From 1993 to 1999, we conducted banding and telemetry studies of fall migrant Soras (Porzana carolina) in the historic rail hunting and exceptional stopover habitat of the Wild Rice (Zizania aquatica) marshes of the tidal Patuxent River. Drift traps equipped with audio lures produced 3,897 Sora and 417 Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola) captures during the seven-year study. Sora captures were characterized by a high proportion (70% to 90%) of young-of-the year and a paucity of between-year recaptures (N = 12). Radio-telemetry studies depicted Soras as long-distance migrants with high stopover survival and a critical dependence on tidal freshwater marshes for migratory fattening. Here, the high productivity of Wild Rice, Smartweeds (Polygonum spp.) and other seed-bearing annual plants seem intrinsically linked to Sora migratory fitness. A stopover period of >40 days and mean mass gain of +0.6g/d suggests Soras are accumulating large fat reserves for long-distance flight. Radio tracking confirmed Soras as strong flyers with a demonstrated overnight (ten h) flight range of 700-900+ km. Given the potential size of fat reserves and the ability to use tail winds, it is conceivable for Soras to make nonstop flights from the Patuxent River to Florida, the Bahamas, or even the Caribbean. Once a widely hunted species, a single sport-hunting recovery from our 3,900 bandings attests to the decline in popularity of the Sora as a game bird in the Atlantic Flyway. We suggest the few between-year recaptures observed in our bandings results from three possible factors: 1) the strong influence of wind drift on migration, 2) different migration chronology or flight path of AHY versus HY birds, and/or 3) high mortality of especially HY birds during Atlantic coastal and Gulf crossings. The critical dependence of Soras and other seed-dependent, fall-migrant waterbirds on highly productive yet limited tidal freshwater marsh habitats make conservation of such areas a priority mission within the Chesapeake Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0105:SITMBA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haramis, G., and Kearns, G.D., 2007, Soras in tidal marsh: Banding and telemetry studies on the Patuxent River, Maryland: Waterbirds, v. 30, p. 105-121, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0105:SITMBA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"121","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.73194885253906,\n 38.70694605159386\n ],\n [\n -76.67324066162108,\n 38.70694605159386\n ],\n [\n -76.67324066162108,\n 38.80225962384822\n ],\n [\n -76.73194885253906,\n 38.80225962384822\n ],\n [\n -76.73194885253906,\n 38.70694605159386\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7788","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haramis, G. Michael mharamis@usgs.gov","contributorId":4001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G. Michael","email":"mharamis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kearns, Gregory D.","contributorId":28331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kearns","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211413,"text":"5211413 - 2007 - Nocturnal migration through the central Appalachians, with stopovers on lower Delmarva","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5211413","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:20","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Nocturnal migration through the central Appalachians, with stopovers on lower Delmarva","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applying radar technology to migratory bird conservation and management: strengthening and expanding a collaborative","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey.","collaboration":"Workshop held 24 - 26 October 2006, The Nativo Lodge, Albuquerque, New Mexico. PDF on file: 6896_Dawson.pdf","usgsCitation":"Dawson, D., Jones, T., Mabey, S., and Mizrahi, D., 2007, Nocturnal migration through the central Appalachians, with stopovers on lower Delmarva, chap. of Applying radar technology to migratory bird conservation and management: strengthening and expanding a collaborative, p. 23-24.","productDescription":"iv, 86","startPage":"23","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63526b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ruth, Janet M. 0000-0003-1576-5957 janet_ruth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1576-5957","contributorId":1408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruth","given":"Janet","email":"janet_ruth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":508080,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, D.","contributorId":72901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, T.","contributorId":51879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mabey, Sarah","contributorId":10519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mabey","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mizrahi, D.","contributorId":51421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mizrahi","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211436,"text":"5211436 - 2007 - Potential environmental contaminant risks to avian species at important bird areas in the northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211436","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:20","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Potential environmental contaminant risks to avian species at important bird areas in the northeastern United States","docAbstract":"Environmental contaminants, acting at molecular through population levels of biological organization, can have profound effects upon birds. A screening level risk assessment was conducted that examined potential contaminant threats at 52 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the northeastern Atlantic coast drainage. Using geographic information system methodology, data layers describing or integrating pollutant hazards (impaired waters, fish or wildlife consumption advisories, toxic release inventory data, estimated pesticide use and hazard) were overlaid on buffered IBA boundaries, and the relative contaminant threat for each site was ranked. The 10 sites identified as having the greatest contaminant threats included Jefferson National Forest, Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge, Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Blue Ridge Parkway, Shenandoah National