Assessing species richness of small mammal communities is an important research objective for many live-trapping studies designed to assess or monitor biological diversity. We tested the effectiveness and efficiency of various trap densities for determining estimates and counts of small mammal species richness. Trapping was conducted in grassland habitats in northeastern Kansas during spring and fall of 2002 and 2003. Estimates and counts of species richness were higher at increased trap densities. This effect appeared to be primarily due to the higher number of individuals sampled at higher trap densities. At least 3 nights duration was needed to produce a stable estimate of species richness for the range of trap densities tested (9–144 trap stations/ha). Higher trap densities generally reached stable richness estimates in fewer nights than low density trapping arrangements. Given that counts and estimates of species richness were influenced by trap density and sampling duration, it is critical that these parameters are selected to most effectively meet research objectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03194247","usgsCitation":"Conrad, J.M., Baumgardt, J.A., Gipson, P.S., and Althoff, D.P., 2008, The influence of trap density and sampling duration on the detection of small mammal species richness: Acta Theriologica, v. 53, no. 2, p. 143-156, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03194247.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"156","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad3ee4b08c986b323aa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrad, Jonathan M.","contributorId":138549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conrad","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":433097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baumgardt, Jeremy A.","contributorId":48853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baumgardt","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gipson, Philip S.","contributorId":71495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gipson","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Althoff, Donald P.","contributorId":20980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Althoff","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031779,"text":"70031779 - 2008 - Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T10:20:06","indexId":"70031779","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears","docAbstract":"We report on 3 cases of mixed-aged litters (young born in different years) in brown bears (Ursus arctos); in 1 instance the cub-of-the-year (hereafter called cubs) died in the den. Two cases occurred in Sweden after mothers were separated from their young during the breeding season. In one, the mother was separated from the accompanying cub for at least 12.5 hours and possibly up to 3.3 days, and later possibly separated for 4 days. In the other, the mother was separated from her yearling at least 3 times for 1-14, 1-6 and 1-6 days. She was with a male during the first separation. Specific events that produced the mixed-aged litter observed in Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem were unknown and our interpretation is based on estimates of ages of accompanying young from photographs. The observation of only 2 mixed-aged litters, after den emergence, from a sample of 406 observed cub litters accompanying radiomarked females confirms the rarity of this phenomenon. The mechanism apparently includes a short separation of mother and young, and, in the case of cubs, the mother must mate while lactating. Better understanding of the physiological mechanisms that allow mixed-age litters would help us in the debate about the occurrence of sexually selected infanticide in bears.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","doi":"10.2192/07SC017R.1","usgsCitation":"Swenson, J.E., and Haroldson, M., 2008, Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears: Ursus, v. 19, no. 1, p. 73-79, https://doi.org/10.2192/07SC017R.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2192/07SC017R.1"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a98e4b0c8380cd74272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, J. E.","contributorId":45518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swenson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haroldson, M.A. 0000-0002-7457-7676","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":108047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031778,"text":"70031778 - 2008 - Estimation of groundwater and nutrient fluxes to the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T14:29:29","indexId":"70031778","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of groundwater and nutrient fluxes to the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina","docAbstract":"A study was conducted between April 2004 and September 2005 to estimate groundwater and nutrient discharge to the Neuse River estuary in North Carolina. The largest groundwater fluxes were observed to occur generally within 20 m of the shoreline. Groundwater flux estimates based on seepage meter measurements ranged from 2.86??108 to 4.33??108 m3 annually and are comparable to estimates made using radon, a simple water-budget method, and estimates derived by using Darcy's Law and previously published general aquifer characteristics of the area. The lower groundwater flux estimate (equal to about 9 m3 s-1), which assumed the narrowest groundwater discharge zone (20 m) of three zone widths selected for an area west of New Bern, North Carolina, most closely agrees with groundwater flux estimates made using radon (3-9 m3 s-1) and Darcy's Law (about 9 m3 s-1). A groundwater flux of 9 m 3 s-1 is about 40% of the surface-water flow to the Neuse River estuary between Streets Ferry and the mouth of the estuary and about 7% of the surface-water inflow from areas upstream. Estimates of annual nitrogen (333 tonnes) and phosphorus (66 tonnes) fluxes from groundwater to the estuary, based on this analysis, are less than 6% of the nitrogen and phosphorus inputs derived from all sources (excluding oceanic inputs), and approximately 8% of the nitrogen and 17% of the phosphorus annual inputs from surface-water inflow to the Neuse River estuary assuming a mean annual precipitation of 1.27 m. We provide quantitative evidence, derived from three methods, that the contribution of water and nutrients from groundwater discharge to the Neuse River estuary is relatively minor, particularly compared with upstream sources of water and nutrients and with bottom sediment sources of nutrients. Locally high groundwater discharges do occur, however, and could help explain the occurrence of localized phytoplankton blooms, submerged aquatic vegetation, or fish kills.