{"pageNumber":"225","pageRowStart":"5600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":37001,"records":[{"id":70023,"text":"ofr20041442 - 2004 - Summary of studies supporting cumulative effects analysis of upper Yellowstone River channel modifications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T18:54:33","indexId":"ofr20041442","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1442","title":"Summary of studies supporting cumulative effects analysis of upper Yellowstone River channel modifications","docAbstract":"<p>During the last several decades, portions of the upper Yellowstone River have been modified for flood control and erosion prevention. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for administration of a permit program for evaluating construction activities affecting rivers, streams, and wetlands. The Corps regulates activities under the authority of Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Since assumption of jurisdiction in the mid-1970&rsquo;s, the Corps has processed a total of 156 permit actions for the upper Yellowstone River. Over two-thirds of the permit actions occurred during or after two consecutive large floods during 1996 and 1997. In response to concern regarding the potential environmental and ecological consequences of channel modification, the Corps, in conjunction with State and local government agencies, initiated a series of scientific studies to better understand the effects of channel modification in the upper Yellowstone River (Figure 1). These included preparation of wetland and riparian inventory maps (Bon, 2001); hydraulic modeling and flood-plain delineation; watershed land-cover assessment (Pick and Potter, 2003); historic bottomland use analysis (Brelsford and others, 2003); analysis of channel modification effects on fish habitat (Bowen and others, 2003); comparison of juvenile salmonid use of modified and unmodified habitats (Zale and Rider, 2003); analysis of riparian vegetation and flood-plain turnover (Merigliano and Polzin, 2003); study of the relations between riparian habitat and bird communities (Hansen and others, 2003); analyses of geomorphology and historical channel changes (Dalby and Robinson, 2003); socioeconomic assessment (BBC Research and Consulting, 2002); and sediment transport investigations and modeling (Holnbeck, 2003).</p>\n<p>This report is a summary of results from the individual scientific studies as they bear on future programmatic cumulative effects analyses of channel modification of the upper Yellowstone River. We do not attempt a formal, cumulative impact assessment in the sense of evaluating alternatives or future scenarios. The first section presents major findings of the resource studies in terms of temporal comparisons, spatial comparisons, and causal relations. In this section, we present a series of conceptual models or flow diagrams of the major causal pathways of cumulative impacts from channel modification. These represent major pathways of potential impact based on knowledge from other rivers, concerns expressed about the upper Yellowstone, and results from the scientific studies. These diagrams serve to focus interpretation of study results as either supporting or not supporting the importance and magnitude of particular causal relations and to identify key linking variables appearing in multiple causal pathways. These key variables that connect channel&nbsp;modification actions to multiple, valued environmental attributes can serve as the foundation for both projecting and monitoring future responses of the system.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>A section on analytical realities outlines some of the limitations of projecting cumulative impacts from channel modification of the upper Yellowstone River on meaningful spatial and temporal scales and some of the difficulties of interpreting results from studies conducted shortly after two extreme floods and substantial increases in channel modification. A section on classification describes the two primary geomorphic classification systems of the upper Yellowstone River used in the various individual resource studies. Each of these systems has been valuable in supporting field sampling and expressing results concerning patterns of variation. Their integration or revision into a classification system to achieve some new purpose, such as a regulatory program or monitoring system, will depend on a crisp articulation of riverine management or regulatory objectives. A section on key variables identifies those that are central to the causal pathways connecting channel modification to impacts and provides a rationale for key variables as an alternative to other tools such as Proper Functioning Condition (Barrett and others, 1993), Index of Biotic Integrity (Karr, 1981), or the Synoptic Approach (Liebowitz and others, 1992). This section also explains relations among key variable to Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) assessment procedures (Hauer and Smith, 1998; Hauer and others, 2001) and outlines how these 2 variables might be monitored to track cumulative impacts. Examples of how selected key variables can be quantified using Geographic Information System data sets developed from the resource studies are presented for one reach.</p>\n<p>The largest portion of the document is an Appendix that summarizes each of the individual scientific studies in terms of scope and methods, findings, principal variables, and metrics used in the study or suggested by the study results, and important needs for further study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041442","usgsCitation":"Auble, G.T., Bowen, Z.H., Bovee, K.D., Farmer, A.H., Sexton, N.R., and Waddle, T.J., 2004, Summary of studies supporting cumulative effects analysis of upper Yellowstone River channel modifications (Revised and reprinted 2004): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1442, v, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041442.","productDescription":"v, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041442.PNG"},{"id":320290,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1442/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.91934204101562,\n              45.00462215014995\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.91934204101562,\n              45.740693395533064\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.22308349609375,\n              45.740693395533064\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.22308349609375,\n              45.00462215014995\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.91934204101562,\n              45.00462215014995\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Revised and reprinted 2004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831 bowenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary","email":"bowenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farmer, Adrian H.","contributorId":107759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sexton, Natalie R.","contributorId":82750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sexton","given":"Natalie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":53656,"text":"ofr20041001 - 2004 - The National Geochemical Survey: Database and documentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-15T11:51:33.538663","indexId":"ofr20041001","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1001","title":"The National Geochemical Survey: Database and documentation","docAbstract":"The USGS, in collaboration with other federal and state government agencies, industry, and academia, is conducting the National Geochemical Survey (NGS) to produce a body of geochemical data for the United States based primarily on stream sediments, analyzed using a consistent set of methods.  These data will compose a complete, national-scale geochemical coverage of the US, and will enable construction of geochemical maps, refine estimates of baseline concentrations of chemical elements in the sampled media, and provide context for a wide variety of studies in the geological and environmental sciences.  The goal of the NGS is to analyze at least one stream-sediment sample in every 289 km2 area by a single set of analytical methods across the entire nation, with other solid sample media substituted where necessary. The NGS incorporates geochemical data from a variety of sources, including existing analyses in USGS databases, reanalyses of samples in USGS archives, and analyses of newly collected samples.  At the present time, the NGS includes data covering ~71% of the land area of the US, including samples in all 50 states.\r\nThis version of the online report provides complete access to NGS data, describes the history of the project, the methodology used, and presents preliminary geochemical maps for all analyzed elements. Future editions of this and other related reports will include the results of analysis of variance studies, as well as interpretive products related to the NGS data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041001","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, The National Geochemical Survey: Database and documentation (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1001, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041001.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4953,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":389228,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62308.htm"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.9462890625,\n              55.36662484928637\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.1220703125,\n              56.145549500679074\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.9677734375,\n              56.9449741808516\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.3076171875,\n              59.833775202184206\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.38427734375,\n              59.65664225341022\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.6259765625,\n              59.23217626921806\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.52685546875,\n              58.938673187948304\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.65869140625,\n              59.33318942659219\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.8232421875,\n              60.009970961180386\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.21874999999997,\n              60.108670463036\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.04296875,\n              60.403001945865476\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.85595703125,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.99853515625,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              69.71810669906763\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.4375,\n              70.17020068549206\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.1953125,\n              70.08056215839737\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.765625,\n              70.58341752317065\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.40234375,\n              70.61261423801925\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.314453125,\n              70.95969716686398\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              71.35706654962706\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              70.8734913192635\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0703125,\n              70.31873847853124\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.916015625,\n              69.06856318696033\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.942606818121\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.26938680456564\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.30078125,\n              66.86108230224609\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.982421875,\n              66.47820814385636\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.08936427047088\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.6181218846659\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.76171875,\n              66.40795547978848\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.0908203125,\n              65.69447579373418\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.55273437499997,\n              65.14611484756372\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.904296875,\n              65.05360170595502\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.3330078125,\n              64.41592147626879\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.861328125,\n              64.39693778132846\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.927734375,\n              64.90491004905083\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.0595703125,\n              64.47279382008166\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.4990234375,\n              64.49172504435471\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.8837890625,\n              63.87939001720202\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              63.470144746565424\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.6416015625,\n              63.64625919492172\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.212890625,\n              63.05495931065107\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.2236328125,\n              63.37183226679281\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.1572265625,\n              