This geologic map is the result of a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service in collaboration with the Navajo Nation and the Hopi Tribe to provide regional geologic information for resource management officials of the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, Navajo Indian Reservation (herein the Navajo Nation), the Hopi Tribe, and for visitor information services at Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona as well as private enterprises that have lands within the area.
The Cameron 30’ x 60’ quadrangle encompasses approximately 5,018 km2 (1,960 mi2) within Coconino County, northern Arizona and is bounded by longitude 111° to 112° W., and latitude 35°30’ to 36° N. The map area is within the southern Colorado Plateaus geologic province (herein Colorado Plateau). The map area is locally subdivided into six physiographic areas: the Grand Canyon (including the Little Colorado River Gorge), Coconino Plateau, Marble Plateau, Little Colorado River Valley, Moenkopi Plateau, and the San Francisco Volcanic Field as defined by Billingsley and others, 1997 (fig. 1). Elevations range from about 2,274 m (7,460 ft) at the south rim of Grand Canyon along State Highway 64 to about 994 m (3,260 ft) in the Grand Canyon, northeast quarter of the map area.
The Cameron quadrangle is one of the few remaining areas near the Grand Canyon where uniform geologic mapping was needed for geologic connectivity of the regional geologic framework that will be useful to federal, state, and private land resource managers who direct environmental and land management programs such as range management, biological studies, flood control, and water resource investigations. The geologic information presented will support future and ongoing local geologic investigations and associated scientific studies of all disciplines within the Cameron quadrangle area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2977","isbn":"9781411319882","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service, the Navajo Nation, and the Hopi Tribe","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G.H., Priest, S.S., and Felger, T.J., 2007, Geologic map of the Cameron 30' x 60' quadrangle, Coconino County, northern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2977, Map Sheet: 38 x 52 inches; Pamphlet: 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2977.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 38 x 52 inches; Pamphlet: 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_2977.jpg"},{"id":13892,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2007/2977/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":246706,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93280.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"93280"}],"scale":"1","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Coconino County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,35.5 ], [ -112,36 ], [ -111,36 ], [ -111,35.5 ], [ -112,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae0f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Priest, Susan S. spriest@usgs.gov","contributorId":30204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"Susan","email":"spriest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Felger, Tracey J. 0000-0003-0841-4235 tfelger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0841-4235","contributorId":1117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felger","given":"Tracey","email":"tfelger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80844,"text":"ofr20071317 - 2007 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 1957 quarterly administrative reports","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T12:10:00.235146","indexId":"ofr20071317","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1317","title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 1957 quarterly administrative reports","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTORY NOTE\r\n\r\nThe Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Summaries have been published in the current format since 1956. The Quarterly Summaries (1956 through 1973) and the Annual Summaries (1974 through 1985) were originally published as Administrative Reports. These reports have been compiled and published as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports. The quarterly reports have been combined and published as one annual summary. All the summaries from 1956 to the present are now available as .pdf files at http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod.\r\n\r\nThe earthquake summary data are presented as a listing of origin time, depth, magnitude, and other location parameters. Network instrumentation, field station sites, and location algorithms are described. Tilt and other deformation data are included until Summary 77, January to December 1977. From 1978, the seismic and deformation data are published separately, due to differing schedules of data reduction.\r\n\r\nThere are eight quarters - from the fourth quarter of 1959 to the third quarter of 1961 - that were never published. Two of these (4th quarter 1959, 1st quarter 1960) have now been published, using handwritten notes of Jerry Eaton (HVO seismologist at the time) and his colleagues. The seismic records for the remaining six summaries went back to California in 1961 with Jerry Eaton. Other responsibilities intervened, and the seismic summaries were never prepared.