In Seattle, Washington, deep-seated landslides on bluffs along Puget Sound have historically caused extensive damage to land and structures. These large failures are controlled by three-dimensional (3-D) variations in strength and pore-water pressures. We assess the slope stability of part of southwestern Seattle using a 3-D limit-equilibrium analysis coupled with a 3-D groundwater flow model. Our analyses use a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) combined with assignment of strength and hydraulic properties based on geologic units. The hydrogeology of the Seattle area consists of a layer of permeable glacial outwash sand that overlies less permeable glacial lacustrine silty clay. Using a 3-D groundwater model, MODFLOW-2000, we simulate a water table above the less permeable units and calibrate the model to observed conditions. The simulated pore-pressure distribution is then used in a 3-D slope-stability analysis, SCOOPS, to quantify the stability of the coastal bluffs. For wet winter conditions, our analyses predict that the least stable areas are steep hillslopes above Puget Sound, where pore pressures are elevated in the outwash sand. Groundwater flow converges in coastal reentrants, resulting in elevated pore pressures and destabilization of slopes. Regions predicted to be least stable include the areas in or adjacent to three mapped historically active deep-seated landslides. The results of our 3-D analyses differ significantly from a slope map or results from one-dimensional (1-D) analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2008.4020(05)","usgsCitation":"Brien, D.L., and Reid, M.E., 2008, Assessing deep-seated landslide susceptibility using 3-D groundwater and slope-stability analyses, southwestern Seattle, Washington: Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 20, p. 83-101, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.4020(05).","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":275287,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.8534,47.25 ], [ -122.8534,47.9774 ], [ -121.7923,47.9774 ], [ -121.7923,47.25 ], [ -122.8534,47.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51efa5f0e4b0b09fbe58f180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brien, Dianne L. dbrien@usgs.gov","contributorId":3296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brien","given":"Dianne","email":"dbrien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":363,"text":"Landslide Hazards Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047167,"text":"70047167 - 2008 - A prototype system for forecasting landslides in the Seattle, Washington, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-02T14:07:08","indexId":"70047167","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3853,"text":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A prototype system for forecasting landslides in the Seattle, Washington, area","docAbstract":"Empirical rainfall thresholds and related information form the basis of a prototype system for forecasting landslides in the Seattle area. The forecasts are tied to four alert levels, and a decision tree guides the use of thresholds to determine the appropriate level. From analysis of historical landslide data, we developed a formula for a cumulative rainfall threshold (CT), P3 = 88.9 − 0.67P15, defined by rainfall amounts in millimeters during consecutive 3 d (72 h) periods, P3, and the 15 d (360 h) period before P3, P15. The variable CT captures more than 90% of historical events of three or more landslides in 1 d and 3 d periods recorded from 1978 to 2003. However, the low probability of landslide occurrence on a day when the CT is exceeded at one or more rain gauges (8.4%) justifies a low-level of alert for possible landslide occurrence, but it does trigger more vigilant monitoring of rainfall and soil wetness. Exceedance of a rainfall intensity-duration threshold I = 82.73D−1.13, for intensity, I (mm/hr), and duration, D (hr), corresponds to a higher probability of landslide occurrence (30%) and forms the basis for issuing warnings of impending, widespread occurrence of landslides. Information about the area of exceedance and soil wetness can be used to increase the certainty of landslide forecasts (probabilities as great as 71%). Automated analysis of real-time rainfall and subsurface water data and digital quantitative precipitation forecasts are needed to fully implement a warning system based on the two thresholds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2008.4020(06)","usgsCitation":"Chleborad, A.F., Baum, R.L., Godt, J.W., and Powers, P.S., 2008, A prototype system for forecasting landslides in the Seattle, Washington, area: Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 20, p. 103-120, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.4020(06).","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.71865844726561,\n 47.1813125359862\n ],\n [\n -122.71865844726561,\n 48.04320138974934\n ],\n [\n -121.82464599609375,\n 48.04320138974934\n ],\n [\n -121.82464599609375,\n 47.1813125359862\n ],\n [\n -122.71865844726561,\n 47.1813125359862\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51efa5e2e4b0b09fbe58f175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chleborad, Alan F.","contributorId":87578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chleborad","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powers, Philip S.","contributorId":102078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047169,"text":"70047169 - 2008 - Modeling rainfall conditions for shallow landsliding in Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-02T14:02:39","indexId":"70047169","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3853,"text":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling rainfall conditions for shallow landsliding in Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"We describe the results from an application of a distributed, transient infiltration–slope-stability model for an 18 km2 area of southwestern Seattle, Washington, USA. The model (TRIGRS) combines an infinite slope-stability calculation and an analytic, one-dimensional solution for pore-pressure diffusion in a soil layer of finite depth in response to time-varying rainfall. The transient solution for pore-pressure response can be superposed on any steady-state groundwater-flow field that is consistent with model assumptions. Applied over digital topography, the model computes a factor of safety for each grid cell at any time during a rainstorm. Input variables may vary from cell to cell, and the rainfall rate can vary in both space and time. For Seattle, topographic slope derived from an airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM)–based 3 m digital elevation model (DEM), maps of soil and water-table depths derived from geotechnical borings, and hourly rainfall intensities were used as model inputs. Material strength and hydraulic properties used in the model were determined from field and laboratory measurements, and a tension-saturated initial condition was assumed. Results are given in terms of a destabilizing intensity and duration of rainfall, and they were evaluated by comparing the locations of 212 historical landslides with the area mapped as potentially unstable. Because the equations of groundwater flow are explicitly solved with respect to time, the results from TRIGRS simulations can be portrayed quantitatively to assess the potential landslide hazard based on rainfall conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2008.4020(08)","usgsCitation":"Godt, J.W., Schulz, W.H., Baum, R.L., and Savage, W.Z., 2008, Modeling rainfall conditions for shallow landsliding in Seattle, Washington: Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 20, p. 137-152, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.4020(08).","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.71865844726561,\n 47.1813125359862\n ],\n [\n -122.71865844726561,\n 48.04320138974934\n ],\n [\n -121.82464599609375,\n 48.04320138974934\n ],\n [\n -121.82464599609375,\n 47.1813125359862\n ],\n [\n -122.71865844726561,\n 47.1813125359862\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51efa5f3e4b0b09fbe58f1a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schulz, William H.","contributorId":91927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savage, William Z.","contributorId":107686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031881,"text":"70031881 - 2008 - Global change and biological soil crusts: Effects of ultraviolet augmentation under altered precipitation regimes and nitrogen additions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70031881","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global change and biological soil crusts: Effects of ultraviolet augmentation under altered precipitation regimes and nitrogen additions","docAbstract":"Biological soil crusts (BSCs), a consortium of cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses, are essential in most dryland ecosystems. As these organisms are relatively immobile and occur on the soil surface, they are exposed to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, rising temperatures, and alterations in precipitation patterns. In this study, we applied treatments to three types of BSCs (early, medium, and late successional) over three time periods (spring, summer, and spring-fall). In the first year, we augmented UV and altered precipitation patterns, and in the second year, we augmented UV and N. In the first year, with average air temperatures, we saw little response to our treatments except quantum yield, which was reduced in dark BSCs during one of three sample times and in Collema BSCs two of three sample times. There was more response to UV augmentation the second year when air temperatures were above average. Declines were seen in 21% of the measured variables, including quantum yield, chlorophyll a, UV-protective pigments, nitrogenase activity, and extracellular polysaccharides. N additions had some negative effects on light and dark BSCs, including the reduction of quantum yield, ??