61.75233128411639\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.3662109375,\n              60.54377524118842\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.431640625,\n              60.326947742998414\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.255859375,\n              59.866883195210214\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.8935546875,\n              59.7563950493563\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.68554687499997,\n              59.734253447591364\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.3779296875,\n              60.174306261926034\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              59.46740794183739\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0263671875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              58.768200159239576\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.20214843749997,\n              58.65408464530598\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.83984375,\n              58.44773280389084\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              58.6769376725869\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.08203125,\n              58.309488840677645\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.88476562499997,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.5,\n              58.516651799363785\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.8076171875,\n              57.61010702068388\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.54296875,\n              56.022948079627454\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.6181640625,\n              53.4357192066942\n            ],\n            [\n              -174.9462890625,\n              52.26815737376817\n            ],\n            [\n              -178.2421875,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.1884765625,\n              51.590722643120145\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.5537109375,\n              54.23955053156177\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.302734375,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.4794921875,\n              57.51582286553883\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.9970703125,\n              60.08676274626006\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.546875,\n              60.21799073323445\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.228515625,\n              59.689926220143356\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              59.93300042374631\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.3837890625,\n              58.83649009392136\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.6591796875,\n              56.31653672211301\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.2421875,\n              54.521081495443596\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.67578124999999,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.939453125,\n              47.57652571374621\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2578125,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.19140625,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.146484375,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              43.644025847699496\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              42.87596410238256\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              41.65649719441145\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              42.374778361114195\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.529296875,\n              42.601619944327965\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.24365234375,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41943359375,\n              45.058001435398275\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.60595703125,\n              45.85941212790755\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              46.027481852486645\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7158203125,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.95751953125,\n              46.07323062540835\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.24316406249999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.72656249999999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41796875,\n              48.3416461723746\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.3408203125,\n              47.96050238891509\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.76904296874999,\n              48.122101028190805\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.87890625,\n              48.22467264956519\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.51611328125,\n              48.10743118848039\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.2412109375,\n              48.37084770238366\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.39501953125,\n              48.23930899024907\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              48.61838518688487\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.44970703125,\n              48.63290858589535\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.7021484375,\n              48.748945343432936\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.833984375,\n              49.23912083246698\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1416015625,\n              49.396675075193976\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20751953125,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.22265625000001,\n              48.99463598353405\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              48.80686346108517\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.24462890625,\n              48.66194284607006\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.1787109375,\n              48.32703913063476\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.78271484375,\n              48.472921272487824\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              48.16608541901253\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              46.58906908309182\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              44.15068115978094\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              41.22824901518529\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.73876953125,\n              40.43022363450862\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03564453125,\n              39.35129035526705\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01367187499999,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05810546875,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.95947265624999,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.80566406250001,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21289062499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.22412109375,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.713355353177555\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.98388671874999,\n              31.3348710339506\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.21533203125,\n              31.297327991404266\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.2373046875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.9853515625,\n              30.600093873550072\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.47998046875,\n              29.592565403314087\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.20556640625,\n              28.94086176940557\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.65625,\n              29.76437737516313\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              29.84064389983441\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.49169921875,\n              29.7453016622136\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.83251953125,\n              29.267232865200878\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.30517578125,\n              28.246327971048842\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.60205078124999,\n              27.586197857692664\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.47021484375,\n              27.31321389856826\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.228515625,\n              26.52956523826758\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.2177734375,\n              26.05678288577881\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75634765625,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.44873046875,\n              25.839449402063185\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20703125,\n              25.93828707492375\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8994140625,\n              26.194876675795218\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.78955078125,\n              27.858503954841247\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75732421875,\n              29.420460341013133\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2197265625,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.22021484375,\n              29.05616970274342\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.91259765625,\n              30.14512718337613\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.5283203125,\n              30.183121842195515\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2978515625,\n              29.49698759653577\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.13330078125,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81494140625,\n              28.555576049185973\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.21044921875,\n              27.800209937418252\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              26.941659545381516\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.08984375,\n              25.878994400196202\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              25.264568475331583\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              24.467150664739002\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0458984375,\n              24.046463999666567\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6396484375,\n              24.56710835257599\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.78271484375,\n              25.34402602913433\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              27.27416111737468\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              30.713503990354965\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.66162109375,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.81640625,\n              34.07086232376631\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.16845703124999,\n              35.263561862152095\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.498046875,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.58642578125,\n              39.90973623453719\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3671875,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.63134765625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0048828125,\n              42.342305278572816\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.3564453125,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2802734375,\n              44.37098696297173\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.0166015625,\n              44.69989765840318\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.56640625,\n              18.771115062337024\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.68749999999997,\n              19.642587534013032\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.9287109375,\n              21.453068633086783\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.521484375,\n              22.43134015636061\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.5322265625,\n              21.983801417384697\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              21.207458730482642\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.291015625,\n              20.92039691397189\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.97265625,\n              19.932041306115536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.9619140625,\n              18.8543103618898\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.56640625,\n              18.771115062337024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":72685,"text":"ofr20041337 - 2004 - Bighorn sheep habitat studies, population dynamics, and population modeling in Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Wyoming and Montana, 2000-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T12:54:47","indexId":"ofr20041337","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1337","title":"Bighorn sheep habitat studies, population dynamics, and population modeling in Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Wyoming and Montana, 2000-2003","docAbstract":"<p>At the request of National Park Service resource managers, we began a study in 2000 to evaluate causes for the decline of the bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) population inhabiting Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (BICA), the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range, and surrounding state and U.S. Forest Service lands in Montana and Wyoming. Our study consisted of radio-collaring adult rams and ewes with mortality sensors to monitor adult mortalities, tracking ewes to determine pregnancy and lambing rates, habitat assessments to determine why the population was not expanding into what had been modeled using GIS methodology as suitable bighorn sheep habitat, measuring ungulate herbaceous consumption rates and herbaceous production to determine plant responses, and aerial and boat surveys to determine bighorn sheep population range and population dynamics (Schoenecker and others, this report). Two habitat suitability models were created and conducted (Gudorf, this report; Wockner and others, this report) using different methodologies, and comparisons made between the two. Herd population dynamics were modeled using the POP-II and POP-III programs (Roelle, this report), and a reassessment of ungulate exclosures that were established 8&ndash;10 years ago was conducted (Gerhardt, this report).