The majority of Critical Zone research has emphasized silicate lithologies, which are typified by relatively slow rates of reactivity and incongruent weathering. However, the relatively simpler weathering of carbonate-dominated lithology can result in secondary mineral deposits, such as speleothems, which provide a long-term archive for Critical Zone processes. In particular, carbon isotopic variability in speleothems has the potential to provide records of changes in vegetation, soil respiration, carbon stabilization in deep soils, and/or chemical weathering in the host rock. Despite this opportunity to reconstruct many Critical Zone processes, multiple influences can also make interpretion of these speleothem carbon isotope records challenging. The integration of observational data and simulations specific to karst systems offers an interpretive framework for these unique time-averaged records accumulated through the evolution of carbonate landscapes. Here, we present a forward and process-based reactive transport simulation based on a multi-year monitoring study of Blue Spring Cave in central Tennessee, USA. The simulations describe the fluid-driven weathering of limestone including explicit tracking of dissolved calcium, stable carbon, and radiocarbon isotope ratios based on reaction rates calibrated through laboratory batch reaction data. We find that calcium concentrations and radiocarbon isotope ratios are strongly influenced by the combination of fluid flow rate and soil CO2 content, and require rapid gas phase communication between the overlying soil boundary condition and interior karst to sustain both elevated limestone weathering rates and relatively modern radiocarbon signatures. Stable carbon isotopes are largely dictated by temperature-dependent equilibrium fractionation among contemporaneous species. These simulations are extended to a wide range of parameter space to demonstrate the environmental factors that these isotope proxies record.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.041","usgsCitation":"Druhan, J., Lawrence, C., Covey, A., Giannetta, M., and Oster, J., 2021, A reactive transport approach to modeling cave seepage water chemistry I: Carbon isotope transformations: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 311, p. 374-400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.041.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"374","endPage":"400","ipdsId":"IP-125015","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.041","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90OTSDY","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data from a reactive transport modeling study of cave seepage water chemistry"},{"id":387713,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"311","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druhan, Jennifer","contributorId":245460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Druhan","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[{"id":36403,"text":"University of Illinois","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, Corey 0000-0001-6143-7781","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-7781","contributorId":202373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Corey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Covey, Aaron","contributorId":261749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Covey","given":"Aaron","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36656,"text":"Vanderbilt University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giannetta, Max","contributorId":261750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giannetta","given":"Max","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35161,"text":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oster, Jessica","contributorId":223020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oster","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36656,"text":"Vanderbilt University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70222566,"text":"70222566 - 2021 - A reactive transport approach to modeling cave seepage water chemistry II: Elemental signatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-14T16:44:59.280495","indexId":"70222566","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-14T07:53:03","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reactive transport approach to modeling cave seepage water chemistry II: Elemental signatures","docAbstract":"Karst systems are useful for examining spatial and temporal variability in Critical Zone processes because they provide a window into the subsurface where waters have interacted with vegetation, soils, regolith, and bedrock across a range of length and timescales. These hydrologic pathways frequently include the precipitation of speleothems, which provide long-term archives of climate and environmental change. Trace element ratios in speleothems (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca) have the potential to provide information about past changes in rainfall and infiltration, but controls on them can be complex and their interpretation must be based on an understanding of the modern cave system. Here we integrate observations of surface conditions, bedrock, soil, and drip water chemistry of Blue Spring Cave in Tennessee, USA with the reactive transport model CrunchTope, which we have calibrated for karst systems to investigate the primary controls on trace element variations in cave seepage waters. We find that measured drip water Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca are captured within the model through variable amounts of limestone dissolution followed by precipitation of secondary calcite that happens within the cave rather than the host limestone. However, strong spatial controls on drip water Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca likely reflect seepage water interactions with variable amounts of diagenetic phases in the host rock. In contrast, Ba/Ca values are consistent across the cave and vary with effective rainfall, suggesting that this parameter may be the most consistent metric for limestone dissolution and prior calcite precipitation and can act as a proxy for rainfall and infiltration in this cave system. Our findings emphasize the importance of evaluating spatial heterogeneity in cave drip waters and outline a novel modeling approach for determining the dominant controls on drip water chemistry in support of the interpretations of paleoclimate records.