Females in lek‐breeding species appear to copulate with a small subset of the available males. Such strong directional selection is predicted to decrease additive genetic variance in the preferred male traits, yet females continue to mate selectively, thus generating the lek paradox. In a study of buff‐breasted sandpipers (Tryngites subruficollis), we combine detailed behavioral observations with paternity analyses using single‐locus minisatellite DNA probes to provide the first evidence from a lek‐breeding species that the variance in male reproductive success is much lower than expected. In 17 and 30 broods sampled in two consecutive years, a minimum of 20 and 39 males, respectively, sired offspring. This low variance in male reproductive success resulted from effective use of alternative reproductive tactics by males, females mating with solitary males off leks, and multiple mating by females. Thus, the results of this study suggests that sexual selection through female choice is weak in buff‐breasted sandpipers. The behavior of other lek‐breeding birds is sufficiently similar to that of buff‐breasted sandpipers that paternity studies of those species should be conducted to determine whether leks generally are less paradoxical than they appear.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/286038","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., Scribner, K.T., Kempenaers, B., and Weatherhead, P.J., 1997, Lekking without a paradox in the buff-breasted sandpiper: American Naturalist, v. 49, no. 6, p. 1051-1070, https://doi.org/10.1086/286038.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1051","endPage":"1070","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0b9e4b072a7ac129938","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kempenaers, Bart","contributorId":54943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kempenaers","given":"Bart","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13130,"text":"Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, Austrian Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weatherhead, Patrick J.","contributorId":179013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weatherhead","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16718,"text":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70181840,"text":"70181840 - 1997 - Exposure of Spectacled Eiders and other diving ducks to lead in western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:48:09","indexId":"70181840","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exposure of Spectacled Eiders and other diving ducks to lead in western Alaska","docAbstract":"Lead poisoning, resulting from ingestion of spent shot, has been identified as a cause of mortality in Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. We examined lead-exposure rates of adult and juvenile Spectacled Eiders and other diving ducks, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry of blood samples. Additionally, we X-rayed birds in the field to identify ingested shot. We detected shot in the gizzards of 11.6% of Spectacled Eiders X-rayed. During the period from arrival through incubation, 13.0% of adult females and 6.6% of adult males had elevated blood lead levels when captured. During the brood-rearing period, 35.8% of adult females and 12.2% of ducklings were exposed to lead when captured. There was an increase in the probability of exposure of adult females with date sampled. We predict that 50% of the successfully breeding hens were likely exposed to lead, and 25–37% of the Spectacled Eider breeding population was exposed to lead. The long-term effects of sublethal doses on Spectacled Eiders are unknown; however, exposure of nesting females and young birds to lead may result in reduced over-winter survival and (or) reduced fecundity.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z97-054","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., Petersen, M.R., and Grand, J.B., 1997, Exposure of Spectacled Eiders and other diving ducks to lead in western Alaska: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 75, no. 3, p. 439-443, https://doi.org/10.1139/z97-054.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"443","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7B27SDZ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Waterfowl Lead Exposure Data in Alaska and Russia"},{"id":335390,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42547e4b0c825128ad4bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182057,"text":"70182057 - 1997 - Variation in incubation periods and egg metabolism in mallards: Intrinsic mechanisms to promote hatch synchrony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T15:39:54","indexId":"70182057","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in incubation periods and egg metabolism in mallards: Intrinsic mechanisms to promote hatch synchrony","docAbstract":"We investigated factors affecting incubation time and metabolic rates of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) eggs incubated under constant environmental conditions. Time required to reach the star-pipped stage of hatch varied significantly among females, but not with laying sequence or egg size. Metabolic rate of eggs varied positively with position in the laying sequence and tended to vary among females. Metabolic rate did not vary with egg volume or incubation length. Our results indicate metabolic rate may act as one synchronization mechanism for hatch. The role of maternal effects in development time should be considered in subsequent studies of incubation time in ducks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1370245","usgsCitation":"MacCluskie, M.C., Flint, P.L., and Sedinger, J.S., 1997, Variation in incubation periods and egg metabolism in mallards: Intrinsic mechanisms to promote hatch synchrony: The Condor, v. 99, p. 224-228, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370245.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57704e4b057081a24ee6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacCluskie, Margaret C.","contributorId":50643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacCluskie","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180938,"text":"70180938 - 1997 - Alternative interpretations of oil spill data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T15:35:31","indexId":"70180938","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternative interpretations of oil spill data","docAbstract":"In his article \"Oil, Seabirds, and Science\" (BioScience 46: 587-597), John Wiens attempted to review Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) damage assessment studies and the politics of EVOS science in one stroke. In my opinion, neither purpose was particularly well served.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1313070","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., 1997, Alternative interpretations of oil spill data: BioScience, v. 47, no. 4, p. 202-203, https://doi.org/10.2307/1313070.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"203","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1313070","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":335071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c4fe4b0efcedb741106","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180926,"text":"70180926 - 1997 - Ephemeral lekking behavior in the buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T11:29:33","indexId":"70180926","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":981,"text":"Behavioral Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ephemeral lekking behavior in the buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis","docAbstract":"We studied male reproductive behavior of the buff-breasted sandpiper Tryngites subruficoills for three yean on a 16-km2 study site in northern Alaska to document variation in male lekking behavior and to explore the causes of that variation. During the breeding season, about 75% of males on the study area displayed on leks, with the remainder displaying solitarily. Leks averaged between 2.3 and 3.0 males each (maximum size = 20). Most leks (69%) were present in only one year and about one-tenth were active all three years. Half of the leks were active for only one survey (maximum of 3-4 days) in a given year. Individual male behavior varied