</p>\n<p>The bighorn sheep population of the greater Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (BICA) was extirpated in the 1800s, and then reintroduced in 1973. The herd increased to a peak population of about 211 animals (Kissell and others, 1996), but then declined sharply in 1995 and 1996. Causes for the decline were unknown. Numbers have remained around 100 &plusmn; 20 animals since 1998. Previous modeling efforts determined what areas were suitable bighorn sheep habitat (Gudorf and others, 1996). We tried to determine why sheep were not using areas that were modeled as suitable or acceptable habitat, and to evaluate population dynamics of the herd.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041337","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., and Schoenecker, K.A., 2004, Bighorn sheep habitat studies, population dynamics, and population modeling in Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Wyoming and Montana, 2000-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1337, xi, 202 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041337.","productDescription":"xi, 202 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193265,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041337.jpg"},{"id":320272,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1337/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Bighorn Canyon national Recreation Area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db6260da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Francis J.","contributorId":67026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoenecker, Kathryn A. 0000-0001-9906-911X schoeneckerk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9906-911X","contributorId":2001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenecker","given":"Kathryn","email":"schoeneckerk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53657,"text":"ofr20041007 - 2004 - Desert Landforms and Surface Processes in the Mojave National Preserve and Vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:41","indexId":"ofr20041007","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1007","title":"Desert Landforms and Surface Processes in the Mojave National Preserve and Vicinity","docAbstract":"Landscape features in the Mojave National Preserve are a product of ongoing processes involving tectonic forces, weathering, and erosion. Long-term climatic cycles (wet and dry periods) have left a decipherable record preserved as landform features and sedimentary deposits. This website provides and introduction to climate-driven desert processes influencing landscape features including stream channels, alluvial fans, playas (dry lakebeds), dunes, and mountain landscapes. Bedrock characteristics, and the geometry of past and ongoing faulting, fracturing, volcanism, and landscape uplift and subsidence influence the character of processes happening at the surface.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041007","usgsCitation":"Stoffer, P.W., 2004, Desert Landforms and Surface Processes in the Mojave National Preserve and Vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1007, Online, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041007.","productDescription":"Online","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4954,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667f11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoffer, Philip W.","contributorId":32559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffer","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":74373,"text":"ofr20041350 - 2004 - Pocomoke Sound Sedimentary and Ecosystem History ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:06","indexId":"ofr20041350","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1350","title":"Pocomoke Sound Sedimentary and Ecosystem History ","docAbstract":"Summary of Results: Pocomoke Sound Sediment and Sediment Processes\r\nTransport of sediment from coastal marshes. Analyses of pollen and foraminifera from surface sediments in Pocomoke Sound suggest that neither the upstream forested wetlands nor coastal marshes bordering the sound have contributed appreciably to particulate matter in the 10- to 1000-micron size range that is currently being deposited in the sound. \r\n\r\nSediment processes derived from short-lived isotope. Analyses of beryllium-7, cesium-137 and lead-210 and redox sensitive elements from Pocomoke sediments showed that there has been a significant increase in anthropogenic elements since the late 1940's when the Delmarva Peninsula became more accessible from the Baltimore-Washington region. Cesium-137 was found to be a useful tool to determine changes in sedimentation within the system. Three major stages of sedimentation occurred. Before 1950, the system was equilibrium with the agriculture activity in the watershed, whereas urbanization and agricultural activity changes during and immediately preceding World War II resulted in increased sediment flux. Around 1970, the sediment flux diminished and there was an apparent increase in bank erosion sediment to the deeper parts of the system. \r\n\r\nRates of sediment deposition. Radiocarbon, lead-210, and pollen dating of sediment cores from Pocomoke Sound indicate relatively continuous deposition of fine-grained sediments in the main Pocomoke channel at > ~7 m water depths. Mean sediment accumulation rates during the past few centuries were relatively high (>1 cm yr -1 ). The ages of coarser-grained sediments (sands) blanketing the shallow (< ~ 7 m water depth) flanks of Pocomoke Sound are not well constrained but were probably deposited discontinuously. \r\n\r\nImpacts of land-use on benthic biota. The Pocomoke Sound paleoecological record shows that in the 1940-50s and again in the 1970-80s, the sound experienced unprecedented changes in the benthic assemblages of both ostracodes and foraminifera that can be attributed to degradation in water quality. These changes represent perturbations to the natural variability in faunal assemblages, which are normally driven by climatically influenced changes in salinity regimes. Changes in 20th century benthic communities were characterized by the rise to dominance of facultative anaerobic taxa tolerant of hypoxia and detrital-feeding species, reflecting increased influx of organic matter, and perhaps greater turbidity. Results support the hypothesis of Orth et al. (2002) and Orth and Moore (1983) that unprecedented changes to the bay ecosystem affected submerged aquatic vegetation in the Tangiers-Pocomoke region prior to large-scale monitoring began in the 1970s and 80s. Comparison of Pocomoke paleoecological record with those from the mainstem bay indicate that environmental degradation during the 20th century was nearly synchronous bay-wide within the limits of sediment core chronology (10-20 years). \r\n\r\nStable isotopic evidence for decadal water quality changes. Stable isotopic records from benthic foraminifera in Pocomoke Sound sediment cores, especially oxygen isotopes, document regional decadal and centennial climate processes which influence salinity and water quality over the past few centuries. These results provide indirect evidence for discharge-driven changes in freshwater and presumably river-borne sediment from the watershed to the sound. They are consistent with studies in the mainstem indicating the important influence of climatic and hydrological processes on water quality. \r\n\r\nPollen evidence for high sedimentation and vegetation change during colonial land clearance. Pollen assemblages from sediment cores in Pocomoke Sound document high sedimentation rates (0.7->4.0 cm yr -1 ) at most sites throughout the Sound in post-Colonial time. These results confirm those from other regions of the bay that land-clearance increased the flux of river-borne sediment to certain r","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041350","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 2004, Pocomoke Sound Sedimentary and Ecosystem History  (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1350, 141 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041350.","productDescription":"141 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7565,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1350/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684ab0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53658,"text":"ofr20041010 - 2004 - Effect of structural heterogeneity and slip distribution on coseismic vertical displacement from rupture on the Seattle Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-12T10:17:13","indexId":"ofr20041010","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1010","title":"Effect of structural heterogeneity and slip distribution on coseismic vertical displacement from rupture on the Seattle Fault","docAbstract":"Workshops in 2001 and 2002 were convened to determine critical issues in the development of tsunami inundation maps for the Puget Sound region. The Tsunami Inundation Mapping Effort (TIME) is conducted under the multi-agency National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP). The Puget Sound Tsunami/Landslide Workshop in 2001 focused on integrated tsunami research involving a wide range of research studies and tsunami hazard mitigation issues. The 2002 Puget Sound Tsunami Sources workshop (González et al., 2003) made specific recommendations for tsunami source modeling and improving our state of knowledge for sources in the Puget Sound region. One of the recommendations stated in González et al. (2003) is \"Develop methods to assess the sensitivity of coastal areas to tsunami inundation, based on multiple simulations that reflect the possible range of variations in the source parameters.\" Tsunami inundation models rely heavily on the imposed initial conditions which, for an earthquake source, is the coseismic vertical displacement field. For example, Koshimura et al. (2002) use the geologic uplift observations (Buknam et al., 1992) to constrain the slip distribution for the event that occurred 1100 years ago, resulting in an average slip of 3.7 m and a magnitude of 7.6. Walsh et al. (2003) develop a tsunami inundation map for Elliot Bay based on a M 7.3 earthquake and the geologic uplift observations from the 1100 y.b.p. event as in Koshimura et al. (2002), though they use a constant fault dip of 60° rather than different dips for deep and shallow segments. The objective of this report is to examine how coseismic vertical displacement from a smaller M 6.5 Seattle Fault earthquake (as in Hartzell et al., 2002) is affected by structural heterogeneity and different slip distribution patterns.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041010","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., and Yoshioka, S., 2004, Effect of structural heterogeneity and slip distribution on coseismic vertical displacement from rupture on the Seattle Fault: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1010, HTML document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041010.","productDescription":"HTML document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292611,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1010/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6257d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":511525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoshioka, Shoichi","contributorId":7358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshioka","given":"Shoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57981,"text":"ofr20041306 - 2004 - Quality assurance report - Loch Vale watershed, 1999-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T20:26:56.802384","indexId":"ofr20041306","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1306","title":"Quality assurance report - Loch Vale watershed, 1999-2002","docAbstract":"<p>The National Park Service initiated the Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS) project in 1980 with funding from the Aquatic Effects Research Program of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. Long-term ecological research and monitoring address watershed-scale ecosystem processes, particularly as they respond to atmospheric deposition and climate variability. Monitoring of meteorological, hydrologic, precipitation chemistry, and surface water quality parameters enable us to use long-term trends to distinguish natural from human-caused disturbances. Research into snow distribution, hydrologic flowpaths, vegetation responses to N deposition, isotopic transformations of N by forest and soil processes, trace metals, and aquatic ecological responses to disturbance enable us to understand processes that influence high elevation ecosystems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041306","collaboration":"In collaboration with Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Botte, J.A., and Baron, J., 2004, Quality assurance report - Loch Vale watershed, 1999-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1306, iii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041306.