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071317","usgsCitation":"Nakata, J.S., 2007, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 1957 quarterly administrative reports (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1317, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071317.","productDescription":"31 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1957-01-01","temporalEnd":"1957-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389100,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83168.htm"},{"id":10674,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1317/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.4892578125,\n 18.677471258526065\n ],\n [\n -154.566650390625,\n 18.677471258526065\n ],\n [\n -154.566650390625,\n 20.427012814257385\n ],\n [\n -156.4892578125,\n 20.427012814257385\n ],\n [\n -156.4892578125,\n 18.677471258526065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f263","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakata, Jennifer S.","contributorId":41907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80848,"text":"ofr20071273 - 2007 - Water-Level Data for the Albuquerque Basin and Adjacent Areas, Central New Mexico, Period of Record Through September 30, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"ofr20071273","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1273","title":"Water-Level Data for the Albuquerque Basin and Adjacent Areas, Central New Mexico, Period of Record Through September 30, 2006","docAbstract":"The Albuquerque Basin, located in central New Mexico, is about 100 miles long and 25 to 40 miles wide. The basin is defined as the extent of consolidated and unconsolidated deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary age that encompass the structural Rio Grande Rift within the basin. Drinking-water supplies throughout the basin are currently (2007) obtained solely from ground-water resources. An increase of about 20 percent in the population from 1990 to 2000 also resulted in an increased demand for water. From April 1982 through September 1983, a network of wells was established to monitor changes in ground-water levels throughout the basin. This network consisted of 6 wells with analog-to-digital recorders and 27 wells where water levels were measured monthly. Currently (2007), the network consists of 133 wells and piezometers. This report presents water-level data collected by U.S. Geological Survey personnel at 133 sites through 2007.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071273","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque","usgsCitation":"Beman, J.E., 2007, Water-Level Data for the Albuquerque Basin and Adjacent Areas, Central New Mexico, Period of Record Through September 30, 2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1273, iii, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071273.","productDescription":"iii, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10678,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1273/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,34.25 ], [ -107.5,35.75 ], [ -106,35.75 ], [ -106,34.25 ], [ -107.5,34.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beman, Joseph E. 0000-0002-0689-029X jebeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-029X","contributorId":2619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beman","given":"Joseph","email":"jebeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80799,"text":"sim2887 - 2007 - Bedrock Geologic Map of the Headwaters Region of the Cullasaja River, Macon and Jackson Counties, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:39","indexId":"sim2887","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2887","title":"Bedrock Geologic Map of the Headwaters Region of the Cullasaja River, Macon and Jackson Counties, North Carolina","docAbstract":"The headwaters region of the Cullasaja River is underlain by metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks of the Neoproterozoic Ashe Metamorphic Suite, including gneiss, schist, and amphibolite, that were intruded during Ordovician time by elongate bodies of trondhjemite, a felsic plutonic rock. Deformation, metamorphism, and intrusion occurred roughly simultaneously during the Taconic orogeny, about 470 million years ago, under upper-amphibolite-facies metamorphic conditions. Two generations of foliation and three major phases of folds are recognized. The second- and third-generation folds trend northeast and exert the most control on regional foliation trends. Since the orogeny, the region has undergone uplift, fracturing, and erosion. Resistance to erosion by the plutonic rock may be the primary reason for the relatively gentle relief of the high-elevation basin, compared to surrounding areas. Amphibolite is the most highly fractured lithology, followed by trondhjemite; the latter may have the best ground-water potential of the mapped lithologies by virtue of its high fracture density and high proportion of subhorizontal fractures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2887","isbn":"9781411309623","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Burton, W.C., 2007, Bedrock Geologic Map of the Headwaters Region of the Cullasaja River, Macon and Jackson Counties, North Carolina (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2887, Available online or on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2887.","productDescription":"Available online or on CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110762,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83141.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83141"},{"id":192383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10639,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2007/2887/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.25,35 ], [ -83.25,35.1175 ], [ -83.11749999999999,35.1175 ], [ -83.11749999999999,35 ], [ -83.25,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63daad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80807,"text":"ofr20071374 - 2007 - Sulfur contamination in the Florida Everglades: Initial examination of mitigation strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-11T15:01:19.032633","indexId":"ofr20071374","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1374","title":"Sulfur contamination in the Florida Everglades: Initial examination of mitigation strategies","docAbstract":"Sulfate contamination of the Everglades is a serious water quality issue facing restoration of this ecosystem. Sulfate concentrations in some marsh areas are more than 60 times background concentrations, and sulfate in excess of background levels covers an estimated 60% of the freshwater Everglades (Orem et al., 1997; Stober et al., 1996 and 2001; Orem et al., 2004). The excess sulfate enters the Everglades in the discharge of canal water from the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA). Excess phosphorus also enters the ecosystem in EAA canal water discharge (Koch and Reddy, 1992; Craft and Richardson, 1993; DeBusk et al. 1994; Zielinski et al., 1999). Existing data suggest that sulfur in fertilizer and soil amendments used in the EAA (both