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.040","usgsCitation":"Oster, J., Covey, A., Lawrence, C., Giannetta, M., and Druhan, J., 2021, A reactive transport approach to modeling cave seepage water chemistry II: Elemental signatures: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 311, p. 353-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.040.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"373","ipdsId":"IP-125017","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.040","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387712,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"311","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oster, Jessica","contributorId":223020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oster","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36656,"text":"Vanderbilt University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Covey, Aaron","contributorId":261749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Covey","given":"Aaron","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36656,"text":"Vanderbilt University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, Corey 0000-0001-6143-7781","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-7781","contributorId":202373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Corey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giannetta, Max","contributorId":261750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giannetta","given":"Max","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35161,"text":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Druhan, Jennifer","contributorId":245460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Druhan","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[{"id":36403,"text":"University of Illinois","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70222449,"text":"70222449 - 2021 - An efficient method to calculate depth-integrated, phase-averaged momentum balances in non-hydrostatic models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-07T17:19:28.836874","indexId":"70222449","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-13T09:05:01","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2925,"text":"Ocean Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An efficient method to calculate depth-integrated, phase-averaged momentum balances in non-hydrostatic models","docAbstract":"Analysis of the mean (wave-averaged) momentum balance is a common approach used to explain the physical forcing driving wave set-up and mean currents in the nearshore zone. Traditionally this approach has been applied to phase-averaged models but has more recently been applied to phase-resolving models using post-processing, whereby model output is used to calculate each of the momentum terms. While phase-resolving models have the advantage of capturing the nonlinear properties of waves propagating in the nearshore (making them advantageous to enhance understanding of nearshore processes), the post-processing calculation of the momentum terms does not guarantee that the momentum balance closes. We show that this is largely due to the difficulty (or impossibility) of being consistent with the numerical approach. If the residual is of a similar magnitude as any of the relevant momentum terms (which is common with post-processing methods as we show), the analysis is largely compromised. Here we present a new method to internally calculate and extract the depth-integrated, mean momentum terms in the phase-resolving non-hydrostatic wave-flow model SWASH in a manner that is consistent with the numerical implementation. Further, we demonstrate the utility of the new method with two existing physical model studies. By being consistent with the numerical framework, the internal method calculates the momentum terms with a much lower residual at computer precision, combined with greatly reduced calculation time and output storage requirements compared to post-processing techniques. The method developed here allows the accurate evaluation of the depth-integrated, mean momentum terms of wave-driven flows while taking advantage of the more complete representation of the wave dynamics offered by phase-resolving models. Furthermore, it provides an opportunity for advances in the understanding of nearshore processes particularly at more complex sites where wave nonlinearity and energy transfers are important.
Scientific progress depends in part on our ability to synthesize heterogeneous data and ideas into new models and paradigms. In environmental sciences, such synthesis has been particularly effective when conducted by collaborative working groups: diverse groups of researchers and practitioners brought together for a concentrated period of collaboration on key questions. Such work is often done at synthesis centres: organizations that promote, fund, organize and host working groups and other collaborative research and training activities1. However, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, synthesis centres have had to rapidly adapt to supporting fully virtual working groups; the eight centres we direct supported 68 virtual working groups in the past year. Based on this experience, we conclude — contrary to a recent editorial on conferences published in this journal2 — that virtual gatherings, while providing a bridge during the pandemic, cannot replace immersive, in-person collaborations. In-person working group meetings involve productive and varied interactions for many hours over consecutive days. We have found that virtual sessions lose effectiveness after a few hours, as participants become fatigued from staring at a screen or juggling local demands. While virtual meetings can work for short, well-delineated tasks, they are less suited for unstructured and free-flowing discussions — and thus struggle to create the social cohesion and trust known to fuel creative breakthroughs during week-long in-person meetings3.
