmann, H.","contributorId":64423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hintelmann","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindberg, S.E.","contributorId":87354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindberg","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sandilands, K.A.","contributorId":63619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandilands","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rudd, J.W.M.","contributorId":45487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudd","given":"J.W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kelly, C.A.","contributorId":72564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tate, M.T.","contributorId":29638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lehnherr, I.","contributorId":97746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehnherr","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70033958,"text":"70033958 - 2009 - Isotopic composition of low-latitude paleoprecipitation during the Early Cretaceous","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70033958","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of low-latitude paleoprecipitation during the Early Cretaceous","docAbstract":"The response of the hydrologic cycle in global greenhouse conditions is important to our understanding of future climate change and to the calibration of global climate models. Past greenhouse conditions, such as those of the Cretaceous, can be used to provide empirical data with which to evaluate climate models. Recent empirical studies have utilized pedogenic carbonates to estimate the isotopic composition of meteoric waters and calculate precipitation rates for the AptianAlbian. These studies were limited to data from mid(35??N) to high (75??N) paleolatitudes, and thus future improvements in accuracy will require more estimates of meteoric water compositions from numerous localities around the globe. This study provides data for tropical latitudes (18.5??N paleolatitude) from the Tlayua Formation, Puebla, Mexico. In addition, the study confirms a shallow nearshore depositional environment for the Tlayua Formation. Petrographic observations of fenestral fabrics, gypsum crystal molds, stromatolitic structures, and pedogenic matrix birefringence fabric support the interpretation that the strata represent deposition in a tidal flat environment. Carbonate isotopic data from limestones of the Tlayua Formation provide evidence of early meteoric diagenesis in the form of meteoric calcite lines. These trends in ??18O versus ??13C were used to calculate the mean ??18O value of meteoric water, which is estimated at -5.46 ?? 0.56??? (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water [VSMOW]). Positive linear covariant trends in oxygen and carbon isotopic values from some horizons were used to estimate evaporative losses of vadose groundwater from tropical exposure surfaces during the Albian, and the resulting values range from 8% to 12%. However, the presence of evaporative mineral molds indicates more extensive evaporation. The added tropical data improve latitudinal coverage of paleoprecipitation ??18O estimates. The data presented here imply that earlier isotope mass balance models most likely underestimated tropical to subtropical precipitation and evaporation fluxes. The limited latitudinal constraints for earlier isotope mass balance modeling of the Albian hydrologic cycle of the Northern Hemisphere Americas resulted in extrapolated low-latitude precipitation ??18O values that were much heavier (up to 3???) than the values observed in this study. The lighter values identified in this study indicate a more pronounced rainout effect for tropical regions and quite possibly a more vigorous evaporation effect. These and additional low-latitude data are required to better constrain changes in the hydrologic cycle during the Cretaceous greenhouse period, and to reduce the uncertainties resulting from limited geographic coverage of proxy data. ?? 2009 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B26453.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Suarez, M., Gonzalez, L.A., Ludvigson, G.A., Vega, F., and Alvarado-Ortega, J., 2009, Isotopic composition of low-latitude paleoprecipitation during the Early Cretaceous: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, no. 11-12, p. 1584-1595, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26453.1.","startPage":"1584","endPage":"1595","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214243,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B26453.1"},{"id":241943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fa3e4b0c8380cd646a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suarez, M.B.","contributorId":18589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, Luis A.","contributorId":20922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludvigson, Greg A.","contributorId":80803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vega, F.J.","contributorId":97337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vega","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alvarado-Ortega, J.","contributorId":84574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarado-Ortega","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036769,"text":"70036769 - 2009 - Relations between hydrology and velocity of a continuously moving landslide-evidence of pore-pressure feedback regulating landslide motion?