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041306.PNG"},{"id":406883,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_69659.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":320292,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1306/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Loch Vale watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.6378,\n              40.2828\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8464,\n              40.2828\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8464,\n              40.3089\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.6378,\n              40.3089\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.6378,\n              40.2828\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a73e4b07f02db643d2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Botte, Jorin A.","contributorId":106571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botte","given":"Jorin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53435,"text":"ofr20041013 - 2004 - Maps showing the stratigraphic framework of South Carolina's Long Bay from Little River to Winyah Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041013","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1013","title":"Maps showing the stratigraphic framework of South Carolina's Long Bay from Little River to Winyah Bay","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041013","usgsCitation":"Baldwin, W.E., Morton, R., Denny, J.F., Dadisman, S.V., Schwab, W.C., Gayes, P.T., and Driscoll, N.W., 2004, Maps showing the stratigraphic framework of South Carolina's Long Bay from Little River to Winyah Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1013, 20 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041013.","productDescription":"20 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5215,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1013/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db60632c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldwin, Wayne E. 0000-0001-5886-0917 wbaldwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5886-0917","contributorId":1321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Wayne","email":"wbaldwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denny, Jane F. 0000-0002-3472-618X jdenny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3472-618X","contributorId":418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"Jane","email":"jdenny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn V. sdadisman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","email":"sdadisman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":247585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schwab, William C. 0000-0001-9274-5154 bschwab@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5154","contributorId":417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"William","email":"bschwab@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gayes, Paul T.","contributorId":86466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gayes","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":24750,"text":"Coastal Carolina University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":247587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Driscoll, Neal W.","contributorId":63266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Neal","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":57983,"text":"ofr20041281 - 2004 - Colorado Canyons National Conservation Area 2003 visitor use survey: Completion report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:11:08","indexId":"ofr20041281","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1281","title":"Colorado Canyons National Conservation Area 2003 visitor use survey: Completion report","docAbstract":"<p>This report represents the analysis of research conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The purpose is to provide socio-economic and recreational use information that can be used in the development of a Resource Management Plan (RMP) for the Colorado Canyons National Conservation Area (CCNCA). The results reported here deal primarily with recreation-based activities in four areas: Kokopelli Loops, Rabbit Valley, Loma Boat Launch, and Devil&rsquo;s Canyon.</p>\n<p>In the fall of 2002, researchers from the Policy Analysis and Science Assistance Program (PASA) of the Fort Collins Science Center (FORT) in the USGS met with the staff of the CCNCA to discuss the issues related to social, economic, and human dimensions of natural resource management related to the RMP. As a result, a research study was designed to investigate the recreational experiences of visitors and their attitudes toward the management of the conservation area.</p>\n<p>In the spring of 2003, PASA conducted an intercept survey of recreational users at the CCNCA and a mail survey of local residents who were actively involved in decision-making regarding recreation on public lands in Mesa County, Colorado. Two hundred and three (203) mail surveys (66%) were returned and all of them were completed in full and considered usable. The intercept survey had a response rate with a range from 56%&ndash;64% among the four sites that were surveyed. We developed a questionnaire (OMB Control Number: 1040-0001) to answer the following questions:<br /><br /></p>\n<ul>\n<li>What are the important differences in citizens&rsquo; attitudes regarding recreation at the CCNCA?</li>\n<li>What are the factors that explain the differences in attitudes and preferences regarding recreation management of the NCA?</li>\n<li>What are citizens&rsquo; attitudes and preferences regarding their attitudes about paying a fee to visit the CCNCA?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In general, respondents at all sites reported having an excellent or good recreation experience and almost all indicated that they intended to return. The results from the intercept survey indicated that across four sites 1(Kokopelli Loops, Devil&rsquo;s Canyon, Loma Boat Launch, and Rabbit Valley) respondents reported support for undeveloped use and recreation restrictions to limit resource impacts. Respondents indicated that managing sites for undeveloped use was a good idea.</p>\n<p>The respondents from the mail survey generally had a positive orientation toward current management practices of the CCNCA. According to our surveys, non-motorized trail related activities were among the three most popular activities people engaged in both close to home and while away. These trail-based recreational activities included walking, running, mountain bike riding, and horseback riding. Research has shown that people participate in these activities for many reasons including learning about nature, exercising, to learning about paleontology, escaping for awhile, and socializing with family and friends (Taylor, 2000). National data indicate that larger percentages of the general American population engage in trail activities than in many other traditional outdoor&nbsp;activities (Cordell, 1999). Over 65% of people in the U.S. engage in walking as a recreational activity (Figure 1). We found that people wanted to experience the outdoors and the CCNCA provided a good place to do it.</p>\n<p>Trail activities are often those that people participate in on a regular basis as a way to exercise. This can make trail related activities more attractive from a management standpoint because people who participate in an activity may be more likely to be repeat visitors.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041281","usgsCitation":"Ponds, P., Gillette, S.C., and Koontz, L., 2004, Colorado Canyons National Conservation Area 2003 visitor use survey: Completion report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1281, iii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041281.","productDescription":"iii, 68 p.","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041281.PNG"},{"id":320279,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1281/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d48e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponds, Phadrea","contributorId":88788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponds","given":"Phadrea","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillette, Shana C.","contributorId":9346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"Shana","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koontz, Lynne koontzl@usgs.gov","contributorId":2174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koontz","given":"Lynne","email":"koontzl@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":7016,"text":"Environmental Quality Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":258093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":57982,"text":"ofr20041291 - 2004 - Stratton Sagebrush Hydrology Study Area: An annotated bibliography of research conducted 1968-1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:41:48","indexId":"ofr20041291","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1291","title":"Stratton Sagebrush Hydrology Study Area: An annotated bibliography of research conducted 1968-1990","docAbstract":"<p>This annotated bibliography provides an overview of research projects conducted on the Stratton Sagebrush Hydrology Study Area (Stratton) since its designation as such in 1967. Sources include the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station records storage room, Laramie, Wyoming, the USGS and USFS online reference libraries, and scientific journal databases at the University of Wyoming and Colorado State University. This annotated bibliography summarizes publications from research conducted at Stratton during the prime of its tenure as a research lab from 1968 to 1990. In addition, an appendix is included that catalogues all data on file at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station in Laramie, Wyoming. Each file folder was searched and its contents recorded here for the researcher seeking original data sets, charts, photographs and records.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041291","usgsCitation":"Burgess, L.M., and Schoenecker, K.A., 2004, Stratton Sagebrush Hydrology Study Area: An annotated bibliography of research conducted 1968-1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1291, iii, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041291.","productDescription":"iii, 40 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041291.PNG"},{"id":320291,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1291/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a52b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burgess, Leah M.","contributorId":58713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgess","given":"Leah","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoenecker, Kathryn A. 0000-0001-9906-911X schoeneckerk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9906-911X","contributorId":2001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenecker","given":"Kathryn","email":"schoeneckerk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048,"text":"ofr20041305 - 2004 - Economic analysis of alternative bison and elk management practices on the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park: A comparison of visitor and household responses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T10:54:42","indexId":"ofr20041305","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1305","title":"Economic analysis of alternative bison and elk management practices on the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park: A comparison of visitor and household responses","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Park Service (NPS) are preparing a management plan for bison and elk inhabiting the National Elk Refuge (NER) and Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). These animals are part of the bison and elk herds in Jackson Hole, one of the largest concentrations of freeranging bison and elk in the world. A range of alternatives for managing the bison and elk herds in the project area will be developed in an Environmental Impact Statement. The EIS will likely include such issues as habitat management, disease management, winter-feeding and hunting programs related to the NER and GTNP. The purposes of this study are to determine how the current management and EIS alternatives for bison and elk inhabiting the NER and GTNP would change:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Visitor use</li>\n<li>Total visitor expenditures in the local and regional economy</li>\n<li>Local area employment and income in the local and regional economy</li>\n<li>Visitor net economic benefits</li>\n<li>Acceptability of individual elk and bison management practices to visitors and household living in Teton County, rest of Wyoming, and rest of the United States.