In this article, we present an overview of the research project NGA-East, Next Generation Attenuation for Central and Eastern North America (CENA), and summarize the key methodology and products. The project was tasked with developing a new ground motion characterization (GMC) model for CENA. The final NGA-East GMC model includes a set of 17 median ground motion models (GMMs) for peak ground acceleration and velocity (PGA, PGV) and response spectral ordinates for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. The NGA-East GMMs are applicable to horizontal components of ground motions on very hard rock, for the moment magnitude range of 4.0–8.2, and distances of up to 1500 km. The aleatory standard deviations of GMMs are also provided for site-specific analysis (single-station standard deviation) and for general probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA) applications (ergodic standard deviation). In addition, adjustment factors are provided for source depth and hanging-wall effects, as well as for hazard computations at sites in the Gulf Coast Region. During the course of the project, several innovative technologies were developed and implemented to increase the transparency and repeatability of the GMC building process. This involved expanding on a set of candidate median GMMs to define and capture an appropriate range of epistemic uncertainty in ground motions. We also developed a new approach for modeling the aleatory variability that was completely independent of the median GMMs. The development made extensive use of the CENA database but also borrowed data from other parts of the world when relevant and led to an integrated suite of models. Through this repeatable process, epistemic uncertainty could be quantified more objectively than before, relying less on expert opinion. The NGA-East project went through a comprehensive Seismic Senior Hazard Analysis Committee (SSHAC) Level 3 peer review process before its release.
Traditional ground-motion models (GMMs) are used to compute pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) from future earthquakes and are generally developed by regression of PSA using a physics-based functional form. PSA is a relatively simple metric that correlates well with the response of several engineering systems and is a metric commonly used in engineering evaluations; however, characteristics of the PSA calculation make application of scaling factors dependent on the frequency content of the input motion, complicating the development and adaptability of GMMs. By comparison, Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS) represents ground-motion amplitudes that are completely independent from the amplitudes at other frequencies, making them an attractive alternative for GMM development. Random vibration theory (RVT) predicts the peak response of motion in the time domain based on the FAS and a duration, and thus can be used to relate FAS to PSA. Using RVT to compute the expected peak response in the time domain for given FAS therefore presents a significant advantage that is gaining traction in the GMM field. This article provides recommended RVT procedures relevant to GMM development, which were developed for the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)-East project. In addition, an orientation-independent FAS metric—called the effective amplitude spectrum (EAS)—is developed for use in conjunction with RVT to preserve the mean power of the corresponding two horizontal components considered in traditional PSA-based modeling (i.e., RotD50). The EAS uses a standardized smoothing approach to provide a practical representation of the FAS for ground-motion modeling, while minimizing the impact on the four RVT properties (zeroth moment, m0; bandwidth parameter, δ; frequency of zero crossings, fz; and frequency of extrema, fe). Although the recommendations were originally developed for NGA-East, they and the methodology they are based on can be adapted to become portable to other GMM and engineering problems requiring the computation of PSA from FAS.