Park, Adirondack Park, Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge, George Washington National Forest, Green Mountain National Forest, and Long Island Piping Plover Beaches. These sites accounted for over 50% of the entire study area, and in general had moderate to high percentages of impaired waters, fish consumption advisories related to mercury and PCBs, and were located in counties with substantial application rates of pesticides known to be toxic to birds. Avian species at these IBAs include Federally endangered Roseate terns (Sterna dougallii), threatened piping plovers (Charadrius melodus), neotropical migrants, Bicknell?s thrush (Catharus bicknelli), Swainson?s warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) and wintering brant geese (Branta bernicla). Extant data for free-ranging birds from the Contaminant Exposure and Effects--Terrestrial Vertebrates database were examined within the buffered boundaries of each IBA, and for a moderate number of sites there was qualitative concordance between the perceived risk and actual contaminant exposure data. However, several of the IBAs with substantial contaminant hazards (e.g., Blue Ridge Parkway, George Washington National Forest, Shenandoah National Park) had no recent avian ecotoxicological data. Contaminant biomonitoring is warranted at such sites, and data generated from such efforts should foster natural resource management activities.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America, Midwest Express Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA), 11-15 Nov.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., and Ackerson, B., 2007, Potential environmental contaminant risks to avian species at important bird areas in the northeastern United States, chap. of 28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America, Midwest Express Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA), 11-15 Nov.","productDescription":"334","startPage":"33 (abstra","numberOfPages":"334","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683791","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":331029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerson, B.K.","contributorId":20853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerson","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211438,"text":"5211438 - 2007 - Assessment of Alternative Substrates for Culturing Lumbriculus variegatus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5211438","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:20","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Assessment of Alternative Substrates for Culturing Lumbriculus variegatus","docAbstract":"The freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, is tank-cultured to provide organisms for aquatic-habitat assessments, regeneration research and as a clean source of live food for aquarium fishes. Shredded paper is the typical substrate in cultures used to rear L. variegatus for these purposes. However, the effort needed to separate large numbers from decomposing paper can be prohibitive. Burlap and nylon mesh material were compared to paper as potential alternatives that could reduce this effort. Oligochaete production and the amount of time needed to separate animals from substrate were compared for eight weeks among experimental cultures containing burlap, nylon mesh and paper. Cultures with paper substrate increased in number and weight two to three times faster than those with burlap or nylon mesh substrates. The time needed to separate animals from substrate was initially two to three times longer with paper substrate than with burlap or nylon mesh substrates, but this difference increased to between 10 and 40 times longer after six weeks as the paper substrate decomposed. Feeding rates varied by treatment and were based on average wet weight at the time of water replacement. Elevated ammonia and nitrite concentrations resulting from excess food may have reduced production in nylon mesh treatments and was lethal in paper treatments during the final phases of the study. The type of substrate recommended may depend on the desired production rate of oligochaetes, space available for cultures and the amount of effort available for substrate renewal and separating the animals from the cultures.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America, Midwest Express Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA), 11-15 Nov.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lasier, P., 2007, Assessment of Alternative Substrates for Culturing Lumbriculus variegatus, chap. of 28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America, Midwest Express Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA), 11-15 Nov.","productDescription":"334","startPage":"154 (abstr","numberOfPages":"334","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672a1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lasier, P. J.","contributorId":79201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasier","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211422,"text":"5211422 - 2007 - Response of roseate tern to a shoreline protection project on Falkner Island, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T18:13:28.307948","indexId":"5211422","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:20","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Response of roseate tern to a shoreline protection project on Falkner Island, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Construction was initiated following the 2000 tern breeding season for Phase 1 of a planned two-phase \"Shoreline Protection and Erosion Control Project\" at the Falkner Island Unit of the USFWS Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge located in Long Island Sound off the coast of Guilford, CT. When the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) and federally endangered Roseate Tern (S. dougallii) arrived in spring 2001, they encountered several major habitat changes from what had existed in previous years. These changes included:
a rock revetment covering most of the former nesting habitat on the beach from the northwestern section around the northern tip and covering about 60% of the eastern side;
an elevated 60- x 4-m shelf covering the beach and lower bank of the southwestern section; and
about 2,000 sq m of devegetated areas on top of the island on the northeast side above the revetment, and about one-third of the southern half of the island.