substantially, from remaining at a tingle lek for most of the breeding season or attending multiple leks during the season, to displaying solitarily or displaying both on leks and solitarily. Some males (30% or fewer) displayed near nests during the later part of the breeding season, perhaps attempting to copulate with females during egg-laying. The pro-portion of males that displayed on leks remained consistently high throughout the breeding season despite changes in the operational sex ratio and in the intensity of male-male competition. However, the absolute number of males (lekking and solitary) in the study area was positively correlated with the number of fertile females during both breeding seasons. We suggest that buff-breasted sandpipers may be unusual among lek-breeding birds in that males have the option of leaving areas when the number of fertile females becomes depressed and flying to new areas where breeding opportunities are still available. Breeding opportunities may be especially variable in the high arctic because of uneven snow accumulation and differential melt-off that can delay breeding by two or more weeks. This interpretation suggests that the mating system of the buff-breasted sandpiper must be viewed at a much larger scale than what has typically been used in mating system studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/beheco/8.3.268","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., and Weatherhead, P.J., 1997, Ephemeral lekking behavior in the buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis: Behavioral Ecology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 268-278, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/8.3.268.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334962,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Coastal Plain, Prudhoe Bay Oil Field","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c4fe4b0efcedb74110d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weatherhead, Patrick J.","contributorId":179013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weatherhead","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16718,"text":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180420,"text":"70180420 - 1997 - Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) calcareous rocks of the Howard Pass quadrangle, western Brooks Range: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180420,"text":"70180420 - 1997 - Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) calcareous rocks of the Howard Pass quadrangle, western Brooks Range: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995","indexId":"70180420","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) calcareous rocks of the Howard Pass quadrangle, western Brooks Range: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":25002,"text":"pp1574 - 1997 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995","indexId":"pp1574","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":25002,"text":"pp1574 - 1997 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995","indexId":"pp1574","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:13:15","indexId":"70180420","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"title":"Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) calcareous rocks of the Howard Pass quadrangle, western Brooks Range: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995","docAbstract":"Calcareous rocks of Kinderhookian (early Early Mississippian) age are widely distributed across the Howard Pass quadrangle in the western Brooks Range. Most occur in the lower part of the Lisburne Group (herein called the Rough Mountain Creek unit) and the upper part of the Endicott Group (Kayak Shale) in two sequences (Key Creek and Aniuk River) of the Endicott Mountains allochthon. Kinderhookian strata are also found in the Kelly River allochthon (Utukok Formation?) and in sections of uncertain stratigraphic affinity and structural level spatially associated with mafic volcanic rocks.
Predominant Kinderhookian lithologies in the Lisburne Group are skeletal supportstone (rich in pelmatozoans, bryozoans, and brachiopods) and lesser spiculite; skeletal supportstone and calcarenite are the chief calcareous rock types in the Kayak Shale. Conodont and brachiopod faunas indicate that all of the Rough Mountain Creek unit and much of the Kayak Shale in the study area are of late Kinderhookian age. Lithologic and paleontologic data suggest that Kinderhookian strata in the Howard Pass quadrangle were deposited largely in inner- and middle-shelf settings with normal marine salinity and locally high energy. Overall, calcareous beds in the Rough Mountain Creek unit accumulated in a wider range of environments, less subject to siliciclastic input, than did calcareous beds in the Kayak, and Kinderhookian beds of both units in the Key Creek sequence formed in less diverse, somewhat shallower environments than correlative rocks in the Aniuk River sequence. Lithofacies patterns and contact relations imply that decreased siliciclastic influx, perhaps accompanied by relative sea-level rise, initiated deposition of the Rough Mountain Creek unit; relative sea-level rise and concurrent circulatory restriction most likely ended its deposition.
Kinderhookian calcareous rocks in the Howard Pass quadrangle have several implications for middle Paleozoic paleogeography of the western Brooks Range. First, sequences of the Endicott Mountains allochthon that contain the Rough Mountain Creek unit contrast sharply with other sequences included in this allochthon that contain thicker and younger Carboniferous platform carbonate successions. These differences in stratigraphic succession suggest significant shortening within the Endicott Mountains allochthon. Second, Kinderhookian calcareous rocks in the Howard Pass quadrangle may have been a secondary source for carbonate turbidites of the Rim Butte unit (Ipnavik allochthon).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995 (Professional Paper 1574)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70180420","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 1997, Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) calcareous rocks of the Howard Pass quadrangle, western Brooks Range: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180420.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"268","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334324,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1574/pp1574_report.pdf#page=249","text":"Start page in larger work"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range, Howard Pass quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef5e4b072a7ac0cad5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180856,"text":"70180856 - 1997 - Collection and analysis of traditional ecological knowledge about a population of arctic tundra caribou","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T15:52:17","indexId":"70180856","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Collection and analysis of traditional ecological knowledge about a population of arctic tundra caribou","docAbstract":"Aboriginal peoples want their ecological knowledge used in the management of wildlife populations. To accomplish this, management agencies will need regional summaries of aboriginal knowledge about long-term changes in the distribution and abundance of wildlife populations and ecological factors that influence those changes. Between 1983 and 1994, we developed a method for collecting Inuit knowledge about historical changes in a caribou (Rangifer tarandus) population on southern Baffin Island from c. 1900 to 1994. Advice from Inuit allowed us to collect and interpret their oral knowledge in culturally appropriate ways. Local Hunters and Trappers Associations (HTAs) and other Inuit identified potential informants to maximize the spatial and temporal scope of the study. In the final interview protocol, each informant (i) established his biographical map and time line, (ii) described changes in caribou distribution and density during his life, and (iii) discussed ecological factors that may have caused changes in caribou populations. Personal and parental observations of caribou distribution and abundance were reliable and precise. Inuit who had hunted caribou during periods of scarcity provided more extensive