Groundwater quality in the northern Sierra Nevada foothills region of California was investigated as part of California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) Groundwater Ambient Monitoring Assessment Priority Basin Project (GAMA-PBP). The region was divided into two study units: the Yuba-Bear watersheds (YBW) study unit and the American-Cosumnes-Mokelumne watersheds (ACMW) study unit. The GAMA-PBP made a spatially unbiased assessment of aquifer systems used for domestic drinking-water supply in the study region, which are predominantly composed of fractured, hard-rock aquifers of varying lithology. These assessments characterized the quality of raw groundwater to evaluate ambient conditions in the domestic-supply aquifer and not the quality of treated drinking water.
The study included three components: (1) a status assessment, which characterized the quality of groundwater resources used for domestic drinking-water supply in the YBW and ACMW study units; (2) an understanding assessment, which evaluated natural and anthropogenic explanatory factors that could potentially affect groundwater quality in the study region; and (3) a comparative assessment between the groundwater resources used for domestic and public drinking-water supply in the study region.
The status assessment was based on data collected by the GAMA-PBP from 74 sites in the YBW study unit during 2015–16 and 67 sites in the ACMW study unit from 2016 to 2017. To contextualize water-quality results, concentrations of water-quality constituents in ambient groundwater were compared to regulatory and non-regulatory benchmarks typically used by the State of California and Federal agencies as health-based or aesthetic standards for public drinking water. The status assessment used a grid-based method to estimate proportions of groundwater resources with concentrations approaching or exceeding benchmark thresholds. This method provides spatially unbiased results and allows inter-comparability with similar groundwater-quality assessments.
Inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks were present at high relative concentration (RC), meaning they exceeded the benchmark threshold, in 5.4 and 10 percent of domestic-supply aquifer systems in the YBW and ACMW study units, respectively. Inorganic constituents with aesthetic-based benchmarks were detected at high-RCs in 20 and 28 percent of the YBW and ACMW study units, respectively. The inorganic constituents present at high RC were arsenic, barium, boron, molybdenum, strontium, nitrate, adjusted gross-alpha particle activity, chloride, total dissolved solids, specific conductance, iron, manganese, and hardness. Groundwater samples were tested for presence or absence of three microbial indicators (total coliform, Escherichia coli, and Enterococci). At least one microbial indicator was present in 26 and 28 percent of the YBW and ACMW study units, respectively. At least one organic constituent was detected in 30 and 42 percent of the YBW and ACMW study units, respectively. Organic constituents were not present at high RC, but tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and toluene were detected in the YBW study unit at moderate RC (between the benchmark concentration and one-tenth of the benchmark concentration). Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and chloroform were present at low RC (less than one-tenth of the benchmark concentration) in the YBW and ACMW study units with detection frequencies greater than 10 percent. Perchlorate, a constituent of special interest, was detected in 31 and 41 percent of the YBW and ACMW study units, respectively, at either low or moderate RCs.
Relations among select water-quality constituents and potential explanatory factors were evaluated using statistical and graphical approaches. Nitrate, microbial indicators, and perchlorate were all correlated to elevation-dependent variables relating to climate, land use, and recharge condition. Isotopic and dissolved noble-gas tracers indicated these water-quality constituents are associated with recharge conditions associated with irrigation during the summer dry-season, which is common in areas of rural-residential or agricultural land uses. Higher concentrations of iron and manganese were primarily associated with anoxic groundwater in aquifers of metasedimentary lithology. Increased hardness was primarily associated with anoxic groundwater in aquifers of mafic-ultramafic or metavolcanics lithologies at lower elevations in the study region in the Melones fault zone. Chloroform and MTBE were associated with shallow groundwater (wells depths less than 130 m) under oxic and anoxic redox conditions, respectively.
The comparative assessment evaluated differences between the aquifer systems used for domestic- and public-supply in study region based on (1) well-construction characteristics, and (2) water quality. Analysis of over 60,000 well-completion reports in the study region showed that although domestic-supply wells span the deepest depth zones in regional aquifers, median depths for public-supply wells were significantly greater than those of domestic-supply wells in both study units. Water-quality data from more than 300 public-supply wells in the study region were assessed using a spatially weighted method for calculation aquifer-scale proportions and compared with the domestic-supply assessment results. Detections of inorganic constituents at high RC and detection frequencies for organic constituents were generally similar between the domestic- and public-supply aquifer systems in both study units, with a few notable exceptions in the ACMW study unit: nitrate was greater for the public- compared to domestic-supply aquifer system and both manganese, hardness, and MTBE were greater in the domestic- compared to public-supply aquifer system. These differences are likely related to contrasting land uses, aquifer lithologies, landscape positions, and depths characterizing domestic- and public-supply wells in the ACMW study unit.
Overall, fewer samples from domestic-supply wells in the northern Sierra Nevada foothills exceeded health-based benchmarks compared to aesthetic-based benchmarks for groundwater quality. Exceedences of health-based benchmarks were primarily caused by nitrate and coliform bacteria, which were associated with recharge from diverted surface water used primarily for irrigation. Exceedences of aesthetic-based benchmarks were primarily caused by iron, managanese, and hardness, which were associated with geologic factors. Regional irrigation practices and aquifer lithology can affect groundwater quality in fractured-rock aquifers in the northern Sierra Nevada foothills used for domestic drinking-water supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control BoardDirector,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District and the city of Rittman, Ohio, did a study to provide data to update and expand parts of two Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Studies. The study consisted of hydrologic and hydraulic analyses for selected reaches of four streams (Chippewa Creek, Little Chippewa Creek, Styx River, and the unnamed tributary to Styx River) near the city of Rittman in Wayne and Medina Counties, Ohio. The study covered 36.2 miles of stream reaches.