-carotene, nitrogenase activity, scytonemin, and xanthophylls. N addition had no effects on the Collema BSCs. When N was added to samples that had received augmented UV, there were only limited effects relative to samples that received UV without N. These results indicate that the negative effect of UV and altered precipitation on BSCs will be heightened as global temperatures increase, and that as their ability to produce UV-protective pigments is compromised, physiological functioning will be impaired. N deposition will only ameliorate UV impacts in a limited number of cases. Overall, increases in UV will likely lead to lowered productivity and increased mortality in BSCs through time, which, in turn, will reduce their ability to contribute to the stability and fertility of soils in dryland regions. ?? 2008 The Authors Journal compilation ?? 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01509.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., Phillips, S.L., Flint, S., Money, J., and Caldwell, M., 2008, Global change and biological soil crusts: Effects of ultraviolet augmentation under altered precipitation regimes and nitrogen additions: Global Change Biology, v. 14, no. 3, p. 670-686, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01509.x.","startPage":"670","endPage":"686","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214674,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01509.x"},{"id":242420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-11-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a293be4b0c8380cd5a78f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, S. L.","contributorId":94460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, S.","contributorId":54046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Money, J.","contributorId":37610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Money","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Caldwell, M.","contributorId":35606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031851,"text":"70031851 - 2008 - Non-spore forming eubacteria isolated at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere: extended incubation periods needed for culture-based assays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T09:35:44","indexId":"70031851","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":667,"text":"Aerobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-spore forming eubacteria isolated at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere: extended incubation periods needed for culture-based assays","docAbstract":"On 13 August 2004, an atmospheric sample was collected at an altitude of 20,000 m along a west to east transect over the continental United States by NASA’s Stratospheric and Cosmic Dust Program. This sample was then shipped to the US Geological Survey’s Global Desert Dust program for microbiological analyses. This sample, which was plated on a low nutrient agar to determine if cultivable microorganisms were present, produced 590 small yellow to off-white colonies after approximately 7 weeks of incubation at room-temperature. Of 50 colonies selected for identification using 16S rRNA sequencing, 41 belonged to the family Micrococcaceae, seven to the family Microbacteriaceae, one to the genus Staphylococcus, and one to the genus Brevibacterium. All of the isolates identified were non-spore-forming pigmented bacteria, and their presence in this sample illustrate that it is not unusual to recover viable microbes at extreme altitudes. Additionally, the extended period required to initiate growth demonstrates the need for lengthy incubation periods when analyzing high-altitude samples for cultivable microorganisms.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aerobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10453-007-9078-7","issn":"03935965","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D.W., 2008, Non-spore forming eubacteria isolated at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere: extended incubation periods needed for culture-based assays: Aerobiologia, v. 24, no. 1, p. 19-25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-007-9078-7.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":214770,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10453-007-9078-7"},{"id":242520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-11-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6766e4b0c8380cd732ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70031850,"text":"70031850 - 2008 - Studies on geological background and source of fluorine in drinking water in the North China Plate fluorosis areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70031850","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3609,"text":"Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies on geological background and source of fluorine in drinking water in the North China Plate fluorosis areas","docAbstract":"Endemic fluorosis in northern China is usually produced by high fluorine (F) content in drinking water. Thirty-one samples of drinking waters, mainly well waters and nearly 200 samples of rocks, loess, and coal were analyzed for F content using the combustion hydrolysis-fluoride-ion selective electrode (ISE) method. The geologic cross sections of two well-known fluorosis basins were studied. The solubility of F in different rock types collected from fluorosis areas was determined. Results showed that areas of endemic fluorosis in northern China are located in coal-bearing basins which are comprised of three stratagraphic portions. The lowest portion is Precambrian granitic rocks or Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates. The middle portion consists of Permo-Carboniferous or Jurassic coal-bearing sequences. The upper portion is 0-400 m Pleistocene loess. Flourine content in the Precambrian granite-gneiss contained (a) 1090-1460 ppm, in the Cambrian-Ordovician limestone and dolomite, (b) 52-133 ppm, in black shales and coal gob of Permo-Carboniferous coal-bearing strata, (c) 200-700 ppm, and (d) Pleistocene loess 454-542 ppm. The solubility of F in black shales of coal-bearing sequences was higher than in Precambrian granitic rocks, and both were more soluble than loess. F solubility from Precambrian granitic rocks was moderate, but Precambrian granitic rocks have high F content and thus contribute an appreciable amount of ion to the shallow groundwater (well water). Varying F content in shallow groundwater is controlled by geological conditions. The sources of F in the shallow groundwater from fluorosis areas in northern China are mainly derived from black shales of coal-bearing sequences and Precambrian granitic basement in the basins of northern China. ?? 2008 Taylor & Francis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02772240701456091","issn":"02772248","usgsCitation":"Luo, K., Feng, F., Li, H., Chou, C.L., Feng, Z., and Yunshe, D., 2008, Studies on geological background and source of fluorine in drinking water in the North China Plate fluorosis areas: Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, v. 90, no. 2, p. 237-246, https://doi.org/10.1080/02772240701456091.","startPage":"237","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214769,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772240701456091"},{"id":242519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cbae4b08c986b31d49e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luo, K.","contributorId":9057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feng, F.","contributorId":107515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, H.","contributorId":44338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chou, C. L.","contributorId":32655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Feng, Z.","contributorId":84991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yunshe, D.","contributorId":76563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yunshe","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70031811,"text":"70031811 - 2008 - Congruent population structure inferred from dispersal behaviour and intensive genetic surveys of the threatened Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma cœrulescens)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-01T11:51:53","indexId":"70031811","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Congruent population structure inferred from dispersal behaviour and intensive genetic surveys of the threatened Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma cœrulescens)","docAbstract":"The delimitation of populations, defined as groups of individuals linked by gene flow, is possible by the analysis of genetic markers and also by spatial models based on dispersal probabilities across a landscape. We combined these two complimentary methods to define the spatial pattern of genetic structure among remaining populations of the threatened Florida scrub-jay, a species for which dispersal ability is unusually well-characterized. The range-wide population was intensively censused in the 1990s, and a metapopulation model defined population boundaries based on predicted dispersal-mediated demographic connectivity. We subjected genotypes from more than 1000 individual jays screened at 20 microsatellite loci to two Bayesian clustering methods. We describe a consensus method for identifying common features across many replicated clustering runs. Ten genetically differentiated groups exist across the present-day range of the Florida scrub-jay. These groups are largely consistent with the dispersal-defined metapopulations, which assume very limited dispersal ability. Some genetic groups comprise more than one metapopulation, likely because these genetically similar metapopulations were sundered only recently by habitat alteration. The combined reconstructions of population structure based on genetics and dispersal-mediated demographic connectivity provide a robust depiction of the current genetic and demographic organization of this species, reflecting past and present levels of dispersal among occupied habitat patches. The differentiation of populations into 10 genetic groups adds urgency to management efforts aimed at preserving what remains of genetic variation in this dwindling species, by maintaining viable populations of all genetically differentiated and geographically isolated populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Publishing","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03705.