We used otolith banding patterns formed during incubation to discriminate among hatchery- and wild-incubated fry of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from Tustumena Lake, Alaska. Fourier analysis of otolith luminance profiles was used to describe banding patterns: the amplitudes of individual Fourier harmonics were discriminant variables. Correct classification of otoliths to either hatchery or wild origin was 83.1% (cross-validation) and 72.7% (test data) with the use of quadratic discriminant function analysts on 10 Fourier amplitudes. Overall classification rates among the six test groups (one hatchery and five wild groups) were 46.5% (cross-validation) and 39.3% (test data) with the use of linear discriminant function analysis on 16 Fourier amplitudes. Although classification rates for wild-incubated fry from any one site never exceeded 67% (cross-validation) or 60% (test data), location-specific information was evident for all groups because the probability of classifying an individual to its true incubation location was significantly greater than chance. Results indicate phenotypic differences in otolith microstructure among incubation sites separated by less than 10 km. Analysis of otolith luminance profiles is a potentially useful technique for discriminating among and between various populations of hatchery and wild fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0559:DAPOSS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Finn, J.E., Burger, C.V., and Holland-Bartels, L.E., 1997, Discrimination among populations of sockeye salmon fry with Fourier analysis of otolith banding patterns formed during incubation: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 4, p. 559-578, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0559:DAPOSS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"578","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tustumena Lake","volume":"126","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01f7e4b0c8380cd4fe08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, James E.","contributorId":11157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burger, Carl V.","contributorId":152419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burger","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holland-Bartels, Leslie E. lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","contributorId":222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"Leslie","email":"lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":383882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019776,"text":"70019776 - 1997 - Effects of spring environment on nesting phenology and clutch size of Black Brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T22:14:03.496847","indexId":"70019776","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spring environment on nesting phenology and clutch size of Black Brant","docAbstract":"We studied the effects of timing of spring snowmelt on nesting phenology, nest site selection, and clutch size of Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) breeding at the Tutakoke river colony, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. In late springs, brant nested later: however, time between peak arrival at Tutakoke and nest initiation (6 to 12 days) was similar in early and late springs. Nest initiation was more synchronized in late springs than early springs. Height of nests relative to spring meltwater levels was lower in late springs than early springs, indicating that the interval between snowmelt and nest initiation was shorten reduced availability of nest sites and increased nesting synchrony in late years may result in greater competition for available nest sites and reduced site fidelity. Clutch size was greater in late springs than in early springs. This increase in clutch size may result from greater accumulation of endogenous reserves on spring staging areas in late springs, or from demographic changes in the breeding population.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369944","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Lindberg, M.S., Sedinger, J., and Flint, P.L., 1997, Effects of spring environment on nesting phenology and clutch size of Black Brant: Condor, v. 99, no. 2, p. 381-388, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369944.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1369944","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227975,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07d9e4b0c8380cd51882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindberg, M. S.","contributorId":94413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindberg","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sedinger, J.S.","contributorId":75471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedinger","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019770,"text":"70019770 - 1997 - Wind assistance: A requirement for migration of shorebirds?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T12:39:51","indexId":"70019770","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wind assistance: A requirement for migration of shorebirds?","docAbstract":"We investigated the importance of wind-assisted flight for northward (spring) migration by Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) along the Pacific Coast of North America. Using current models of energy costs of flight and recent data on the phenology of migration, we estimated the energy (fat) requirements for migration in calm winds and with wind-assisted flight for different rates of fat deposition: (1) a variable rate, assuming that birds deposit the minimum amount of fat required to reach the next stopover site; (2) a constant maximum rate of 1.0 g/day; and (3) a lower constant rate of 0.4 g/day. We tested these models by comparing conservative estimates of predicted body mass along the migration route with empirical data on body mass of Western Sandpipers at different stopover sites and upon arrival at the breeding grounds. In calm conditions, birds would have to deposit unrealistically high amounts of fat (up to 330% of observed values) to maintain body mass above absolute lean mass values. Fat-deposition rates of 1.0 g/day and 0.4 g/day, in calm conditions, resulted in a steady decline in body mass along the migration route, with predicted body masses on arrival in Alaska of only 60% (13.6 g) and 26% (5.9 g) of average lean mass (22.7 g). Conversely, birds migrating with wind assistance would be able to complete migration with fat-deposition rates as low as 0.4 g/day, similar to values reported for this size bird from field studies. Our results extend the conclusion of the importance of winds for large, long-distance migrants to a small, short-distance migrant. We suggest that the migratory decisions of birds are more strongly influenced by the frequency and duration of winds aloft, i.e. by events during the flight phase, than by events during the stopover phase of migration, such as fat-deposition rate, that have been the focus of much recent migration theory.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089246","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Butler, R.W., Williams, T., Warnock, N., and Bishop, M.A., 1997, Wind assistance: A requirement for migration of shorebirds?: The Auk, v. 114, no. 3, p. 456-466, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089246.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"466","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089246","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd11ee4b08c986b32f23e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, Robert W.","contributorId":67444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Tony D.","contributorId":89813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Tony D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warnock, Nils","contributorId":64534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warnock","given":"Nils","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bishop, Mary Anne","contributorId":10698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019758,"text":"70019758 - 1997 - Food of Flesh-footed shearwaters Puffinus carneipes associated with high-seas driftnets in the central North Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T12:47:59","indexId":"70019758","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1494,"text":"Emu","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food of Flesh-footed shearwaters Puffinus carneipes associated with high-seas driftnets in the central North Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"We examined digestive tract contents and stable nitrogen isotope ratios in breast muscles of Flesh-footed Shearwaters Puffinus carneipes associated with high-seas driftnet fisheries in the central North Pacific Ocean. Small fish, Lanternfish (Myctophidae) and Pacific Saury Cololabis saira, were the principal prey found in the digestive tracts. Pieces of unidentified fish, possibly Pacific Pomfret Brama japonica, and shredded squid tissue, mostly Neon Flying Squid Ommastrephes bartrami, in the digestive tracts indicate scavenging at driftnet fishing operations. Although soft-bodied animals such as Velella sp. were rare in the digestive tracts, low stable nitrogen isotope values (δ15N) suggest Flesh-footed Shearwaters feed heavily on such low trophic level animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1071/MU97020","issn":"01584197","usgsCitation":"Gould, P.J., Ostrom, P., and Walker, W., 1997, Food of Flesh-footed shearwaters Puffinus carneipes associated with high-seas driftnets in the central North Pacific Ocean: Emu, v. 97, no. 2, p. 168-173, https://doi.org/10.1071/MU97020.