Cultural resources in coastal parks and recreation areas are vulnerable to climate change. The US National Park Service (NPS) is facing the challenge of insufficient budget allocations for both maintenance and climate adaptation of historic structures. Research on adaptation planning for cultural resources has predominately focused on vulnerability assessments of heritage sites; however, few studies integrate multiple factors (e.g., vulnerability, cultural significance, use potential, and costs) that managers should consider when making tradeoff decisions about which cultural resources to prioritize for adaptation. Moreover, heritage sites typically include multiple types of cultural resources, and researchers have yet to examine such complex tradeoffs. This study applies the Optimal Preservation (OptiPres) Model as a decision support framework to evaluate the tradeoffs of adaptation actions among multiple types of historic structures—wooden buildings, masonry and concrete buildings, forts, and batteries—under varying budget scenarios. Results suggest that the resource values of different types of historic structures vary greatly under a range of budget scenarios, and tradeoffs have to be made among different types of historical structures to achieve optimal planning objectives. Moreover, periodic, incremental funding and partial maintenance are identified as optimal funding strategies for preservation needs of cost-intensive historic structures. Also, adaptative use of historical buildings (e.g., building occupancy) can improve the resource values when budgets are constrained. The OptiPres Model provides managers with a unique framework to inform adaptation planning efforts for a broad range of historic structures, which is transferable across coastal parks to enhance historic preservation planning under climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104165","usgsCitation":"Xiao, X., Seekamp, E., Lu, J., Eaton, M.J., and van der Burg, M., 2021, Optimizing preservation for multiple types of historic structures under climate change: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 214, 104165, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104165.","productDescription":"104165, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-122847","costCenters":[{"id":40926,"text":"Southeast Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104165","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387064,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"214","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xiao, Xiao","contributorId":212835,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xiao","given":"Xiao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13595,"text":"NCSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seekamp, Erin","contributorId":212832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seekamp","given":"Erin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13595,"text":"NCSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Junyu","contributorId":260820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Junyu","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eaton, Mitchell J. 0000-0001-7324-6333","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7324-6333","contributorId":213526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"Mitchell","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"van der Burg, Max Post 0000-0002-3943-4194","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3943-4194","contributorId":219439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van der Burg","given":"Max Post","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70238782,"text":"70238782 - 2021 - Gap-filling eddy covariance methane fluxes: Comparison of machine learning model predictions and uncertainties at FLUXNET-CH4 wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T14:20:29.236213","indexId":"70238782","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-10T08:06:03","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":681,"text":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gap-filling eddy covariance methane fluxes: Comparison of machine learning model predictions and uncertainties at FLUXNET-CH4 wetlands","docAbstract":"Time series of wetland methane fluxes measured by eddy covariance require gap-filling to estimate daily, seasonal, and annual emissions. Gap-filling methane fluxes is challenging because of high variability and complex responses to multiple drivers. To date, there is no widely established gap-filling standard for wetland methane fluxes, with regards both to the best model algorithms and predictors. This study synthesizes results of different gap-filling methods systematically applied at 17 wetland sites spanning boreal to tropical regions and including all major wetland classes and two rice paddies. Procedures are proposed for: 1) creating realistic artificial gap scenarios, 2) training and evaluating gap-filling models without overstating performance, and 3) predicting half-hourly methane fluxes and annual emissions with realistic uncertainty estimates. Performance is compared between a conventional method (marginal distribution sampling) and four machine learning algorithms. The conventional method achieved similar median performance as the machine learning models but was worse than the best machine learning models and relatively insensitive to predictor choices. Of the machine learning models, decision tree algorithms performed the best in cross-validation experiments, even with a baseline predictor set, and artificial neural networks showed comparable performance when using all predictors. Soil temperature was frequently the most important predictor whilst water table depth was important at sites with substantial water table fluctuations, highlighting the value of data on wetland soil conditions. Raw gap-filling uncertainties from the machine learning models were underestimated and we propose a method to calibrate uncertainties to observations. The python code for model development, evaluation, and uncertainty estimation is publicly available. This study outlines a modular and robust machine learning workflow and makes recommendations for, and evaluates an improved baseline of, methane gap-filling models that can be implemented in multi-site syntheses or standardized products from regional and global flux networks (e.g., FLUXNET).","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108528","usgsCitation":"Irvin, J., Zhou, S., McNicol, G., Lu, F., Liu, V., Fluet-Chouinard, E., Ouyang, Z., Knox, S., Lucas-Moffat, A., Trotta, C., Papale, D., Vitale, D., Mammarella, I., Alekseychik, P., Aurela, M., Avati, A., Baldocchi, D., Bansal, S., Bohrer, G., Campbell, D.I., Chen, J., Chu, H., Dalmagro, H.J., Delwiche, K.B., Desai, A.R., Euskirchen, E.S., Feron, S., Goeckede, M., Heimann, M., Helbig, M., Helfter, C., Hemes, K.S., Hirano, T., Iwata, H., Jurasinski, G., Kalhori, A., Kondrich, A., Lai, D., Lohila, A., Malholtra, A., Merbold, L., Mitra, B., Ng, A., Nilsson, M.B., Noormets, A., Peichl, M., Rey-Sanchez, A.C., Richardson, A.D., Runkle, B.R., Schafer, K.V., Sonnentag, O., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sturtevant, C., Ueyama, M., Valach, A.C., Vargas, R., Vourlitis, G.L., Ward, E., Wong, G.X., Zona, D., Alberto, M.C., Billesbach, D.P., Celis, G., Dolman, H., Friborg, T., Fuchs, K., Gogo, S., Gondwe, M.J., Goodrich, J.P., Gottschalk, P., Hortnagl, L., Jacotot, A., Koebsch, F., Kasak, K., Maier, R., Morin, T.H., Nemitz, E., Oechel, W.C., Oikawa, P.Y., Ono, K., Sachs, T., Sakabe, A., Schuur, E.A., Shortt, R., Sullivan, R.C., Szutu, D.J., Tuittila, E., Varlagin, A., Verfaillie, J.G., Wille, C., Windham-Myers, L., Poulter, B., and Jackson, R.B., 2021, Gap-filling eddy covariance methane fluxes: Comparison of machine learning model predictions and uncertainties at FLUXNET-CH4 wetlands: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 308–309, 108528, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108528.","productDescription":"108528, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126298","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108528","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":410275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"308–309","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irvin, Jeremy","contributorId":299776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irvin","given":"Jeremy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhou, Sharon","contributorId":299777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"Sharon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNicol, Gavin 0000-0002-6655-8045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6655-8045","contributorId":260536,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McNicol","given":"Gavin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":858604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lu, Fred","contributorId":299807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, Vincent","contributorId":299778,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Vincent","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fluet-Chouinard, Etienne","contributorId":217392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fluet-Chouinard","given":"Etienne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ouyang, Zutao","contributorId":260556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ouyang","given":"Zutao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":858608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Knox, Sara Helen 0000-0003-2255-5835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2255-5835","contributorId":272609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knox","given":"Sara Helen","affiliations":[{"id":56388,"text":"U. 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Robert","contributorId":299795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shortt","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36942,"text":"University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":84},{"text":"Sullivan, Ryan C.","contributorId":265858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":858686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":85},{"text":"Szutu, Daphne J.","contributorId":299796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Szutu","given":"Daphne","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36942,"text":"University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":86},{"text":"Tuittila, Eeva-Stiina 0000-0001-8861-3167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-3167","contributorId":169412,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tuittila","given":"Eeva-Stiina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25501,"text":"University of Eastern Finland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":87},{"text":"Varlagin, Andrej","contributorId":192447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Varlagin","given":"Andrej","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":858689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":88},{"text":"Verfaillie, Joseph G.","contributorId":265863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verfaillie","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":858690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":89},{"text":"Wille, Christian","contributorId":243134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wille","given":"Christian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48644,"text":"GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":90},{"text":"Windham-Myers, Lisamarie 0000-0003-0281-9581 lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-9581","contributorId":2449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windham-Myers","given":"Lisamarie","email":"lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":858692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":91},{"text":"Poulter, Benjamin","contributorId":298276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poulter","given":"Benjamin","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":92},{"text":"Jackson, Robert B. 0000-0001-8846-7147","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8846-7147","contributorId":34252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":858694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":93}]}} ,{"id":70223249,"text":"70223249 - 2021 - BERM: A Belowground Ecosystem Resiliency Model for estimating Spartina alterniflora belowground biomass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-14T16:56:06.518591","indexId":"70223249","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-09T11:26:09","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"BERM: A Belowground Ecosystem Resiliency Model for estimating Spartina alterniflora belowground biomass","title":"BERM: A Belowground Ecosystem Resiliency Model for estimating Spartina alterniflora belowground biomass","docAbstract":"Aquatic connectivity projects, such as removing dams and modifying culverts, have substantial benefits. The restoration of natural flow conditions improves water quality, sediment transport, aquatic and riparian habitat, and fish passage. These projects can also decrease hazards faced by communities by lowering water-surface elevations of flood waters and by removing the risk of dam breaches associated with aging or inadequate infrastructure.