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Coulon, A., Fitzpatrick, J., Bowman, R., Stith, B., Makarewich, C., Stenzler, L., and Lovette, I., 2008, Congruent population structure inferred from dispersal behaviour and intensive genetic surveys of the threatened Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma cœrulescens): Molecular Ecology, v. 17, no. 7, p. 1685-1701, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03705.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1685","endPage":"1701","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212284,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03705.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","volume":"17","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9c6e4b0c8380cd4d78d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coulon, A.","contributorId":20973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coulon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.W.","contributorId":33012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowman, R.","contributorId":12012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stith, B.M.","contributorId":53741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Makarewich, C.A.","contributorId":66065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Makarewich","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stenzler, L.M.","contributorId":93699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenzler","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lovette, I.J.","contributorId":19252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovette","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70031809,"text":"70031809 - 2008 - Ground-motion modeling of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, part I: Validation using the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T13:08:56","indexId":"70031809","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-motion modeling of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, part I: Validation using the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake","docAbstract":"We compute ground motions for the Beroza (1991) and Wald et al. (1991) source models of the 1989 magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake using four different wave-propagation codes and recently developed 3D geologic and seismic velocity models. In preparation for modeling the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, we use this well-recorded earthquake to characterize how well our ground-motion simulations reproduce the observed shaking intensities and amplitude and durations of recorded motions throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. All of the simulations generate ground motions consistent with the large-scale spatial variations in shaking associated with rupture directivity and the geologic structure. We attribute the small variations among the synthetics to the minimum shear-wave speed permitted in the simulations and how they accommodate topography. Our long-period simulations, on average, under predict shaking intensities by about one-half modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) units (25%-35% in peak velocity), while our broadband simulations, on average, under predict the shaking intensities by one-fourth MMI units (16% in peak velocity). Discrepancies with observations arise due to errors in the source models and geologic structure. The consistency in the synthetic waveforms across the wave-propagation codes for a given source model suggests the uncertainty in the source parameters tends to exceed the uncertainty in the seismic velocity structure. In agreement with earlier studies, we find that a source model with slip more evenly distributed northwest and southeast of the hypocenter would be preferable to both the Beroza and Wald source models. Although the new 3D seismic velocity model improves upon previous velocity models, we identify two areas needing improvement. Nevertheless, we find that the seismic velocity model and the wave-propagation codes are suitable for modeling the 1906 earthquake and scenario events in the San Francisco Bay Area.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120060409","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Aagaard, B.T., Brocher, T., Dolenc, D., Dreger, D., Graves, R., Harmsen, S., Hartzell, S., Larsen, S., and Zoback, M., 2008, Ground-motion modeling of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, part I: Validation using the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 98, no. 2, p. 989-1011, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060409.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"989","endPage":"1011","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212255,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120060409"}],"volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2b6ee4b0c8380cd5b98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aagaard, Brad T. 0000-0002-8795-9833 baagaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9833","contributorId":192869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aagaard","given":"Brad","email":"baagaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":433220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolenc, D.","contributorId":64027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolenc","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dreger, D.","contributorId":12242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreger","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graves, R.W. 0000-0001-9758-453X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":77691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harmsen, S.","contributorId":79600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Larsen, S.","contributorId":37087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70031799,"text":"70031799 - 2008 - Multi-scale responses of vegetation to removal of horse grazing from Great Basin (USA) mountain ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70031799","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-scale responses of vegetation to removal of horse grazing from Great Basin (USA) mountain ranges","docAbstract":"Although free-roaming equids occur on all of the world's continents except Antarctica, very few studies (and none in the Great Basin, USA) have either investigated their grazing effects on vegetation at more than one spatial scale or compared characteristics of areas from which grazing has been removed to those of currently grazed areas. We compared characteristics of vegetation at 19 sites in nine mountain ranges of the western Great Basin; sites were either grazed by feral horses (Equus caballus) or had had horses removed for the last 10-14 years. We selected horse-occupied and horse-removed sites with similar aspect, slope, fire history, grazing pressure by cattle (minimal to none), and dominant vegetation (Artemisia tridentata). During 1997 and 1998, line-intercept transects randomly located within sites revealed that horse-removed sites exhibited 1.1-1.9 times greater shrub cover, 1.2-1.5 times greater total plant cover, 2-12 species greater plant species richness, and 1.9-2.9 times greater cover and 1.1-2.4 times greater frequency of native grasses than did horse-occupied sites. In contrast, sites with horses tended to have more grazing-resistant forbs and exotic plants. Direction and magnitude of landscape-scale results were corroborated by smaller-scale comparisons within horse-occupied sites of horse-trail transects and (randomly located) transects that characterized overall site conditions. Information-theoretic analyses that incorporated various subsets of abiotic variables suggested that presence of horses was generally a strong determinant of those vegetation-related variables that differed significantly between treatments, especially frequency and cover of grasses, but also species richness and shrub cover and frequency. In contrast, abiotic variables such as precipitation, site elevation, and soil erodibility best predicted characteristics such as forb cover, shrub frequency, and continuity of the shrub canopy. We found species richness of plants monotonically decreased across sites as grazing disturbance increased, suggesting that either the bell-shaped diversity-disturbance curve of the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis does not apply in this system or that most sites are already all on the greater-disturbance slope of the curve. In our study, numerous vegetation properties of less-grazed areas and sites differed notably from horse-grazed sites at local and landscape scales during a wetter and an average-precipitation year. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11258-007-9342-5","issn":"13850237","usgsCitation":"Beever, E., Tausch, R., and Thogmartin, W., 2008, Multi-scale responses of vegetation to removal of horse grazing from Great Basin (USA) mountain ranges: Plant Ecology, v. 196, no. 2, p. 163-184, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9342-5.","startPage":"163","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212583,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9342-5"},{"id":240088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"196","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fc4e4b0c8380cd7110b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beever, E.A.","contributorId":80040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tausch, R.J.","contributorId":32642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tausch","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thogmartin, W.E. 0000-0002-2384-4279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":26392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"W.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031795,"text":"70031795 - 2008 - Comparison of rainbow smelt age estimates from fin rays and otoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70031795","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of rainbow smelt age estimates from fin rays and otoliths","docAbstract":"Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, although nonnative, are an important component of the offshore food web in the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Lake Ontario, we estimate ages of rainbow smelt annually to study population dynamics such as year-class strength and age-specific growth and mortality. Since the early 1980s, we have used pectoral fin rays to estimate rainbow smelt ages, but the sectioning and mounting of fin rays are time and labor intensive. Our objective was to assess the feasibility of using otoliths rather than fin rays to estimate rainbow smelt ages. Three readers interpreted the ages of 172 rainbow smelt (60-198 mm total length) based on thin sections of pectoral fin rays, whole otoliths with no preparation, and whole otoliths that had been cleared for 1 month in a 70:30 ethanol : glycerin solution. Bias was lower and precision was greater for fin rays than for otoliths; these results were consistent for comparisons within readers (first and second readings by one individual; three readers were used) and between readers (one reading for each reader within a pair). Both otolith methods appeared to misclassify age-1 rainbow smelt. Fin ray ages had the highest precision and provided the best approximation of age estimates inferred from the Lake Ontario population's length frequency distribution and from our understanding of this population. ?? American Fisheries Society 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M06-292.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Walsh, M.G., Maloy, A., and O’Brien, T.P., 2008, Comparison of rainbow smelt age estimates from fin rays and otoliths: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 28, no. 1, p. 42-49, https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-292.1.","startPage":"42","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212552,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M06-292.1"},{"id":240053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f886e4b0c8380cd4d170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, M. G.","contributorId":72172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maloy, A.P.","contributorId":56850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloy","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Brien, T. P.","contributorId":22146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031789,"text":"70031789 - 2008 - Analysis of an unconfined aquifer subject to asynchronous dual-tide propagation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:12","indexId":"70031789","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of an unconfined aquifer subject to asynchronous dual-tide propagation","docAbstract":"Most published solutions for aquifer responses to ocean tides focus on the one-sided attenuation of the signal as it propagates inland. However, island aquifers experience periodic forcing from the entire coast, which can lead to integrated effects of different tidal signals, especially on narrow high-permeability islands. In general, studies disregard a potential time lag as the tidal wave sweeps around the island. We present a one-dimensional analytical solution to the ground water flow equation subject to asynchronous and asymmetric oscillating head conditions on opposite boundaries and test it on data from an unconfined volcanic aquifer in Maui. The solution considers sediment-damping effects at the coastline. The response of Maui Aquifers indicate that water table elevations near the center of the aquifer are influenced by a combination of tides from opposite coasts. A better match between the observed ground water head and the theoretical response can be obtained with the proposed dual-tide solution than with single-sided solutions. Hydraulic diffusivity was estimated to be 2.3 ?? 107 m 2/d. This translates into a hydraulic conductivity of 500 m/d, assuming a specific yield of 0.04 and an aquifer thickness of 1.8 km. A numerical experiment confirmed the hydraulic diffusivity value and showed that the y-intercepts of the modal attenuation and phase differences estimated by regression can approximate damping factors caused by low-permeability units at the boundary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00412.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Rotzoll, K., El-Kadi, A., and Gingerich, S.B., 2008, Analysis of an unconfined aquifer subject to asynchronous dual-tide propagation: Ground Water, v. 46, no. 2, p. 239-250, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00412.x.","startPage":"239","endPage":"250","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212457,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00412.x"},{"id":239947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb05e4b0c8380cd48b6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rotzoll, K.","contributorId":72205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotzoll","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"El-Kadi, A. I.","contributorId":103838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"El-Kadi","given":"A. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gingerich, S. B.","contributorId":83958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031784,"text":"70031784 - 2008 - A review of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae and their host plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:13","indexId":"70031784","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3814,"text":"Zootaxa","onlineIssn":"1175-5334","printIssn":"1175-5326","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae and their host plants","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Drosophilidae is one of the best examples of rapid speciation in nature. Nearly 1,000 species of endemic drosophilids have evolved in situ in Hawaii since a single colonist arrived over 25 million years ago. A number of mechanisms, including ecological adaptation, sexual selection, and geographic isolation, have been proposed to explain the evolution of this hyperdiverse group of species. Here, we examine the known ecological associations of 326 species of endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae in light of the phylogenetic relationships of these species. Our analysis suggests that the long-accepted belief of strict ecological specialization in this group does not hold for all taxa. While many species have a primary host plant family, females will also oviposit on non-preferred host plant taxa. Host shifting is fairly common in some groups, especially the grimshawi and modified mouthparts species groups of Drosophila, and the Scaptomyza subgenus Elmomyza. Associations with types of substrates (bark, leaves, flowers) are more evolutionarily conserved than associations with host plant families. These data not only give us insight into the role ecology has played in the evolution of this large group, but can help in making decisions about the management of rare and endangered host plants and the insects that rely upon them for survival. Copyright ?? 2008 Magnolia Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Zootaxa","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"11755326","usgsCitation":"Magnacca, K., Foote, D., and O’Grady, P.M., 2008, A review of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae and their host plants: Zootaxa, no. 1728, p. 1-58.","startPage":"1","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1728","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e559e4b0c8380cd46cdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magnacca, K.N.","contributorId":103872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magnacca","given":"K.