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"168","endPage":"173","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Ocean","volume":"97","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12d2e4b0c8380cd54419","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gould, Patrick J.","contributorId":11667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostrom, Peggy H.","contributorId":55736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ostrom","given":"Peggy H.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, William","contributorId":181598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"William","affiliations":[{"id":24829,"text":"National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019747,"text":"70019747 - 1997 - Nesting ecology of Townsend's warblers in relation to habitat characteristics in a mature boreal forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T21:55:16.428433","indexId":"70019747","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nesting ecology of Townsend's warblers in relation to habitat characteristics in a mature boreal forest","docAbstract":"We investigated the nesting ecology of Townsend's Warblers (Dendroica townsendi) from 1993-1995 in an unfragmented boreal forest along the lower slopes of the Chugach Mountains in southcentral Alaska. We examined habitat characteristics of nest sites in relation to factors influencing reproductive success. Almost all territory-holding males (98%, n = 40) were successful in acquiring mates. Nest success was 54% (n = 24 nests), with nest survivorship greater during incubation (87%) than during the nestling period (62%). Most nesting failure (80%) was attributable to predation, which occurred primarily during the nestling period. Fifty-five percent of nests containing nestling were infested with the larvae of bird blow-flies (Protocalliphora braueri and P. spenceri), obligatory blood-feeding parasites. The combined effects of Protocalliphora infestation and inclement weather apparently resulted in nestling mortality in 4 of the 24 nests. Nests that escaped predation were placed in white spruce with larger diameter than those lost to predation: nests that escaped blow-fly parasitism were located higher in nest trees and in areas with lower densities of woody shrubs than those that were infested. The availability of potential nest sites with these key features may be important in determining reproductive success in Townsend's Warblers.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369933","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Matsuoka, S.M., Handel, C.M., and Roby, D.D., 1997, Nesting ecology of Townsend's warblers in relation to habitat characteristics in a mature boreal forest: Condor, v. 99, no. 2, p. 271-281, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369933.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489817,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1369933","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64bee4b0c8380cd72a4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsuoka, Steven M. 0000-0001-6415-1885 smatsuoka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-1885","contributorId":184173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Steven","email":"smatsuoka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roby, Daniel D. 0000-0001-9844-0992 droby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-0992","contributorId":3702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roby","given":"Daniel","email":"droby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019743,"text":"70019743 - 1997 - Persistence rates and detection probabilities of oiled king eider carcasses on St Paul Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:40:00","indexId":"70019743","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence rates and detection probabilities of oiled king eider carcasses on St Paul Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"Following an oil spill off St Paul Island, Alaska in February 1996, persistence rates and detection probabilities of oiled king eider (Somateria spectabilis) carcasses were estimated using the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model. Carcass persistence rates varied by day, beach type and sex, while detection probabilities varied by day and beach type. Scavenging, wave action and weather influenced carcass persistence. The patterns of persistence differed on rock and sand beaches and female carcasses had a different persistence function than males. Weather, primarily snow storms, and degree of carcass scavenging, diminished carcass detectability. Detection probabilities on rock beaches were lower and more variable than on sand beaches. The combination of persistence rates and detection probabilities can be used to improve techniques of estimating total mortality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00153-1","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Fowler, A.C., and Flint, P.L., 1997, Persistence rates and detection probabilities of oiled king eider carcasses on St Paul Island, Alaska: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 34, no. 7, p. 522-526, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00153-1.","startPage":"522","endPage":"526","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00153-1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76f2e4b0c8380cd783aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fowler, A. C.","contributorId":95836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019687,"text":"70019687 - 1997 - A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and preserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T23:16:31.807351","indexId":"70019687","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and preserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"The National Park Service and the National Biological Service initiated research in Denali National Park and Preserve, a 2.4 million-hectare park in southcentral Alaska, to develop ecological monitoring protocols for national parks in the Arctic/Subarctic biogeographic area. We are focusing pilot studies on design questions, on scaling issues and regionalization, ecosystem structure and function, indicator selection and evaluation, and monitoring technologies. Rock Creek, a headwater stream near Denali headquarters, is the ecological scale for initial testing of a watershed ecosystem approach. Our conceptual model embraces principles of the hydrological cycle, hypotheses of global climate change, and biological interactions of organisms occupying intermediate, but poorly studied, positions in Alaskan food webs. The field approach includes hydrological and depositional considerations and a suite of integrated measures linking key aquatic and terrestrial biota, environmental variables, or defined ecological processes, in order to establish ecological conditions and detect, track, and understand mechanisms of environmental change. Our sampling activities include corresponding measures of physical, chemical, and biological attributes in four Rock Creek habitats believed characteristic of the greater system diversity of Denali. This paper gives examples of data sets, program integration and scaling, and research needs.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04106.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Thorsteinson, L., and Taylor, D., 1997, A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and preserve, Alaska: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 4, p. 795-810, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04106.