Instantaneous peak streamflows for floods with 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-percent and 1-percent plus annual exceedance probabilities were estimated using historical streamflow data from three U.S. Geological Survey streamgages and regional flood-frequency regression equations. The flood-frequency estimates were then used in a Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System step-backwater model to determine water-surface profiles; flood-inundation boundaries for the 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-percent and 1-percent plus annual exceedance probabilities; and a regulatory floodway for the study reaches. Model inputs included cross sections derived from a digital elevation model supplemented with field surveys of open-channel cross sections and hydraulic structures, field estimates of Manning’s roughness values, and flood estimates determined from regional regression equations and historical streamflow data. Flood-inundation boundaries were mapped for each stream reach for the 1- and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability floods and a regulatory floodway. All data used in the creation of the flood-inundation boundaries are available through a U.S. Geological Survey data release (Ostheimer, 2021) and will be submitted to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for inclusion in updated Flood Insurance Studies for Wayne and Medina Counties.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215040","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Rittman and the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Ostheimer, C.J., 2021, Hydrologic and hydraulic analyses of selected streams near the city of Rittman in Wayne and Medina Counties, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5040, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215040.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 30 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-117425","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385929,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W6ROMC","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial data sets and hydraulic models for selected streams near Rittman in Wayne and Medina Counties, Ohio"},{"id":385927,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5040/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":385956,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5040/images"},{"id":385928,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5040/sir20215040.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.43 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5040"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Wayne County, Medina County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.6845,41.2772],[-81.6885,40.9887],[-81.6477,40.9884],[-81.648,40.9145],[-81.6483,40.7371],[-81.6491,40.6681],[-82.126,40.6682],[-82.1266,40.778],[-82.1292,40.9921],[-82.1736,40.9922],[-82.1722,41.0435],[-82.1714,41.0639],[-82.1699,41.1251],[-82.1699,41.1369],[-82.0741,41.1362],[-82.0725,41.2001],[-81.9736,41.1998],[-81.9724,41.2747],[-81.8777,41.2747],[-81.7848,41.2765],[-81.6845,41.2772]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Medina\",\"state\":\"OH\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd., Suite 100
Columbus, OH 43229
Prior to the 2018 lower East Rift Zone (ERZ) eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, continuous gravimeters operated on the vent rims of ongoing eruptions at both the summit and Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. These instruments captured the onset of the 2018 lower ERZ eruption and the effects of lava withdrawal from both locales, providing constraints on the timing and style of activity and the physical properties of the lava lakes at both locations. At the summit, combining gravity, lava level, and a three-dimensional model of the vent indicates that the upper ∼200 m of the lava lake had a density of about 1700 kg m−3, slightly greater than estimates from 2011–2015 and possibly indicating a gradual densification over time. At Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, gravity and vent geometry were used to model both the density and the rate of crater collapse, which was unknown owing to a lack of visual observations. Results suggest the withdrawal of at least 11×106 m3 of lava over the course of two hours, and a material density of 1800–1900 kg m−3. In addition, gravity data at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō captured a transient decrease and increase about an hour prior to crater collapse and that was probably related to a small, short-lived fissure eruption on the west flank of the cone and possibly to dike intrusion beneath Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. The fissure was the first event in the subsequent cascade that ultimately led to the extrusion of over 1 km3 of lava from lower ERZ vents, collapse of the summit caldera floor by more than 500 m, and the destruction of over 700 homes and other structures. These results emphasize the importance of continuous gravity in operational monitoring of active volcanoes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117003","usgsCitation":"Poland, M., Carbone, D., and Patrick, M.R., 2021, Onset and evolution of Kilauea’s 2018 flank eruption and summit collapse from continuous gravity: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 567, 117003, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117003.","productDescription":"117003, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123201","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99QB29I","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Crater geometry data for Puʻuʻōʻō, on Kīlauea Volcano’s East Rift Zone, in May 2018"},{"id":436342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PP5LX1","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Continuous gravity data from K?lauea Volcano, Hawai?i"},{"id":397686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.40985107421875,\n 19.158141038187704\n ],\n [\n -154.78912353515625,\n 19.158141038187704\n ],\n [\n -154.78912353515625,\n 19.557202031700292\n ],\n [\n -155.40985107421875,\n 19.557202031700292\n ],\n [\n -155.40985107421875,\n 19.158141038187704\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"567","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, Michael 0000-0001-5240-6123","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":49920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carbone, Daniele","contributorId":124561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carbone","given":"Daniele","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5113,"text":"INGV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patrick, Matthew R. 0000-0002-8042-6639 mpatrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-6639","contributorId":2070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Matthew","email":"mpatrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221158,"text":"70221158 - 2021 - Synthesizing and analyzing long-term monitoring data: A greater sage-grouse case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-07T11:51:59.056332","indexId":"70221158","displayToPublicDate":"2021-05-25T07:40:54","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1457,"text":"Ecological Informatics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthesizing and analyzing long-term monitoring data: A greater sage-grouse case study","docAbstract":"Long-term monitoring of natural resources is imperative for increasing the understanding of ecosystem processes, services, and how to manage those ecosystems to maintain or improve function. Challenges with using these data may occur because methods of monitoring changed over time, multiple organizations collect and manage data differently, and monetary resources fluctuate, affecting many aspects of data. Because many species respond to changes in habitat conditions and predator-prey relationships across different spatial scales that span management boundaries, greater efforts for collaborating are essential. We demonstrate the challenges and methods for standardizing greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) long-term monitoring data across the species range in the western United States to inform population modeling needs identified by the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. We used automated and repeatable methods of standardizing data via custom open-source software (grsg_lekdb) to improve the scientific integrity of future sage-grouse population assessments within and among states. Data standardization included reconciling uses of different terminology and expunging unusable data, resulting in the removal of 26% of data records due to database insertion errors and modifications to >1 million values to correct formatting and typing errors. Our approaches maximized the inclusion of usable data and identified data that could inform detection probabilities, population trends, and monitoring guidelines. Using sage-grouse databases as an example, we identified the importance of data management and how quality assurance and quality control measures can improve the usefulness of these data for future research needs. Our methods of using informatics and concluding recommendations can support similar endeavors of flora and fauna monitoring programs, whether those efforts are to use existing data or support new monitoring programs.