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-008-9040-0","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Spruill, T., and Bratton, J., 2008, Estimation of groundwater and nutrient fluxes to the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 31, no. 3, p. 501-520, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9040-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"520","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476635,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2325","text":"External Repository"},{"id":239778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.12353515625,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n -79.12353515625,\n 36.34167804918315\n ],\n [\n -75.8660888671875,\n 36.34167804918315\n ],\n [\n -75.8660888671875,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n -79.12353515625,\n 34.50655662164561\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b8fe4b0c8380cd52791","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spruill, T.B.","contributorId":76747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bratton, J.F.","contributorId":94354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030705,"text":"70030705 - 2008 - Development of a standard reference material for Cr(vi) in contaminated soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030705","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2155,"text":"Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a standard reference material for Cr(vi) in contaminated soil","docAbstract":"Over the last several decades, considerable contamination by hexavalent chromium has resulted from the land disposal of Chromite Ore Processing Residue (COPR). COPR contains a number of hexavalent chromium-bearing compounds that were produced in high temperature industrial processes. Concern over the carcinogenic potential of this chromium species, and its environmental mobility, has resulted in efforts to remediate these waste sites. To provide support to analytical measurements of hexavalent chromium, a candidate National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material?? (SRM 2701), having a hexavalent chromium content of approximately 500 mg kg -1, has been developed using material collected from a waste site in Hudson County, New Jersey, USA. The collection, processing, preparation and preliminary physico-chemical characterization of the material are discussed. A two-phase multi-laboratory testing study was carried out to provide data on material homogeneity and to assess the stability of the material over the duration of the study. The study was designed to incorporate several United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) determinative methods for hexavalent chromium, including Method 6800 which is based on speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SIDMS), an approach which can account for chromium species inter-conversion during the extraction and measurement sequence. This journal is ?? The Royal Society of Chemistry 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1039/b808488b","issn":"02679","usgsCitation":"Nagourney, S., Wilson, S., Buckley, B., Kingston, H., Yang, S., and Long, S., 2008, Development of a standard reference material for Cr(vi) in contaminated soil: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 23, no. 11, p. 1550-1554, https://doi.org/10.1039/b808488b.","startPage":"1550","endPage":"1554","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211939,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b808488b"},{"id":239324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0044e4b0c8380cd4f698","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagourney, S.J.","contributorId":104284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagourney","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, S. A. 0000-0002-9468-0005","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-0005","contributorId":23561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckley, B.","contributorId":14195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kingston, H.M.S.","contributorId":101875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingston","given":"H.M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yang, S.-Y.","contributorId":74200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"S.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Long, S.E.","contributorId":47580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030703,"text":"70030703 - 2008 - Long-term water quality and biological responses to multiple best management practices in Rock Creek, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030703","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term water quality and biological responses to multiple best management practices in Rock Creek, Idaho","docAbstract":"Water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblage data from 1981 to 2005 were assessed to evaluate the water quality and biological responses of a western trout stream to the implementation of multiple best management practices (BMPs) on irrigated cropland. Data from Rock Creek near Twin Falls, Idaho, a long-term monitoring site, were assembled from state and federal sources to provide the evaluation. Seasonal loads of the nonpoint source pollutants suspended sediment (SS), total phosphorus (TP), and nitrate-nitrite (NN) were estimated using a regression model with time-series streamflow data and constituent concentrations. Trends in the macroinvertebrate assemblages were evaluated using a number of biological metrics and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination. Regression analysis found significant annual decreases in TP and SS flow-adjusted concentrations during the BMP implementation period from 1983 to 1990 of about 7 and 10%, respectively. These results are coincident with the implementation of multiple BMPs on about 75% of the irrigated cropland in the watershed. Macroinvertebrate assemblages during this time also responded with a change in taxa composition resulting in improved biotic index scores. Taxon specific TP and SS optima, empirically derived from a large national dataset, predicted a decrease in SS concentrations of about 37% (52 to 33 mg/l) and a decrease in TP concentrations of about 50% (0.20 to 0.10 mg/l) from 1981 to 1987. Decreasing trends in TP, SS, and NN pollutant loads were primarily the result of naturally low streamflow conditions during the BMP post-implementation period from 1993 to 2005. Trends in macroinvertebrate responses during 1993 to 2005 were confounded by the introduction of the New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), which approached densities of 100,000 per m 2 in riffle habitat. The occurrence of this invasive species appears to have caused a major shift in composition and function of the macroinvertebrate assemblages. ?? 