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"810","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e61ce4b0c8380cd4717d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorsteinson, L.K.","contributorId":100131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorsteinson","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, D.L.","contributorId":50676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019659,"text":"70019659 - 1997 - Spatial and temporal variability of microgeographic genetic structure in white-tailed deer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T11:55:02","indexId":"70019659","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variability of microgeographic genetic structure in white-tailed deer","docAbstract":"Techniques are described that define contiguous genetic subpopulations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) based on the spatial dispersion of 4,749 individuals that possessed discrete character values (alleles or genotypes) during each of 6 years (1974-1979). White-tailed deer were not uniformly distributed in space, but exhibited considerable spatial genetic structuring. Significant non-random clusters of individuals were documented during each year based on specific alleles and genotypes at the Sdh locus. Considerable temporal variation was observed in the position and genetic composition of specific clusters, which reflected changes in allele frequency in small geographic areas. The position of clusters did not consistently correspond with traditional management boundaries based on major discontinuities in habitat (swamp versus upland) and hunt compartments that were defined by roads and streams. Spatio-temporal stability of observed genetic contiguous clusters was interpreted relative to method and intensity of harvest, movements, and breeding ecology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1382933","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., Smith, M.H., and Chesser, R.K., 1997, Spatial and temporal variability of microgeographic genetic structure in white-tailed deer: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 78, no. 3, p. 744-755, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382933.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"744","endPage":"755","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1382933","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9452e4b08c986b31a9e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Michael H.","contributorId":111664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chesser, Ronald K.","contributorId":113098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesser","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019644,"text":"70019644 - 1997 - The relative importance of nesting and foraging sites in selection of breeding territories by Townsend's Warblers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T20:20:30","indexId":"70019644","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relative importance of nesting and foraging sites in selection of breeding territories by Townsend's Warblers","docAbstract":"We investigated habitat selection by the Townsend's Warbler (Dendroica townsendi), a Netropical-Nearctic migrant that breeds primarily in mature coniferous forests. From 1993 to 1994, we compared the features of habitat selected for nest sites and foraging sites with those selected for territories in mature, mixed coniferous-deciduous forests in south-central Alaska. We also tested the prediction that large conifers are selected for nesting and foraging sites. Females placed nests in relatively large white spruce (Picea glauca) and consistently chose nest trees that were within areas of higher densities of large white spruce than were generally available. Nesting areas also had a higher density of small white spruce than was generally available, which may have been important in concealing nests from predators. Vegetation features selected for foraging differed from those selected for nesting and varied seasonally. Foraging was concentrated in medium-sized white spruce during the prehatching stage and became more generalized across coniferous and deciduous vegetation during the posthatching stage. Adults foraged in large white spruce in direct proportion to their availability on the study areas. Territories, which encompassed both nesting and foraging areas, were heterogeneous in vegetation structure and floristics. Areas selected for territories clearly reflected availability of the large white spruce selected for nest sites but did not reflect selection of medium white spruce for foraging. Characteristics of habitats varied with specific resource needs, but the distribution of Townsend's Warblers was most strongly related to specific habitat requirements for nest sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089285","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Matsuoka, S.M., Handel, C.M., Roby, D.D., and Thomas, D., 1997, The relative importance of nesting and foraging sites in selection of breeding territories by Townsend's Warblers: The Auk, v. 114, no. 4, p. 657-667, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089285.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"657","endPage":"667","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089285","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf2ce4b08c986b3245e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsuoka, Steven M. 0000-0001-6415-1885 smatsuoka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-1885","contributorId":184173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Steven","email":"smatsuoka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roby, Daniel D. 0000-0001-9844-0992 droby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-0992","contributorId":3702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roby","given":"Daniel","email":"droby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, D.L.","contributorId":51481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019203,"text":"70019203 - 1997 - The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019203","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1430,"text":"Earth, Planets and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field","docAbstract":"This paper presents the 1995 main-field revision of the World Magnetic Model (WMM-95). It is based on Project MAGNET high-level (??? 15,000 ft.) vector aeromagnetic survey data collected between 1988 and 1994 and on scalar total intensity data collected by the Polar Orbiting Geomagnetic Survey (POGS) satellite during the period 1991 through 1993. The spherical harmonic model produced from these data describes that portion of the Earth's magnetic field generated internal to the Earth's surface at the 1995.0 Epoch. When combined with the spherical harmonic model of the Earth's secular variation described in paper I, the Earth's main magnetic field is fully characterized between the years 1995 and 2000. Regional magnetic field models for the conterminous United States, Alaska and, Hawaii were generated as by-products of the global modeling process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Planets and Space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"13438832","usgsCitation":"Quinn, J., Coleman, R., Macmillan, S., and Barraclough, D., 1997, The 1995 revision of the joint US/UK geomagnetic field models. II: Main field: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 49, no. 2-3, p. 245-261.","startPage":"245","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba638e4b08c986b320f8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinn, J.M.","contributorId":48591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, R.J.","contributorId":59966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Macmillan, S.","contributorId":18522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macmillan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barraclough, D.R.","contributorId":20735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barraclough","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019641,"text":"70019641 - 1997 - Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70019641","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"In the marine environment, stability of the glacier terminus and the location of subglacial streams are the dominant controls on the distribution of grounding-line deposits within morainal banks. A morainal bank complex in Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, SE Alaska, is used to develop a model of terminus stability