information than those hunters who had hunted mainly ringed seals (Phoca hispida); nevertheless, seal hunters provided information about coastal areas where caribou densities were insufficient for the needs of caribou hunters. The wording of our questions influenced the reliability of informants' answers; leading questions were especially problematic. We used only information that we considered reliable after analyzing the wording of both questions and answers from translated transcripts. This analysis may have excluded some reliable information because informants tended to understate certainty in their recollections. We tried to retain the accuracy and precision inherent in Inuit oral traditions; comparisons of information from several informants and comparisons with published and archival historical reports indicate that we retained these qualities of Inuit knowledge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctiv Institute of North America","publisherLocation":"Calgary, AB","doi":"10.14430/arctic1087","usgsCitation":"Ferguson, M.A., and Messier, F., 1997, Collection and analysis of traditional ecological knowledge about a population of arctic tundra caribou: Arctic, v. 50, no. 1, p. 17-28, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1087.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"28","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1087","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Nunavut","otherGeospatial":"Baffin Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.33203125,\n 61.3546135846894\n ],\n [\n -80.33203125,\n 67.7094454829218\n ],\n [\n -59.32617187499999,\n 67.7094454829218\n ],\n [\n -59.32617187499999,\n 61.3546135846894\n ],\n [\n -80.33203125,\n 61.3546135846894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589847aae4b0efcedb7072dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferguson, Michael A.D.","contributorId":179092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.D.","affiliations":[{"id":28154,"text":"Department of Resources, Wildlife, and Economic Development, Government of the Northwest Territories, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Messier, Francois","contributorId":179093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Messier","given":"Francois","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70181842,"text":"70181842 - 1997 - Trophic relationships of albatrosses associated with squid and large-mesh drift-net fisheries in the North Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T15:26:50","indexId":"70181842","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trophic relationships of albatrosses associated with squid and large-mesh drift-net fisheries in the North Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"The diets of Laysan (Diomedea immutabilis) and black-footed albatrosses (D. nigripes) killed in squid and large-mesh drift nets in the transitional zone of the North Pacific Ocean were investigated by examining the contents of the digestive tracts and determining δ13C and δ15N values in breast-muscle tissue. The results show that (i) the combined prey of the two species of albatross consists of over 46 species of marine organisms including coelenterates, arthropods, mollusks, fish, and marine mammals; (ii) both species supplement their traditional diets with food made available by commercial fishing operations (e.g., net-caught squid and offal); (iii) while obtained from drift nets, diets of nonbreeding Laysan and black-footed albatrosses are dominated by neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartrami); (iv) in the absence of drift-net-related food, Laysan albatrosses feed most heavily on fish and black-footed albatrosses feed most heavily on squid; and (v) based on δ15N values, nonbreeding adult Laysan albatrosses from the transitional zone of the North Pacific Ocean and Laysan albatross nestlings fed by adults from Midway Island in the subtropical Pacific feed at one trophic level and one-third of a trophic level lower than black-footed albatrosses, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z97-068","usgsCitation":"Gould, P.J., Ostrom, P., and Walker, W., 1997, Trophic relationships of albatrosses associated with squid and large-mesh drift-net fisheries in the North Pacific Ocean: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 75, no. 4, p. 549-562, https://doi.org/10.1139/z97-068.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"562","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335391,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -215,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -215,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42547e4b0c825128ad4bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gould, Patrick J.","contributorId":11667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostrom, Peggy H.","contributorId":55736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ostrom","given":"Peggy H.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":668789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, William","contributorId":181598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"William","affiliations":[{"id":24829,"text":"National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":668790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186301,"text":"70186301 - 1997 - A forage fish is what? Summary of the symposium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T15:39:31","indexId":"70186301","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A forage fish is what? Summary of the symposium","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forage fishes in marine ecosystems: Proceedings of the international symposium on the role of forage fishes in marine ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on the Role of Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems","conferenceDate":"November 13-16, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","isbn":"978-1-56612-049-4","usgsCitation":"Springer, A.M., and Speckman, S., 1997, A forage fish is what? Summary of the symposium, in Forage fishes in marine ecosystems: Proceedings of the international symposium on the role of forage fishes in marine ecosystems, Anchorage, AK, November 13-16, 1996, p. 773-805.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"805","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://seagrant.uaf.edu/bookstore/pubs/AK-SG-97-01.html"}],"publicComments":"Larger Work is University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program report no. AK-SG-97-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8ce4b09da67997ecce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Springer, Alan M. ams@ims.uaf.edu","contributorId":172461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Springer","given":"Alan","email":"ams@ims.uaf.edu","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Speckman, Suzann G.","contributorId":88217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speckman","given":"Suzann G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182198,"text":"70182198 - 1997 - Adaptation of a stage-projection model for species with multiple year reproductive cycles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:32:08","indexId":"70182198","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptation of a stage-projection model for species with multiple year reproductive cycles","docAbstract":"We apply stage projection matrices to multiple age and reproductive categories, deriving the stable age - reproductive category distribution for populations with multi-year reproductive cycles and identifying conditions for the existence of a dominant latent root. Given the stable distribution of age and reproductive category and the number of female young for each reproductive category, the age specific fecundity rates can be calculated. For species with multi-year reproductive cycles, the fecundity rate associated with the stable age distribution is often not a smooth function of age, but fluctuates as a larger or smaller fraction of females becomes available to breed. We suggest that fecundity rates for species with multi-year reproductive cycles be defined in terms of litter size and probabilities of conception and successful gestation rather than average fecundity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00073-7","usgsCitation":"Gilbert, J.R., and Udevitz, M.S., 1997, Adaptation of a stage-projection model for species with multiple year reproductive cycles: Ecological Modelling, v. 97, no. 1-2, p. 47-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00073-7.