2008 American Water Resources Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00221.x","issn":"10934","usgsCitation":"Maret, T., MacCoy, D., and Carlisle, D., 2008, Long-term water quality and biological responses to multiple best management practices in Rock Creek, Idaho: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 44, no. 5, p. 1248-1269, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00221.x.","startPage":"1248","endPage":"1269","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211881,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00221.x"},{"id":239254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49b1e4b0c8380cd687f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, T.R.","contributorId":9015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacCoy, D.E.","contributorId":47814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCoy","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlisle, D.M.","contributorId":81059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030678,"text":"70030678 - 2008 - Genetic evidence of intercontinental movement of avian influenza in a migratory bird: The northern pintail (Anas acuta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T14:22:41","indexId":"70030678","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic evidence of intercontinental movement of avian influenza in a migratory bird: The northern pintail (Anas acuta)","docAbstract":"The role of migratory birds in the movement of the highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza H5N1 remains a subject of debate. Testing hypotheses regarding intercontinental movement of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses will help evaluate the potential that wild birds could carry Asian-origin strains of HP avian influenza to North America during migration. Previous North American assessments of LPAI genetic variation have found few Asian reassortment events. Here, we present results from whole-genome analyses of LPAI isolates collected in Alaska from the northern pintail (Anas acuta), a species that migrates between North America and Asia. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the genetic divergence between Asian and North American strains of LPAI, but also suggested inter-continental virus exchange and at a higher frequency than previously documented. In 38 isolates from Alaska, nearly half (44.7%) had at least one gene segment more closely related to Asian than to North American strains of LPAI. Additionally, sequences of several Asian LPAI isolates from GenBank clustered more closely with North American northern pintail isolates than with other Asian origin viruses. Our data support the role of wild birds in the intercontinental transfer of influenza viruses, and reveal a higher degree of transfer in Alaska than elsewhere in North America. ?? 2008 The Authors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03953.x","issn":"09621","usgsCitation":"Koehler, A., Pearce, J.M., Flint, P.L., Franson, J.C., and Ip, S., 2008, Genetic evidence of intercontinental movement of avian influenza in a migratory bird: The northern pintail (Anas acuta): Molecular Ecology, v. 17, no. 21, p. 4754-4762, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03953.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"4754","endPage":"4762","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212054,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03953.x"}],"country":"United 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C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ip, S. 0000-0003-4844-7533 hip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533","contributorId":727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ip","given":"S.","email":"hip@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030675,"text":"70030675 - 2008 - Phyllosilicate and sulfate-hematite deposits within Miyamoto crater in Southern Sinus Meridiani, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030675","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phyllosilicate and sulfate-hematite deposits within Miyamoto crater in Southern Sinus Meridiani, Mars","docAbstract":"Orbital topographic, image, and spectral data show that sulfate- and hematite-bearing plains deposits similar to those explored by the MER rover Opportunity unconformably overlie the northeastern portion of the 160 km in diameter Miyamoto crater. Crater floor materials exhumed to the west of the contact exhibit CRISM and OMEGA NIR spectral signatures consistent with the presence of Fe/Mg-rich smectite phyllosilicates. Based on superposition relationships, the phyllosilicate-bearing deposits formed either in-situ or were deposited on the floor of Miyamoto crater prior to the formation of the sulfate-rich plains unit. These findings support the hypothesis that neutral pH aqueous conditions transitioned to a ground-water driven acid sulfate system in the Sinus Meridiani region. The presence of both phyllosilicate and sulfate- and hematite-bearing deposits within Miyamoto crater make it an attractive site for exploration by future rover missions. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008GL035363","issn":"00948","usgsCitation":"Wiseman, S., Arvidson, R., Andrews-Hanna, J.C., Clark, R.N., Lanza, N., des Marais, D., Marzo, G., Morris, R., Murchie, S., Newsom, H.E., Noe Dobrea, E., Ollila, A., Poulet, F., Roush, T.L., Seelos, F., and Swayze, G., 2008, Phyllosilicate and sulfate-hematite deposits within Miyamoto crater in Southern Sinus Meridiani, Mars: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, no. 19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035363.