and location of subglacial streams along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers. This model can be used to interpret former grounding-line conditions in other glacimarine settings from the facies architecture within morainal bank deposits. The Muir Inlet morainal bank complex was deposited between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D., and historical observations provide a record of terminus positions, glacial retreat rates and sedimentary sources. These data are used to reconstruct the depositional environment and to develop a correlation between sedimentary facies and conditions along the grounding line. Four seismic facies identified on the high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles are used to interpret sedimentary facies within the morainal bank complex. Terminus stability is interpreted from the distribution of sedimentary facies within three distinct submarine geomorphic features, a grounding-line fan; stratified ridges, and a field of push ridges. The grounding-line fan was deposited along a stable terminus and is represented on seismic-reflection profiles by two distinct seismic facies, a proximal and a distal fan facies. The proximal fan facies was deposited at the efflux of subglacial streams and indicates the location of former glacifluvial discharges into the sea. Stratified ridges formed as a result of the influence of a quasi-stable terminus on the distribution of sedimentary facies along the grounding line. A field of push ridges formed along the grounding line of an unstable terminus that completely reworked the grounding-line deposits through glacitectonic deformation. Between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D. (39 years), 8.96 x 108 m3 of sediment were deposited within the Muir Inlet morainal bank complex at an average annual sediment accumulation rate of 2.3 x 107 m3/a. This rate represents the annual sediment production capacity of the glacier when the Muir Inlet drainage basin is filled with glacial ice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Seramur, K., Powell, R., and Carlson, P., 1997, Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Marine Geology, v. 140, no. 3-4, p. 307-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1.","startPage":"307","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205972,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1"},{"id":227716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"140","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c68e4b0c8380cd52b26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seramur, K.C.","contributorId":87558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seramur","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019605,"text":"70019605 - 1997 - Late quaternary regional geoarchaeology of Southeast Alaska Karst: A progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T14:56:00.797743","indexId":"70019605","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1750,"text":"Geoarchaeology - An International Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late quaternary regional geoarchaeology of Southeast Alaska Karst: A progress report","docAbstract":"Karst systems, sea caves, and rock shelters within the coastal temperate rain forest of Alaska's Alexander Archipelago preserve important records of regional archaeology, sea level history, glacial and climatic history, and vertebrate paleontology. Two 14C AMS dates on human bone discovered in a remote cave (49-PET-408) on Prince of Wales Island document the oldest reliably dated human in Alaska to ca. 9800 B.P. A series of 14C AMS dates from cave deposits span the past 40,000 years and provide the first evidence of Pleistocene faunas from the northwest coast of North America. Other discoveries include sea caves and marine beach deposits elevated above modern sea level, extensive solution caves, and mammalian remains of species previously undocumented within the region. Records of human activity, including cave art, artifacts, and habitation sites may provide new insights into the early human colonization of the Americas. ??1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199709)12:6<689::AID-GEA8>3.0.CO;2-V","usgsCitation":"Dixon, E.J., Heaton, T.H., Fifield, T.E., Hamilton, T.D., Putnam, D.E., and Grady, F., 1997, Late quaternary regional geoarchaeology of Southeast Alaska Karst: A progress report: Geoarchaeology - An International Journal, v. 12, no. 6, p. 689-712, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199709)12:6<689::AID-GEA8>3.0.CO;2-V.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"689","endPage":"712","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227796,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -132.4253393670596,\n 54.54962119174465\n ],\n [\n -131.18357822921988,\n 54.87241555791687\n ],\n [\n -130.88260884415075,\n 55.73325432305808\n ],\n [\n -131.2770202870867,\n 55.96671825608968\n ],\n [\n -131.75272676803257,\n 55.8672007590543\n ],\n [\n -131.91380205726588,\n 55.430368151787576\n ],\n [\n -132.22801127618266,\n 55.7864366581189\n ],\n [\n -132.09725441603968,\n 56.06814783654693\n ],\n [\n -132.54724546986958,\n 56.61853263126696\n ],\n [\n -133.1743998354103,\n 57.0406271945165\n ],\n [\n -133.83970187842814,\n 57.13751525892221\n ],\n [\n -133.85927548521607,\n 57.77491880271535\n ],\n [\n -134.5609827660807,\n 58.23876783794282\n ],\n [\n -135.04307394763137,\n 58.46699840976302\n ],\n [\n -135.02213543258802,\n 58.107593521706974\n ],\n [\n -135.8346521361579,\n 58.34307947231849\n ],\n [\n -136.89183434762677,\n 58.0323817336932\n ],\n [\n -135.93297088071628,\n 56.95629656678986\n ],\n [\n -134.8044762808644,\n 56.14629535162416\n ],\n [\n -134.14501819896563,\n 55.67151953023151\n ],\n [\n -133.38042641092593,\n 55.011501466187696\n ],\n [\n -132.86978516937893,\n 54.48621130384299\n ],\n [\n -132.4253393670596,\n 54.54962119174465\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4557e4b0c8380cd67232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixon, E. J.","contributorId":65239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dixon","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heaton, T. H.","contributorId":64671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fifield, T. E.","contributorId":81264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fifield","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, Thomas D.","contributorId":91474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Putnam, D. E.","contributorId":35485,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Putnam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grady, F.","contributorId":66868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grady","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019589,"text":"70019589 - 1997 - Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:56:28.6","indexId":"70019589","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow","docAbstract":"Ultraclean field and laboratory procedures were used to examine trace element concentrations in northern Alaskan snow. Sixteen soluble trace elements and total mercury were determined in snow core samples representing the annual snowfall deposited during the 1993-94 season at two sites in the Prudhoe Bay oil field and nine sites in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Arctic NWR). Results indicate there were two distinct point sources for trace elements in the Prudhoe Bay oil field- a source associated with oil and gas production and a source associated with municipal solid-waste incineration. Soluble trace element concentrations measured in snow from the Arctic NWR resembled concentrations of trace elements measured elsewhere in the Arctic using clean sample-collection and processing techniques and were consistent with deposition resulting from widespread arctic atmospheric contamination. With the exception of elements associated with sea salts, there were no orographic or east-west trends observed in the Arctic NWR data, nor were there any detectable influences from the Prudhoe Bay oil field, probably because of the predominant easterly and northeasterly winds on the North Slope of Alaska. However, regression analysis on latitude suggested significant south-to-north increases in selected trace element concentrations, many of which appear unrelated to the sea salt contribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1102","usgsCitation":"Snyder-Conn, E., Garbarino, J.R., Hoffman, G.L., and Oelkers, A., 1997, Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow: Arctic, v. 50, no. 3, p. 201-215, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1102.