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e33e4b0ce4410e7d618","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilbert, James R.","contributorId":181916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilbert","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186426,"text":"70186426 - 1997 - Sea Otter Enhydra lutris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T15:22:19.88808","indexId":"70186426","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5364,"text":"Restoration Notebook of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"displayTitle":"Sea Otter Enhydra lutris","title":"Sea Otter Enhydra lutris","docAbstract":"The sea otter, Enhydra lutris, is the largest member of the Mustelidae family and is the only one which lives entirely in marine waters. Sea otters are unique among marine mammals because, unlike whales, dolphins and seals, they do not have a layer of fat or blubber to keep them warm in the cool oceans of the North Pacific. Instead, sea otters depend on dense fur that traps tiny air bubbles to insulate them from the cold water. To stay warm, they also must maintain a very high metabolic rate, requiring the sea otter to eat about 25% of its body weight per day. Sea otters eat mostly invertebrates - clams, crabs, urchins, and mussels - found in shallow coastal waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., and Ballachey, B.E., 1997, Sea Otter Enhydra lutris: Restoration Notebook of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339146,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://evostc.state.ak.us/status-of-restoration/sea-otters/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"A PDF of the report is available at the bottom of the page"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.5791015625,\n 59.81720885147881\n ],\n [\n -145.5,\n 59.81720885147881\n ],\n [\n -145.5,\n 61.25174420489187\n ],\n [\n -148.5791015625,\n 61.25174420489187\n ],\n [\n -148.5791015625,\n 59.81720885147881\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b3e4b09da6799977a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182194,"text":"70182194 - 1997 - The effects of Vexar® seedling protectors on the growth and development of lodgepole pine roots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:04:09","indexId":"70182194","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1347,"text":"Crop Protection","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of Vexar® seedling protectors on the growth and development of lodgepole pine roots","docAbstract":"The effects on the growth and development of lodgepole pine roots from the Vexar® tubes used to protect seedlings from pocket gopher damage were studied in the Targhee National Forest, Idaho and the Deschutes National Forest, Oregon. At each site, Vexar-protected and unprotected seedlings, with and without above-ground gopher damage were examined after six growing seasons for root deformities and growth. Undamaged seedlings exhibited greater growth, reflecting the importance of non-lethal gopher damage as a deterrent to tree growth. Protected seedlings with similar damage history as unprotected seedlings had greater root depth than unprotected seedlings, although unprotected seedlings with no above-ground damage generally had the greatest root weight. In general, the percent of seedlings with root deformities was greater for the unprotected seedlings than for the Vexar-protectd seedlings, although this could be largely due to the greater care required to plant protected seedlings. Acute deformities were more common for unprotected seedlings, whereas root deformities with less severe bending were more common for protected seedlings. The incidence of crossed roots was similar for protected and unprotected seedlings on the Deschutes site, where enough occurrences of this deformity permitted analyses. Protected seedlings were similar in root abundance, root distribution, root size and vigor to the unprotected seedlings, with some indication from the Deshutes study site that root distribution was improved with Vexar protection.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0261-2194(96)00064-6","usgsCitation":"Engeman, R., Anthony, R.M., Krupa, H.W., and Evans, J., 1997, The effects of Vexar® seedling protectors on the growth and development of lodgepole pine roots: Crop Protection, v. 16, no. 1, p. 57-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(96)00064-6.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"61","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Targhee National Forest, Deschutes National Forest","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e33e4b0ce4410e7d61a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engeman, Richard M.","contributorId":39301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engeman","given":"Richard M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":54535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krupa, Heather W.","contributorId":181901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krupa","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12749,"text":"USDA APHIS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, James","contributorId":83570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70182192,"text":"70182192 - 1997 - Effect of vegetation management for reducing damage to lodgepole pine seedlings from northern pocket gophers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:05:44","indexId":"70182192","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1347,"text":"Crop Protection","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of vegetation management for reducing damage to lodgepole pine seedlings from northern pocket gophers","docAbstract":"The effects of vegetation management on northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides) activity and damage to lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seedlings were studied using 2,4-D herbicide to alter the habitat. Treatments were applied to a large (8.1 ha) treatment unit and observed effects were compared with an untreated control unit of the same size. The greatly reduced forb and grass cover on the treated unit was associated with a corresponding decrease in pocket gopher activity that persisted for 6 years after initial treatment. Times until seedlings first incurred gopher damage and overall survival of seedlings were greatly increased on the treated unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elxevier","doi":"10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00022-7","usgsCitation":"Engeman, R., Barnes, V.G., Anthony, R.M., and Krupa, H.W., 1997, Effect of vegetation management for reducing damage to lodgepole pine seedlings from northern pocket gophers: Crop Protection, v. 16, no. 5, p. 407-410, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00022-7.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"410","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Deschutes National Forest","volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e33e4b0ce4410e7d61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engeman, Richard M.","contributorId":39301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engeman","given":"Richard M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Victor G. Jr.","contributorId":95113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Victor","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35655,"text":"Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Westcliffe, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anthony, Richard M.","contributorId":181903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krupa, Heather W.","contributorId":181901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krupa","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12749,"text":"USDA APHIS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184505,"text":"70184505 - 1997 - Foods of northern fulmars associated with high-seas drift nets in the transitional region of the North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T10:16:22","indexId":"70184505","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2901,"text":"Northwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foods of northern fulmars associated with high-seas drift nets in the transitional region of the North Pacific","docAbstract":"We examined digestive tract contents and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in breast muscles of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) salvaged from squid and large-mesh drift nets in the transitional North Pacific. Lantern fishes (Myctophidae) were the principal prey item found in the digestive tracts. Pieces of unidentified fishes (probably Pacific pomfret Brama japonica) and shredded squid tissue (probably neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartrami) indicate scavenging at fishing operations. Although soft-bodied prey such as Velella were not found in the digestive tracts, δ 15N values suggest that fulmars may feed heavily on such low trophic-level animals.