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:58","indexId":"70036769","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2604,"text":"Landslides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between hydrology and velocity of a continuously moving landslide-evidence of pore-pressure feedback regulating landslide motion?","docAbstract":"We measured displacement, pore-water pressure, and climatic conditions for 3 years at the continuously moving Slumgullion landslide in Colorado, USA. The landslide accelerated when pore-water pressure increased within the landslide body, but this occurred as pore-water pressure decreased along the landslide margin. The decrease probably occurred in response to shear-induced soil dilation at rates greater than pore-pressure diffusion and likely increased resistance to shear displacement and resulted in landslide deceleration. This dilative strengthening has been experimentally observed and explained theoretically, but not previously identified during field studies. Although landslide displacement should have exceeded that required to achieve critical-state density of shear boundaries, observed relocation of these boundaries indicates that shearing is episodic at fixed locations, so it permits renewed dilative strengthening when \"fresh\" soil is sheared. Thus, dilatant strengthening may be a considerable mechanism controlling landslide velocity, even for landslides that have continuously moved great distances. ?? Springer-Verlag 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10346-009-0157-4","issn":"1612510X","usgsCitation":"Schulz, W., McKenna, J., Kibler, J., and Biavati, G., 2009, Relations between hydrology and velocity of a continuously moving landslide-evidence of pore-pressure feedback regulating landslide motion?: Landslides, v. 6, no. 3, p. 181-190, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0157-4.","startPage":"181","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217597,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0157-4"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a6f6e4b0e8fec6cdc30d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulz, W.H.","contributorId":61225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenna, J.P.","contributorId":24543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kibler, J.D.","contributorId":68311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kibler","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Biavati, G.","contributorId":50380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biavati","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036774,"text":"70036774 - 2009 - Nitrification and denitrification in a midwestern stream containing high nitrate: In situ assessment using tracers in dome-shaped incubation chambers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T10:16:43","indexId":"70036774","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrification and denitrification in a midwestern stream containing high nitrate: In situ assessment using tracers in dome-shaped incubation chambers","docAbstract":"The extent to which in-stream processes alter or remove nutrient loads in agriculturally impacted streams is critically important to watershed function and the delivery of those loads to coastal waters. In this study, patch-scale rates of in-stream benthic processes were determined using large volume, open-bottom benthic incubation chambers in a nitrate-rich, first to third order stream draining an area dominated by tile-drained row-crop fields. The chambers were fitted with sampling/mixing ports, a volume compensation bladder, and porewater samplers. Incubations were conducted with added tracers (NaBr and either 15N[NO3 −], 15N[NO2 −], or 15N[NH4 +]) for 24–44 h intervals and reaction rates were determined from changes in concentrations and isotopic compositions of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and nitrogen gas. Overall, nitrate loss rates (220–3,560 μmol N m−2 h−1) greatly exceeded corresponding denitrification rates (34–212 μmol N m−2 h−1) and both of these rates were correlated with nitrate concentrations (90–1,330 μM), which could be readily manipulated with addition experiments. Chamber estimates closely matched whole-stream rates of denitrification and nitrate loss using 15N. Chamber incubations with acetylene indicated that coupled nitrification/denitrification was not a major source of N2 production at ambient nitrate concentrations (175 μM), but acetylene was not effective for assessing denitrification at higher nitrate concentrations (1,330 μM). Ammonium uptake rates greatly exceeded nitrification rates, which were relatively low even with added ammonium (3.5 μmol N m−2 h−1), though incubations with nitrite demonstrated that oxidation to nitrate exceeded reduction to nitrogen gas in the surface sediments by fivefold to tenfold. The chamber results confirmed earlier studies that denitrification was a substantial nitrate sink in this stream, but they also indicated that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) turnover rates greatly exceeded the rates of permanent nitrogen removal via denitrification.
Perchlorate (ClO4−) is ubiquitous in the environment. It is produced naturally by atmospheric photochemical reactions, and also is synthesized in large quantities for military, aerospace, and industrial applications. Nitrate-enriched salt deposits of the Atacama Desert (Chile) contain high concentrations of natural ClO4−, and have been exported worldwide since the mid-1800s for use in agriculture. The widespread introduction of synthetic and agricultural ClO4− into the environment has contaminated numerous municipal water supplies. Stable isotope ratio measurements of Cl and O have been applied for discrimination of different ClO4− sources in the environment. This study explores the potential of 36Cl measurements for further improving the discrimination of ClO4− sources. Groundwater and desert soil samples from the southwestern United States (U.S.) contain ClO4− having high 36Cl abundances (36Cl/Cl = 3100 × 10−15 to 28,800 × 10−15), compared with those from the Atacama Desert (36Cl/Cl = 0.9 × 10−15 to 590 × 10−15) and synthetic ClO4−reagents and products (36Cl/Cl = 0.0 × 10−15 to 40 × 10−15). In conjunction with stable Cl and O isotope ratios, 36Cl data provide a clear distinction among three principal ClO4− source types in the environment of the southwestern U.S.