The southwest shelf was created by bulldozing and compacting extra construction fill and in situ materials. This shelf differed in internal structure from the main revetment on the north and eastern sections of the island because it lacked the deep internal crevices of the revetment. The deep internal crevices were created from the large stones and boulders (up to 2 tons) used in the construction of the main revetment. Small rock and gravel was used to fill the crevices to within 3 feet (0.9 m) of the surface of the revetment.
Because half-buried tires and nest boxes for the six Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) sub-colony areas were deployed in similar patterns on the remaining beach, and nest boxes were placed on the newly elevated shelf areas several meters above previous locations on the now-covered beach areas, the distribution of Roseate Tern nests did not change much from 2000 to 2001. However, the movements of Roseate Tern chicks - in many cases led by their parents towards traditional hiding places - into the labyrinth of subterranean channels, especially in the main revetment area, made it difficult to measure chick growth and productivity as had been done for more than 12 years prior to construction. Also, observations of color-banded adults that were unable to locate and feed their young inside the main revetment, and of adults returning to courtship behavior and renesting after having hatched chicks from their initial clutches, indicated that a minimum of 20% of the chicks (mostly first hatched A-chicks, which usually have high rates of survival to fledging) that entered the main revetment died after doing so in 2001. The mortality rate of Roseate Tern chicks that entered the secondary revetment on the southwest shelf, however, was not unusually high in 2001.
In an attempt to reduce the likelihood of nesting and chick losses in these sub-colonies, a research team led by the USGS in 2002-2003 did not put nest boxes on the northeast and east shelf areas where previous losses had been high. However, losses of tern eggs and young chicks to predatory Black-crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) were so great in 2002-2003 that few Roseate Tern chicks survived long enough to move into the main revetment area and little comparative survival data were collected. The USFWS continues to remove predatory night herons, to monitor the location and success of nesting Roseate Terns and to fill in some of problem areas near the tern nests in the main revetment. The extensive chick-searching fieldwork and observational procedures used by the USGS-led research team to determine the growth and survival of the Roseate Tern chicks at Falkner Island were not used in 2004-2005. The number of chicks lost in the revetment during these years is not known. Without additional fill, loss of chicks of this endangered species in the main revetment may rise again even though the night heron predation problem has been reduced.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Summary of second regional workshop on dredging, beach nourishment, and birds on the North Atlantic Coast","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Engineer Corps of Engineers","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Rogers, C., and Spendelow, J.A., 2007, Response of roseate tern to a shoreline protection project on Falkner Island, Connecticut, chap. of Summary of second regional workshop on dredging, beach nourishment, and birds on the North Atlantic Coast, p. 59-60.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"60","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut ","otherGeospatial":"Falkner Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.65604257583618,\n 41.2103655533284\n ],\n [\n -72.65250205993652,\n 41.2103655533284\n ],\n [\n -72.65250205993652,\n 41.2141105096505\n ],\n [\n -72.65604257583618,\n 41.2141105096505\n ],\n [\n -72.65604257583618,\n 41.2103655533284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6254d4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Guilfoyle, Michael P.","contributorId":113717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guilfoyle","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508111,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, Richard A.","contributorId":113489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508110,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pashley, David N.","contributorId":112848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pashley","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508109,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lott, Casey A.","contributorId":112124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lott","given":"Casey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508108,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, C.J.","contributorId":35419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spendelow, Jeffrey A. 0000-0001-8167-0898 jspendelow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":4355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jspendelow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":330993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211308,"text":"5211308 - 2007 - The R3/R5 impoundment study: A large-scale management experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T19:11:48","indexId":"5211308","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The R3/R5 impoundment study: A large-scale management experiment","docAbstract":"Managed wetlands provide a broad spectrum of resources to migratory waterbirds (shorebirds, wading birds, and waterfowl) throughout the annual cycle. Successful conservation and management of waterbirds depends on integrated approaches that (1) incorporate larger spatial and temporal scales than traditional approaches to wetland management, and (2) use experimental designs to reduce uncertainty about the response of the systems to management. In a previous experiment on USFWS National Wildlife Refuges in the Northeast, we explored the effects of water-level management on migratory shorebirds in spring. We documented regional patterns of shorebird use of Refuge wetlands and showed that across the region, a slow drawdown was superior to 2 alternatives. USGS and USFWS have now cooperatively undertaken an expanded study focusing on 3 waterbird guilds in the context of the complete annual cycle and over a larger spatial extent. For this 3-yr study, now in its first year, 2 impoundments were selected at each of 23 NWRs across the Northeast and Upper Midwest Regions. Two experimental treatments (annual water regimes focused on early-season or late-season drawdowns) are being applied each year in a cross-over design. This experimental design will increase our understanding of cross-seasonal interactions which result from specific hydrologic regimes aimed at a particular waterbird guild. Monitoring will allow waterbird responses to be linked with direct effects of water management on plant and invertebrate populations. Results of this large-scale experiment will be used to motivate formal adaptive management of wetlands and waterbirds at refuges following completion of this experiment.