","language":"English","publisher":" Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","doi":"10.2307/3536846","usgsCitation":"Gould, P.J., Walker, W., and Ostrom, P., 1997, Foods of northern fulmars associated with high-seas drift nets in the transitional region of the North Pacific: Northwestern Naturalist, v. 78, no. 2, p. 57-61, https://doi.org/10.2307/3536846.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"61","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337296,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific","volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c947e4b0f37a93ee9b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gould, Patrick J.","contributorId":11667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, William","contributorId":181598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"William","affiliations":[{"id":24829,"text":"National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostrom, Peggy H.","contributorId":55736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ostrom","given":"Peggy H.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184506,"text":"70184506 - 1997 - Habitat use, diet and breeding biology of tufted puffins in Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T10:22:35","indexId":"70184506","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2901,"text":"Northwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use, diet and breeding biology of tufted puffins in Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"Habitat use, diet and breeding biology of tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) were studied in Prince William Sound, Alaska, during summer 1995. On Seal Island, 112 puffin burrows (71% active) were located. Of 95 accessible burrows, 49% were typical earthen burrows, whereas the remainder were atypical for the species (e.g., under tree roots). Hatching success (≤79%), fledging success (≥82%), chick growth rates (17.7 g/day), asymptotic (600 g) and fledging (563 g) weights, meal sizes (14.2 g), meal delivery rates (5.32 meals/day), and daily rations (75.5 g/day) were all average or above-average for tufted puffins in Alaska. A total of 42 chick meals, comprising 125 individual prey were collected. Meals were composed of juvenile pollock (12.7% of total mass), herring (21.8%), prowfish (32.3%), salmonids (24.1%), and capelin, sandlance and squid (<5% each). Tufted puffin populations in Prince William Sound are relatively small, and may be limited by low densities of prey in the Sound, nest-site availability, and heavy rainfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","doi":"10.2307/3536864","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., Roby, D.D., Henkel, L.A., and Neumann, K., 1997, Habitat use, diet and breeding biology of tufted puffins in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Northwestern Naturalist, v. 78, no. 3, p. 102-109, https://doi.org/10.2307/3536864.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"109","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","volume":"78","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c947e4b0f37a93ee9b73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roby, Daniel D. 0000-0001-9844-0992 droby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-0992","contributorId":3702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roby","given":"Daniel","email":"droby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henkel, Laird A.","contributorId":84288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henkel","given":"Laird","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neumann, Kriss","contributorId":187850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neumann","given":"Kriss","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70182059,"text":"70182059 - 1997 - Behavior of Cackling Canada Geese during brood rearing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T15:44:22","indexId":"70182059","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavior of Cackling Canada Geese during brood rearing","docAbstract":"We studied behavior of Cackling Canada Goose (Branta canadensis minima, cacklers) broods between 1992 and 1996 on the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge in western Alaska. An increase in time spent foraging by goslings during our study was weakly correlated with an increase in the size of the local breeding population. Amount of time spent feeding by adults and goslings increased throughout the brood rearing period. Overall, goslings spent more time feeding than either adult females or males, and adult males spent the most time alert. Time alert varied among brood rearing areas and increased with brood size, but there was no variation in time spent alert among years. Increases in feeding or alert behaviors were at a cost to time spent in all other behaviors. We suggest that there is not a simple trade-off between feeding and alert behavior in cacklers, but instead that time spent feeding and alert are optimized against all other behaviors. We suggest that forage quality and availability determines the amount of time spent feeding, whereas the threat of predation or disturbance determines the amount of time spent alert.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1369947","usgsCitation":"Fowler, A.C., and Ely, C.R., 1997, Behavior of Cackling Canada Geese during brood rearing: The Condor, v. 99, no. 2, p. 406-412, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369947.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"406","endPage":"412","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335633,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57703e4b057081a24ee6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fowler, Ada C.","contributorId":48304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"Ada","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184290,"text":"70184290 - 1997 - Seasonal and annual survival of adult Pacific brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:53:15","indexId":"70184290","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal and annual survival of adult Pacific brant","docAbstract":"Declining mid-winter counts of Pacific brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) and reduced numbers of nesting birds on their main breeding grounds prompted us to assess factors that may be limiting recovery of this population. We estimated seasonal and annual survival rates of adult brant in 1986-93 from resightings of leg-banded birds. Brant were banded at a major colony on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska (Y-K Delta) in 1986-92, and resighted there in 1987-93 as well as at major fall and spring migration and wintering areas in 1990-93. Seasonal survival was the same for males and females. Mean monthly survival rate was lowest (P ≤ 0.05) in late spring migration (15 Apr-1 Jun), the period of greatest subsistence harvest on the breeding grounds, and highest in winter (1 Jan-1 Mar), the period of greatest sport harvest. Annual survival rate did not vary among years (F = 0.51; 5, 718 df; P = 0.91) and averaged 0.840 (SE = 0.031) from 1986 to 1993. Subsistence harvest has contributed to low population levels of Pacific brant.