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Assessing public attitudes and economic effects for different EIS alternatives can provide managers with valuable information regarding the advantages and disadvantages of these alternatives. Economic issues such as local job and income effects are often raised by interest groups opposed to changes in current agency management actions. Having objective data on what the job and income impacts are can help to defuse that issue. Survey data on visitor and public preferences is also useful to supplement the traditional public involvement process conducted as part of the EIS process. This is because the survey reaches visitors and a broad geographic array of residents who may not typically participate in the traditional EIS public involvement process. That is, the survey reflects the effort of the EIS planning team reaching out to the public, rather than requiring the public to come to the EIS meeting locations. Attendance at public meetings is often inconvenient for occasional visitors to the NER and GTNP who frequently live long distances from the relevant FWS and NPS offices. It is also inconvenient for residents of states outside the state where the resource is located.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041305","usgsCitation":"Loomis, J., and Caughlan, L., 2004, Economic analysis of alternative bison and elk management practices on the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park: A comparison of visitor and household responses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1305, v, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041305.","productDescription":"v, 110 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041305.PNG"},{"id":320278,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1305/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Grand Teton National Park, National Elk Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.81497192382812,\n              43.489793926746245\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.81497192382812,\n              44.02837121279199\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.45516967773438,\n              44.02837121279199\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.45516967773438,\n              43.489793926746245\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.81497192382812,\n              43.489793926746245\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625ff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loomis, John B.","contributorId":27560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loomis","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caughlan, Lynne","contributorId":97200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughlan","given":"Lynne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53207,"text":"ofr03450 - 2004 - Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault at Arano Flat near Watsonville, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T15:32:33","indexId":"ofr03450","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-450","title":"Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault at Arano Flat near Watsonville, California","docAbstract":"We present photomosaics and logs of the walls of trenches excavated for a paleoseismic \nstudy at Arano Flat, one of two sites along the San Andreas fault in the Santa Cruz Mountains \non the Kelley-Thompson Ranch. At this location, the fault consists of a narrow \nzone along the northeast side of a low ridge adjacent to a possible sag pond and extends about \n60-70 meters across a broad alluvial flat. This site was a part of Rancho Salsipuedes beginning \nin 1834 and was purchased by the present owner’s family in 1851.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03450","usgsCitation":"Fumal, T.E., Heingartner, G.F., Samrad, L., Dawson, T.E., Hamilton, J.C., and Baldwin, J.N., 2004, Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault at Arano Flat near Watsonville, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-450, 3 Plates: 83.52 x 34.55 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03450.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 83.52 x 34.55 inches and smaller","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03450.jpg"},{"id":4834,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0450/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283954,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0450/pdf/sheet1.pdf"},{"id":283955,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0450/pdf/sheet2.pdf"},{"id":283956,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0450/pdf/sheet3.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Watsonvilles","otherGeospatial":"Arano Flat;San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.022445,36.858232 ], [ -122.022445,37.08012 ], [ -121.566315,37.08012 ], [ -121.566315,36.858232 ], [ -122.022445,36.858232 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685e03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fumal, Thomas E.","contributorId":67882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heingartner, Gordon F.","contributorId":11275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heingartner","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samrad, Laura","contributorId":83997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samrad","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":246917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hamilton, John C. jhamilton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"John","email":"jhamilton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baldwin, John N.","contributorId":58551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":53208,"text":"ofr03449 - 2004 - Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault, Thousand Palms Oasis, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T13:54:29","indexId":"ofr03449","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-449","title":"Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault, Thousand Palms Oasis, California","docAbstract":"<p>We present photomosaics and logs of the walls of trenches excavated for a paleoseismic study at Thousand Palms Oasis (Fig. 1). The site \nis located on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone, one of two major active strands of the fault in the Indio Hills along the \nnortheast margin of the Coachella Valley (Fig. 2). The Coachella Valley section is the most poorly understood major part of the San Andreas \nfault with regard to slip rate and timing of past large-magnitude earthquakes, and therefore earthquake hazard. No large earthquakes have \noccurred for more than three centuries, the longest elapsed time for any part of the southern San Andreas fault. In spite of this, the Working \nGroup on California Earthquake Probabilities (1995) assigned the lowest 30-year conditional probability on the southern San Andreas fault \nto the Coachella Valley. Models of the behavior of this part of the fault, however, have been based on very limited geologic data. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Thousand Palms Oasis is an attractive location for paleoseismic study primarily because of the well-bedded late Holocene \nsedimentary deposits with abundant layers of organic matter for radiocarbon dating necessary to constrain the timing of large prehistoric \nearthquakes. Previous attempts to develop a chronology of paleoearthquakes for the region have been hindered by the scarcity of in-situ 14C-dateable \nmaterial for age control in this desert environment. Also, the fault in the vicinity of Thousand Palms Oasis consists of a single trace \nthat is well expressed, both geomorphically and as a vegetation lineament (Figs. 2, 3). Results of our investigations are discussed in Fumal et \nal. (2002) and indicate that four and probably five surface-rupturing earthquakes occurred along this part of the fault during the past 1200 \nyears. The average recurrence time for these earthquakes is 215 ± 25 years, although interevent times may have been as short as a few \ndecades or as long as 400 years. Thus, although the elapsed time since the most recent earthquake, about 320 years, is about 50% longer than \nthe average recurrence time, it is not necessarily unprecedented.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03449","usgsCitation":"Fumal, T.E., Frost, W.T., Garvin, C., Hamilton, J.C., Jaasma, M., and Rymer, M.J., 2004, Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault, Thousand Palms Oasis, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-449, 2 Sheets: 69.66 x 34.51 inches and 69.02 x 34.12 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03449.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 69.66 x 34.51 inches and 69.02 x 34.12 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03449.jpg"},{"id":4835,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0449/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283951,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0449/pdf/sheet1.pdf"},{"id":283952,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0449/pdf/sheet2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley;Thousand Palms Oasis","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.7969,33.2995 ], [ -116.7969,34.3 ], [ -115.6596,34.3 ], [ -115.6596,33.2995 ], [ -116.7969,33.2995 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685dd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fumal, Thomas E.","contributorId":67882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frost, William T.","contributorId":51372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garvin, Christopher","contributorId":19222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garvin","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, John C. jhamilton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"John","email":"jhamilton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jaasma, Monique","contributorId":70470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaasma","given":"Monique","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rymer, Michael J. mrymer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"Michael","email":"mrymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":54145,"text":"ofr99172 - 2004 - Preliminary Digital Geologic Map of the Santa Ana 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:05","indexId":"ofr99172","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-172","title":"Preliminary Digital Geologic Map of the Santa Ana 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Southern California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr99172","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., digital preparation by Bovard, K.R., and Alvarez, R.M., 2004, Preliminary Digital Geologic Map of the Santa Ana 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Southern California (version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-172, database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99172.","productDescription":"database","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109853,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22574.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22574"},{"id":181558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5591,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e700","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, D. M. (compiler)","contributorId":106148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"D.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"digital preparation by Bovard, Kelly R.","contributorId":86847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"digital preparation by Bovard","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alvarez, Rachel M.","contributorId":74451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":58324,"text":"ofr20041364 - 2004 - Electrical property measurements of the Meade Peak phosphatic shale member of the Permian phosporia formation, Caribou County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:00","indexId":"ofr20041364","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1364","title":"Electrical property measurements of the Meade Peak phosphatic shale member of the Permian phosporia formation, Caribou County, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041364","usgsCitation":"Horton, R., 2004, Electrical property measurements of the Meade Peak phosphatic shale member of the Permian phosporia formation, Caribou County, Idaho (Version 1.0 ): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1364, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041364.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5920,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1364/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0 ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db606f04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, Robert 0000-0001-5578-3733 rhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-3733","contributorId":612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Robert","email":"rhorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":58127,"text":"ofr20041341 - 2004 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water-quality investigation. 16. Quality assurance and quality control for water analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T16:19:45","indexId":"ofr20041341","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1341","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water-quality investigation. 