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479955,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1102","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.00780315828374,\n 71.06255434580251\n ],\n [\n -152.00780315828374,\n 68.45974566234574\n ],\n [\n -140.87836627646902,\n 68.45974566234574\n ],\n [\n -140.87836627646902,\n 71.06255434580251\n ],\n [\n -152.00780315828374,\n 71.06255434580251\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b924de4b08c986b319e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder-Conn, E.","contributorId":7026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder-Conn","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, John R. jrgarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"John","email":"jrgarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, Gerald L.","contributorId":89172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oelkers, A.","contributorId":17000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oelkers","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019555,"text":"70019555 - 1997 - A numerical investigation of choked flow dynamics and its application to the triggering mechanism of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T16:53:26.670103","indexId":"70019555","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A numerical investigation of choked flow dynamics and its application to the triggering mechanism of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"We use numerical simulations of transonic flow through a crack to study the dynamics of the formation of shock waves downstream from a nozzle-like constriction inside the crack. The model solves the full set of Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions via an explicit multifield finite difference representation. The crack walls are assumed to be perfectly rigid, and elastic coupling to the solid is not considered. The simulations demonstrate how the behavior of unsteady shock waves near the walls can produce recurring step-like pressure transients in the flow, which in turn induce resonance of the fluid-filled crack. The motion of the shock waves is governed primarily by smooth, low-amplitude pressure fluctuations at the outlet of the crack. The force induced on the walls scales with the amplitude of the shock, which is a function of the magnitude of the inlet pressure, aperture of the constriction, and thickness of the boundary layer. The applied force also scales in proportion to the spatial extent of the shock excursion, which depends on the fluctuation rate of outlet pressure. Using the source parameters of long-period (LP) events at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, as a guide for our simulations, we infer that coupling of the shock to the walls occurs for crack inlet to outlet pressure ratios pi/po>2.31 and that the position of the shock front becomes most sensitive to outlet pressure fluctuations for flow regimes with pi/po>2.48. For such regimes, fluctuations of outlet pressure of up to ±0.5 MPa at rates up to 3 MPa/s are sufficient to induce pressure transients with magnitudes up to 12.5 MPa over 0.1–2.5 m of the walls within ∼0.5 s. These flow parameters may be adequate for triggering the LP events in the precursory swarm to the December 14, 1989, eruption of Redoubt. According to the flow model the recurrence rate and amplitudes of L.P events are inferred to be a manifestation of the response of a shallow hydrothermal reservoir to the sustained injection of superheated steam from a magma column roofing below this reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB00023","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Morrissey, M., and Chouet, B., 1997, A numerical investigation of choked flow dynamics and its application to the triggering mechanism of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B4, p. 7965-7983, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00023.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"7965","endPage":"7983","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227711,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c8e4b0c8380cd4691b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrissey, M.M.","contributorId":41477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019173,"text":"70019173 - 1997 - Ecosystem development on terraces along the Kugururok River, northwest Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T12:39:31","indexId":"70019173","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1474,"text":"Écoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem development on terraces along the Kugururok River, northwest Alaska","docAbstract":"Riverside terraces along the Kugururok River in the Noatak National Preserve provided an opportunity to study primary succession, considering general trends that apply across all terraces, and unique events that influence individual terraces. The 30-year-old willow/poplar (Salix spp., Populus balsamifera L.) terrace had no trees taller than 1.5 m; the abundant spruce trees were not tall enough to emerge from the canopy height of the willows and poplars, and moose (Alces alces [Clinton]) browsing limited the canopy height of these plants. The 75-year-old poplar/spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) terrace had a high density of poplars (> 1000/ha) and low density of spruce (125/ha); heavy browsing by moose reduced the density of poplar by about one-half. The removal of the poplar by moose in this stand resulted in sustained increases in growth of individual spruce trees. The 100-year-old younger spruce/poplar terrace had about twice as many spruce trees (1250/ha) as poplar trees (500/ha), and the spruce trees were larger on average than the poplar trees. In the 220+ year-old older spruce/poplar type, only a few poplars remained (about 25/ha), and the number of spruce trees (600/ha) was only half that of the younger stage, either from lower initial spruce density on this terrace, or increased mortality of spruce. The 240+ year-old spruce type was a second-generation forest, characterized by a high density (1950/ha) of small spruce trees, some of which were tilted, indicating discontinuous permafrost. Plant litterfall mass showed no strong trend with terrace age, although N content of litterfall appeared to decline by about 1/3 in the spruce-dominated stages. Fungal biomass increased with ecosystem age, whereas bacterial biomass and microfauna declined. We found no evidence of declining soil N supply in older stages, but fertilization experiments would be needed to determine if N limitation of productivity changed with ecosystem development. We conclude that the general successional trend of increased spruce dominance is robust for this location, but that unique events play important roles in determining tree densities and the timing of the shift in dominance from poplar to spruce. The arrival of moose in the 1970s accelerated dominance by spruce on young terraces.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/11956860.1997.11682410","issn":"11956860","usgsCitation":"Binkley, D., Suarez, F., Stottlemyer, R., and Caldwell, B., 1997, Ecosystem development on terraces along the Kugururok River, northwest Alaska: Écoscience, v. 4, no. 3, p. 311-318, https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.1997.11682410.","startPage":"311","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a059ce4b0c8380cd50e87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suarez, F.","contributorId":44676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caldwell, B.","contributorId":40741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019505,"text":"70019505 - 1997 - Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:50:44","indexId":"70019505","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem","title":"Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem","docAbstract":"The California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), a Federal- and State-listed endangered marsh bird, has a geographic range restricted to one of the most heavily-urbanized estuaries in the world. The rail population has long been in a state of decline, although the exact contribution of each of the many contributing causes remains unclear. The rail is one of the key targets of emerging plans to conserve and restore tidal marshlands. Reduction of tidal marsh habitat, estimated at 85–95%, has been the major historical cause of rail decline. Increased predation intensity may be the more important present problem, because habitat fragmentation and alteration coupled with the invasion of the red fox have made the remaining populations more vulnerable to predators. Population viability analysis shows that adult survivorship is the key demographic variable; reversals in population fate occur over a narrow range of ecologically realistic values. Analysis of habitat requirements and population dynamics of the clapper rail in the San Francisco Estuary shows that decreased within-marsh habitat quality, particularly reduction of tidal flows and alteration of drainage, is an important barrier to population recovery. Management and restoration activities should emphasize the development of well-channelized high tidal marsh, because this is the key requirement of rail habitat. Developing effective restoration programs depends upon having information that field research will not provide. The effect of spatial pattern of reserves requires accurate estimation of the effects of prédation and inter-marsh movement, both of which are practically impossible to measure adequately. It will be necessary to develop and use simulation models that can be applied to geographic data to accomplish this task.