new additions and legacy sulfur in the soil) is a major source of excess sulfate entering the ecosystem (Bates et al., 2001 and 2002). Other potential sources of sulfate (including groundwater), however, need further investigation. The report by Gilmour et al. (2007b) in the 2007 South Florida Environmental Report provides a complete examination of the current state of knowledge of the sulfur contamination issue in the Everglades. Sulfate discharged from canals or leaking through levees into the ecosystem spreads out over a large area since, unlike phosphorus, it is not removed to any great extent by plant uptake. Sulfate slowly diffuses into the anoxic soils (peats) underlying the Everglades and stimulates microbial sulfate reduction (MSR), producing toxic hydrogen sulfide as a byproduct (Goldhaber and Kaplan, 1974; Berner, 1980; Rheinheimer, 1994). Hydrogen sulfide at contaminated sites may build up in sediments to concentrations thousands of times background levels (Gilmour et al., 2007b). The excess sulfate and sulfide has numerous deleterious impacts on the Everglades. One of the more environmentally important impacts is the link between sulfate contamination and methylmercury (MeHg) production in the ecosystem (Gilmour et al., 1998; Benoit et al., 1998, 1999a, b; Axelrad et al., 2007; Gilmour et al., 2007a). MeHg, a bioaccumulative neurotoxin, is produced primarily by methylation of ambient inorganic mercury during MSR (Compeau and Bartha, 1985; Gilmour et al., 1992; Munthe et al., 1995; Branfireun et al., 1999). Contamination of fish with MeHg is the most significant environmental contaminant issue in the USA in terms of number of locations impacted (Krabbenhoft and Wiener, 1999; USEPA, 1998). Neurotoxic MeHg represents a serious threat to wildlife (Bouton et al., 1999; Frederick et al., 1999; Heath and Frederick, 2005), and is a human health issue, with human exposure through fish consumption (Gilbert and Grant-Webster, 1995; Schober et al., 2003). In addition to its neurotoxic effects, MeHg may also be an endocrine disruptor that affects successful reproduction in fish and fish-eating wildlife (Klaper et al., 2006). South Florida has among the highest levels of MeHg in fish in the USA (Lambou et al., 1991). Experimental chamber (mesocosm) studies conducted in the Everglades have shown that sulfate addition stimulates the production and bioaccumulation of MeHg (Gilmour et al., 2007b). Inorganic mercury enters the Everglades primarily in rainfall, and most of the inorganic mercury in the rainfall appears to originate from outside of the USA (Hanisch, 1998). The origin of most inorganic mercury from outside of the USA severely limits the ability of state and Federal officials to limit MeHg production and bioaccumulation in fish in the Everglades by controlling emissions of inorganic mercury from various anthropogenic sources (e.g. coal-fired power plants, medical waste incinerators, cement manufacture). Thus, controlling sulfate inputs to the Everglades may represent the most effective way of minimizing MeHg production and bioaccumulation here. In addition to impacts on MeHg production and bioaccumulation, sulfur contamination has also dramatically altered redox p
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071374","usgsCitation":"Sulfur Contamination in the Florida Everglades: Initial Examination of Mitigation Strategies; 2007; OFR; 2007-1374; Orem, William H.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10645,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1374/ofr20071374.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2007-1374"},{"id":194538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1374/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.11459488854567,\n 27.080552692344355\n ],\n [\n -81.58262226755907,\n 27.080552692344355\n ],\n [\n -81.58262226755907,\n 25.228077064446424\n ],\n [\n -80.11459488854567,\n 25.228077064446424\n ],\n [\n -80.11459488854567,\n 27.080552692344355\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Much scientific research demonstrates the existence of recent climate variation, particularly global warming. Climate prediction models forecast that climate will change; it will become warmer, droughts will increase in number and severity, and extreme climate events will recur often—desiccating aridity, extremely wet, unusually warm, or even frigid at times. However, the global models apply to average conditions in large grids approximately 150 miles on an edge (Thorpe, 2005), and how or whether specific areas within a grid are affected is unclear. Flagstaff's climate is mentioned in the context of global change, but information is lacking on the amount and trend of changes in precipitation, snowfall, and temperature. The purpose of this report is to understand what may be happening to Flagstaff's climate by reviewing local climate history. Flagstaff is in north-central Arizona south of San Francisco Mountain, which reaches 12,633 feet, the highest in Arizona (fig. 1). At 6,900 feet, surrounded by ponderosa pine forest, Flagstaff enjoys a four-season climate; winter-daytime temperatures are cool, averaging 45 degrees (Fahrenheit). Summer-daytime temperatures are comfortable, averaging 80 degrees, which is pleasant compared with nearby low-elevation deserts. Flagstaff's precipitation averages 22-inches per year with a range of 9 to 39 inches. Snowfall occurs each season, averaging 97 inches annually. This report, written for the non-technical reader, interprets climate variation at Flagstaff as observed at the National Weather Service (NWS) station at Pulliam Field (or Airport), a first-order weather station staffed by meteorologists (Staudenmaier and others, 2007). The station is on a flat-topped ridge surrounded by forest 5-miles south of Flagstaff at an elevation of 7,003 feet. Data used in this analysis are daily measurements of precipitation (including snowfall) and temperature (maximum and minimum) covering the period from 1950, when the station began operation, through spring 2007. Conversations with Byron Peterson and Michael Staudenmaier of the NWS helped us understand the difficulties of collecting consistent weather data, operation of the station, and Flagstaff's climate. Weather is the daily or even instantaneous state of temperature and precipitation. Climate is the