=
The western pond turtle (WPT) was formerly considered a single species (Actinemys or Emys marmorata) that ranged from southern British Columbia, Canada to Baja California, México. More recently it was divided into a northern and a southern species. WPTs are found primarily in streams that drain into the Pacific Ocean, although scattered populations exist in endorheic drainages of the Great Basin and Mojave deserts. Populations in the Mojave Desert were long thought to be restricted to the Mojave River, but recently another population was documented in Piute Ponds, a terminal wetland complex associated with Amargosa Creek on Edwards Air Force Base. WPT fossils in the Mojave Desert are known from the Miocene to the Pleistocene. Recently, Pleistocene fossils have been found as far into the desert as Salt Springs, just south of Death Valley. The oldest fossil records suggest that WPTs were present in wetlands and drainages of the geological feature known as the Mojave block prior to the uplift of the Sierra Nevada Range about 8 Ma and prior to the ~ 3 Ma uplift of the Transverse Ranges. Archaeological records document use of turtles by Native Americans for food and cultural purposes 1,000 or more years ago at the Cronese Lakes on the lower Mojave River and Oro Grande on the upper river. The first modern publication documenting their presence in the Mojave River was 1861. Museum specimens were collected as early as 1937. These fossil and early literature records support the indigenous status of WPTs to the Mojave River. However, mtDNA-based genetic evidence shows that Mojave River turtles share an identical haplotype with turtles on the California coast. Limited nuclear data show some minor differences. Overdraft of water from the Mojave River for municipal and agricultural uses, urban development, and saltcedar expansion are threats to the continued survival of WPTs in the Mojave River.
A multiweek standardized sampling regime during 2004–2016 in a 60-km reach of the Upper Missouri River assessed reproduction and catch rates for Sturgeon Chub Macrhybopsis gelida and Sicklefin Chub Macrhybopsis meeki. We sampled age-0 Macrhybopsis (primarily Sturgeon Chubs, but potentially including Sicklefin Chubs) all years to indicate successful reproduction, but noted an inverse correlation of catch per unit area (CPUA) with year. There was an inverse correlation for CPUA of age-1+ Sturgeon Chubs with year. There was no correlation for CPUA of age-1+ Sicklefin Chubs with year, but we noted a depression in CPUA during 2010 and 2012. The study reach includes restoration directives for federally endangered Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus, with 245,000 hatchery-origin Pallid Sturgeon (HOPS) stocked since 1998 to supplement the declining wild stock. Pallid Sturgeon longer than 350 mm fork length transition to piscivory and are known to prey on Sturgeon Chubs and Sicklefin Chubs. We examined the hypothesis that mass additions of HOPS to the existing predator community could have population-level effects on the two chub species. Population modeling for the stocked HOPS through time yielded estimates of nearly 1,300 piscivore-sized HOPS in 2004, an increase to 26,000 HOPS in 2012, and decreasing numbers through 2016 (14,500). A negative correlation between HOPS abundance and age-0 Macrhybopsis CPUA had the best support among other candidate variables (discharge, water temperature, catch rates of Sauger Sander canadensis). We found an inverse correlation for CPUA of age-1+ Sturgeon Chubs and estimated HOPS abundance, and there was also evidence of an inverse association between age-1+ Sicklefin Chub CPUA and HOPS in the study area. Results for a 60-km reach of the Upper Missouri River suggest declining CPUA for age-0 Macrhybopsis and Sturgeon Chubs during 2004–2016 and modest recovery of Sicklefin Chubs after 2012. Although causative factors driving CPUA changes through time are not known, correlative analyses suggest that large numbers of HOPS added to the Missouri River predator community potentially influence CPUA of Sturgeon Chubs and Sicklefin Chubs in the study area. Testing this hypothesis will require expanded quantification of chub populations and HOPS numbers through time.
Eruptive column models are powerful tools for investigating the transport of volcanic gas and ash, reconstructing past explosive eruptions, and simulating future hazards. However, the evaluation of these models is challenging as it requires independent estimates of the main model inputs (e.g. mass eruption rate) and outputs (e.g. column height). There exists no database of independently estimated eruption source parameters (ESPs) that is extensive, standardized, maintained, and consensus-based. This paper introduces the Independent Volcanic Eruption Source Parameter Archive (IVESPA, ivespa.co.uk), a community effort endorsed by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) Commission on Tephra Hazard Modelling. We compiled data for 134 explosive eruptive events, spanning the 1902-2016 period, with independent estimates of: i) total erupted mass of fall deposits; ii) duration; iii) eruption column height; and iv) atmospheric conditions. Crucially, we distinguish plume top versus umbrella spreading height, and the height of ash versus sulphur dioxide injection. All parameter values provided have been vetted independently by at least two experts. Uncertainties are quantified systematically, including flags to describe the degree of interpretation of the literature required for each estimate. IVESPA also includes a range of additional parameters such as total grain size distribution, eruption style, morphology of the plume (weak versus strong), and mass contribution from pyroclastic density currents, where available. We discuss the future developments and potential applications of IVESPA and make recommendations for reporting ESPs to maximize their usability across different applications. IVESPA covers an unprecedented range of ESPs and can therefore be used to evaluate and develop eruptive column models across a wide range of conditions using a standardized dataset.
Stream ecosystems are complex networks of interacting terrestrial and aquatic drivers. To untangle these ecological networks, efforts evaluating the direct and indirect effects of landscape, climate, and instream predictors on biological condition through time are needed. We used structural equation modeling and leveraged a stream survey program to identify and compare important predictors driving condition of benthic macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages. We used data resampled 14 years apart at 252 locations across Maryland, USA. Sample locations covered a wide range of conditions that varied spatiotemporally. Overall, the relationship directions were consistent between sample periods, but their relative strength varied temporally. For benthic macroinvertebrates, we found that the total effect of natural landscape (e.g., elevation, longitude, latitude, geology) and land use (i.e., forest, development, agriculture) predictors was 1.4 and 1.5 times greater in the late 2010s compared to the 2000s. Moreover, the total effect of water quality (e.g., total nitrogen and conductivity) and habitat (e.g., embeddedness, riffle quality) was 1.2 and 4.8 times lower in the 2010s, respectively. For fish assemblage condition, the total effect of land use-land cover predictors was 2.3 times greater in the 2010s compared to the 2000s, while the total effect of local habitat was 1.4 times lower in the 2010s, respectively. As expected, we found biological assemblages in catchments with more agriculture and urban development were generally comprised of tolerant, generalist species, while assemblages in catchments with greater forest cover had more-specialized, less-tolerant species (e.g., Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa, clingers, benthic and lithophilic spawning fishes). Changes in the relative importance of landscape and land-use predictors suggest other correlated, yet unmeasured, proximal factors became more important over time. By untangling these ecological networks, stakeholders can gain a better understanding of the spatiotemporal relationships driving biological condition to implement management practices aimed at improving stream condition.