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802184","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Rexstad, E.A., Sedinger, J.S., Lindberg, M.S., and Dawe, N.K., 1997, Seasonal and annual survival of adult Pacific brant: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 3, p. 773-781, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802184.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"781","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rexstad, Eric A.","contributorId":55701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rexstad","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindberg, Mark S.","contributorId":167774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindberg","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":24830,"text":"Department of Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dawe, Neil K.","contributorId":187557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawe","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184291,"text":"70184291 - 1997 - Survival of spectacled eider adult females and ducklings during brood rearing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:55:01","indexId":"70184291","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of spectacled eider adult females and ducklings during brood rearing","docAbstract":"We studied survival of adult female and duckling spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) during brood rearing on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska from 1993 to 1995. Duckling survival to 30 days of age averaged 34% with a 95% confidence interval from 25 to 47%. Half (49%) of radiomarked adult females had lost all their ducklings by 30 days after hatch. Most (74%) duckling mortality occurred in the first 10 days. Adult female survival during the first 30 days of brood rearing was 93 ± 3% (SE). Females died from lead poisoning, as a result of ingesting lead shot, and predation. Mortality of adult females during brood rearing is probably higher than during other times of the year. Low adult female survival during the breeding season may be contributing to the overall population decline of spectacled eiders.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802430","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., and Grand, J.B., 1997, Survival of spectacled eider adult females and ducklings during brood rearing: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 1, p. 217-221, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802430.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"221","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3802430","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833ee4b014cc3a3a9a0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188706,"text":"70188706 - 1997 - Epithermal mercury-antimony and gold-bearing vein lodes of southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-03T23:26:50","indexId":"70188706","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5435,"text":"Economic Geology Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Epithermal mercury-antimony and gold-bearing vein lodes of southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"Epithermal mineral deposits and occurrences of southwestern Alaska consist of Hg-Sb and gold- and sulfide-bearing vein lodes. Numerous Hg-Sb lodes are located throughout a region measuring several tens of thousands of square kilometers in and surrounding the Kuskokwim River basin in southwestern Alaska. The Hg-Sb lodes are hosted in sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous Kuskokwim Group, the Triassic to Cretaceous Gemuk Group, and the Paleozoic Holitna Group, as well as in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary mafic to felsic intrusive rocks. Mineralized Hg-Sb vein and vein breccia lodes are found in the sedimentary or igneous rocks or at their contacts. The minerology of the Hg-Sb lodes is dominated by cinnabar and stibnite, with subordinate realgar, orpiment, and native mercury, pyrite, gold, and hematite, as well as solid and liquid hydrocarbons; quartz, carbonate, limonite, dickite, and sercite are alteration gangue minerals. The largest mercury mine in Alaska, Red Devil, produced about 36,000 flasks of mercury, but the Hg-Sb lodes of southwestern Alaska generally consist of small, discontinuous veins that rarely exceed a few meters in width and a few tens of meters in strike length. The Hg-Sb lodes generally contain about 1 to 5 percent Hg and less than 1 percent Sb and As but are generally poor in base emtals and precious metals. Anomalous concentrations of gold in some lodes, however, suggest that gold deposits may be present in higher temperature environments below some of the Hg-Sb lodes.
The formation of the Hg-Sb lodes is closely correlated with igneous activity of a Late Cretaceous and early tertiary magmatic arc in southwestern Alaska. Geologic and geochemical characteristics of the Hg-Sb lodes suggest that ore fluids were generated in local sedimentary rocks as they were intruded by magmas. These intrusions provided the heat to initiate dehydration reactions and expel fluids from hydrous minerals and formational waters in the sedimentary rocks, causing thermal convection and hydrothermal fluid flow along fractures and faults. Isotopic data from sulfide and alteration minerals of the Hg-Sb lodes indicate multiple sources for the ore fluids; most fluids appear to have originated from local sedimentary rocks. Hydrothermal fluids with isotopically heavy oxygen but isotopically light hydrogen and sulfur compositions indicate derivation of these species from sedimentary rocks. Isotopically shifted, evolved meteoric water was a primary component in ore fluids from a few Hg-Sb lodes. Geochemical, isotopic, and fluid inclusion data also indicate that Hg, Co2, CH4, N2, and local hydrocarbons were derived from breakdown of organic matter in sedimentary rocks when they were heated by intrusions. Radiometric 40Ar/39Ar ages of 70 ± 3 Ma from hydrothermal sercites in the Hg-Sb lodes indicate a temporal association of igneous activity and mineralization, which is consistent with the geologic characteristics.
Most epithermal gold-bearing vein lodes on the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands are located in Eocene to Pleistocene volcanic-arc rocks, commonly andesite and dacite. These vein and vein breccia lodes, such as the Alaska-Apollo and Shumagin deposits on Unga Island, tend to be aligned along regional, northeast-striking, steeply dipping faults and fractures. The Alaska-Apollo mine produced about 500,000 metric tons (t) of ore that yielded an estimated 3,500 kg (130,000 oz) of gold from veins that were as much as 12 m wide and extended for 1,500 m laterally and 420 m vertically. Ore minerals include gold, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, and native copper; gangue minerals are quartz, sericite, calcite, and chlorite and locally, barsite, clay, rhodonite, and adularia. Ores generally have Au-Ag-Te-Pb-Zn-Mn-Cu geochemical signatures, with wide As-Hg aureoles around some veins. Geologic and mineralogical characteristics of these lodes are similar to adularia-sericite volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits. The gold-bearing vein lodes may be related to arc porphyry systems, but more data are required to verify this association.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral Deposits of Alaska (Economic Geology Monographs, volume 9)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Economic Geology Publishing Company","isbn":"978-1-629495-56-9","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Gent, C.A., Snee, L., and Wilson, F.H., 1997, Epithermal mercury-antimony and gold-bearing vein lodes of southwestern Alaska, chap. of Mineral Deposits of Alaska (Economic Geology Monographs, volume 9): Economic Geology Monographs, v. 9, p. 287-305.