Technical nonylphenol (tNP), used for industrial production of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants, is a complex mixture of C3−10-phenols. The major components, 4-nonylphenols, are weak endocrine disruptors whose estrogenicities vary according to the structure of the branched nonyl group. Thus, accurate risk assessment requires isomer-specific determination of 4-NPs. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/ToFMS) was used to characterize tNP samples obtained from seven commercial suppliers. Under optimal chromatographic conditions, 153−204 alkylphenol peaks, 59−66 of which were identified as 4-NPs, were detected. The 4-NPs comprised ∼86−94% of tNP, with 2-NPs and decylphenols making up ∼2−9% and ∼2−5%, respectively. The tNP products were analyzed for eight synthetic 4-NP isomers, and results were compared with published data based on GC/MS analysis. Significant differences were found among the products and between two samples from a single supplier. The enhanced resolution of GC × GC coupled with fast mass spectral data acquisition by ToFMS facilitated identification of all major 4-NP isomers and a number of previously unrecognized components. Analysis of tNP altered by the bacterium, Sphingobium xenophagum Bayram, revealed several persistent 4-NPs whose structures and estrogenicities are presently unknown. The potential of this technology for isomer-specific determination of 4-NP isomers in environmental matrices is demonstrated using samples of wastewater-contaminated groundwater and municipal wastewater.
Mono Lake sediment slurries incubated with lactate and tellurite [Te(IV)] turned progressively black with time because of the precipitation of elemental tellurium [Te(0)]. An enrichment culture was established from these slurries that demonstrated Te(IV)-dependent growth. The enrichment was purified by picking isolated black colonies from lactate/Te(IV) agar plates, followed by repeated streaking and picking. The isolate, strain MLTeJB, grew in aqueous Te(IV)-medium if provided with a small amount of sterile solid phase material (e.g., agar plug; glass beads). Strain MLTeJB grew at high concentrations of Te(IV) (~8 mM) by oxidizing lactate to acetate plus formate, while reducing Te(IV) to Te(0). Other electron acceptors that were found to sustain growth were tellurate, selenate, selenite, arsenate, nitrate, nitrite, fumarate and oxygen. Notably, growth on arsenate, nitrate, nitrite and fumarate did not result in the accumulation of formate, implying that in these cases lactate was oxidized to acetate plus CO2. Strain MLTeJB is a low G + C Gram positive motile rod with pH, sodium, and temperature growth optima at 8.5–9.0, 0.5–1.5 M, and 40°C, respectively. The epithet Bacillus beveridgei strain MLTeJBT is proposed.
Ground water systems dominated by iron‐ or sulfate‐reducing conditions may be distinguished by observing concentrations of dissolved iron (Fe2+) and sulfide (sum of H2S, HS−, and S= species and denoted here as “H2S”). This approach is based on the observation that concentrations of Fe2+ and H2S in ground water systems tend to be inversely related according to a hyperbolic function. That is, when Fe2+ concentrations are high, H2S concentrations tend to be low and vice versa. This relation partly reflects the rapid reaction kinetics of Fe2+ with H2S to produce relatively insoluble ferrous sulfides (FeS). This relation also reflects competition for organic substrates between the iron‐ and the sulfate‐reducing microorganisms that catalyze the production of Fe2+ and H2S. These solubility and microbial constraints operate in tandem, resulting in the observed hyperbolic relation between Fe2+ and H2S concentrations. Concentrations of redox indicators, including dissolved hydrogen (H2) measured in a shallow aquifer in Hanahan, South Carolina, suggest that if the Fe2+/H2S mass ratio (units of mg/L) exceeded 10, the screened interval being tapped was consistently iron reducing (H2∼0.2 to 0.8 nM). Conversely, if the Fe2+/H2S ratio was less than 0.30, consistent sulfate‐reducing (H2∼1 to 5 nM) conditions were observed over time. Concomitantly high Fe2+ and H2S concentrations were associated with H2 concentrations that varied between 0.2 and 5.0 nM over time, suggesting mixing of water from adjacent iron‐ and sulfate‐reducing zones or concomitant iron and sulfate reduction under nonelectron donor–limited conditions. These observations suggest that Fe2+/H2S mass ratios may provide useful information concerning the occurrence and distribution of iron and sulfate reduction in ground water systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00536.x","issn":"00174","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., Bradley, P., Thomas, M., and McMahon, P., 2009, Distinguishing iron-reducing from sulfate-reducing conditions: Ground Water, v. 47, no. 2, p. 300-305, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00536.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"305","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214632,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00536.x"}],"volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0250e4b0c8380cd4ffce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, M.A.","contributorId":66877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036824,"text":"70036824 - 2009 - Effects of urbanization on stream water quality in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036824","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of urbanization on stream water quality in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, USA","docAbstract":"A long-term stream water quality monitoring network was established in the city of Atlanta, Georgia during 2003 to assess baseline water quality conditions and the effects of urbanization on stream water quality. Routine hydrologically based manual stream sampling, including several concurrent manual point and equal width increment sampling, was conducted ???12 times annually at 21 stations, with drainage areas ranging from 3.7 to 232 km2. Eleven of the stations are real-time (RT) stations having continuous measures of stream stage/ discharge, pH, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, water temperature and turbidity, and automatic samplers for stormwater collection. Samples were analyzed for field parameters, and a broad suite of water quality and sediment-related constituents. Field parameters and concentrations of major ions, metals, nutrient species and coliform bacteria among stations were evaluated and with respect to watershed characteristics and plausible sources from 2003 through September 2007. Most constituent concentrations are much higher than nearby reference streams. Concentrations are statistically different among stations for several constituents, despite high variability both within and among stations. Routine manual sampling, automatic sampling during stormflows and RT water quality monitoring provided sufficient information about urban stream water quality variability to evaluate causes of water quality differences among streams. Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations of most samples exceeded Georgia's water quality standard for any water-usage class. High chloride concentrations occur at three stations and are hypothesized to be associated with discharges of chlorinated combined sewer overflows, drainage of swimming pool(s) and dissolution and transport during rainstorms of CaCl2, a deicing salt applied to roads during winter storms. One stream was affected by dissolution and transport of ammonium alum [NH4Al(SO4)2] from an alum-manufacturing plant; streamwater has low pH (<5), low alkalinity and high metals concentrations. Several trace metals exceed acute and chronic water quality standards and high concentrations are attributed to washoff from impervious surfaces.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.7373","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., 2009, Effects of urbanization on stream water quality in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 20, p. 2860-2878, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7373.","startPage":"2860","endPage":"2878","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217572,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7373"}],"volume":"23","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0828e4b0c8380cd519d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70036829,"text":"70036829 - 2009 - Gene and antigen markers of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli from Michigan and Indiana river water: Occurrence and relation to recreational water quality criteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:42:26","indexId":"70036829","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gene and antigen markers of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli from Michigan and Indiana river water: Occurrence and relation to recreational water quality criteria","docAbstract":"The relation of bacterial pathogen occurrence to fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations used for recreational water quality criteria (RWQC) is poorly understood. This study determined the occurrence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) markers and their relation to FIB concentrations in Michigan and Indiana river water. Using 67 fecal coliform (FC) bacteria cultures from 41 river sites in multiple watersheds, we evaluated the occurrence of five STEC markers: the Escherichia coli (EC) O157 antigen and gene, and the STEC virulence genes eaeA, stx1, and stx2. Simple isolations from selected FC cultures yielded viable EC O157. By both antigen and gene assays, EC O157 was detected in a greater proportion of samples exceeding rather than meeting FC RWQC (P < 0.05), but was unrelated to EC and enterococci RWQC. The occurrence of all other STEC markers was unrelated to any FIB RWQC. The eaeA, stx2, and stx1 genes were found in 93.3, 13.3, and in 46.7% of samples meeting FC RWQC and in 91.7, 0.0, and 37.5% of samples meeting the EC RWQC. Although not statistically significant, the percentage of samples positive for each STEC marker except stx1 was lower in samples that met, as opposed to exceeded, FIB RWQC. Viable STEC were common members of the FC communities in river water throughout southern Michigan and northern Indiana, regardless of FIB RWQC. Our study indicates that further information on the occurrence of pathogens in recreational waters, and research on alternative indicators of their occurrence, may help inform water-resource management and public health decision-making.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","doi":"10.2134/jeq2008.0225","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Duris, J., Haack, S., and Fogarty, L., 2009, Gene and antigen markers of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli from Michigan and Indiana river water: Occurrence and relation to recreational water quality criteria: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 38, no. 5, p. 1878-1886, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0225.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1878","endPage":"1886","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476258,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0225","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217658,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0225"},{"id":245615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14f7e4b0c8380cd54c47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duris, J.W.","contributorId":62835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duris","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haack, S.K.","contributorId":26457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fogarty, L.R.","contributorId":27236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogarty","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036842,"text":"70036842 - 2009 - Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:58","indexId":"70036842","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments","docAbstract":"Concentration-discharge relationships have been widely used as clues to the hydrochemical processes that control runoff chemistry. Here we examine concentration-discharge relationships for solutes produced primarily by mineral weathering in 59 geochemically diverse US catchments. We show that these catchments exhibit nearly chemostatic behaviour; their stream concentrations of weathering products such as Ca, Mg, Na, and Si typically vary by factors of only 3 to 20 while discharge varies by several orders of magnitude. Similar patterns are observed at the inter-annual time scale. This behaviour implies that solute concentrations in stream water are not determined by simple dilution of a fixed solute flux by a variable flux of water, and that rates of solute production and/or mobilization must be nearly proportional to water fluxes, both on storm and inter-annual timescales. We compared these catchments' concentration-discharge relationships to the predictions of several simple hydrological and geochemical models. Most of these models can be forced to approximately fit the observed concentration-discharge relationships, but often only by assuming unrealistic or internally inconsistent parameter values. We propose a new model that also fits the data and may be more robust. We suggest possible tests of the new model for future studies. The relative stability of concentration under widely varying discharge may help make aquatic environments habitable. It also implies that fluxes of weathering solutes in streams, and thus fluxes of alkalinity to the oceans, are determined primarily by water fluxes. Thus, hydrology may be a major driver of the ocean-alkalinity feedback regulating climate change. Copyright ?? 