Impacts of dreissenid mussels (Dreissena spp.) on Great Lakes ecosystems are well documented, and a better understanding of mechanisms that cause variation in dreissenid abundance is needed. An outstanding question is how much dreissenid biomass is consumed by fish predation. A significant difficulty for investigating dreissenid consumption by fish is that dreissenids in stomachs are often a mix of indigestible shell and flesh, which can bias bioenergetics models and estimates of daily ration. Here, we develop an analysis to convert crushed shell and flesh mixtures found in fish diets to dry weight of digestible dreissenid flesh. Quagga Dreissena rostiformis bugensis and zebra Dreissena polymorpha mussels were used in separate dry weight analyses simulating stomach contents ranging from individual mussels to aggregates of each species. A species-specific dry weight relationship was observed when comparing flesh-only dry weight to total dry weight (shell + flesh) for individual dreissenid but not for aggregates. Thus, the model is applicable in providing more precise estimates of dreissenid flesh dry weight in fish diets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10641-021-01054-2","usgsCitation":"Keretz, K.R., Kraus, R., and Schmitt, J., 2021, Improved methods for understanding the role of predation on dreissenid population dynamics: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 104, p. 629-633, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-021-01054-2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"629","endPage":"633","ipdsId":"IP-116741","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P941VMIN","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Zebra and Quagga Mussel Dry Weight Information; Lake Erie 2014"},{"id":386112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-05-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keretz, Kevin R. 0000-0002-4808-8350 kkeretz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-8350","contributorId":5859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keretz","given":"Kevin","email":"kkeretz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":17848,"text":"Mississippi State University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":816767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, Richard 0000-0003-4494-1841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-1841","contributorId":216548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Richard","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":816768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmitt, Joseph 0000-0002-8354-4067","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-4067","contributorId":221020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":816769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70220497,"text":"ofr20211019 - 2021 - Effect of groundwater withdrawals, river stage, and precipitation on water-table elevations in the Iowa River alluvial aquifer near Tama, Iowa, 2017–20","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-24T20:54:59.887262","indexId":"ofr20211019","displayToPublicDate":"2021-05-21T16:29:14","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1019","displayTitle":"Effect of Groundwater Withdrawals, River Stage, and Precipitation on Water-Table Elevations in the Iowa River Alluvial Aquifer near Tama, Iowa, 2017–20","title":"Effect of groundwater withdrawals, river stage, and precipitation on water-table elevations in the Iowa River alluvial aquifer near Tama, Iowa, 2017–20","docAbstract":"The Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa is the only federally recognized Tribe in the State of Iowa and is commonly known as the Meskwaki Nation. The Tribe owns more than 8,100 acres, referred to as the “Meskwaki Settlement.” The Meskwaki Settlement uses a well field that withdraws water from the Iowa River alluvial aquifer (IRAA) to supply drinking water to members of the Tribe. Increased severity and timing of flooding and drought conditions, coupled with water-quality concerns in the Iowa River, have prompted the Meskwaki Nation to start identifying tools to provide a better understanding of how extreme climate events (changes in streamflow, flood frequency, and magnitude and persistence of drought conditions), increasing water-supply demands, and groundwater storage depletion will affect water availability in the IRAA.
From June 2017 through September 2020, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Meskwaki Nation, collected continuous and discrete groundwater level data from 11 wells in a U.S. Geological Survey monitoring-well network. Groundwater level data collected at these wells were assessed with daily precipitation data and compared to changes in stream level elevations and daily groundwater withdrawals to determine how these changes affect groundwater-table elevations. Results from this study could be used to guide the development of a conceptual model for groundwater flow and a groundwater flow model for the IRAA to quantify and forecast the effect of groundwater withdrawals, Iowa River streamflow, and local precipitation on the water table in the IRAA.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa","usgsCitation":"Gruhn, L.R., and Haj, A.E., 2021, Effect of groundwater withdrawals, river stage, and precipitation on water-table elevations in the Iowa River alluvial aquifer near Tama, Iowa, 2017–20: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1019, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211019.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 11 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-124518","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385788,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1019/images"},{"id":385789,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1019/ofr20211019.XML"},{"id":385680,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1019/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":385681,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1019/ofr20211019.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.92 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021–1019"},{"id":385682,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"— USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":385683,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P912FO3L","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial datasets for the flood-inundation study for the Iowa River at the Meskwaki Settlement in Iowa, 2019"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Tama County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.2996,42.2975],[-92.2992,42.2098],[-92.2989,42.1226],[-92.2991,42.0354],[-92.2977,41.9786],[-92.2994,41.95],[-92.299,41.8623],[-92.418,41.8625],[-92.5357,41.8621],[-92.6522,41.862],[-92.7674,41.8618],[-92.7671,41.9494],[-92.7662,42.0348],[-92.7672,42.1234],[-92.7687,42.2101],[-92.7697,42.2964],[-92.6531,42.2971],[-92.5353,42.2972],[-92.418,42.2976],[-92.2996,42.2975]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Tama\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
400 South Clinton Street, Suite 269
Iowa City, IA 52240
Hydrologic variation can play a major role in structuring stream fish assemblages and relationships between hydrology and biology are likely to be influenced by flow regime. We hypothesized that more variable flow regimes would have lower and more variable species richness, higher species turnover and lower assemblage stability, and greater abiotic environment-fish relationships than more stable flow regimes. We sampled habitats (pool, run, and riffle) in three Runoff/Intermittent Flashy streams (highly variable flow regime) and three Groundwater Flashy streams (less variable flow regime) seasonally (spring, early summer, summer and autumn) in 2002 (drought year) and 2003 (wet year). We used backpack electrofishing and three-pass removal techniques to estimate fish species richness, abundance and density. Fish species richness and abundance remained relatively stable within streams and across seasons, but densities changed substantially as a result of decreased habitat volume. Mixed model analysis showed weak response variable-habitat relationships with strong season effects in 2002, and stronger habitat relationships and no season effect in 2003, and flow regime was not important in structuring these relationships. Seasonal fish species turnover was significantly greater in 2002 than 2003, but did not differ between flow regimes. Fish assemblage stability was significantly lower in Runoff/Intermittent Flashy than Groundwater Flashy streams in 2002, but did not differ between flow regimes in 2003. Redundancy analysis showed fish species densities were well separated by flow regime in both years. Periodic and opportunistic species were characteristic of Runoff/Intermittent Flashy streams, whereas mainly equilibrium species were characteristic of Groundwater Flashy streams. We found that spatial and temporal variation in hydrology had a strong influence on fish assemblage dynamics in Ozark streams with lower assemblage stability and greater fluctuations in density in more hydrologically variable streams and years. Understanding relationships between fish assemblage structure and hydrologic variation is vital for conservation of fish biodiversity. Future