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"One Hundred and Twenty-Third Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union: abstract book","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"One Hundred and Twenty-Third Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union","conferenceDate":"August 23-27, 2005","conferenceLocation":"Santa Barbara, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithologists' Union","doi":"10.2307/25150331","usgsCitation":"Lyons, J.E., Laskowski, H.P., Runge, M., Lor, S., Kendall, W., and Talbott, S., 2007, The R3/R5 impoundment study: A large-scale management experiment, in One Hundred and Twenty-Third Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union: abstract book, Santa Barbara, CA, August 23-27, 2005, p. 97-98, https://doi.org/10.2307/25150331.","startPage":"97","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/46618/1/Ryder%26al2007%28123%20AOU%20Meeting%20Abstracts%20-%20Auk%29.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyons, J. E.","contributorId":15145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laskowski, H. P.","contributorId":88063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laskowski","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lor, S.","contributorId":49495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lor","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Talbott, S.","contributorId":54327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Talbott","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211391,"text":"5211391 - 2007 - A frame-work for population-level ecological risk assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211391","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A frame-work for population-level ecological risk assessment","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Population-Level Ecological Risk Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, Florida","collaboration":"ISBN-10: 1420053329 ISBN-13: 978-1420053326 OCLC: 173240032 PDF on file: 6838_Wentsel.pdf","usgsCitation":"Wentsel, R., Beyer, N., Forbes, V., Maund, S., and Pastorak, R., 2007, A frame-work for population-level ecological risk assessment, chap. of Population-Level Ecological Risk Assessment, p. 211-237.","productDescription":"376","startPage":"211","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"376","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeaf8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnthouse, Lawrence W. Jr.","contributorId":113002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnthouse","given":"Lawrence","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508072,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munns, Wayne R.","contributorId":112563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munns","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508071,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sorensen, Mary T.","contributorId":112291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508070,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Wentsel, R.","contributorId":81219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentsel","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyer, N.","contributorId":15737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forbes, V.","contributorId":81220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forbes","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maund, S.","contributorId":13349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maund","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pastorak, R.","contributorId":35431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pastorak","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5211390,"text":"5211390 - 2007 - Environmental Impacts of mountain biking: Science review and best practices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211390","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Environmental Impacts of mountain biking: Science review and best practices","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Managing Mountain Biking: IMBA's Guide to Providing Great Riding","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Mountain Biking Association","publisherLocation":"Boulder, Colorado","collaboration":"OCLC: 171113134. ISBN: 097550231X; 9780975502310 PDF on file: 6833_Marion.pdf 1.6 MB 6833_Marion_no_color.pdf 96kb","usgsCitation":"Marion, J., and Wimpey, J., 2007, Environmental Impacts of mountain biking: Science review and best practices, chap. of Managing Mountain Biking: IMBA's Guide to Providing Great Riding, p. 94-111.","productDescription":"256","startPage":"94","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"256","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602550","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Webber, Pete","contributorId":113822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webber","given":"Pete","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508069,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wimpey, J.","contributorId":47498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wimpey","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5200330,"text":"5200330 - 2007 - The Washington Biologists' Field Club : Its members and its history (1900-2006)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"5200330","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"The Washington Biologists' Field Club : Its members and its history (1900-2006)","docAbstract":"This book is based on the interesting one-hundred-plus-year