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.7315","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Godsey, S., Kirchner, J., and Clow, D.W., 2009, Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 13, p. 1844-1864, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7315.","startPage":"1844","endPage":"1864","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476141,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.597.3342","text":"External Repository"},{"id":217886,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7315"},{"id":245859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f981e4b0c8380cd4d644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godsey, S.E.","contributorId":89384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsey","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirchner, J.W.","contributorId":45846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirchner","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clow, D. W.","contributorId":23531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036847,"text":"70036847 - 2009 - A simple approach to distinguish land-use and climate-change effects on watershed hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70036847","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple approach to distinguish land-use and climate-change effects on watershed hydrology","docAbstract":"Impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology are subtle compared to cycles of drought and surplus precipitation (PPT), and difficult to separate from effects of land-use change. In the US Midwest, increasing baseflow has been more attributed to increased annual cropping than climate change. The agricultural changes have led to increased fertilizer use and nutrient losses, contributing to Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. In a 25-yr, small-watershed experiment in Iowa, when annual hydrologic budgets were accrued between droughts, a coupled water-energy budget (ecohydrologic) analysis showed effects of tillage and climate on hydrology could be distinguished. The fraction of PPT discharged increased with conservation tillage and time. However, unsatisfied evaporative demand (PET - Hargreaves method) increased under conservation tillage, but decreased with time. A conceptual model was developed and a similar analysis conducted on long-term (>1920s) records from four large, agricultural Midwest watersheds underlain by fine-grained tills. At least three of four watersheds showed decreases in PET, and increases in PPT, discharge, baseflow and PPT:PET ratios (p < 0.10). An analysis of covariance showed the fraction of precipitation discharged increased, while unsatisfied evaporative demand decreased with time among the four watersheds (p < 0.001). Within watersheds, agricultural changes were associated with ecohydrologic shifts that affected timing and significance, but not direction, of these trends. Thus, an ecohydrologic concept derived from small-watershed research, when regionally applied, suggests climate change has increased discharge from Midwest watersheds, especially since the 1970s. By inference, climate change has increased susceptibility of nutrients to water transport, exacerbating Gulf of Mexico hypoxia.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.029","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Tomer, M., and Schilling, K.E., 2009, A simple approach to distinguish land-use and climate-change effects on watershed hydrology: Journal of Hydrology, v. 376, no. 1-2, p. 24-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.029.","startPage":"24","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217487,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.029"},{"id":245438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e58be4b0c8380cd46df8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomer, M.D.","contributorId":77359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomer","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036850,"text":"70036850 - 2009 - Does sulphate enrichment promote the expansion of Typha domingensis (cattail) in the Florida Everglades?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036850","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does sulphate enrichment promote the expansion of Typha domingensis (cattail) in the Florida Everglades?","docAbstract":"1. The expansion of Typha domingensis into areas once dominated by Cladium jamaicense in the Florida Everglades has been attributed to altered hydrology and phosphorus enrichment, although increased concentrations of sulphate and phosphorus often coincide. The potential importance of hydrogen sulphide produced from sulphate in the expansion of Typha has received little attention. The present study aimed to quantify the comparative growth and photosynthetic responses of Cladium and Typha to sulphate/sulphide. 2. Laboratory experiments showed that Cladium is less tolerant of sulphide than Typha. Cladium was adversely affected at sulphide concentrations of approximately 0.22 mm, while Typha continued to grow well and appeared healthy up to 0.69 mm sulphide. 