work should consider addressing how alteration of hydrologic variation will affect biotic assemblages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-89632-3","usgsCitation":"Magoulick, D.D., Dekar, M.P., Hodges, S.W., Scott, M.K., Rabalais, M.R., and Bare, C.M., 2021, Hydrologic variation influences stream fish assemblage dynamics through flow regime and drought: Scientific Reports, v. 11, 10704, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89632-3.","productDescription":"10704, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-084686","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89632-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":394978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Ozark Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -93.4716796875,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -95.9326171875,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 34.70549341022544\n ],\n [\n -96.1962890625,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -93.955078125,\n 33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 33.137551192346145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoulick, Daniel D. 0000-0001-9665-5957 danmag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-5957","contributorId":2513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoulick","given":"Daniel","email":"danmag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":831901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dekar, M. P.","contributorId":272274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dekar","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodges, S. W.","contributorId":272275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodges","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, M. K.","contributorId":272276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rabalais, M. R.","contributorId":272277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rabalais","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bare, C. M.","contributorId":272278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bare","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70262416,"text":"70262416 - 2021 - Threading the needle: How humans influence predator–prey spatiotemporal interactions in a multiple‐predator system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-23T16:23:49.063822","indexId":"70262416","displayToPublicDate":"2021-05-21T10:02:10","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Threading the needle: How humans influence predator–prey spatiotemporal interactions in a multiple‐predator system","docAbstract":"This comprehensive field study applied paleoflood hydrology methods to estimate the frequency of low-probability floods for the Tennessee River near Chattanooga, Tennessee. The study combined stratigraphic records of large, previously unrecorded floods with modern streamflow records and historical flood accounts. The overall approach was to (1) develop a flood chronology for the Tennessee River near Chattanooga using stratigraphic analyses and geochronology from multiple sites at multiple elevations in the study area; (2) estimate peak flow magnitudes associated with elevations of flood evidence using a one-dimensional hydraulic model; (3) combine the information obtained from steps 1 and 2 to develop a history of timing and magnitude of large floods in the study reach; and (4) use all available information (including paleoflood, gaged, and historical records of flooding) to estimate flood frequency using a standardized statistical approach for flood-frequency analysis.
The stratigraphy, geochronology, and hydraulic modeling results from all paleoflood sites along the Tennessee River were distilled into an overall chronology of the number, timing, and magnitude of large unrecorded floods. In total, 30 sites were identified and the stratigraphy of 17 of those sites was closely examined, measured, and recorded. Flood-frequency analyses were done using the U.S. Geological Survey software program PeakFQ v7.2 that follows the Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency—Bulletin 17C.
Resolving stratigraphic and chronologic information from all 17 sites yielded information for eight unique large floods in the last 3,500–4,000 years for the Tennessee River near Chattanooga. Two of these floods had discharges of 470,000 cubic feet per second (ft3/s), slightly greater than the 1867 historical peak at the Chattanooga streamgage (459,000 ft3/s). One flood with a discharge of 1,100,000 ft3/s was substantially greater than any other flood on the Tennessee River during the last several thousand years. This large flood occurred only a few hundred years ago, likely in the mid-to-late 1600s. Two additional floods in the last 1,000 years had estimated magnitudes of about 420,000 and 400,000 ft3/s. The remaining three unique floods identified in the paleoflood record were much smaller (less than 240,000 ft3/s) and occurred about 3,000–800 years ago.
Flood-frequency analyses show that the addition of paleoflood information markedly improves estimates of low probability floods—most clearly shown by substantial narrowing of the 95-percent confidence limits. For the most plausible flood scenario, the 95-percent confidence interval for the 1,000-year quantile estimate derived from incorporating the four most recent paleofloods is about 480,000–620,000 ft3/s compared to about 380,000–610,000 ft3/s for the gaged and historical record alone, a reduction in the uncertainty of the estimate by 38 percent. Similarly, uncertainty for all flood quantile estimates from 100 to 10,000 years was reduced by 22–44 percent by the addition of the paleoflood record to the flood-frequency analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205138","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission","usgsCitation":"Harden, T.M., O’Connor, J.E., Carr, M.L., and Keith, M., 2021, Improving flood-frequency analysis with a 4,000-year record of flooding on the Tennessee River near Chattanooga, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5138, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205138.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 64 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-116587","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5138/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":385809,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5138/sir20205138.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5138"},{"id":385810,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P914SLVM","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Hydraulic modeling and flood-frequency analyses using paleoflood hydrology for the Tennessee River near Chattanooga, Tennessee"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Chattanooga","otherGeospatial":"Tennessee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.572509765625,\n 34.96699890670367\n ],\n [\n -85.0286865234375,\n 34.96699890670367\n ],\n [\n -85.0286865234375,\n 35.191766965947394\n ],\n [\n -85.572509765625,\n 35.191766965947394\n ],\n [\n -85.572509765625,\n 34.96699890670367\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
Globally increasing wildfires have been attributed to anthropogenic climate change. However, providing decision makers with a clear understanding of how future planetary warming could affect fire regimes is complicated by confounding land use factors that influence wildfire and by uncertainty associated with model simulations of climate change. We use an ensemble of statistically downscaled Global Climate Models in combination with the Physical Chemistry Fire Frequency Model (PC2FM) to project changing potential fire probabilities in the conterminous United States for two scenarios representing lower (RCP 4.5) and higher (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas emission futures. PC2FM is a physically-based and scale-independent model that predicts mean fire return intervals from both fire reactant and reaction variables, which are largely dependent on a locale's climate. Our results overwhelmingly depict increasing potential fire probabilities across the conterminous US for both climate scenarios. The primary mechanism for the projected increases is rising temperatures, reflecting changes in the chemical reaction environment commensurate with enhanced photosynthetic rates and available thermal molecular energy. Existing high risk areas, such as the Cascade Range and the Coastal California Mountains, are projected to experience greater annual fire occurrence probabilities, with relative increases of 122% and 67%, respectively, under RCP 8.5 compared to increases of 63% and 38% under RCP 4.5. Regions not currently associated with frequently occurring wildfires, such as New England and the Great Lakes, are projected to experience a doubling of occurrence probabilities by 2100 under RCP 8.5. This high resolution, continental-scale modeling study of climate change impacts on potential fire probability accounts for shifting background environmental conditions across regions that will interact with topographic drivers to significantly alter future fire probabilities. The ensemble modeling approach presents a useful planning tool for mitigation and adaptation strategies in regions of increasing wildfire risk.