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foote, D.","contributorId":94823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foote","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Grady, P. M.","contributorId":53601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Grady","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031779,"text":"70031779 - 2008 - Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T10:20:06","indexId":"70031779","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears","docAbstract":"We report on 3 cases of mixed-aged litters (young born in different years) in brown bears (Ursus arctos); in 1 instance the cub-of-the-year (hereafter called cubs) died in the den. Two cases occurred in Sweden after mothers were separated from their young during the breeding season. In one, the mother was separated from the accompanying cub for at least 12.5 hours and possibly up to 3.3 days, and later possibly separated for 4 days. In the other, the mother was separated from her yearling at least 3 times for 1-14, 1-6 and 1-6 days. She was with a male during the first separation. Specific events that produced the mixed-aged litter observed in Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem were unknown and our interpretation is based on estimates of ages of accompanying young from photographs. The observation of only 2 mixed-aged litters, after den emergence, from a sample of 406 observed cub litters accompanying radiomarked females confirms the rarity of this phenomenon. The mechanism apparently includes a short separation of mother and young, and, in the case of cubs, the mother must mate while lactating. Better understanding of the physiological mechanisms that allow mixed-age litters would help us in the debate about the occurrence of sexually selected infanticide in bears.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","doi":"10.2192/07SC017R.1","usgsCitation":"Swenson, J.E., and Haroldson, M., 2008, Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears: Ursus, v. 19, no. 1, p. 73-79, https://doi.org/10.2192/07SC017R.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2192/07SC017R.1"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a98e4b0c8380cd74272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, J. E.","contributorId":45518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swenson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haroldson, M.A. 0000-0002-7457-7676","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":108047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031768,"text":"70031768 - 2008 - Sensitivity of summer climate to anthropogenic land-cover change over the Greater Phoenix, AZ, region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70031768","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of summer climate to anthropogenic land-cover change over the Greater Phoenix, AZ, region","docAbstract":"This work evaluates the first-order effect of land-use/land-cover change (LULCC) on the summer climate of one of the nation's most rapidly expanding metropolitan complexes, the Greater Phoenix, AZ, region. High-resolution-2-km grid spacing-Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) simulations of three \"wet\" and three \"dry\" summers were carried out for two different land-cover reconstructions for the region: a circa 1992 representation based on satellite observations, and a hypothetical land-cover scenario where the anthropogenic landscape of irrigated agriculture and urban pixels was replaced with current semi-natural vegetation. Model output is evaluated with respect to observed air temperature, dew point, and precipitation. Our results suggest that development of extensive irrigated agriculture adjacent to the urban area has dampened any regional-mean warming due to urbanization. Consistent with previous observationally based work, LULCC produces a systematic increase in precipitation to the north and east of the city, though only under dry conditions. This is due to a change in background atmospheric stability resulting from the advection of both warmth from the urban core and moisture from the irrigated area. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.01.004","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Georgescu, M., Miguez-Macho, G., Steyaert, L.T., and Weaver, C., 2008, Sensitivity of summer climate to anthropogenic land-cover change over the Greater Phoenix, AZ, region: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 72, no. 7, p. 1358-1373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.01.004.","startPage":"1358","endPage":"1373","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212610,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.01.004"},{"id":240122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d35e4b08c986b3182d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Georgescu, M.","contributorId":98541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Georgescu","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miguez-Macho, G.","contributorId":32354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miguez-Macho","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steyaert, L. T.","contributorId":71303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weaver, C.P.","contributorId":70602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031757,"text":"70031757 - 2008 - Rethinking avian response to Tamarix on the lower Colorado River: A threshold hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T13:51:05","indexId":"70031757","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Rethinking avian response to Tamarix on the lower Colorado River: A threshold hypothesis","title":"Rethinking avian response to Tamarix on the lower Colorado River: A threshold hypothesis","docAbstract":"Many of the world's large river systems have been greatly altered in the past century due to river regulation, agriculture, and invasion of introduced Tamarix spp. (saltcedar, tamarisk). These riverine ecosystems are known to provide important habitat for avian communities, but information on responses of birds to differing levels of Tamarix is not known. Past research on birds along the Colorado River has shown that avian abundance in general is greater in native than in non-native habitat. In this article, we address habitat restoration on the lower Colorado River by comparing abundance and diversity of avian communities at a matrix of different amounts of native and non-native habitats at National Wildlife Refuges in Arizona. Two major patterns emerged from this study: (1) Not all bird species responded to Tamarix in a similar fashion, and for many bird species, abundance was highest at intermediate Tamarix levels (40-60%), suggesting a response threshold. (2) In Tamarix-dominated habitats, the greatest increase in bird abundance occurred when small amounts of native vegetation were present as a component of that habitat. In fact, Tamarix was the best vegetation predictor of avian abundance when compared to vegetation density and canopy cover. Our results suggest that to positively benefit avian abundance and diversity, one cost-effective way to rehabilitate larger monoculture Tamarix stands would be to add relatively low levels of native vegetation (???20-40%) within homogenous Tamarix habitat. In addition, this could be much more cost effective and feasible than attempting to replace all Tamarix with native vegetation. ?? 2008 Society for Ecological Restoration International.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restoration Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00354.x","issn":"10612971","usgsCitation":"van Riper, C., Paxton, K., O'brien, C., Shafroth, P., and McGrath, L., 2008, Rethinking avian response to Tamarix on the lower Colorado River: A threshold hypothesis: Restoration Ecology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 155-167, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00354.x.","startPage":"155","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212455,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00354.x"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac18e4b0c8380cd86b50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":432997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paxton, K.L.","contributorId":78547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxton","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'brien, C.","contributorId":50356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'brien","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shafroth, P.B.","contributorId":65041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGrath, L.J.","contributorId":92493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrath","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033768,"text":"70033768 - 2008 - Chronic wasting disease in a Wisconsin white-tailed deer farm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:31","indexId":"70033768","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2492,"text":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronic wasting disease in a Wisconsin white-tailed deer farm","docAbstract":"In September 2002, chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disorder of captive and wild cervids, was diagnosed in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from a captive farm in Wisconsin. The facility was subsequently quarantined, and in January 2006 the remaining 76 deer were depopulated. Sixty animals (79%) were found to be positive by immunohistochemical staining for the abnormal prion protein (PrPCWD) in at least one tissue; the prevalence of positive staining was high even in young deer. Although none of the deer displayed clinical signs suggestive of CWD at depopulation, 49 deer had considerable accumulation of the abnormal prion in the medulla at the level of the obex. Extraneural accumulation of the abnormal protein was observed in 59 deer, with accumulation in the retropharyngeal lymph node in 58 of 59 (98%), in the tonsil in 56 of 59 (95%), and in the rectal mucosal lymphoid tissue in 48 of 58 (83%). The retina was positive in 4 deer, all with marked accumulation of prion in the obex. One deer was considered positive for PrPCWD in the brain but not in the extraneural tissue, a novel observation in white-tailed deer. The infection rate in captive deer was 20-fold higher than in wild deer. Although weakly related to infection rates in extraneural tissues, prion genotype was strongly linked to progression of prion accumulation in the obex. Antemortem testing by biopsy of rectoanal mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (or other peripheral lymphoid tissue) may be a useful adjunct to tonsil biopsy for surveillance in captive herds at risk for CWD infection.