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00036-4","usgsCitation":"Foin, T.C., Garcia, E.J., Gill, R., Culberson, S.D., and Collins, J.N., 1997, Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 38, no. 3-4, p. 229-243, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00036-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a349e4b0e8fec6cdb7ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foin, Theodore C.","contributorId":174646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foin","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13461,"text":"U.C. Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, E. Jacqueline","contributorId":174039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garcia","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jacqueline","affiliations":[{"id":12711,"text":"UC Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Culberson, Steven D.","contributorId":82166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culberson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Collins, Joshua N.","contributorId":150531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":12703,"text":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019455,"text":"70019455 - 1997 - Grizzly bear predation rates on caribou calves in northeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-03T15:53:30","indexId":"70019455","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grizzly bear predation rates on caribou calves in northeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"During June 1993 and 1994, 11 radiocollared and 7 unmarked grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were monitored visually (observation) from fixed-wing aircraft to document predation on calves of the Porcupine Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Herd (PCH) in northeastern Alaska. Twenty-six (72%) grizzly bear observations were completed (???60 min) successfully (median duration = 180 min; ??95% CI = 136-181 min; range = 67-189 min) and 10 were discontinued (duration ???24 min) due to disturbance to the bear, or unfavorable weather conditions. Of the 26 successfully completed observations, 15 (58%) included predatory activity (encounter) directed at caribou calves and 8 (31%) included kills. Of 32 encounters, 9 resulted in kills, for a success rate of 28%. The median duration of encounters was 1 minute (??95% CI = 1-2 min; range = 1-6 min; n = 32;), and the median time spent at a kill was 14 minutes (??95% CI = 9-23 min; range = 6-56 min; n = 9). Sows with young (n = 4) killed more frequently (75%; P = 0.0178) than barren sows, boars, and consorting pairs combined (17%; n = 18). Estimated kill rate was highest for sows with young (6.3 kills/bear/day; n = 4), followed by barren sows (4.6 kills/bear/day; n = 5), boars (1.9 kills/bear/day; n = 5), and, finally, consorting pairs (1.0 kills/bear/day; n = 8). Estimated kill rate obtained via conventional radiotracking point surveys (4.8 kills/bear/day) was higher than that obtained via concurrent bear observations (3.1 kills/bear/day). Our research provides baseline estimates of predation rates by grizzly bears on caribou calves that will enhance the capability of wildlife professionals in managing populations of both predators and their prey.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3802102","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Young, D.D., and McCabe, T.R., 1997, Grizzly bear predation rates on caribou calves in northeastern Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 4, p. 1056-1066, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802102.","startPage":"1056","endPage":"1066","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a74e4b0c8380cd5b1c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Donald D. Jr.","contributorId":57219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Thomas R.","contributorId":91255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019445,"text":"70019445 - 1997 - Lithofacies and seismic-reflection interpretation of temperate glacimarine sedimentation in Tarr Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019445","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithofacies and seismic-reflection interpretation of temperate glacimarine sedimentation in Tarr Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles of sediment fill within Tart Inlet of Glacier Bay, Alaska, show seismic facies changes with increasing distance from the glacial termini. Five types of seismic facies are recognized from analysis of Huntec and minisparker records, and seven lithofacies are determined from detailed sedimentologic study of gravity-, vibro- and box-cores, and bottom grab samples. Lithofacies and seismic facies associations, and fjord-floor morphology allow us to divide the fjord into three sedimentary environments: ice-proximal, iceberg-zone and ice-distal. The ice-proximal environment, characterized by a morainal-bank depositional system, can be subdivided into bank-back, bank-core and bank-front subenvironments, each of which is characterized by a different depositional subsystem. A bank-back subsystem shows chaotic seismic facies with a mounded surface, which we infer consists mainly of unsorted diamicton and poorly sorted coarse-grained sediments. A bank-core depositional subsystem is a mixture of diamicton, rubble, gravel, sand and mud. Seismic-reflection records of this subsystem are characterized by chaotic seismic facies with abundant hyperbolic diffractions and a hummocky surface. A bank-front depositional subsystem consists of mainly stratified and massive sand, and is characterized by internal hummocky facies on seismic-reflection records with significant surface relief and sediment gravity flow channels. The depositional system formed in the iceberg-zone environment consists of rhythmically laminated mud interbedded with thin beds of weakly stratified diamicton and stratified or massive sand and silt. On seismic-reflection profiles, this depositional system is characterized by discontinuously stratified facies with multiple channels on the surface in the proximal zone and a single channel on the largely flat sediment surface in the distal zone. The depositional system formed in the ice-distal environment consists of interbedded homogeneous or laminated mud and massive or stratified sand and coarse silt. This depositional system shows continuously stratified seismic facies with smooth and flat surfaces on minisparker records, and continuously stratified seismic facies which are interlayered with thin weakly stratified facies on Huntec records.