Episodic runoff brings suspended sediment to West Maui’s nearshore waters, turning them from blue to brown. This pollution degrades the ecological, cultural, and recreational value of these iconic nearshore waters. We used mapping, monitoring, and modeling to identify and quantify the watershed sources for fine sediment that pollutes the nearshore each year. These results focus strategies to reduce pollution on the outstanding sources for this sediment.
Terrestrial runoff causing coastal plumes now occurs when two or more hours of rain falls at rates greater than 10–20 millimeter (mm) per hour in source watersheds. Analysis of recent and historical rainfall indicates that West Maui communities can expect rainfalls to bring coastal plumes at least 3–5 times per year. Former agricultural fields and some unimproved roads are possible sources for the fine sediment of these plumes. We found, however, that these obvious sources do not produce plumes during small annual storms, because they drain water at rates that far exceed most annual rainfalls and because there is no evidence for runoff from rains that caused recent plumes. Streambanks now eroding into historic fill terraces of sands, silts, and clays are a more plausible source. These terraces are found only downstream of historical agricultural fields and are composed of silt and fine sand. Surveys show that the fill terraces occupy ~40 percent of streambank length, making them extensive. During 2015–2016, these deposits eroded at median rates of 5–24 mm per year. Summed over West Maui’s watersheds, these rates imply sediment loads carried to the coast that can be ten times or more than modeled pre-human values. A sediment budget indicates that bank erosion of fill terraces from a few watersheds likely dominates the current annual fine-sediment load to the nearshore, with Kahana Stream watershed producing the largest annual input of 285 metric tons, the equivalent of 29 dump-truck loads every year.
Although past large storms have contributed to sediment loading, annual plume generation is now caused by smaller rainfalls eroding these near-stream terrace deposits, a legacy of historic agriculture. Treatments of former agricultural fields, roads, and reserve forests are consequently not likely to measurably effect sediment pollution from smaller, more frequent storms. Increased runoff from residential and commercial development of West Maui has the potential to exacerbate sediment plumes from such storms.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205133","usgsCitation":"Stock, J.D., and Cerovski-Darriau, Corina, 2021, Sediment budget for watersheds of West Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5133, 61 p., 1 plate, scale 1:25,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205133.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 61 p.; 1 Plate: 28.50 x 30 inches","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-105315","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5133/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":385648,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5133/sir20205133.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":385649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5133/sir20205133_plate.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"West Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.75018310546875,\n 20.776659051878816\n ],\n [\n -156.5496826171875,\n 20.776659051878816\n ],\n [\n -156.5496826171875,\n 21.022982546427425\n ],\n [\n -156.75018310546875,\n 21.022982546427425\n ],\n [\n -156.75018310546875,\n 20.776659051878816\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
Menlo Park, California
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
Volcanic tremor occurring at the beginning of the 2018 Kīlauea eruption is characterized using both seismic and tilt data recorded at the Kīlauea summit. An automatic seismic network-based approach detects several types of tremor including (a) 0.5–1 Hz long-period tremor preceding the eruption, located at the south-southwest edge of Halema'uma'u Crater and attributed to the quasi-steady radiation from a shallow hydrothermal system and (b) two sequences of gliding tremor at the beginning of the eruption, both with locations on the edges of the crater and within it. The first sequence is attributed to two swarms of low-amplitude regularly repeating earthquakes induced by the jerky motions of a cylindrical rock piston with radius of 325 m, height of 250 m, and mass of 2.07 × 1011 kg, progressively intruding 12.3 m into the shallow hydrothermal system with volume of 108 m3 and depth extent of 300 m. The second sequence is attributed to a gradual evolution in the properties of a bubbly magma within an east-striking dike below Halema'uma'u Crater, impacted by repeated roof collapses. A fluid-filled crack model points to a decrease in gas volume fraction from 4.22% to 1.6 × 10−2% in the magma filling the dike, and a model of gas retro-diffusion within the melt suggests a two orders of magnitude decrease in bubble number density from 7 × 108 m−3 down to 4 × 106 m−3. Both models feature a quasi to totally degassed magma by May 26.
A state-wide Geographic Information System analysis was conducted to assess prospectivity for lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in sediment-hosted deposits in Alaska. The datasets that were utilized include publicly available geospatial datasets of lithologic, geochemical, and mineral occurrence data. Key characteristics of Pb-Zn deposits were identified in available datasets and scored with respect to relative importance. To evaluate resource potential, drainage basins of the smallest size were chosen, each of which covers approximately 100 square kilometers (km2). Drainage basins are the most logical and efficient unit for evaluation because the most regionally robust dataset comes from stream sediment geochemistry.
Sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in Alaska include those contained in carbonate rocks (similar to Mississippi Valley Type or MVT deposits) and those contained in clastic-dominated (CD) sequences (CD Pb-Zn), historically referred to as SEDEX (sedimentary exhalative). The latter include the deposits currently being mined in the Red Dog district in the western Brooks Range. Host rocks for the two subtypes are distinct: carbonate versus fine-grained clastic rocks for CD Pb-Zn deposits. However, there are exceptions: some CD Pb-Zn deposits are hosted in carbonate layers within a thick clastic-dominated rock sequence. The statewide geologic map database contains units that commonly include mixed carbonate-clastic sequences that cannot be subdivided. The most significant difference between the two deposit types is their respective depositional environments and tectonic settings, but at the reconnaissance level of mapping in most areas of the state, these distinctions are not possible. Furthermore, nearly all critical geochemical parameters (silver [Ag], barium [Ba], Pb, Zn) are common to both types, and therefore it was not possible to do separate assessments for carbonate-hosted and CD Pb-Zn deposits.
Areas identified that have moderate to high potential for sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits include the (1) western and central Brooks Range, referred to in this report as the Brooks Range zinc belt; (2) Seward Peninsula (and adjacent St. Lawrence Island); (3) Farewell terrane in Interior Alaska; (4) two spatially distinct belts in east-central Alaska; and (5) the central Alaska Range. All areas contain some known deposits, and that provides credibility to the scoring process. Some hydrologic unit codes (HUCs) that have high potential for sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits are located adjacent to areas of known deposits and indicate the potential for expansion of known Pb-Zn districts. There are a few areas that have high potential but contain no known sediment hosted Pb-Zn occurrences, prospects, or deposits. In such areas, future investigations could be focused on better defining and constraining prospectivity with additional data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201147","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K.D., Graham, G.E., Labay, K.A., and Shew, N.B., 2021, GIS-based identification of areas that have resource potential for sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020−1147, 37 p., 1 app., 2 pls., scale 1:10,500,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201147.","productDescription":"Report: v, 37 p.; 2 Plates: 15.41 x 15.11 inches and 15.53 x 15.17 inches; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-105816","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science 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Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
MS 973, Box 25046
Denver, CO 80225
Seismic hazard forecasts of induced seismicity often require estimates of the maximum possible magnitude (Mmax). Empirical models suggest that maximum magnitudes, or expected number of earthquakes, are related to the volume of injected fluid. We perform a suite of 3D physics-based earthquake simulations with rate- and state-dependent friction, systematically varying the area of the pressurized region and the amplitude of the initial homogeneous or heterogeneous shear stress. Using the resulting catalog we explore the conditions that result in pressure-controlled versus runaway ruptures that extend outside the pressurized zone. We find that proposed empirical scaling laws correctly predict Mmax when shear stresses are further from failure (≤90% of maximum shear stress) and for high amplitude stress fields. Runaway ruptures are observed for higher initial shear stresses and smoother stress fields. In these cases, runaway ruptures occur early after the onset of injection and rarely preceded by foreshock activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020GL092148","usgsCitation":"Kroll, K.A., and Cochran, E.S., 2021, Stress controls rupture extent and maximum magnitude of induced earthquakes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 48, no. 11, e2020GL092148, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092148.","productDescription":"e2020GL092148, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-127145","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1785427","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":399673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kroll, K. A.","contributorId":290588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kroll","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16721,"text":"LLNL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cochran, Elizabeth S. 0000-0003-2485-4484 ecochran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-4484","contributorId":2025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Elizabeth","email":"ecochran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70269376,"text":"70269376 - 2021 - An empirically based simulation model to inform flow management for endangered species conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T14:36:27.500642","indexId":"70269376","displayToPublicDate":"2021-05-20T09:33:02","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirically based simulation model to inform flow management for endangered species conservation","docAbstract":"Increasing water demand, water development, and ongoing climate change have driven extensive changes to the hydrology, geomorphology and biology of arid-land rivers globally, driving an increasing need to understand how annual hydrologic conditions affect the distribution and abundance of imperiled desert fish populations. We analyzed the relationship between annual hydrologic conditions and the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, USA, using hurdle models to predict both presence and density as a function of integrated annual hydrologic metrics. Both presence and density were positively related to spring high flow magnitude and duration and negatively related to summer drying, as indicated by an integrated flow metric. Simulations suggest hydrologic conditions near the wettest observed in the data set would be required to meet recovery goals in a single year in all reaches. We demonstrate how the models developed herein can be used to examine alternative water management strategies, including strategies that may currently be socially and logistically infeasible to implement, to identify strategies minimizing trade-offs between conservation and other management goals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2020-0353","usgsCitation":"Walsworth, T., and Budy, P., 2021, An empirically based simulation model to inform flow management for endangered species conservation: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 78, no. 12, p. 1770-1781, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0353.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1770","endPage":"1781","ipdsId":"IP-121942","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":492624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Middle Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.70549244802783,\n 35.898256634325534\n ],\n [\n -107.7975020546316,\n 35.898256634325534\n ],\n [\n -107.7975020546316,\n 33.04558932070461\n ],\n [\n -105.70549244802783,\n 33.04558932070461\n ],\n [\n -105.70549244802783,\n 35.898256634325534\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsworth, Timothy E.","contributorId":358375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walsworth","given":"Timothy E.","affiliations":[{"id":28050,"text":"USU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":943609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budy, Phaedra E. 0000-0002-9918-1678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9918-1678","contributorId":228930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budy","given":"Phaedra E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":943608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221711,"text":"70221711 - 2021 - Development of soil radiocarbon profiles in a reactive transport framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-29T13:58:18.394862","indexId":"70221711","displayToPublicDate":"2021-05-20T08:54:38","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of soil radiocarbon profiles in a reactive transport framework","docAbstract":"Today, there is a greater appreciation for the importance of the physical protection of carbon (C) through interactions with mineral surfaces, isolation from microbes, and the important