history of the Club and its members. Plummers Island and the historic cabin on the Island have served as a common meeting area where the Club members have conducted research and held many social activities for over a century. The history has been written and revised over the years by members, and the biographical sketches also have been collected and written by the members. The Club was formed in 1900 and incorporated as a society in 1901 for scientists in the Washington, D.C., area. In recent years the Club has sponsored research by many non-member local scientists with grants totaling over $305,000. The cumulative total of 267 members represents all branches of natural science, with a strong emphasis on biology as the Club name indicates. In addition to the biologists there have been famous naturalists (e.g., John Burroughs), high-level administrators (e.g., Ira Gabrielson), and well-known artists (e.g., Roger Tory Peterson). Most members have been biological scientists, working for agencies in the Washington, D.C., area, who have published many articles and books dealing with biology and related subjects. The book is publIshed mainly for the benefit of the living Club members and for relatives of the deceased members. The members hope that the book will find its way into libraries across the country and that in the future, persons interested in some of the pioneer scientists, in the various professional areas of science, can obtain biographical information from a well-documented source. Most of the 542 illustrations of the members, cabin, and the Island have not been published previously. It is hopeful that the biographical sketches, pictures, and other information presented in this book can generate new information for future publications and for the website of the Washington Biologists' Field Club, which is updated frequently.","language":"English","publisher":"Washington Biologists' Field Club","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C","collaboration":" PDF on file: WBFC-BookFlier.pdf 6847_Perry.pdf ","usgsCitation":"2007, The Washington Biologists' Field Club : Its members and its history (1900-2006), x, 342.","productDescription":"x, 342","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d5ab","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505885,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5200340,"text":"5200340 - 2007 - Mammals of South America, Volume 1, Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"5200340","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Mammals of South America, Volume 1, Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats","docAbstract":"The vast terrain between Panama and Tierra del Fuego contains some of the world?s richest mammalian fauna, but until now it has lacked a comprehensive systematic reference to the identification, distribution, and taxonomy of its mammals. The first such book of its kind and the inaugural volume in a three-part series, Mammals of South America both summarizes existing information and encourages further research of the mammals indigenous to the region. Containing identification keys and brief descriptions of each order, family, and genus, the first volume of Mammals of South America covers marsupials, shrews, armadillos, sloths, anteaters, and bats. Species accounts include taxonomic descriptions, synonymies, keys to identification, distributions with maps and a gazetteer of marginal localities, lists of recognized subspecies, brief summaries of natural history information, and discussions of issues related to taxonomic interpretations. Highly anticipated and much needed, this book will be a landmark contribution to mammalogy, zoology, tropical biology, and conservation biology.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","publisherLocation":"Chicago, Illinois","collaboration":"OCLC: 124031828","usgsCitation":"2007, Mammals of South America, Volume 1, Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats, xx, 669.","productDescription":"xx, 669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0be","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gardner, A. L.","contributorId":97213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"A.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505886,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97237,"text":"ofr20071124 - 2007 - Surface-source downhole seismic analysis in R","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-11T10:04:29","indexId":"ofr20071124","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1124","title":"Surface-source downhole seismic analysis in R","docAbstract":"This report discusses a method for interpreting a layered slowness or velocity model from surface-source downhole seismic data originally presented by Boore (2003). I have implemented this method in the statistical computing language R (R Development Core Team, 2007), so that it is freely and easily available to researchers and practitioners that may find it useful. I originally applied an early version of these routines to seismic cone penetration test data (SCPT) to analyze the horizontal variability of shear-wave velocity within the sediments in the San Francisco Bay area (Thompson et al., 2006). A more recent version of these codes was used to analyze the influence of interface-selection and model assumptions on velocity/slowness estimates and the resulting differences in site amplification (Boore and Thompson, 2007). The R environment has many benefits for scientific and statistical computation; I have chosen R to disseminate these routines because it is versatile enough to program specialized routines, is highly interactive which aids in the analysis of data, and is freely and conveniently available to install on a wide variety of computer platforms.\r\n\r\nThese scripts are useful for the interpretation of layered velocity models from surface-source downhole seismic data such as deep boreholes and SCPT data. The inputs are the travel-time data and the offset of the source at the surface. The travel-time arrivals for the P- and S-waves must already be picked from the original data. An option in the inversion is to include estimates of the standard deviation of the travel-time picks for a weighted inversion of the velocity profile. The standard deviation of each travel-time pick is defined relative to the standard deviation of the best pick in a profile and is based on the accuracy with which the travel-time measurement could be determined from the seismogram.