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00088-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Cai, J., Powell, R., Cowan, E.A., and Carlson, P., 1997, Lithofacies and seismic-reflection interpretation of temperate glacimarine sedimentation in Tarr Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Marine Geology, v. 143, no. 1-4, p. 5-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00088-1.","startPage":"5","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205781,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00088-1"},{"id":226747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4835e4b0c8380cd67cc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cai, J.","contributorId":10172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cai","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cowan, E. A.","contributorId":16423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019442,"text":"70019442 - 1997 - Distribution of autumn-staging Lesser Snow Geese on the northeast coastal plain of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:23:17","indexId":"70019442","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of autumn-staging Lesser Snow Geese on the northeast coastal plain of Alaska","docAbstract":"We conducted aerial surveys of Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) during autumn staging on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in northeast Alaska from late August through September, 1982 - 1993. We evaluated numbers and distribution of Snow Geese that staged on the ANWR, compared abundance of birds among 5 x 5-km cells used frequently (5 - 8 yr), periodically (3 - 4 yr), or infrequently (1 - 2 yr), and examined distribution changes within years. Maximum numbers of Snow Geese observed annually were highly variable (range 12,828 - 309,225). Snow Goose flocks occurred across 605,000 ha of the coastal plain, but used some areas more frequently than others. Frequently used cells (38 of 363 cells in the study area) were non-randomly distributed and primarily occurred on the central coastal plain between the wet coastal and steep foothills regions. Abundance of geese was greatest in frequently used, intermediate in periodically used, and lowest in infrequently used cells. Within years, Snow Goose numbers and flock locations varied between surveys, possibly because geese moved to different foraging areas during staging. The widespread distribution and annual variability in numbers of Snow Geese on the coastal plain was likely because birds used foraging habitats that were spatially and temporally heterogeneous. The ANWR coastal plain is an important component of the fall-staging area used by Snow Geese that nest in the western Canadian Arctic. Management decisions that affect the region should reflect its value to migrating Snow Geese.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"02738570","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.G., Brackney, A.W., Spindler, M.A., and Hupp, J.W., 1997, Distribution of autumn-staging Lesser Snow Geese on the northeast coastal plain of Alaska: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 68, no. 1, p. 124-134.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"134","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":300608,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4514202"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.2117919921875,\n 69.22304834651695\n ],\n [\n -141.0040283203125,\n 69.22304834651695\n ],\n [\n -141.0040283203125,\n 70.32613725493573\n ],\n [\n -145.2117919921875,\n 70.32613725493573\n ],\n [\n -145.2117919921875,\n 69.22304834651695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02bfe4b0c8380cd501b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Donna G.","contributorId":29965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brackney, Alan W.","contributorId":60982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brackney","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spindler, Michael A.","contributorId":56811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spindler","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019430,"text":"70019430 - 1997 - Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T19:38:05","indexId":"70019430","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","docAbstract":"Spatial change in eelgrass meadows, Zostera marina L., was assessed between 1978 and 1987 and between 1987 and 1995 at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. Change in total extent was evaluated through a map to map comparison of data interpreted from a 1978 Landsat multi-spectral scanner image and 1987 black and white aerial photographs. A ground survey in 1995 was used to assess spatial change from 1987. Eelgrass beds were the predominant vegetation type in the lagoon, comprising 44-47% (15000-16000 ha) of the total area in 1978 and 1987. Izembek Lagoon contains the largest bed of seagrass along the Pacific Coast of North America and largest known single stand of eelgrass in the world. There was a high degree of overlap in the spatial distribution of eelgrass among years of change detection. The overall net change was a 6% gain between, 1978 and 1987 and a <1% gain between 1987 and 1995. The lack of significant change in eelgrass cover suggests that eelgrass meadows in Izembek Lagoon have been stable during the 17-year period of our study.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5","issn":"03043770","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Markon, C.J., and Douglas, D.C., 1997, Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: Aquatic Botany, v. 58, no. 3-4, p. 229-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.4710693359375,\n 54.939765758658936\n ],\n [\n -162.344970703125,\n 54.939765758658936\n ],\n [\n -162.344970703125,\n 55.33851784425634\n ],\n [\n -163.4710693359375,\n 55.33851784425634\n ],\n [\n -163.4710693359375,\n 54.939765758658936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a3e4b0c8380cd50141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019405,"text":"70019405 - 1997 - Hematological and plasma biochemical reference ranges of Alaskan seabirds: Their ecological significance and clinical importance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:38:12","indexId":"70019405","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hematological and plasma biochemical reference ranges of Alaskan seabirds: Their ecological significance and clinical importance","docAbstract":"Blood was analyzed from 151 pelagic marine birds to establish reference ranges for hematological and plasma biochemical parameters from healthy, wild populations of Pacific seabirds. Of the 13 species examined, 9 were from the Family Alcidae (N = 122 individuals) and the remainder (N = 29) from the Families Phalacrocoracidae, Laridae, and Procellariidae. Three of 8 hematological parameters (total white blood cell count, lymphocyte count and eosinophil count) differed significantly among species, as did 9 of 13 plasma biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, cholesterol, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein and field total protein). There were no differences among species for packed cell volume, buffy coat, cell counts of heterophils, monocytes and basophils, or for concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, uric acid and calcium. Plasma calcium concentration, triglyceride levels and field total protein varied significantly between sexes, with females having higher mean concentrations of all 3 parameters. However, no significant relationships between measures of breeding condition (brood patch size, subcutaneous and mesenteric fat deposits, or ovarian follicle size and ovary weight) and calcium or alkaline phosphatase concentrations in female birds could be identified. Alanine aminotransferase and uric acid were the only analytes which did not differ significantly between species or sexes.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521600","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"Newman, S.H., Piatt, J.F., and White, J., 1997, Hematological and plasma biochemical reference ranges of Alaskan seabirds: Their ecological significance and clinical importance: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 20, no. 3, p. 492-504, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521600.