role of transport in shaping soil properties and controlling moisture limitations on decomposition. As our paradigm for soil organic carbon (SOC) preservation changes, so too should our representation of the underlying processes in soil models. Reactive transport models (RTMs) provide a framework capable of assessing the interactive influence of soil chemistry and transport processes on the accumulation and turnover of SOC. In this study, we present new developments in the isotopically enabled RTM “CrunchTope,” which is capable of explicitly tracking the three isotopes of carbon (12C, 13C, and 14C) and their fractionation between multiple coexisting and interacting solid, liquid and gas phases. This modeling framework opens the door to new applications of depth-resolved RTMs models in application to SOC and deeper subsurface carbon reservoirs. Here, we demonstrate SOC accumulation and radiocarbon aging for long-timescale models of soil development in CrunchTope. Our goal is to assess advantages and limitations of such an approach and to identify the type and complexity of reaction networks that are required to adequately apply this model to SOC dynamics. We assess the behavior of this model relative to a high-resolution dataset of SOC content, stable isotope composition, and radiocarbon ages as well as physical and hydrologic data measured from a chronosequence of soils located near Santa Cruz, California. Starting from a previously published model using a simplified reaction network with a single class of carbon, we sequentially incorporate multiple C reservoirs subject to both reactivity and transport pathways. Our results indicate that multiple SOC pools with different mean ages of C do not inherently emerge as a result of including reactions which are conventionally expected to provide a diversity of transit times, i.e., sorption and complexation of SOC on mineral surfaces. Instead, transit times emerge as a result of the timescales of the reactions represented in the reaction network. For mineral associated C, the RTM framework imposes dynamic equilibrium with the fluid phase dissolved organic C, such that no distinction in radiocarbon ages is achieved between these pools. Aged C can be produced by including a solid-phase C reservoir, with a rate-limited solubilization coefficient. Aging of SOC in this way is more akin to selective preservation than to mineral protection and, while such a mechanism may be at play in many soils, mineral protection is thought to be at least as important. As such, our results indicate that additional parameterization is required to reproduce the heterogeneity of carbon transit times that result from organo-mineral interactions. These efforts show the promise of a modeling approach where the varied transit time of soil C emerges from the dynamic physical and hydrologic properties of the model rather than from the a priori assignment of operationally defined pools.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2021.05.021","usgsCitation":"Druhan, J., and Lawrence, C., 2021, Development of soil radiocarbon profiles in a reactive transport framework: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 306, no. 1, p. 63-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.05.021.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"83","ipdsId":"IP-118940","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.05.021","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"306","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druhan, Jennifer","contributorId":260703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Druhan","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[{"id":36403,"text":"University of Illinois","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, Corey 0000-0001-6143-7781","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-7781","contributorId":202373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Corey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220541,"text":"ofr20211047 - 2021 - Science needs of southeastern grassland species of conservation concern: A framework for species status assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T18:27:03.858532","indexId":"ofr20211047","displayToPublicDate":"2021-05-20T07:06:51","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1047","displayTitle":"Science Needs of Southeastern Grassland Species of Conservation Concern: A Framework for Species Status Assessments","title":"Science needs of southeastern grassland species of conservation concern: A framework for species status assessments","docAbstract":"The unglaciated southeastern United States is a biodiversity hotspot, with a disproportionate amount of this biodiversity concentrated in grasslands. Like most hotspots, the Southeast is also threatened by human activities, with the total reduction of southeastern grasslands estimated as 90 percent (upwards to 100 percent for some types) and with many threats escalating today. This report summarizes the results of a multistakeholder workshop organized by the Southeastern Grasslands Initiative and the U.S. Geological Survey, held in January 2020 to provide a scientific needs assessment to help inform the Species Status Assessment (SSA) process under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, with a focus on grassland species and communities of conservation concern in the southeastern United States. This report reviews the ecology of southeastern grasslands, including influences on their origin, maintenance, and high species richness and endemism; presents findings from the workshop; and discusses science questions, hypotheses, and possibilities for future research projects to help fill key knowledge gaps.
Participants in the January 2020 workshop, representing diverse expertise in various topics in southeastern grassland ecology, were tasked with identifying major threats to grassland species in the Southeast as well as potential ways to make the SSA process more efficient and effective. An underlying assumption and starting place for workshop discussion was that an ecosystem-based approach to the SSA process is more cost-efficient than a species-by-species approach, in large part because many species with similar biological requirements can be addressed by the same actions. Nevertheless, one partner in this effort, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, does require specific attention be given to taxa that have been petitioned for Federal listing, though as often as possible these taxa are considered alongside a larger group of priority taxa with an ecosystem approach.
For group discussions, workshop participants followed a modified “World Café” method, a structured conversational approach for knowledge sharing. Group discussions focused on five categories of threats to grassland communities and species: (1) habitat loss, fragmentation, and disruption of functional population connectivity; (2) climate change, especially changes in temperature and precipitation, including intensity and seasonality, and impacts on soil moisture, groundwater levels, and other ecosystem parameters; (3) changes to disturbance regimes, as influenced by climate and land-use change, extinctions, and human attitudes and behaviors; (4) invasive species (not limited to nonnative species); and (5) localized or subregional impacts such as sea-level rise. In addition to group discussions, workshop participants—as well as other grassland experts who were unable to attend the workshop—completed a preworkshop survey concerning challenges and opportunities for grassland conservation. Findings reported here under each of these topics represent ideas, problems, hypotheses, and questions identified by a diverse community of grassland managers and researchers which may be addressed by future research and monitoring in southeastern grassland ecosystems to help guide science-based conservation of grassland-dependent species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Interior Southeast Climate Adaptation Science Center","usgsCitation":"Noss, R.F., Cartwright, J.M., Estes, D., Witsell, T., Elliott, K.G., Adams, D.S., Albrecht, M.A., Boyles, R., Comer, P.J., Doffitt, C., Faber-Langendoen, D., Hill, J.G., Hunter, W.C., Knapp, W.M., Marshall, M., Pyne, M., Singhurst, J.R., Tracey, C., Walck, J.L., and Weakley, A., 2021, Science needs of southeastern grassland species of conservation concern—A framework for species status assessments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1047, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211047.","productDescription":"ix, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-122270","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park Drive
Nashville, TN 37211