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10406","usgsCitation":"Keane, D., Barr, D., Bochsler, P., Hall, S., Gidlewski, T., O’Rourke, K.I., Spraker, T., and Samuel, M., 2008, Chronic wasting disease in a Wisconsin white-tailed deer farm: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v. 20, no. 5, p. 698-703.","startPage":"698","endPage":"703","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f1e4b0c8380cd4c4d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keane, D.P.","contributorId":14626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barr, D.J.","contributorId":48773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bochsler, P.N.","contributorId":85415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bochsler","given":"P.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hall, S.M. 0000-0002-0931-8694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-8694","contributorId":41230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gidlewski, T.","contributorId":53550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gidlewski","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Rourke, K. I.","contributorId":73832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Rourke","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Spraker, T.R.","contributorId":19907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spraker","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70033760,"text":"70033760 - 2008 - Experience preferences as mediators of the wildlife related recreation participation: Place attachment relationship","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033760","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1909,"text":"Human Dimensions of Wildlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experience preferences as mediators of the wildlife related recreation participation: Place attachment relationship","docAbstract":"The human dimensions literature challenges the notion that settings are simply features and attributes that can be manipulated to satisfy public demand; instead, people view specific recreation settings as unique kinds of places. Land managers provide recreation experience opportunities, but most conventional management frameworks do not allow managers to address the personal attachment of people to places. This study examined the relationships among activity participation, recreation experience preferences (REP), and setting and place attachment. Study data was obtained from a visitor study conducted in 2000-2001 at U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Waterfowl Production Areas in Minnesota. We used structural equation modeling to explore whether recreation experience preferences mediate the relationship between types and frequencies of recreation participation and place attachment at Minnesota's Waterfowl Production Areas. Results offer empirical evidence that recreational experience preferences associated with activity participation may be instrumental to one's development of place attachment to a recreation site. Thus, research in these two areas may be more complementary than has been apparent in the literature. Copyright ?? Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Human Dimensions of Wildlife","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/10871200701669971","issn":"10871209","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., and Fulton, D., 2008, Experience preferences as mediators of the wildlife related recreation participation: Place attachment relationship: Human Dimensions of Wildlife, v. 13, no. 2, p. 73-88, https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200701669971.","startPage":"73","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214143,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871200701669971"},{"id":241837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0db9e4b0c8380cd53175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, D.H.","contributorId":24304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fulton, D.C.","contributorId":50104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulton","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033755,"text":"70033755 - 2008 - Compound-specific isotope analysis: Questioning the origins of a trichloroethene plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70033755","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1537,"text":"Environmental Forensics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compound-specific isotope analysis: Questioning the origins of a trichloroethene plume","docAbstract":"Stable carbon isotope ratios of trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2- dichloroethene, and trans-1,2-dichloroethene were determined by use of gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectroscopy to determine whether compound-specific stable carbon isotopes could be used to help understand the origin and history of a TCE groundwater plume in Fort Worth, TX. Calculated ??13C values for total chlorinated ethenes in groundwater samples, which can approximate the ??13C of a spilled solvent if all degradation products are accounted for, were useful for determining whether separate lobes of the plume resulted from different sources. Most notably, values for one lobe, where tetrachloroethene (PCE) has been detected periodically, were outside the range for manufactured TCE but within the range for manufactured PCE, whereas values for a separate lobe, which is downgradient of reported TCE spills, were within the range for manufactured TCE. Copyright ?? Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Forensics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/15275920801888368","issn":"15275922","usgsCitation":"Eberts, S.M., Braun, C., and Jones, S., 2008, Compound-specific isotope analysis: Questioning the origins of a trichloroethene plume: Environmental Forensics, v. 9, no. 1, p. 85-95, https://doi.org/10.1080/15275920801888368.","startPage":"85","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214561,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15275920801888368"},{"id":242296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f93ee4b0c8380cd4d50e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Braun, C.","contributorId":35140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, S.","contributorId":43468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033750,"text":"70033750 - 2008 - Do non-native plant species affect the shape of productivity-diversity relationships?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70033750","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do non-native plant species affect the shape of productivity-diversity relationships?","docAbstract":"The relationship between ecosystem processes and species richness is an active area of research and speculation. Both theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted in numerous ecosystems. One finding of these studies is that the shape of the relationship between productivity and species richness varies considerably among ecosystems and at different spatial scales, though little is known about the relative importance of physical and biological mechanisms causing this variation. Moreover, despite widespread concern about changes in species' global distributions, it remains unclear if and how such large-scale changes may affect this relationship. We present a new conceptual model of how invasive species might modulate relationships between primary production and species richness. We tested this model using long-term data on relationships between aboveground net primary production and species richness in six North American terrestrial ecosystems. We show that primary production and abundance of non-native species are both significant predictors of species richness, though we fail to detect effects of invasion extent on the shapes of the relationship between species richness and primary production.