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"492","endPage":"504","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3051e4b0c8380cd5d543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newman, S. H.","contributorId":21888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, J.","contributorId":56355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019393,"text":"70019393 - 1997 - An integrated model for the tectonic development of the frontal Brooks Range and Colville Basin 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T14:47:36.711001","indexId":"70019393","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An integrated model for the tectonic development of the frontal Brooks Range and Colville Basin 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect","docAbstract":"We present a kinematic model for the sequence of deformation and sedimentation in the frontal Brooks Range and adjacent Colville Basin in the Etivluk River region, 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT). The model is based on a tectonic subsidence analysis of the foreland basin, combined with structural, stratigraphic, and thermal studies of the northern edge of the Brooks Range thrust belt. We interpret six discrete tectonic events that led to the present-day configuration of the thrust belt in this area: (1) emplacement of ophiolitic allochthons over the distal continental margin rocks in Valanginian time, hundreds of kilometers south of this study, (2) Hauterivian uplift of the Barrow Arch rift margin, affecting the northern part of the Colville Basin, (3) Barremian contraction involving emplacement of distal continental margin and ophiolitic allochthons onto the Endicott Mountains allochthon and creation of a southward dipping flexural basin on the North Slope autochthon, (4) mid-Cretaceous exhumation of imbricated rocks in the Brooks Range during northward propagation of the thrust front into the foreland, (5) minor thrusting in Late Cretaceous-Paleocene in the northern foreland to the northern limit of contractional structures, and (6) regional exhumation of the orogen and the foreland in Paleocene-Eocene time. This sequence of deformation agrees well with a simple model of a forward propagating thrust system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03670","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cole, F., Bird, K.J., Toro, J., Roure, F., O’Sullivan, P.B., Pawlewicz, M., and Howell, D.G., 1997, An integrated model for the tectonic development of the frontal Brooks Range and Colville Basin 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20685-20708, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03670.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"20685","endPage":"20708","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489844,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03670","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea80e4b0c8380cd488e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, F.","contributorId":66004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, K. J.","contributorId":57824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bird","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toro, J.","contributorId":88502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toro","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roure, F.","contributorId":25706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roure","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Sullivan, P. B.","contributorId":39950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Sullivan","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pawlewicz, M.","contributorId":68886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlewicz","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Howell, D. G.","contributorId":52546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70019391,"text":"70019391 - 1997 - Permian deposition in the north central Brooks Range, Alaska: Constraints for tectonic reconstructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:07:21.724149","indexId":"70019391","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permian deposition in the north central Brooks Range, Alaska: Constraints for tectonic reconstructions","docAbstract":"Two opposing tectonic models have been offered to explain the regional structural relations in the north central Brooks Range fold-thrust belt of northern Alaska. The first suggests that rocks of the northern Endicott Mountains were thrust from south to north over the area of the present Mount Doonerak high and are therefore highly allochthonous. The second implies that the rocks of the northern Endicott Mountains were deposited in a basin that lay north of the Mount Doonerak high and later were thrust a short distance southward onto the northern flank of the high and are thus parautochthonous. To provide stratigraphic constraints for these models, this study examines Permian facies of the north central Brooks Range. Permian rocks in the north central Brooks Range comprise a thin (40 to 160 m thick), fining-upward succession of clastic, storm-influenced shelf deposits. When the rocks of the northern Endicott Mountains are restored south of the Mount Doonerak area, a minimum distance of 80 km, the Permian deposits grade systematically from distal facies (Siksikpuk Formation) in the southwest to proximal facies (Echooka Formation) in the northeast. Facies trends in the reconstructed Permian basin include, from southwest to northeast, (1) an increase in carbonate content and corresponding decrease in silica content, (2) a general darkening and thickening of shaley intervals, (3) an increase in proximal features of storm beds, including coarser, thicker, more abundant, and more closely spaced beds, and (4) an increase in abundance and diversity of the faunal assemblage with a corresponding decrease in age. These stratigraphic relations imply that rocks of the northern Endicott Mountains are allochthonous and structurally overlie a proximal stratigraphie succession similar to that exposed in the Mount Doonerak area and northeastern Brooks Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB00950","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Adams, K., Mull, C.G., and Crowder, R., 1997, Permian deposition in the north central Brooks Range, Alaska: Constraints for tectonic reconstructions: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20727-20748, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00950.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"20727","endPage":"20748","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479986,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb00950","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76bce4b0c8380cd782b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, K.E.","contributorId":9410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mull, C. G.","contributorId":40220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crowder, R.K.","contributorId":80833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019385,"text":"70019385 - 1997 - Experimental manipulations of snow-depth: Effects on nutrient content of caribou forage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-19T16:13:08","indexId":"70019385","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental manipulations of snow-depth: Effects on nutrient content of caribou forage","docAbstract":"We investigated the potential effects of global climate change on arctic tundra vegetation used as caribou forage. A total of 96 experimental plots was established at six sites on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, in 1993 and 1994. We erected snow-fences to increase the amount of snow deposition, and therefore delay the date of the snowmelt on 48 plots (referred to as increased snow/late melting plots). We used black mesh netting on the surface of the snow to increase the rate of melting on 24 plots; the remaining 24 plots served as controls. In July 1994, we collected green leaves from Eriophorum vaginatum, Salix planifolia, and Betula nana and analysed these samples for total carbon and total nitrogen content. Ratios of carbon to nitrogen differed among treatments for all three species. Generally, C:N ratios for B. nana and E. vaginatum on increased snow/late melting plots were lower than on control plots. C:N ratios for S. planifolia on increased snow/late melting plots did not differ from controls, but were lower than on plots which started to melt early. These results may be due to the timing of nitrogen translocation from leaf and stem tissue into storage organs, or due to an increase in available nitrogen input to the system. Further sampling is needed to adequately determine the mechanism responsible for increased nitrogen content of caribou forage in areas with increased amount of snow and delayed snowmelt. ?? 1997 Blackwell Science Ltd.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb142.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Walsh, N.E., McCabe, T.R., Welker, J., and Parsons, A., 1997, Experimental manipulations of snow-depth: Effects on nutrient content of caribou forage: Global Change Biology, v. 3, no. SUPPL. 1, p. 158-164, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb142.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"158","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dd7e4b0c8380cd53204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Noreen E.","contributorId":107441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walsh","given":"Noreen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Thomas R.","contributorId":91255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welker, J.M.","contributorId":82868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welker","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parsons, A.N.","contributorId":46238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}