average or accumulation of these parameters over longer time scales such as a week, month, or year. Seasonal (winter, spring, summer, and fall) and annual averages of temperature and accumulated precipitation describe the temporal variation of Flagstaff's climate, which is shown graphically with time series (figs. 2, 4, 6, 8-15). These plots show precipitation or temperature on the ordinate plotted against time on the abscissa, which is a year for annually repeating data or the year of a particular season. The plots reveal changing patterns of precipitation and temperature related to droughts, wet episodes, and rising temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071410","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with Effects of Climate Variability and Land Use on American Drylands and Navajo Nation Studies - Projects of the Earth Surface Dynamics Program","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 2007, Climate variation at Flagstaff, Arizona - 1950 to 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1410, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071410.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1950-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406793,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83145.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":10641,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1410/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Flagstaff","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.08251953125,\n 34.912962495216966\n ],\n [\n -111.302490234375,\n 34.912962495216966\n ],\n [\n -111.302490234375,\n 35.54116627999815\n ],\n [\n -112.08251953125,\n 35.54116627999815\n ],\n [\n -112.08251953125,\n 34.912962495216966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de1fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80811,"text":"ofr20071335 - 2007 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 1975 Annual Administrative Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T11:21:53","indexId":"ofr20071335","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1335","title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 1975 Annual Administrative Report","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTORY NOTE\r\n\r\nThe Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Summaries have been published in the current format since 1956. The Quarterly Summaries (1956 through 1973) and the Annual Summaries (1974 through 1985) were originally published as Administrative Reports. These reports have been compiled and published as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports. The quarterly reports have been combined and published as one annual summary. All the summaries from 1956 to the present are now available as .pdf files at http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod.\r\n\r\nThe earthquake summary data are presented as a listing of origin time, depth, magnitude, and other location parameters. Network instrumentation, field station sites, and location algorithms are described. Tilt and other deformation data are included until Summary 77, January to December 1977. From 1978, the seismic and deformation data are published separately, due to differing schedules of data reduction.\r\n\r\nThere are eight quarters - from the fourth quarter of 1959 to the third quarter of 1961 - that were never published. Two of these (4th quarter 1959, 1st quarter 1960) have now been published, using handwritten notes of Jerry Eaton (HVO seismologist at the time) and his colleagues. The seismic records for the remaining six summaries went back to California in 1961 with Jerry Eaton. Other responsibilities intervened, and the seismic summaries were never prepared.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071335","usgsCitation":"Nakata, J.S., 2007, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 1975 Annual Administrative Report (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1335, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071335.","productDescription":"124 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1975-01-01","temporalEnd":"1975-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10648,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1335/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f1fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakata, Jennifer S.","contributorId":41907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80805,"text":"ofr20071408 - 2007 - Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, 2007: Quality-assurance data and comparison to water-quality standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T18:29:14","indexId":"ofr20071408","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1408","title":"Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, 2007: Quality-assurance data and comparison to water-quality standards","docAbstract":"When water is released through the spillways of dams, air is entrained in the water, increasing the downstream concentration of dissolved gases. Excess dissolved-gas concentrations can have adverse effects on freshwater aquatic life. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected dissolved-gas and water-temperature data at eight sites on the lower Columbia River in 2007. Significant findings from the data include:
\nThis paper presents data collection methods and side-scan sonar data collected along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon in August and September of 2000. The purpose of the data collection effort was to image the distribution of sand between Glen Canyon Dam and river mile 87.4 before and after the 31,600 cfs flow of September 6-8. The side-scan sonar imaging focused on pools between rapids but included smaller rapids where possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071216","usgsCitation":"Anima, R., Wong, F.L., Hogg, D., and Galanis, P., 2007, Side-scan sonar imaging of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1216, Report: 15 p.; Images, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071216.","productDescription":"Report: 15 