\r\n\r\nThe analysis of the travel-time data consists of two parts: the identification of layer-interfaces, and the inversion for the velocity of each layer. The analyst usually picks layer-interfaces by visual inspection of the travel-time data. I have also developed an algorithm that automatically finds boundaries which can save a significant amount of the time when analyzing a large number of sites. The results of the automatic routines should be reviewed to check that they are reasonable. The interactivity of these scripts allows the user to add and to remove layers quickly, thus allowing rapid feedback on how the residuals are affected by each additional parameter in the inversion. In addition, the script allows many models to be compared at the same time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071124","usgsCitation":"Thompson, E., 2007, Surface-source downhole seismic analysis in R (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1124, Report: iii, 14 p.; Install Packages, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071124.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 14 p.; Install Packages","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12288,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1124/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b7b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Eric M.","contributorId":79193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Eric M.","affiliations":[{"id":6608,"text":"San Diego State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":301455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97239,"text":"ofr20071359AD - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":97239,"text":"ofr20071359AD - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359AD","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"chapter":"A-D","displayTitle":"Chemical Data for Rock, Sediment, Biological, Precipitate, and Water Samples from Abandoned Copper Mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":80624,"text":"ofr20071359 - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":80624,"text":"ofr20071359 - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T21:34:59.259644","indexId":"ofr20071359AD","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1359","chapter":"A-D","displayTitle":"Chemical Data for Rock, Sediment, Biological, Precipitate, and Water Samples from Abandoned Copper Mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"In the early 20th century, approximately 6 million metric tons of copper ore were mined from numerous deposits located along the shorelines of fjords and islands in Prince William Sound, Alaska. At the Beatson, Ellamar, and Threeman mine sites (fig. 1), rocks containing Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb sulfide minerals are exposed to chemical weathering in abandoned mine workings and remnant waste piles that extend into the littoral zone. Field investigations in 2003 and 2005 as well as analytical data for rock, sediment, precipitate, water, and biological samples reveal that the oxidation of sulfides at these sites is resulting in the generation of acid mine drainage and the transport of metals into the marine environment (Koski and others, 2008; Stillings and others, 2008). \r\n\r\nAt the Ellamar and Threeman sites, plumes of acidic and metal-enriched water are flowing through beach gravels into the shallow offshore environment. Interstitial water samples collected from beach sediment at Ellamar have low pH levels (to ~3) and high concentrations of metals including iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, and mercury. The abundant precipitation of the iron sulfate mineral jarosite in the Ellamar gravels also signifies a low-pH environment. At the Beatson mine site (the largest copper mine in the region) seeps containing iron-rich microbial precipitates drain into the intertidal zone below mine dumps (Foster and others, 2008). A stream flowing down to the shoreline from underground mine workings at Beatson has near-neutral pH, but elevated levels of zinc, copper, and lead (Stillings and others, 2008). Offshore sediment samples at Beatson are enriched in these metals. Preliminary chemical data for tissue from marine mussels collected near the Ellamar, Threeman, and Beatson sites reveal elevated levels of copper, zinc, and lead compared to tissue in mussels from other locations in Prince William Sound (Koski and others, 2008). \r\n\r\nThree papers presenting results of this ongoing investigation of sulfide oxidation in Prince William Sound are in press. Koski and others (2008) provide an overview of rock alteration, surface water chemistry, and the distribution of metals at the Ellamar, Threeman, and Beatson mine sites. Based on a 60-day, stream-discharge experiment at Beatson in 2005, Stillings and others (2008) analyze changes in water chemistry during storm events and the flux of metals to the shoreline. Foster and others (2008) investigate the biomass and diversity of microbial communities present in surface waters (streams, seeps, pore waters) using fatty acid methyl ester (FAMES) data and principal component analysis. The publications cited above contain a subset of the total chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples collected from the three mine sites in 2003 and 2005. The purpose of this report is the presentation of complete chemical data sets for all samples collected during the two field periods of fieldwork. Data for a small number of samples collected at two other mines (Schlosser and Fidalgo, fig. 1), visited in 2003, are also included in the tables.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071359AD","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., and Munk, L., 2007, Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1359, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071359AD.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12290,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1359/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,59.5 ], [ -150,61.25 ], [ -145,61.25 ], [ -145,59.5 ], [ -150,59.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munk, LeeAnn","contributorId":9727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munk","given":"LeeAnn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}