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487633,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035363","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211993,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035363"}],"volume":"35","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a49e4b0c8380cd78e23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiseman, S.M.","contributorId":58097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiseman","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arvidson, R. 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L.","contributorId":77661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roush","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Seelos, F.P.","contributorId":44350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelos","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Swayze, G.A. 0000-0002-1814-7823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":21570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70030648,"text":"70030648 - 2008 - Littoral zones as sources of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030648","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Littoral zones as sources of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in lakes","docAbstract":"A survey of 12 lakes in Minnesota, USA, was conducted to examine the factors controlling variability in biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) concentration. The principal question addressed was whether BDOC concentration was more strongly related to lake trophic status or morphometric parameters. BDOC concentration was determined by incubating filtered lake water for a period of 15 months and fitting an exponential decay curve to measured DOC concentrations. BDOC concentrations varied from 73 to 427 mmol C.L-1 and composed 15%-63% of the total DOC pool. There were no significant correlations between BDOC and measures of lake trophic status. Instead, BDOC was most closely associated with the percentage of lake area covered by littoral zone, suggesting a significant source of BDOC from aquatic macrophytes and lake surface sediments. ?? 2008 NRC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F08-142","issn":"07066","usgsCitation":"Stets, E., and Cotner, J., 2008, Littoral zones as sources of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in lakes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 65, no. 11, p. 2454-2460, https://doi.org/10.1139/F08-142.","startPage":"2454","endPage":"2460","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212134,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F08-142"},{"id":239569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48b7e4b0c8380cd6809c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stets, E.G.","contributorId":52791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stets","given":"E.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cotner, J.B.","contributorId":95272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotner","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030647,"text":"70030647 - 2008 - Environment and paleoecology of a 12 ka mid-North American Younger Dryas forest chronicled in tree rings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-01T13:02:16","indexId":"70030647","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environment and paleoecology of a 12 ka mid-North American Younger Dryas forest chronicled in tree rings","docAbstract":"Until now, availability of wood from the Younger Dryas abrupt cooling event (YDE) in N. America ca. 12.9 to 11.6 ka has been insufficient to develop high-resolution chronologies for refining our understanding of YDE conditions. Here we present a multi-proxy tree-ring chronology (ring widths, “events” evidenced by microanatomy and macro features, stable isotopes) from a buried black spruce forest in the Great Lakes area (Liverpool East site), spanning 116 yr at ca. 12,000 cal yr BP. During this largely cold and wet period, the proxies convey a coherent and precise forest history including frost events, tilting, drowning and burial in estuarine sands as the Laurentide Ice Sheet deteriorated. In the middle of the period, a short mild interval appears to have launched the final and largest episode of tree recruitment. Ultimately the tops of the trees were sheared off after death, perhaps by wind-driven ice floes, culminating an interval of rising water and sediment deposition around the base of the trees. Although relative influences of the continental ice sheet and local effects from ancestral Lake Michigan are indeterminate, the tree-ring proxies provide important insight into environment and ecology of a N. American YDE boreal forest stand.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2008.08.006","issn":"00335","usgsCitation":"Panyushkina, I.P., Leavitt, S.W., Thompson, T.A., Schneider, A.F., and Lange, T., 2008, Environment and paleoecology of a 12 ka mid-North American Younger Dryas forest chronicled in tree rings: Quaternary Research, v. 70, no. 3, p. 433-441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.08.006.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"433","endPage":"441","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212133,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.08.006"}],"volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0989e4b0c8380cd51f6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Panyushkina, Irina P.","contributorId":61242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panyushkina","given":"Irina","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavitt, Steven W.","contributorId":77312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavitt","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Todd A.","contributorId":38501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schneider, Allan F.","contributorId":24937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lange, Todd","contributorId":58845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lange","given":"Todd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030646,"text":"70030646 - 2008 - Gas and gas hydrate distribution around seafloor seeps in Mississippi Canyon, Northern Gulf of Mexico, using multi-resolution seismic imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030646","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas and gas hydrate distribution around seafloor seeps in Mississippi Canyon, Northern Gulf of Mexico, using multi-resolution seismic imagery","docAbstract":"To determine the impact of seeps and focused flow on the occurrence of shallow gas hydrates, several seafloor mounds in the