16. Quality assurance and quality control for water analyses","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation has the main objective of inferring the ground-water chemistry at an active mine site. Hence, existing ground-water chemistry and its quality assurance and quality control is of crucial importance to this study and a substantial effort was spent on this activity. Analyses of seventy-two blanks demonstrated that contamination from processing, handling, and analyses were minimal. Blanks collected using water deionized with anion and cation exchange resins contained elevated concentrations of boron (0.17 milligrams per liter (mg/L)) and silica (3.90 mg/L), whereas double-distilled water did not. Boron and silica were not completely retained by the resins because they can exist as uncharged species in water. Chloride was detected in ten blanks, the highest being 3.9 mg/L, probably as the result of washing bottles, filter apparatuses, and tubing with hydrochloric acid. Sulfate was detected in seven blanks; the highest value was 3.0 mg/L, most likely because of carryover from the high sulfate waters sampled. With only a few exceptions, the remaining blank analyses were near or below method detection limits. Analyses of standard reference water samples by cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, FerroZine, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, hydride generation atomic spectrometry, and titration provided an accuracy check. For constituents greater than 10 times the detection limit, 95 percent of the samples had a percent error of less than 8.5. For constituents within 10 percent of the detection limit, the percent error often increased as a result of measurement imprecision. Charge imbalance was calculated using WATEQ4F and 251 out of 257 samples had a charge imbalance less than 11.8 percent. The charge imbalance for all samples ranged from -16 to 16 percent. Spike recoveries were performed by spiking ground-water samples from SC2B, SC3A, SC3B, CC2A, and Hottentot with a mixed-element standard and then analyzing them by ICP-OES. The mean recovery for all the constituents by ICP-OES was 103 percent with a standard deviation of 16 percent. Fifteen surface- and ground-water sequential duplicates were collected from Straight Creek, Hottentot, and the Red River from 2002 to 2003. Except for chloride from well SC5B and low concentrations of iron (&lt;0.05 mg/L) and aluminum (&lt;0.01 mg/L), constituents of sequential duplicates are generally within 10 percent of each other. Analytical results from different methods and different laboratories, with rare exceptions, were within 10 percent. Chromium analyses were in poor agreement when comparing analyses from the USGS and a contract laboratory, but USGS analyses by ICP-OES and ICP-MS were usually within 10 percent for chromium concentrations above 0.03 mg/L and analyses by ICP-OES and GFAAS were usually within 15 percent for chromium concentrations as much as 0.1 mg/L.</span></p><p><span>Filtration studies also were performed to study the effects of filtration apparatuses (Minitan, plate, capsule, and syringe), pore sizes, and timing on dissolved metal concentrations. Except for iron and aluminum, constituents with concentrations greater than about 0.05 mg/L were generally not affected by the filtration apparatus, membrane pore-size, and filtration delays. Iron, aluminum, and some dissolved metals concentrations less than about 0.05 mg/L, especially copper, were generally lowest in filtrates from the tangential flow Minitan system containing a filter membrane with a pore size of 10,000 Daltons. As part of a filtration timing study, grab samples were collected from two sites along the Red River and were processed immediately and then again 1 to 3 hours later. Aluminum and iron colloids formed during the delay in the sample collected at the USGS gaging station and, after the delay, 0.1-ìm filtrate aluminum and iron concentrations approached the ultrafiltrate (Minitan) concentrations. In the upstream site below Fawn Lakes, aluminum in the 0.1-ìm filtrate decreased but did not decrease in the 0.45-ìm filtrate, signifying that the colloids formed during the delay are between 0.1 and 0.45 ìm. Dissolved nickel and pH also decreased in both samples during the delay. Except for ferrous iron and barium, a sequential filtration study 2 demonstrated that water collected from the Red River at the gage did not affect dissolved metal concentrations with increasing sample volume passing through a plate filter with 0.45- or 0.1-ìm membranes. Barium and ferrous iron both slightly decreased in the filtrate from the 0.45-ìm filter.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041341","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Naus, C.A., 2004, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water-quality investigation. 16. Quality assurance and quality control for water analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1341, 115 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041341.","productDescription":"115 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":353002,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1341/pdf/ofr2004-1341b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5747,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1341/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naus, Cheryl A.","contributorId":82749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naus","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":58323,"text":"ofr20041431 - 2004 - Spectral variations in rocks and soils containing ferric iron hydroxide and(or) sulfate minerals as seen by AVIRIS and laboratory spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:00","indexId":"ofr20041431","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1431","title":"Spectral variations in rocks and soils containing ferric iron hydroxide and(or) sulfate minerals as seen by AVIRIS and laboratory spectroscopy","docAbstract":"Analysis of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data covering the Big Rock Candy Mountain area of the Marysvale volcanic field, west-central Utah, identified abundant rocks and soils bearing jarosite, goethite, and chlorite associated with volcanic rocks altered to propylitic grade during the Miocene (23\u001321 Ma).  Propylitically-altered rocks rich in pyrite associated with the relict feeder zones of convecting, shallow hydrothermal systems are currently undergoing supergene oxidation to natrojarosite, kaolinite, and gypsum.  Goethite coatings are forming at the expense of jarosite where most pyrite has been consumed through oxidation in alluvium derived from pyrite-bearing zones.  Spectral variations in the goethite-bearing rocks that resemble variations found in reference library samples of goethites of varying grain size were observed in the AVIRIS data.  Rocks outside of the feeder zones have relatively low pyrite content and are characterized by chlorite, epidote, and calcite, with local copper-bearing quartz-calcite veins.  Iron-bearing minerals in these rocks are weathering directly to goethite.  \r\n\r\nLaboratory spectral analyses were applied to samples of iron-bearing rock outcrops and alluvium collected from the area to determine the accuracy of the AVIRIS-based mineral identification.  The accuracy of the iron mineral identification results obtained by analysis of the AVIRIS data was confirmed.  In general, the AVIRIS analysis results were accurate in identifying medium-grained goethite, coarse-grained goethite, medium- to coarse-grained goethite with trace jarosite, and mixtures of goethite and jarosite.  However, rock fragments from alluvial areas identified as thin coatings of goethite with the AVIRIS data were found to consist mainly of medium- to coarse-grained goethite based on spectral characteristics in the visible and near-infrared.  \r\n\r\nTo determine if goethite abundance contributed to the spectral variations observed in goethite-bearing rocks with AVIRIS data, a laboratory experiment was performed in which spectra were acquired of a goethite-bearing rock while progressively decreasing the areal abundance of the rock with respect to a background of white, fine-grained quartz sand.  This experiment found that, with decreasing material abundance, the crystal field absorption feature of goethite near 1.0 micron decreases in depth and narrows more from the long wavelength side of the feature than from the short wavelength side, as is the case in goethite reference spectra as grain size decreases from coarse to fine.  \r\n\r\nIn the Marysvale study area, goethite-bearing alluvium downgradient from source outcrops tends to be identified as finer-grained or thin coatings of goethite due to the mineral\u0019s presence in lesser abundance.  The goethite-bearing alluvium is a closer match to reference spectra of thin coatings of goethite even though the actual grain size of the contained goethite fragments is medium to coarse grained, the same on average as that from the source outcrops.  Coarser-grained goethite most likely will be correctly identified in areas of greater goethite abundance proximal to jarosite-bearing source rock where the surface is relatively free of goethite-free soil components and vegetation that corrupt the goethite spectral response.  \r\n\r\nWhen analysis of imaging spectroscopy data is performed using reference spectra of iron minerals of varying grain sizes and mixed compositions, the results are useful not only for purposes of mineral identification, but also for distinguishing goethite-bearing outcrop from alluvial surfaces with similar mineralogy, providing valuable information for geologic, geomorphologic, mineral exploration, and environmental assessment studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041431","usgsCitation":"Rockwell, B.W., 2004, Spectral variations in rocks and soils containing ferric iron hydroxide and(or) sulfate minerals as seen by AVIRIS and laboratory spectroscopy (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1431, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041431.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5919,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1431/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ca3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rockwell, Barnaby W. 0000-0002-9549-0617 barnabyr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9549-0617","contributorId":2195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Barnaby","email":"barnabyr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53270,"text":"ofr03285 - 2004 - SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:11:58","indexId":"ofr03285","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-285","title":"SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","docAbstract":"This report describes SutraGUI, a flexible graphical user-interface (GUI) that supports two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) simulation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) SUTRA ground-water-flow and transport model (Voss and Provost, 2002). SutraGUI allows the user to create SUTRA ground-water models graphically. SutraGUI provides all of the graphical functionality required for setting up and running SUTRA simulations that range from basic to sophisticated, but it is also possible for advanced users to apply programmable features within Argus ONE to meet the unique demands of particular ground-water modeling projects. SutraGUI is a public-domain computer program designed to run with the proprietary Argus ONE? package, which provides 2D Geographic Information System (GIS) and meshing support. For 3D simulation, GIS and meshing support is provided by programming contained within SutraGUI. When preparing a 3D SUTRA model, the model and all of its features are viewed within Argus 1 in 2D projection. For 2D models, SutraGUI is only slightly changed in functionality from the previous 2D-only version (Voss and others, 1997) and it provides visualization of simulation results. In 3D, only model preparation is supported by SutraGUI, and 3D simulation results may be viewed in SutraPlot (Souza, 1999) or Model Viewer (Hsieh and Winston, 2002). A comprehensive online Help system is included in SutraGUI. For 3D SUTRA models, the 3D model domain is conceptualized as bounded on the top and bottom by 2D surfaces. The 3D domain may also contain internal surfaces extending across the model that divide the domain into tabular units, which can represent hydrogeologic strata or other features intended by the user. These surfaces can be non-planar and non-horizontal. The 3D mesh is defined by one or more 2D meshes at different elevations that coincide with these surfaces. If the nodes in the 3D mesh are vertically aligned, only a single 2D mesh is needed. For nonaligned meshes, two or more 2D meshes of similar connectivity are used. Between each set of 2D meshes (and model surfaces), the vertical space in the 3D mesh is evenly divided into a user-specified number of layers of finite elements. Boundary conditions may be specified for 3D models in SutraGUI using a variety of geometric shapes that may be located freely within the 3D model domain. These shapes include points, lines, sheets, and solids. These are represented by 2D contours (within the vertically-projected Argus ONE view) with user-defined elevations. In addition, boundary conditions may be specified for 3D models as points, lines, and areas that are located exactly within the surfaces that define the model top and the bottoms of the tabular units. Aquifer properties may be specified separately for each tabular unit. If the aquifer properties vary vertically within a unit, SutraGUI provides the Sutra_Z function that can be used to specify such variation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03285","usgsCitation":"Winston, R.B., and Voss, C.I., 2004, SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-285, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03285.","productDescription":"114 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4976,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/sutra-gui/SutraGUI.