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Midland Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[55:DNPSAT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030031","usgsCitation":"Drake, J., Cleland, E., Horner-Devine, M.C., Fleishman, E., Bowles, C., Smith, M.D., Carney, K., Emery, S., Gramling, J., Vandermast, D., and Grace, J., 2008, Do non-native plant species affect the shape of productivity-diversity relationships?: American Midland Naturalist, v. 159, no. 1, p. 55-66, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[55:DNPSAT]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"55","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214496,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[55:DNPSAT]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":242229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"159","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0364e4b0c8380cd50482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, J.M.","contributorId":9881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleland, E.E.","contributorId":20127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleland","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horner-Devine, M. C.","contributorId":107514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horner-Devine","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleishman, E.","contributorId":77373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleishman","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowles, C.","contributorId":102284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowles","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, M. D.","contributorId":25724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Carney, K.","contributorId":47992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carney","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Emery, S.","contributorId":90553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gramling, J.","contributorId":68125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gramling","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Vandermast, D.B.","contributorId":66500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vandermast","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70033738,"text":"70033738 - 2008 - Land cover and forest formation distributions for St. Kitts, Nevis, St. Eustatius, Grenada and Barbados from decision tree classification of cloud-cleared satellite imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T12:50:35","indexId":"70033738","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1185,"text":"Caribbean Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land cover and forest formation distributions for St. Kitts, Nevis, St. Eustatius, Grenada and Barbados from decision tree classification of cloud-cleared satellite imagery","docAbstract":"Satellite image-based mapping of tropical forests is vital to conservation planning. Standard methods for automated image classification, however, limit classification detail in complex tropical landscapes. In this study, we test an approach to Landsat image interpretation on four islands of the Lesser Antilles, including Grenada and St. Kitts, Nevis and St. Eustatius, testing a more detailed classification than earlier work in the latter three islands. Secondly, we estimate the extents of land cover and protected forest by formation for five islands and ask how land cover has changed over the second half of the 20th century. The image interpretation approach combines image mosaics and ancillary geographic data, classifying the resulting set of raster data with decision tree software. Cloud-free image mosaics for one or two seasons were created by applying regression tree normalization to scene dates that could fill cloudy areas in a base scene. Such mosaics are also known as cloud-filled, cloud-minimized or cloud-cleared imagery, mosaics, or composites. The approach accurately distinguished several classes that more standard methods would confuse; the seamless mosaics aided reference data collection; and the multiseason imagery allowed us to separate drought deciduous forests and woodlands from semi-deciduous ones. Cultivated land areas declined 60 to 100 percent from about 1945 to 2000 on several islands. Meanwhile, forest cover has increased 50 to 950%. This trend will likely continue where sugar cane cultivation has dominated. Like the island of Puerto Rico, most higher-elevation forest formations are protected in formal or informal reserves. Also similarly, lowland forests, which are drier forest types on these islands, are not well represented in reserves. Former cultivated lands in lowland areas could provide lands for new reserves of drier forest types. The land-use history of these islands may provide insight for planners in countries currently considering lowland forest clearing for agriculture. Copyright 2008 College of Arts and Sciences.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Caribbean Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00086","usgsCitation":"Helmer, E., Kennaway, T., Pedreros, D., Clark, M.L., Marcano-Vega, H., Tieszen, L., Ruzycki, T., Schill, S., and Carrington, C., 2008, Land cover and forest formation distributions for St. Kitts, Nevis, St. Eustatius, Grenada and Barbados from decision tree classification of cloud-cleared satellite imagery: Caribbean Journal of Science, v. 44, no. 2, p. 175-198.","startPage":"175","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307240,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.caribjsci.org/index.html"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a41a2e4b0c8380cd65690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helmer, E.H.","contributorId":22213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmer","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennaway, T.A.","contributorId":68181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennaway","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pedreros, D.H. 0000-0001-9943-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-7373","contributorId":44051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedreros","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, M. L.","contributorId":19595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marcano-Vega, H.","contributorId":101529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcano-Vega","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ruzycki, T.R.","contributorId":37217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruzycki","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schill, S.R.","contributorId":36023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Carrington, C.M.S.","contributorId":11480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrington","given":"C.M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70033730,"text":"70033730 - 2008 - Nutrient dynamics as indicators of karst processes: Comparison of the Chalk aquifer (Normandy, France) and the Edwards aquifer (Texas, U.S.A.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:31","indexId":"70033730","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient dynamics as indicators of karst processes: Comparison of the Chalk aquifer (Normandy, France) and the Edwards aquifer (Texas, U.S.A.)","docAbstract":"Karst aquifers display a range of geologic and geomorphic characteristics in a wide range of climatic and land-use settings; identification of transport dynamics representative of karst aquifers in general could help advance our understanding of these complex systems. To this end, nutrient, turbidity, and major ion dynamics in response to storms were compared at multiple sites in two karst aquifers with contrasting characteristics and settings: the Chalk aquifer (Eure Department, Normandy, France) and the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer (Texas, U.S.A.). The Chalk aquifer is typified by high matrix porosity, thick surficial deposits (up to 30??m thick), and agricultural land use; the Barton Springs segment is typified by low matrix porosity, outcropping limestone, and urban land use. Following one to three storms, from 5 to 16 samples from springs and wells were analyzed for major ions, and specific conductance and turbidity were monitored continuously. Comparison of the chemographs indicated some generalized responses, including an increase in turbidity and potassium concentrations and a decrease in major ion and nitrate concentrations with infiltrating storm runoff. Factor analysis of major ions and turbidity revealed strikingly similar behavior of the chemical variables for the two aquifers: The first two factors, explaining more than 75% of the variability, illustrate that dynamics of most major ions (including nitrate) are opposed to those of turbidity and of potassium. The results demonstrate that potassium and nitrate are effective tracers of infiltrating storm runoff and resident ground water, respectively, and the similar results for these two highly contrasting aquifers suggest that the dynamics identified might be applicable to karst systems in general. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.02.006","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Mahler, B., Valdes, D., Musgrove, M., and Massei, N., 2008, Nutrient dynamics as indicators of karst processes: Comparison of the Chalk aquifer (Normandy, France) and the Edwards aquifer (Texas, U.S.A.): Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 98, no. 1-2, p. 36-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.02.006.","startPage":"36","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214231,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.02.006"},{"id":241931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6981e4b0c8380cd73d6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahler, B.J.","contributorId":36888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valdes, D.","contributorId":31997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musgrove, M.","contributorId":78933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Massei, N.","contributorId":48347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massei","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033725,"text":"70033725 - 2008 - Inverse modeling of surface-water discharge to achieve restoration salinity performance measures in Florida Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:31","indexId":"70033725","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inverse modeling of surface-water discharge to achieve restoration salinity performance measures in Florida Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"The use of numerical modeling to evaluate regional