Atwater Valley lease area of the Gulf of Mexico were surveyed with a wide range of seismic frequencies. Seismic data were acquired with a deep-towed, Helmholz resonator source (220-820 Hz); a high-resolution, Generator-Injector air-gun (30-300 Hz); and an industrial air-gun array (10-130 Hz). Each showed a significantly different response in this weakly reflective, highly faulted area. Seismic modeling and observations of reversed-polarity reflections and small scale diffractions are consistent with a model of methane transport dominated regionally by diffusion but punctuated by intense upward advection responsible for the bathymetric mounds, as well as likely advection along pervasive filamentous fractures away from the mounds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.015","issn":"02648","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., Hart, P., Hutchinson, D.R., Dutta, N., Snyder, F., Coffin, R., and Gettrust, J., 2008, Gas and gas hydrate distribution around seafloor seeps in Mississippi Canyon, Northern Gulf of Mexico, using multi-resolution seismic imagery: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 25, no. 9, p. 952-959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.015.","startPage":"952","endPage":"959","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476716,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2619","text":"External Repository"},{"id":212108,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.01.015"},{"id":239531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14bfe4b0c8380cd54b48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.T.","contributorId":51516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, P. E.","contributorId":10773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dutta, N.","contributorId":7086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutta","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Snyder, F.","contributorId":84160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Coffin, R.B.","contributorId":59628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffin","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gettrust, J.F.","contributorId":80080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettrust","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70030512,"text":"70030512 - 2008 - Is there enough sand? Evaluating the fate of Grand Canyon sandbars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-27T08:22:38","indexId":"70030512","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is there enough sand? Evaluating the fate of Grand Canyon sandbars","docAbstract":"Large dams have the potential to dramatically alter the flow regime, geomorphology, and aquatic ecosystem of downstream river reaches. Development of flow release regimes in order to meet multiple objectives is a challenge facing dam operators, resource managers, and scientists. Herein, we review previous work and present new analyses related to the effects of Glen Canyon Dam on the downstream reach of the Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons. The dam traps the entire incoming sediment load in Lake Powell and modulates the hydrologic regime by, for example, eliminating spring snowmelt floods, resulting in changes in the geomorphology of the river downstream. The primary geomorphic impact has been the erosion of sandbars along the banks of the river. Recognition of this impact has led to many scientific studies and a variety of experimental operations of Glen Canyon Dam with the goal of rebuilding the eroding sandbars. These efforts have thus far been generally unsuccessful and the question remains as to whether or not the dam can be operated such that sandbars can be rebuilt and maintained over extended periods with the existing sediment supply. We attempt to answer this question by evaluating a dam operation that may be considered a \"best-case scenario\" for rebuilding and maintaining eroded sandbars. Our analysis suggests that this best-case scenario may indeed have viability for rebuilding sandbars, and that the initial rate at which sandbars could be rebuilt is comparable to the rate at which sandbars have been eroded since dam construction. The question remains open as to the viability of operations that deviate from the best-case scenario that we have defined.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoSociety","doi":"10.1130/GSATG12A.1","issn":"10525","usgsCitation":"Wright, S., Schmidt, J.C., Melis, T., Topping, D., and Rubin, D.M., 2008, Is there enough sand? Evaluating the fate of Grand Canyon sandbars: GSA Today, v. 18, no. 8, p. 4-10, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG12A.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211726,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GSATG12A.1"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.554443359375,\n 35.576916524038616\n ],\n [\n -111.214599609375,\n 35.576916524038616\n ],\n [\n -111.214599609375,\n 37.112145754751516\n ],\n [\n -114.554443359375,\n 37.112145754751516\n ],\n [\n -114.554443359375,\n 35.576916524038616\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f33e4b0c8380cd6433e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, S.A.","contributorId":90080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, J. C.","contributorId":60245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Topping, D.J. 0000-0002-2104-4577","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":53927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rubin, D. M.","contributorId":103689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030481,"text":"70030481 - 2008 - Ages and inferred causes of late Pleistocene glaciations on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030481","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2437,"text":"Journal of Quaternary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ages and inferred causes of late Pleistocene glaciations on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Glacial landforms on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i, show that the summit area of the volcano was covered intermittently by ice caps during the Late Pleistocene. Cosmogen 36Cl dating of terminal moraines and other glacial landforms indicates that the last two ice caps, called Older Makanaka and Younger Makanaka, retreated from their maximum positions approximately 23ka and 13ka, respectively. The margins and equilibrium line altitudes of these ice caps on the remote, tropical