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winston, Richard B. 0000-0002-6287-8834 rbwinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6287-8834","contributorId":3567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winston","given":"Richard","email":"rbwinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58165,"text":"ofr20041328 - 2004 - Selected hydrologic data for Sand Cove Wash, Washington County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T09:51:13","indexId":"ofr20041328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1328","title":"Selected hydrologic data for Sand Cove Wash, Washington County, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>Southwestern Utah is one of the most arid and fastest growing regions of Utah. Development of new and existing water resources will be required to meet the water needs of the region. Sand Cove Wash, a tributary of the Santa Clara River that flows into Gunlock Reservoir, was investigated as a potential site for diverting peak runoff from the Santa Clara River in order to delay its arrival at the reservoir or to artificially recharge alluvial sediment or the underlying Navajo aquifer. Hydrologic data collected in this study are described and listed in this report. Six boreholes were drilled in Sand Cove</p><p>Wash to determine the vertical and spatial distribution of the alluvial deposits and their hydrologic properties. Nine to 13 feet of fine alluvial sand is underlain by 50 to 70 feet of fine silt and clay. Core samples were analyzed for specific conductance of leachates, particle-size distribution, and saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity. Specific-conductance values of leachates ranged from 23 to 2,940 microsiemens per centimeter. Vertical hydraulic-conductivity values from selected samples ranged from 1.92 x 10<sup>-4</sup> to 2.5 feet per day.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington County Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Norton, A., and Susong, D.D., 2004, Selected hydrologic data for Sand Cove Wash, Washington County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1328, iv, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041328.","productDescription":"iv, 7 p.","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339524,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1328/PDF/OF2004_1328.pdf"},{"id":5778,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1328/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Sand Cove Wash","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.6667,\n              37.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.7833,\n              37.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.7833,\n              37.31667\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.6667,\n              37.31667\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.6667,\n              37.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, Aaron","contributorId":8175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"Aaron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50454,"text":"ofr01468 - 2004 - Lahar Hazards at Casita and San Cristóbal Volcanoes, Nicaragua","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-16T14:10:59","indexId":"ofr01468","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-468","title":"Lahar Hazards at Casita and San Cristóbal Volcanoes, Nicaragua","docAbstract":"Casita and San Cristóbal volcanoes are part of a volcano complex situated at the eastern end of the Cordillera de los Maribios. Other centers of volcanism in the complex include El Chonco, Cerro Moyotepe, and La Pelona. At 1745 m, San Cristóbal is the highest and only historically active volcano of the complex. The volcano’s crater is 500 to 600 m across and elongate east to west; its western rim is more than 100 m higher than its eastern rim. The conical volcano is both steep and symmetrical. El Chonco, which lies west of San Cristóbal, is crudely conical but has been deeply dissected by streams. Cerro Moyotepe to the northeast of San Cristóbal is even more deeply incised by erosion than El Chonco, and its crater is breached by erosion. Casita volcano, about 5 km east of San Cristóbal volcano, comprises a broad ridge like form, elongate along an eastwest axis, that is deeply dissected. Nested along the ridge are two craters. The younger one, La Ollada crater, truncates an older smaller crater to the east near Casita’s summit (1430 m). La Ollada crater is about 1 km across and 100 m deep. Numerous small fumarole fields occur near the summit of Casita and on nearby slopes outside of the craters. Casita volcano overlaps the 3-km-wide crater of La Pelona to the east. Stream erosion has deeply incised the slopes of La Pelona, and it is likely the oldest center of the Casita-San Cristóbal volcano complex. In late October and early November 1998, torrential rains of Hurricane Mitch caused numerous slope failures in Central America. The most catastrophic occurred at Casita volcano, on October 30, 1998. At Casita, five days of heavy rain triggered a 1.6-million-cubic-meter rock and debris avalanche that generated an 2- to 4- million-cubic-meter debris flow that swept down the steep slopes of the volcano. The debris flow spread out across the volcano’s apron, destroyed two towns, and killed more than 2500 people. In prehistoric time, Casita erupted explosively to form ash-fall deposits (tephra), debris avalanches, lava flows, and hot flowing mixtures of ash and rock (called pyroclastic flows). The chronology of activity at Casita is rather poorly known. Its last documented eruption occurred 8300 years ago, and included a pyroclastic flow. Tephra deposits exposed in the east crater suggest the possibility of subsequent eruptions. Work prior to Hurricane Mitch suggested that a part of the volcano’s apron that included the area inundated during the 1998 event south of Casita was a lahar pathway. Erosion during Hurricane Mitch revealed that at least three large lahars descended this pathway to distances of up to 10 km. This report describes the hazards of landslides and lahars in general, and discusses potential hazards from future landslides and lahars at San Cristóbal and Casita volcanoes in particular. The report also shows, in the accompanying lahar hazard-zonation maps, which areas are likely to be at risk from future landslides and lahars at Casita and San Cristóbal.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01468","usgsCitation":"Vallance, J., Schilling, S., Devoli, G., Reid, M., Howell, M., and Brien, D., 2004, Lahar Hazards at Casita and San Cristóbal Volcanoes, Nicaragua: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-468, Report: iv, 18 p.; Plate 1: 35.18 inches x 30.33 inches, Plate 2: 34.13 inches x 32.69 inches, Plate 3: 34.29 inches x 32.59 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01468.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; Plate 1: 35.18 inches x 30.33 inches, Plate 2: 34.13 inches x 32.69 inches, Plate 3: 34.29 inches x 32.59 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280332,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/"},{"id":280334,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/pdf/of2001-0468_plate1.pdf"},{"id":280333,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/pdf/of2001-0468.pdf"},{"id":280335,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/pdf/of2001-0468_plate2.pdf"},{"id":280336,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/pdf/of2001-0468_plate3.pdf"}],"country":"Nicaragua","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.042446,12.660438 ], [ -87.042446,12.721396 ], [ -86.942196,12.721396 ], [ -86.942196,12.660438 ], [ -87.042446,12.660438 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b43af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallance, J.W.","contributorId":45336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, S. P.","contributorId":42606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Devoli, G.","contributorId":42632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Devoli","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howell, M.M.","contributorId":95109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brien, D.L.","contributorId":43027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brien","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":54252,"text":"ofr03442 - 2004 - Chester County ground-water atlas, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:39:19","indexId":"ofr03442","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-442","title":"Chester County ground-water atlas, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>Chester County encompasses 760 square miles in southeastern Pennsylvania. Groundwater-quality studies have been conducted in the county over several decades to address specific hydrologic issues. This report compiles and describes water-quality data collected during studies conducted mostly after 1990 and summarizes the data in a county-wide perspective.</p><p>In this report, water-quality constituents are described in regard to what they are, why the constituents are important, and where constituent concentrations vary relative to geology or land use. Water-quality constituents are grouped into logical units to aid presentation: water-quality constituents measured in the field (pH, alkalinity, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen), common ions, metals, radionuclides, bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Water-quality constituents measured in the field, common ions (except chloride), metals, and radionuclides are discussed relative to geology. Bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds are discussed relative to land use. If the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or Chester County Health Department has drinking water standards for a constituent, the standards are included. Tables and maps are included to assist Chester County residents in understanding the water-quality constituents and their distribution in the county.</p><p>Ground water in Chester County generally is of good quality and is mostly acidic except in the carbonate rocks and serpentinite, where it is neutral to strongly basic. Calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are major constituents of these rocks. Both compounds have high solubility, and, as such, both are major contributors to elevated pH, alkalinity, specific conductance, and the common ions. Elevated pH and alkalinity in carbonate rocks and serpentinite can indicate a potential for scaling in water heaters and household plumbing. Low pH and low alkalinity in the schist, quartzite, and gneiss rocks can indicate a potential for corrosive water. The only constituent measured in the field that has a USEPA Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) is pH. The SMCL for pH is 6.5-8.5; 64 percent of samples analyzed for pH were acidic (below pH 6.5). Only 1 percent of samples were basic (above pH 8.5).</p><p>Of the common ions, the USEPA has SMCLs for chloride, sulfate, and total dissolved solids. The USEPA has a SMCL and a Primary Maximum Contaminant Level (PMCL) for fluoride. Chloride is more closely related to land use than geology. In Chester County, chloride exceeded the SMCL (250 mg/L) only in 5 percent of the services (commercial services, community services, and military) land-use areas. No samples analyzed for sulfate exceeded the SMCL (250 mg/L). Only 3 percent of samples analyzed for total dissolved solids exceeded the SMCL (500 milligrams per liter) (mg/L). No samples analyzed for fluoride equaled or exceeded the SMCL (2.0 mg/L) or PMCL (4.0 mg/L).</p><p>Iron concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL in 11 percent of samples and were highest in schist (14 percent) and gneiss (13 percent). Manganese concentrations exceeded the SMCL in 19 percent of samples and were highest in quartzite and schist (both 28 percent). Lead and arsenic were present in low concentrations: the highest concentrations of lead occurred in water from quartzite (8 percent exceeded the USEPA Action Level), and arsenic was detected mostly in Triassic sedimentary rocks (9 percent exceeded the USEPA PMCL). The highest concentrations of copper occurred more frequently in quartzite rocks, and to a lesser extent were evenly distributed between ground water in gneiss, schist, and Triassic sedimentary rocks.</p><p>Elevated concentrations of radon-222 and the combined radium-226/radium-228 radionuclides were common in water from quartzite and schist. Gross alpha and gross beta particle activities were elevated in water from quartzite and carbonate rocks. In contrast, elevated concentrations of uranium primarily were measured in water from Triassic sedimentary and carbonate rocks.</p><p>Despite a sampling bias towards agricultural land use, only two samples indicated the presence of fecal coliforms.