3. Experiments in field mesocosms provided strong support for species-specific differences in physiology and growth. Regardless of interstitial sulphide concentrations attained, Typha grew faster and had a higher photosynthetic capacity than Cladium. However, sulphide concentrations in the mesocosms reached only 0.18 mm which, based on the hydroponic study, was insufficient to affect the growth or photosynthetic responses of either species. Nevertheless, the upper range of sulphide (0.25-0.375 mm) in Everglades' soil is high enough, based on our results, to impact Cladium but not Typha. 4. This research supports the hypothesis that sulphide accumulation could affect plant species differentially and modify species composition. Consequently, the role of sulphate loading should be considered, in conjunction with hydroperiod, phosphorus availability and disturbances, in developing future management plans for the Everglades. ?? 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02242.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Li, S., Mendelssohn, I., Hao, C., and Orem, W., 2009, Does sulphate enrichment promote the expansion of Typha domingensis (cattail) in the Florida Everglades?: Freshwater Biology, v. 54, no. 9, p. 1909-1923, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02242.x.","startPage":"1909","endPage":"1923","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476212,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02242.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217541,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02242.x"}],"volume":"54","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0397e4b0c8380cd50567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, S.","contributorId":41969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendelssohn, I.A.","contributorId":24317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendelssohn","given":"I.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hao, Chen","contributorId":89306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hao","given":"Chen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033864,"text":"70033864 - 2009 - Characterisation of carbon nanotubes in the context of toxicity studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T10:14:10","indexId":"70033864","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5522,"text":"Environmental Health","onlineIssn":"1476-069X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterisation of carbon nanotubes in the context of toxicity studies","docAbstract":"Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionise our futures, but has also prompted concerns about the possibility that nanomaterials may harm humans or the biosphere. The unique properties of nanoparticles, that give them novel size dependent functionalities, may also have the potential to cause harm. Discrepancies in existing human health and environmental studies have shown the importance of good quality, well-characterized reference nanomaterials for toxicological studies.
Here we make a case for the importance of the detailed characterization of nanoparticles, using several methods, particularly to allow the recognition of impurities and the presence of chemically identical but structurally distinct phases. Methods to characterise fully, commercially available multi-wall carbon nanotubes at different scales, are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/1476-069X-8-S1-S3","issn":"1476069X","usgsCitation":"Berhanu, D., Dybowska, A., Misra, S., Stanley, C., Ruenraroengsak, P., Boccaccini, A., Tetley, T., Luoma, S., Plant, J., and Valsami-Jones, E., 2009, Characterisation of carbon nanotubes in the context of toxicity studies: Environmental Health, v. 8, no. Suppl. 1, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-S1-S3.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476199,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214322,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-S1-S3"},{"id":242039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"Suppl. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f48ae4b0c8380cd4bd97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berhanu, D.","contributorId":86177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berhanu","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dybowska, A.","contributorId":47171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dybowska","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Misra, S.K.","contributorId":47989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misra","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stanley, C.J.","contributorId":31636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruenraroengsak, P.","contributorId":85845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruenraroengsak","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boccaccini, A.R.","contributorId":59637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boccaccini","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tetley, T.D.","contributorId":52796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tetley","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Plant, J.A.","contributorId":84137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Valsami-Jones, E.","contributorId":103088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valsami-Jones","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70036851,"text":"70036851 - 2009 - Implications of the fluvial history of the Wacheqsa River for hydrologic engineering and water use at Chavín de Húntar, Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-30T10:56:22","indexId":"70036851","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1749,"text":"Geoarchaeology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of the fluvial history of the Wacheqsa River for hydrologic engineering and water use at Chavín de Húntar, Peru","docAbstract":"Channeling of water through a variety of architectural features represents a significant engineering investment at the first millennium B.C. ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Peruvian Central Andes. The site contains extensive evidence of the manipulation of water, apparently for diverse purposes. The present configuration of the two local rivers, however, keeps available water approximately 9m below the highest level of water-bearing infrastructure in the site. Geomorphic and archaeological investigation of the fluvial history of the Wacheqsa River has revealed evidence that the Chavín-era configuration of the Wacheqsa River was different. A substantially higher water level, likely the result of a local impoundment of river water caused by a landslide dam, made the provision of water for the hydrologic system within the site a more readily practical possibility. We review what is known of that system and argue that the fluvial history of the Wacheqsa River is critical to understanding this aspect of hydrologic engineering and ritual practice at Chavín. This study demonstrates the relative rapidity and archaeological relevance of landscape change in a dynamic environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/gea.20279","issn":"08836353","usgsCitation":"Contreras, D.A., and Keefer, D.K., 2009, Implications of the fluvial history of the Wacheqsa River for hydrologic engineering and water use at Chavín de Húntar, Peru: Geoarchaeology, v. 24, no. 5, p. 589-618, https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.20279.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"618","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217542,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.20279"}],"country":"Peru","otherGeospatial":"Chavin de Huantar","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.40692138671875,\n -9.792971032906088\n ],\n [\n -77.40692138671875,\n -9.413838916006183\n ],\n [\n -76.91253662109375,\n -9.413838916006183\n ],\n [\n -76.91253662109375,\n -9.792971032906088\n ],\n [\n -77.40692138671875,\n -9.792971032906088\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a392ee4b0c8380cd61829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Contreras, Daniel A.","contributorId":16685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Contreras","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, David K.","contributorId":77930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036853,"text":"70036853 - 2009 - High-resolution hydro- and geo-stratigraphy at Atlantic Coastal Plain drillhole CR-622 (Strat 8)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036853","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution hydro- and geo-stratigraphy at Atlantic Coastal Plain drillhole CR-622 (Strat 8)","docAbstract":"We interpret borehole geophysical logs in conjunction with lithology developed from continuous core to produce high-resolution hydro- and geo-stratigraphic profiles for the drillhole CR-622 (Strat 8) in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The resulting hydrologic and stratigraphic columns show a generalized relation between hydrologic and geologic units. Fresh-water aquifers encountered are the surficial, Yorktown, Pungo River and Castle Hayne. Geologic units present are of the middle and upper Tertiary and Quaternary periods, these are the Castle Hayne (Eocene), Pungo River (Miocene), Yorktown (Pliocene), James City and Flanner Beach (Pleistocene), and the topsoil (Holocene). The River Bend Formation (Oligocene) is missing as a distinct unit between the Pungo River Formation and the Castle Hayne Formation. The confining unit underlying the Yorktown Aquifer corresponds to the Yorktown Geologic Unit. The remaining hydrologic units and geologic units are hydrologically transitional and non-coincident. The lower Pungo River Formation serves as the confining unit for the Castle Hayne Aquifer, rather than the River Bend Aquifer, and separates the Pungo River Aquifer from the upper Castle Hayne Aquifer. All geologic formations were bound by unconformities. All aquifers were confined by the anticipated hydrologic units. We conclude that CR-622 (Strat 8) represents a normal sequence in the Atlantic Coastal Plain.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stratigraphy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/1484318","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Wrege, B., and Isely, J.J., 2009, High-resolution hydro- and geo-stratigraphy at Atlantic Coastal Plain drillhole CR-622 (Strat 8): Stratigraphy, v. 6, no. 1, p. 79-86, https://doi.org/10.2307/1484318.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217573,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1484318"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a310be4b0c8380cd5dbb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wrege, B.M.","contributorId":100405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wrege","given":"B.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isely, J. Jeffery","contributorId":97224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isely","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036859,"text":"70036859 - 2009 - Comparison of alternative representations of hydraulic-conductivity anisotropy in folded fractured-sedimentary rock: Modeling groundwater flow in the Shenandoah Valley (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T10:22:32","indexId":"70036859","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of alternative representations of hydraulic-conductivity anisotropy in folded fractured-sedimentary rock: Modeling groundwater flow in the Shenandoah Valley (USA)","docAbstract":"A numerical representation that explicitly represents the generalized three-dimensional anisotropy of folded fractured-sedimentary rocks in a groundwater model best reproduces the salient features of the flow system in the Shenandoah Valley, USA. This conclusion results from a comparison of four alternative representations of anisotropy in which the hydraulic-conductivity tensor represents the bedrock structure as (model A) anisotropic with variable strikes and dips, (model B) horizontally anisotropic with a uniform strike, (model C) horizontally anisotropic with variable strikes, and (model D) isotropic. Simulations using the US Geological Survey groundwater flow and transport model SUTRA are based on a representation of hydraulic conductivity that conforms to bedding planes in a three-dimensional structural model of the valley that duplicates the pattern of folded sedimentary rocks. In the most general representation, (model A), the directions of maximum and medium hydraulic conductivity conform to the strike and dip of bedding, respectively, while the minimum hydraulic-conductivity direction is perpendicular to bedding. Model A produced a physically realistic flow system that reflects the underlying bedrock structure, with a flow field that is significantly different from those produced by the other three models.