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"305","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342729,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.segweb.org/store/detail.aspx?id=EDOCMONO09"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b6e4b062508e382ba2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":698977,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Lance D.","contributorId":30287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698978,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Gray, John E. jgray@usgs.gov","contributorId":1275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gent, Carol A.","contributorId":40646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gent","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184263,"text":"70184263 - 1997 - Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T13:10:02","indexId":"70184263","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter","docAbstract":"The Mesozoic accretionary wedge of south-central Alaska is cut by an array of faults including dextral and sinistral strike-slip faults, synthetic and antithetic thrust faults, and synthetic and antithetic normal faults. The three fault sets are characterized by quartz ± calcite ± chlorite ± prehnite slickensides, and are all relatively late, i.e. all truncate ductile fabrics of the host rocks. Cross-cutting relationships suggest that the thrust fault sets predate the late normal and strike-slip fault sets. Together, the normal and strike-slip fault system exhibits orthorhombic symmetry. Thrust faulting shortened the wedge subhorizontally perpendicular to strike, and then normal and strike-slip faulting extended the wedge oblique to orogenic strike. Strongly curved slickenlines on some faults of each set reveal that displacement directions changed over time. On dip-slip faults (thrust and normal), slickenlines tend to become steeper with younger increments of slip, whereas on strike-slip faults, slickenlines become shallower with younger strain increments. These patterns may result from progressive exhumation of the accretionary wedge while the faults were active, with the curvature of the slickenlines tracking the change from a non-Andersonian stress field at depth to a more Andersonian system (σ1 or σ2 nearly vertical) at shallower crustal levels.
We interpret this complex fault array as a progressive deformation that is one response to Paleocene-Eocene subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center beneath the accretionary complex because: (1) on the Kenai Peninsula, ENE-striking dextral faults of this array exhibit mutually cross-cutting relationships with Paleocene-Eocene dikes related to ridge subduction; and (2) mineralized strike-slip and normal faults of the orthorhombic system have yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages identical to near-trench intrusives related to ridge subduction. Both features are diachronous along-strike, having formed at circa 65 Ma in the west and 50 Ma in the east. Exhumation of deeper levels of the southern Alaska accretionary wedge and formation of this late fault array is interpreted as a critical taper adjustment to subduction of progressively younger oceanic lithosphere yielding a shallower basal de´collement dip as the Kula-Farallon ridge approached the accretionary prism. The late structures also record different kinematic regimes associated with subduction of different oceanic plates, before and after ridge subduction. Prior to triple junction passage, subduction of the Farallon plate occurred at nearly right angles to the trench axis, whereas after triple junction migration, subduction of the Kula plate involved a significant component of dextral transpression and northward translation of the Chugach terrane. The changes in kinematics are apparent in the sequence of late structures from: (1) thrusting; (2) near-trench plutonism associated with normal + strike-slip faulting; (3) very late gouge-filled dextral faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00084-3","usgsCitation":"Kusky, T.M., 1997, Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 139-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00084-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(96)00084-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 54\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 54\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 54\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kusky, Timothy M.","contributorId":11664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusky","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184288,"text":"70184288 - 1997 - Relative effects of survival and reproduction on the population dynamics of emperor geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:58:52","indexId":"70184288","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relative effects of survival and reproduction on the population dynamics of emperor geese","docAbstract":"Populations of emperor geese (Chen canagica) in Alaska declined sometime between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s and have increased little since. To promote recovery of this species to former levels, managers need to know how much their perturbations of survival and/or reproduction would affect population growth rate (λ). We constructed an individual-based population model to evaluate the relative effect of altering mean values of various survival and reproductive parameters on λ and fall age structure (AS, defined as the proportion of juv), assuming additive rather than compensatory relations among parameters. Altering survival of adults had markedly greater relative effects on λ than did equally proportionate changes in either juvenile survival or reproductive parameters. We found the opposite pattern for relative effects on AS. Due to concerns about bias in the initial parameter estimates used in our model, we used 5 additional sets of parameter estimates with this model structure. We found that estimates of survival based on aerial survey data gathered each fall resulted in models that corresponded more closely to independent estimates of λ than did models that used mark-recapture estimates of survival. This disparity suggests that mark-recapture estimates of survival are biased low. To further explore how parameter estimates affected estimates of λ, we used values of survival and reproduction found in other goose species, and we examined the effect of an hypothesized correlation between an individual's clutch size and the subsequent survival of her young. The rank order of parameters in their relative effects on λ was consistent for all 6 parameter sets we examined. The observed variation in relative effects on λ among the 6 parameter sets is indicative of how relative effects on λ may vary among goose populations. With this knowledge of the relative effects of survival and reproductive parameters on λ, managers can make more informed decisions about which parameters to influence through management or to target for future study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802428","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., Rockwell, R.F., and Petersen, M.R., 1997, Relative effects of survival and reproduction on the population dynamics of emperor geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 1, p. 191-201, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802428.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"201","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockwell, Robert F.","contributorId":172752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6989,"text":"American Museum of Natural History","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184289,"text":"70184289 - 1997 - Habitat use by nesting and brood rearing northern pintails on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:49:48","indexId":"70184289","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by nesting and brood rearing northern pintails on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"We studied habitat use by nesting and brood-rearing northern pintails (Anas acuta) on the coastal Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta, 1991-93. We used a digital habitat map constructed from color infrared aerial photos to assign habitat types to nest and brood locations and estimate habitat availability. Sixty-nine percent of females nested on slough banks in highly saline, tidally influenced habitats where we observed few mammalian predators. Nesting pintails likely preferred slough banks because they were higher and well drained early in the nesting season. Radiomarked females selected moderately saline habitats that were only occasionally or rarely influenced by tides for brood rearing. Eighty percent of females that nested in saline habitats moved their broods to less saline habitats, and those that nested in preferred brood-rearing habitats never moved to more saline habitats to rear their broods. Managers should be aware that in coastal wetlands the proximity of good-quality nesting and brood rearing habitats is important, and the distribution of nesting pintails may not reflect the distribution of broods and vice versa.