</p><p>Samples analyzed for nutrients generally exhibited low concentrations, but about 11 percent of samples collected for nitrate exceeded the USEPA PMCL. Only one nitrite sample (less than 1 percent) exceeded the respective USEPA PMCL.</p><p>Approximately 190 samples were collected for each of the three pesticides in this report: lindane, dieldrin, and diazinon. Sampling was biased towards agricultural, low-medium density residential, and wooded land uses. Approximately 95 percent of samples for each pesticide were below minimum reporting levels (MRL). Only lindane has a USEPA PMCL, and only one sample exceeded the standard. Results for dieldrin and diazinon were similar, except results for two diazinon samples where concentrations were 57.0 and 490 micrograms per liter (μg/L).</p><p>Volatile organic compounds in this report were analyzed in water from 198 samples. Sampling was biased towards agricultural, low-medium density residential, and wooded land uses. Two percent of samples analyzed for trichloroethylene and less than 1 percent of samples analyzed for tetrachloroethylene exceeded their respective USEPA PMCLs (each 5.0 μg/L). No samples analyzed for 1,1,1-trichloroethane exceeded the USEPA PMCL (200 μg/L). No samples analyzed for methyl tert-butyl ether exceeded the USEPA Drinking Water Advisory (20μg/L).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03442","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority and the Chester County Health Department","usgsCitation":"Ludlow, R.A., and Loper, C.A., 2004, Chester County ground-water atlas, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-442, viii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03442.","productDescription":"viii, 85 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5357,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0442/ofr20030442.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0442"},{"id":182119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0442/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\">Pennsylvania Water Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 215 Limekiln Road<br> New Cumberland, PA 17070</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Ground-water data collection, management, and analysis</li><li>Water-quality characteristics measured in the field&nbsp;</li><li>Common ions </li><li>Metals</li><li>Radionuclides&nbsp;</li><li>Bacteria</li><li>Nutrients </li><li>Pesticides </li><li>Volatile organic compounds&nbsp;</li><li>Summary</li><li>References cited </li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a331","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludlow, Russell A. 0000-0001-6483-6817 raludlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6483-6817","contributorId":5820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludlow","given":"Russell","email":"raludlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loper, Connie A.","contributorId":62243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loper","given":"Connie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54106,"text":"ofr20041210 - 2004 - Near-field receiving water monitoring of a benthic community near the Palo Alto Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay: February 1974 through December 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T16:00:56","indexId":"ofr20041210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1210","title":"Near-field receiving water monitoring of a benthic community near the Palo Alto Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay: February 1974 through December 2003","docAbstract":"<p>Analyses of the benthic community structure of a mudflat in South San Francisco Bay over a 29-year period show that changes in the community have occurred concurrent with reduced concentrations of metals in the sediment and in the tissues of the biosentinal clam Macoma balthica from the same area. The community has shifted from being dominated by several opportunistic species to a community where the species are more similar in abundance, a pattern that could be indicative of a more stable community that is subjected to less stress. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals. Heteromastus filiformis, a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying their eggs on or in the sediment has shown a concurrent increase in dominance. These changes in species dominance reflect a change in the community from one dominated by surface dwelling, brooding species to one with species with varying life history characteristics. Analysis of the reproductive activity of Macoma balthica shows increases in reproductive activity concurrent with the decline in metal concentrations in the tissue of this organism. Reproductive activity is presently stable with almost all animals reproducing during the two reproductive seasons (spring and fall) of most years. These findings are consistent with findings previously reported for the 1974 through 2002 period.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041210","usgsCitation":"Shouse, M.K., Parcheso, F., and Thompson, J.K., 2004, Near-field receiving water monitoring of a benthic community near the Palo Alto Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay: February 1974 through December 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1210, Report: 37 p.; Appendixes A and B, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041210.","productDescription":"Report: 37 p.; Appendixes A and B","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041210.GIF"},{"id":5545,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282725,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1210/OFR04%20Appendix%20A.xls"},{"id":282724,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1210/OFR2004-1210.pdf"},{"id":282726,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1210/OFR04%20Appendix%20B.xls"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.86010742187499,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78344726562499,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78344726562499,\n              37.84883250647402\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.86010742187499,\n              37.84883250647402\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.86010742187499,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697fc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shouse, Michelle K. mkshouse@usgs.gov","contributorId":5407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shouse","given":"Michelle","email":"mkshouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":249212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parcheso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":2590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcheso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":249211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54043,"text":"ofr20041213 - 2004 - Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T20:05:05","indexId":"ofr20041213","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1213","title":"Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2000","docAbstract":"Trace element concentrations were analyzed on samples of fine-grained sediments and clams (Macoma balthica) collected from a mudflat one kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay. This report serves as a continuation of the Near Field Receiving Water Monitoring Study, which was started in 1994. The data for 2003, herein, are interpreted within that context. Metal concentrations in both sediments and clam tissue samples have been within the range of values produced by seasonal variability; however, copper and zinc, display continued decreases over the last decade. In 2003, copper in sediment was observed to drop below the ERL (Effects Range-Low) concentration for the third consecutive year and zinc concentrations never exceeded the ERL. Yearly average concentrations of copper, zinc and silver in Macoma balthica for 2003 are some of the lowest recorded since monitoring began in 1975. Mercury and selenium concentrations in sediments and clams at Palo Alto were similar to concentrations observed elsewhere in the San Francisco Bay.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041213","usgsCitation":"Moon, E., Luoma, S.N., Cain, D.J., Hornberger, M.I., and David, C.P., 2004, Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1213, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041213.","productDescription":"84 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5485,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.35269280367274\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.827392578125,\n              37.35269280367274\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.827392578125,\n              37.85750715625203\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.85750715625203\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.35269280367274\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697fa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moon, Edward","contributorId":60309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"David, Carlos Primo C.","contributorId":27907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"Primo C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":54027,"text":"ofr20041097 - 2004 - Simulation of Integrated Surface-Water/Ground-Water Flow and Salinity for a Coastal Wetland and Adjacent Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:57","indexId":"ofr20041097","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1097","title":"Simulation of Integrated Surface-Water/Ground-Water Flow and Salinity for a Coastal Wetland and Adjacent Estuary","docAbstract":"The SWIFT2D surface-water flow and transport code, which solves the St. Venant equations in two dimensions, was coupled with the SEAWAT variable-density ground-water code to represent hydrologic processes in coastal wetlands and adjacent estuaries. The integrated code was applied to the southern Everglades of Florida to quantify flow and salinity patterns and to evaluate effects of hydrologic processes. Results indicate that most surface water within Taylor Slough flows through Joe Bay and into Florida Bay through Trout Creek. Overtopping of the Buttonwood Embankment, a narrow but continuous ridge that separates the coastal wetlands from Florida Bay, does occur in response to tropical storms, but the net overflow is only 1.5 percent of creek discharge. The net leakage rate for the coastal wetland is about zero with nearly equal upward (17.1 cm/yr) and downward (17.4 cm/yr) rates. During the dry season, the coastal wetland increases in salinity to 30-35 practical salinity units but is flushed each year with the onset of the wet season. Model results demonstrate that surface-water/ground-water interactions, density-dependent flow, and wind affect flow and salinity patterns.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041097","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C.D., Swain, E.D., and Melinda A., W., 2004, Simulation of Integrated Surface-Water/Ground-Water Flow and Salinity for a Coastal Wetland and Adjacent Estuary: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1097, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041097.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5467,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1097/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f3050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, Christian D. 0000-0001-5610-9759 langevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-9759","contributorId":1030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Christian","email":"langevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melinda A., Wolfert","contributorId":51844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melinda A.","given":"Wolfert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54025,"text":"ofr20041098 - 2004 - Eolian Dust and the Origin of Sedimentary Chert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:57","indexId":"ofr20041098","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1098","title":"Eolian Dust and the Origin of Sedimentary Chert","docAbstract":"This paper proposes an alternative model for the primary source of silica contained in bedded sedimentary chert.  The proposed model is derived from three principal observations as follows: (1) eolian processes in warm-arid climates produce copious amounts of highly reactive fine-grained quartz particles (dust), (2) eolian processes in warm-arid climates export enormous quantities of quartzose dust to marine environments, and (3) bedded sedimentary cherts generally occur in marine strata that were deposited in warm-arid paleoclimates where dust was a potential source of silica.   An empirical integration of these observations suggests that eolian dust best explains both the primary and predominant source of silica for most bedded sedimentary cherts.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041098","usgsCitation":"Cecil, C.B., 2004, Eolian Dust and the Origin of Sedimentary Chert (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1098, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041098.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5465,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, C. Blaine 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":22797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}