Pacific island were nearly identical, which would seem to imply the same mechanism for ice growth. But modelling of glacier mass balance, combined with palaeotemperature proxy data from the subtropical North Pacific, suggests that the causes of the two glacial expansions may have been different. Older Makanaka airatop Mauna Kea was likely wetter than today and cold, whereas Younger Makanaka times were slightly warmer but significantly wetter than the previous glaciation. The modelled increase in precipitation rates atop Mauna Kea during the Late Pleistocene is consistent with that near sea level inferred from pollen data, which suggests that the additional precipitation was due to more frequent and/ or intense tropical storms associated with eastward-moving cold fronts. These conditions were similar to modern La Ni??a (weak ENSO) conditions, but persisted for millennia rather than years. Increased precipitation rates and the resulting steeper temperature lapse rates created glacial conditions atop Mauna Kea in the absence of sufficient cooling at sea level, suggesting that if similar correlations existed elsewhere in the tropics, the precipitation-dependent lapse rates could reconcile the apparent difference between glacial-time cooling of the tropics at low and high altitudes. Copyright ?? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Quaternary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/jqs.1195","issn":"02678","usgsCitation":"Pigati, J., Zreda, M., Zweck, C., Almasi, P., Elmore, D., and Sharp, W., 2008, Ages and inferred causes of late Pleistocene glaciations on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 23, no. 6-7, p. 683-702, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1195.","startPage":"683","endPage":"702","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211754,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1195"},{"id":239104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e901e4b0c8380cd4802c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pigati, J.S.","contributorId":80486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pigati","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zreda, M.","contributorId":72557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zreda","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zweck, C.","contributorId":87363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zweck","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Almasi, P.F.","contributorId":21761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almasi","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elmore, D.","contributorId":83268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elmore","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sharp, W.D.","contributorId":88467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030236,"text":"70030236 - 2008 - Mercury, trace elements and organic constituents in atmospheric fine particulate matter, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA: A combined approach to sampling and analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T07:35:30","indexId":"70030236","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1822,"text":"Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury, trace elements and organic constituents in atmospheric fine particulate matter, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA: A combined approach to sampling and analysis","docAbstract":"Compliance with U.S. air quality regulatory standards for atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is based on meeting average 24 hour (35 μ m−3) and yearly (15 μg m−3) mass‐per‐unit‐volume limits, regardless of PM2.5 composition. Whereas this presents a workable regulatory framework, information on particle composition is needed to assess the fate and transport of PM2.5 and determine potential environmental/human health impacts. To address these important non‐regulatory issues an integrated approach is generally used that includes (1) field sampling of atmospheric particulate matter on filter media, using a size‐limiting cyclone, or with no particle‐size limitation; and (2) chemical extraction of exposed filters and analysis of separate particulate‐bound fractions for total mercury, trace elements and organic constituents, utilising different USGS laboratories optimised for quantitative analysis of these substances. This combination of sampling and analysis allowed for a more detailed interpretation of PM2.5 sources and potential effects, compared to measurements of PM2.5 abundance alone. Results obtained using this combined approach are presented for a 2006 air sampling campaign in Shenandoah National Park (Virginia, USA) to assess sources of atmospheric contaminants and their potential impact on air quality in the Park. PM2.5 was collected at two sampling sites (Big Meadows and Pinnacles) separated by 13.6 km. At both sites, element concentrations in PM25 were low, consistent with remote or rural locations. However, element/Zr crustal abundance enrichment factors greater than 10, indicating anthropogenic input, were found for Hg, Se, S, Sb, Cd, Pb, Mo, Zn and Cu, listed in decreasing order of enrichment. Principal component analysis showed that four element associations accounted for 84% of the PM2.5 trace element variation; these associations are interpreted to represent: (1) crustal sources (Al, REE); (2) coal combustion (Se, Sb), (3) metal production and/or mobile sources (Mo, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) and (4) a transient marine source (Sr, Mg). Concentrations of Hg in PM2.5 at background levels in the single pg m−3 were shown by collection and analysis of PM2.5 on filters and by an automated speciation analyser set up at the Big Meadows air quality site. The speciation unit revealed periodic elevation of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) that co‐occurred with peaks in SO2, indicating an anthropogenic source. GC/MS total ion current chromatograms for the two sites were quite similar indicating that organic signatures were regional in extent and/or that the same compounds were present locally at each site. Calculated carbon preference index values for n‐alkanes indicated that plant waxes rather than anthropogenic sources, were the dominant alkane source. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected, with a predominance of non‐alkylated, and higher molecular weight PAHs in this fraction, suggestive of a combustion source (fossil fuel or forest fires).