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802117","usgsCitation":"Grand, J.B., Flint, P.L., and Heglund, P., 1997, Habitat use by nesting and brood rearing northern pintails on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 4, p. 1199-1207, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802117.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1207","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.75347900390625,\n 61.23787062512065\n ],\n [\n -165.48294067382812,\n 61.23787062512065\n ],\n [\n -165.48294067382812,\n 61.36909367265424\n ],\n [\n -165.75347900390625,\n 61.36909367265424\n ],\n [\n -165.75347900390625,\n 61.23787062512065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heglund, Patricia J.","contributorId":51248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"Patricia J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187769,"text":"70187769 - 1997 - Seismic sources in southcentral Alaska: A review, results of recent research, and a reappraisal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-17T12:05:56","indexId":"70187769","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5392,"text":"Newsletter of the Alaska Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic sources in southcentral Alaska: A review, results of recent research, and a reappraisal","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., 1997, Seismic sources in southcentral Alaska: A review, results of recent research, and a reappraisal: Newsletter of the Alaska Geological Society, v. 27, p. 1-4.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593e4645e4b0764e6c61b894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184364,"text":"70184364 - 1997 - Investigating trophic relationships of pinnipeds in Alaska and Washington using stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T10:21:28","indexId":"70184364","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating trophic relationships of pinnipeds in Alaska and Washington using stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon","docAbstract":"We measured stable-nitrogen (δ15N) and stable-carbon (δ13C) isotope ratios in muscle and hair from 7 northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, and 27 Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), and 14 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Gulf of Alaska and coast of Washington State, in order to contrast dietary information derived from isotopic vs. available conventional dietary studies. Stable-nitrogen-isotope analysis of muscle revealed that harbor seals were enriched over sea lions (mean δ15N = 18.6‰vs. 17.5‰) which were in turn enriched over northern fur seals (mean δ15N = 16.6‰). Trophic segregation among these species likely results primarily from differential reliance on herring (Clupea harengus), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), and large vs. small walleye pollock (Theregra chalcogramma). According to their δ15N values, adult male Steller sea lions showed a higher trophic position than adult females (mean δ15N: 18.0‰ vs. 17.2‰), whereas adult female northern fur seals were trophically higher than juvenile male fur seals (mean δ15N: 16.5‰vs. 15.0‰). Each of these observed differences likely resulted from differential reliance on squid or differences in the size range of pollock consumed. Three northern fur seal pups showed higher δ15N enrichment over adults (mean 17.7‰vs. 15.8‰) due to their reliance on their mother's milk. Stable-carbon isotope measurements of hair revealed a cline toward more negative values with latitude. Segregation in hair δ13C between Steller sea lions and harbor seals off the coast of Washington (mean δ13C: -13.6‰ vs. -15.0‰) reflected the greater association of harbor seals with freshwater input from the Columbia River. Our study demonstrates the utility of the stable isotope approach to augment conventional dietary analyses of pinnipeds and other marine mammals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00615.x","usgsCitation":"Hobson, K., Sease, J.L., Merrick, R.L., and Piatt, J.F., 1997, Investigating trophic relationships of pinnipeds in Alaska and Washington using stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon: Marine Mammal Science, v. 13, no. 1, p. 114-132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00615.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"114","endPage":"132","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Washington","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12663e4b014cc3a3d3523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobson, Keith A.","contributorId":47306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobson","given":"Keith A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sease, John L.","contributorId":61009,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sease","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merrick, Richard L.","contributorId":187658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merrick","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70182215,"text":"70182215 - 1997 - Echelon approach to areas of concern in synoptic regional monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T12:53:16","indexId":"70182215","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Echelon approach to areas of concern in synoptic regional monitoring","docAbstract":"Echelons provide an objective approach to prospecting for areas of potential concern in synoptic regional monitoring of a surface variable. Echelons can be regarded informally as stacked hill forms. The strategy is to identify regions of the surface which are elevated relative to surroundings (Relative ELEVATIONS or RELEVATIONS). These are areas which would continue to expand as islands with receding (virtual) floodwaters. Levels where islands would merge are critical elevations which delimit echelons in the vertical dimension. Families of echelons consist of surface sectors constituting separate islands for deeper waters that merge as water level declines. Pits which would hold water are disregarded in such a progression, but a complementary analysis of pits is obtained using the surface as a virtual mould to cast a counter-surface (bathymetric analysis). An echelon tree is a family tree of echelons with peaks as terminals and the lowest level as root. An echelon tree thus provides a dendrogram representation of surface topology which enables graph theoretic analysis and comparison of surface structures. Echelon top view maps show echelon cover sectors on the base plane. An echelon table summarizes characteristics of echelons as instances or cases of hill form surface structure. Determination of echelons requires only ordinal strength for the surface variable, and is thus appropriate for environmental indices as well as measurements. Since echelons are inherent in a surface rather than perceptual, they provide a basis for computer-intelligent understanding of surfaces. Echelons are given for broad-scale mammalian species richness in Pennsylvania.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1018518327329","usgsCitation":"Myers, W., Patil, G.P., and Joly, K., 1997, Echelon approach to areas of concern in synoptic regional monitoring: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 4, no. 2, p. 131-152, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018518327329.","productDescription":"22 P.","startPage":"131","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ad5ff0e4b01ccd54f8b581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, Wayne","contributorId":181920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patil, Ganapati P.","contributorId":112564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patil","given":"Ganapati","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Joly, Kyle","contributorId":53117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joly","given":"Kyle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12462,"text":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":670016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}