water-management practices involves the simulation of various alternative water-delivery scenarios, which typically are designed intuitively rather than analytically. These scenario simulations are used to analyze how specific water-management practices affect factors such as water levels, flows, and salinities. In lieu of testing a variety of scenario simulations in a trial-and-error manner, an optimization technique may be used to more precisely and directly define good water-management alternatives. A numerical model application in the coastal regions of Florida Bay and Everglades National Park (ENP), representing the surface- and ground-water hydrology for the region, is a good example of a tool used to evaluate restoration scenarios. The Southern Inland and Coastal System (SICS) model simulates this area with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic surface-water model and a three-dimensional ground-water model, linked to represent the interaction of the two systems with salinity transport. This coastal wetland environment is of great interest in restoration efforts, and the SICS model is used to analyze the effects of alternative water-management scenarios. The SICS model is run within an inverse modeling program called UCODE. In this application, UCODE adjusts the regulated inflows to ENP while SICS is run iteratively. UCODE creates parameters that define inflow within an allowable range for the SICS model based on SICS model output statistics, with the objective of matching user-defined target salinities that meet ecosystem restoration criteria. Preliminary results obtained using two different parameterization methods illustrate the ability of the model to achieve the goals of adjusting the range and reducing the variance of salinity values in the target area. The salinity variance in the primary zone of interest was reduced from an original value of 0.509 psu2 to values 0.418 psu2 and 0.342 psu2 using different methods. Simulations with one, two, and three target areas indicate that optimization is limited near model boundaries and the target location nearest the tidal boundary may not be improved. These experiments indicate that this method can be useful for designing water-delivery schemes to achieve certain water-quality objectives. Additionally, this approach avoids much of the intuitive type of experimentation with different flow schemes that has often been used to develop restoration scenarios. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.12.017","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Swain, E., and James, D., 2008, Inverse modeling of surface-water discharge to achieve restoration salinity performance measures in Florida Bay, Florida: Journal of Hydrology, v. 351, no. 1-2, p. 188-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.12.017.","startPage":"188","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214141,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.12.017"},{"id":241835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"351","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e4ee4b0c8380cd63c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, D.E.","contributorId":22927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033712,"text":"70033712 - 2008 - Effects of grade control structures on the macroinvertebrate assemblage of an agriculturally impacted stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70033712","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of grade control structures on the macroinvertebrate assemblage of an agriculturally impacted stream","docAbstract":"Nearly 400 rock rip-rap grade control structures (hereafter GCS) were recently placed in streams of western Iowa, USA to reduce streambank erosion and protect bridge infrastructure and farmland. In this region, streams are characterized by channelized reaches, highly incised banks and silt and sand substrates that normally support low macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity. Therefore, GCS composed of rip-rap provide the majority of coarse substrate habitat for benthic macroinvertebrates in these streams. We sampled 20 sites on Walnut Creek, Montgomery County, Iowa to quantify macroinvertebrate assemblage characteristics (1) on GCS rip-rap and at sites located (2) 5-50 m upstream of GCS, (3) 5-50 m downstream of GCS and (4) at least 1 km from any GCS (five sites each). Macroinvertebrate biomass, numerical densities and diversity were greatest at sites with coarse substrates, including GCS sites and one natural riffle site and relatively low at remaining sites with soft substrates. Densities of macroinvertebrates in the orders Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Acariformes were abundant on GCS rip-rap. Increases in macroinvertebrate biomass, density and diversity at GCS may improve local efficiency of breakdown of organic matter and nutrient and energy flow, and provide enhanced food resources for aquatic vertebrates. However, lack of positive macroinvertebrate responses immediately upstream and downstream of GCS suggest that positive effects might be restricted to the small areas of streambed covered by GCS. Improved understanding of GCS effects at both local and ecosystem scales is essential for stream management when these structures are present. Copyright ?? 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/rra.1063","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Litvan, M., Stewart, T., Pierce, C., and Larson, C., 2008, Effects of grade control structures on the macroinvertebrate assemblage of an agriculturally impacted stream: River Research and Applications, v. 24, no. 2, p. 218-233, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1063.","startPage":"218","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487139,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=nrem_pubs","text":"External Repository"},{"id":214437,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1063"},{"id":242164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0702e4b0c8380cd51504","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litvan, M.E.","contributorId":67734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litvan","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, T.W.","contributorId":78558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, C.L. 0000-0001-5088-5431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-5431","contributorId":93606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, C.J.","contributorId":35957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033711,"text":"70033711 - 2008 - Modeled tephra ages from lake sediments, base of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-03T11:02:52","indexId":"70033711","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3216,"text":"Quaternary Geochronology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeled tephra ages from lake sediments, base of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"A 5.6-m-long lake sediment core from Bear Lake, Alaska, located 22 km southeast of Redoubt Volcano, contains 67 tephra layers deposited over the last 8750 cal yr, comprising 15% of the total thickness of recovered sediment. Using 12 AMS 14C ages, along with the 137Cs and 210Pb activities of recent sediment, we evaluated different models to determine the age-depth relation of the core, and to determine the age of each tephra deposit. The selected age model is based on a mixed-effect regression that was passed through the adjusted tephra-free depth of each dated layer. The estimated age uncertainty of the 67 tephras averages ??105 yr (95% confidence intervals). Tephra-fall frequency at Bear Lake was among the highest during the past 500 yr, with eight tephras deposited compared to an average of 3.7/500 yr over the last 8500 yr. Other periods of increased tephra fall occurred 2500-3500, 4500-5000, and 7000-7500 cal yr. Our record suggests that Bear Lake experienced extended periods (1000-2000 yr) of increased tephra fall separated by shorter periods (500-1000 yr) of apparent quiescence. The Bear Lake sediment core affords the most comprehensive tephrochronology from the base of the Redoubt Volcano to date, with an average tephra-fall frequency of one every 130 yr. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Geochronology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quageo.2007.05.001","issn":"18711014","usgsCitation":"Schiff, C., Kaufman, D.S., Wallace, K., Werner, A., Ku, T., and Brown, T., 2008, Modeled tephra ages from lake sediments, base of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Quaternary Geochronology, v. 3, no. 1-2, p. 56-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2007.05.001.","startPage":"56","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":493284,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/940479","text":"External Repository"},{"id":214436,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2007.05.001"},{"id":242163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bbfe4b0c8380cd6f79e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiff, C.J.","contributorId":34735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiff","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaufman, D. S.","contributorId":18006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, K.L.","contributorId":103457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werner, A.","contributorId":42030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ku, T.-L.","contributorId":75712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ku","given":"T.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, T.A.","contributorId":12885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}