Over the last century, land use and land cover (LULC) in the United States Corn Belt region shifted from mixed perennial and annual cropping systems to primarily annual crops. Historical LULC change impacted the annual water balance in many Midwestern basins by decreasing annual evapotranspiration (ET) and increasing streamflow and base flow. Recent expansion of the biofuel industry may lead to future LULC changes from increasing corn acreage and potential conversion of the industry to cellulosic bioenergy crops of warm or cool season grasses. In this paper, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to evaluate potential impacts from future LULC change on the annual and seasonal water balance of the Raccoon River watershed in west‐central Iowa. Three primary scenarios for LULC change and three scenario variants were evaluated, including an expansion of corn acreage in the watershed and two scenarios involving expansion of land using warm season and cool season grasses for ethanol biofuel. Modeling results were consistent with historical observations. Increased corn production will decrease annual ET and increase water yield and losses of nitrate, phosphorus, and sediment, whereas increasing perennialization will increase ET and decrease water yield and loss of nonpoint source pollutants. However, widespread tile drainage that exists today may limit the extent to which a mixed perennial‐annual land cover would ever resemble pre‐1940s hydrologic conditions. Study results indicate that future LULC change will affect the water balance of the watershed, with consequences largely dependent on the future LULC trajectory.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006644","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., Jha, M.K., Zhang, Y., Gassman, P.W., and Wolter, C.F., 2009, Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: Historical effects and future directions: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 7, Article W00A09; 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006644.","productDescription":"Article W00A09; 12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006644","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38bfe4b0c8380cd61699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, Keith E.","contributorId":106429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schilling","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jha, Manoj K.","contributorId":198896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jha","given":"Manoj","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, You-Kuan","contributorId":203735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"You-Kuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gassman, Philip W.","contributorId":33952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gassman","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolter, Calvin F.","contributorId":198897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolter","given":"Calvin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036891,"text":"70036891 - 2009 - Not all water becomes wine: Sulfur inputs as an opportune tracer of hydrochemical losses from vineyards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T09:24:22","indexId":"70036891","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Not all water becomes wine: Sulfur inputs as an opportune tracer of hydrochemical losses from vineyards","docAbstract":"California's widespread and economically important vineyards offer substantial opportunities to understand the interface between hydrology and biogeochemistry in agricultural soils. The common use of native sulfur (S) as a fumigant or soil additive provides a novel way to isotopically differentiate among sulfate (SO42−) pools, allowing the estimation of water and SO42− budgets. The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the near‐surface hydrological flow paths in a vineyard during irrigation and storm events and (2) to determine how those flow paths affect the fate and transport of SO42− across seasons. Integrating hydrological theory with measurements of SO42−concentration and sulfate‐S isotopic ratios (expressed as [SO42−] and δ34S, respectively) in inputs, soil water, and leachate provided a means of determining flow paths. Low [SO42−] and δ34S in leachate during 4‐h irrigation events reflect minimal engagement of the soil matrix, indicating that preferential flow was the dominant path for water in the near surface. In contrast, high [SO42−] and δ34S values during 8‐h irrigation and storm events reflect near‐complete engagement of the soil matrix, indicating that lateral flow was the dominant pathway. Because hydrologic response and SO42− mobility are tightly coupled in these soils, the magnitude of water fluxes through the near surface controls S cycling both on and off site. These results indicate that preferential flow is an important loss pathway to consider in managing both water resources and water quality (reactive elements) in vineyard land use systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006672","usgsCitation":"Hinckley, E.S., Kendall, C., and Loague, K., 2009, Not all water becomes wine: Sulfur inputs as an opportune tracer of hydrochemical losses from vineyards: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 7, W00401; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006672.","productDescription":"W00401; 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006672","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6853e4b0c8380cd73744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinckley, Eve-Lyn S.","contributorId":181894,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinckley","given":"Eve-Lyn","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loague, Keith","contributorId":178119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loague","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}