p.; Images","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-08-01","temporalEnd":"2000-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071216.PNG"},{"id":10631,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1216/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":292632,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1216/of2007-1216.pdf"},{"id":292633,"type":{"id":14,"text":"Image"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1216/R3-R4_uninterpreted/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.0,36.0 ], [ -112.0,37.0 ], [ -111.333333,37.0 ], [ -111.333333,36.0 ], [ -112.0,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d4e4b07f02db5dd76a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anima, Roberto","contributorId":92761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"Roberto","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hogg, David","contributorId":63107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogg","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galanis, Peter","contributorId":82004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galanis","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80791,"text":"ofr20071311 - 2007 - Temperature anomalies in the Lower Suwannee River and tidal creeks, Florida, 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T11:09:29","indexId":"ofr20071311","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1311","title":"Temperature anomalies in the Lower Suwannee River and tidal creeks, Florida, 2005","docAbstract":"Temperature anomalies in coastal waters were detected with Thermal Infrared imagery of the Lower Suwannee River (LSR) and nearshore tidal marshes on Florida’s Gulf Coast. Imagery included 1.5-m-resolution day and night Thermal Infrared (TIR) and 0.75-m-resolution Color Infrared (CIR) imagery acquired on 2-3 March 2005. Coincident temperature readings were collected on the ground and used to calibrate the imagery. The Floridan aquifer is at or near the land surface in this area and bears a constant temperature signature of ~ 22 degrees Celsius. This consistent temperature contrasts sharply with ambient temperatures during winter and summer months. Temperature anomalies identified in the imagery during a late-winter cold spell may be correlated with aquifer seeps. Hot spots were identified as those areas exceeding ambient water temperature by 4 degrees Celsius or more. Warm-water plumes were also mapped for both day and night imagery. The plume from Manatee Spring, a first-order magnitude spring, influenced water temperature in the lower river. Numerous temperature anomalies were identified in small tributaries and tidal creeks from Shired Island to Cedar Key and were confirmed with field reconnaissance. Abundant warm-water features were identified along tidal creeks south of the Suwannee River and near Waccasassa Bay. Features were mapped in the tidal creeks north of the river but appear to be less common or have lower associated discharge. The imagery shows considerable promise in mapping coastal-aquifer seeps and understanding the underlying geology of the region. Detection of seep locations may aid research in groundwater/surface-water interactions and water quality, and in the management of coastal habitats.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071311","usgsCitation":"Raabe, E.A., and Bialkowska-Jelinska, E., 2007, Temperature anomalies in the Lower Suwannee River and tidal creeks, Florida, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1311, Report: iii, 25 p.; Derived Temperature Anomalies; Color Infared Imagery; Metadata; ReadMe, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071311.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 25 p.; Derived Temperature Anomalies; Color Infared Imagery; Metadata; ReadMe","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-03-02","temporalEnd":"2005-03-03","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071311.PNG"},{"id":10628,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1311/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293679,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1311/OFR-2007-1311/OFR_2007-1311.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lower Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.166667,29.166667 ], [ -83.166667,29.5 ], [ -83.0,29.5 ], [ -83.0,29.166667 ], [ -83.166667,29.166667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680f1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raabe, Ellen A. eraabe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raabe","given":"Ellen","email":"eraabe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bialkowska-Jelinska, Elzbieta","contributorId":35408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bialkowska-Jelinska","given":"Elzbieta","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80792,"text":"fs20073116 - 2007 - Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"fs20073116","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-3116","title":"Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA)","docAbstract":"For most of us, Antarctica was at best a distant acquaintance. Now, with the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA), we are on intimate terms. In stunning, up-close and personal detail, LIMA brings Antarctica to life.\r\n\r\nExplore this virtually cloudless, seamless, most geometrically accurate, and highest resolution satellite mosaic of Antarctica.\r\n\r\nA team of scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey, the British Antarctic Survey, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, with funding from the National Science Foundation, created LIMA in support of the International Polar Year (IPY; 2007?08).\r\n\r\nAs the first major scientific outcome of the IPY, LIMA truly fulfills the IPY goals. LIMA is an international effort, supports current scientific polar research, encourages new projects, and helps the general public visualize Antarctica and changes happening in this southernmost environment. Researchers and the general public can download LIMA and all component Landsat scenes at no charge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20073116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3116, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20073116.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2007_3116.jpg"},{"id":10629,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3116/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}