This report documents and provides results of one- and two-dimensional hydraulic models developed for selected rivers and streams in the northeastern United States where a dam was removed or a culvert was retrofitted. The models were developed for conditions before and after the dam removal or culvert modification. The discharges applied in the models included monthly discharges and flood discharges for the annual exceedance probabilities of 50, 20, 10, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.2 percent.
This study, by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, demonstrates the benefits resulting from dam removal and retrofitting undersized culverts in terms of decreased water-surface elevations during flooding and improved fish passage. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System was used to model the sites in one- and two-dimensional hydraulics, and decreases in the 1-percent annual exceedance probability discharge water-surface elevation were found at all sites studied. The decreases in water-surface elevation at sites in which the impoundment was removed ranged from 1.3 to 10.4 feet. One site, Bradford Dam in Westerly, Rhode Island, had only a 0.2-foot decrease, but at that site the dam was replaced by a series of weirs to retain the upstream impoundment and allow fish passage.
Minimal differences were found between the water-surface elevations computed by the one- and two-dimensional models. The two-dimensional models, however, provide the additional benefit of detailed velocity and depth data throughout the channel at a resolution not possible with a one-dimensional model. These velocity and depth data allowed for assessment of the suitability for fish passage at the sites. Fish passage was improved at all the sites by removing the dams and retrofitting the culvert. Prolonged swim velocity criteria for selected fish species were maintained throughout three of the nine study sites, and burst swim velocity criteria were met at all study sites.
Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
We simulated the concurrent rapid motion of landslides on an unstable slope at Barry Arm, Alaska. Movement of landslides into the adjacent fjord displaced fjord water and generated a tsunami, which propagated out of Barry Arm. Rather than assuming an initial sea surface height, velocity, and location for the tsunami, we generated the tsunami directly using a model capable of simulating the dynamics of both water and landslide material. The fjord below most of the landslide source area was occupied by the Barry Glacier until about 2012; therefore, our direct simulation of tsunami generation by landslide motion required new topographic and bathymetric data, which was collected in 2020. The topographic data also constrained landslide geometries and volumes. We considered four scenarios based on two landslide volumes and two landslide mobilities—a more mobile, contractive landslide and a less mobile, noncontractive landslide. The larger of the two volumes is 689 × 106 cubic meters (m3)—larger than the volume estimate in a previous study—and reflects the largest plausible volume given current observational data. The considered scenario that generated the largest wave heights resulted in forecast wave heights of over 200 meters (m) in the northern part of Barry Arm, adjacent to the landslide source area and runup on the opposite fjord wall in excess of 500 m. Simulated wave heights in excess of 5 m in southern Barry Arm and in Harriman Fjord occurred within 10–15 minutes (min) of landslide motion. The simulated tsunami reached Whittier, Alaska, approximately 20 min after initial rapid landslide motion, with peak heights of just over 2 m in Passage Fjord, 500 m offshore Whittier, occurring 26 min after initial rapid motion. Time of peak wave heights was consistent with previous modeling. Although results are preliminary and can be refined with additional observations and analyses, they provide a refined assessment of the upper bound of the hazard presented by the Barry Arm landslides. The results herein support the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Tsunami Warning Center mission to detect, forecast, and warn for tsunamis in Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211071","usgsCitation":"Barnhart, K.R., Jones, R.P., George, D.L., Coe, J.A., and Staley, D.M., 2021, Preliminary assessment of the wave generating potential from landslides at Barry Arm, Prince William Sound, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1071, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211071.","productDescription":"Report: v, 28 p.; Data Release","ipdsId":"IP-130004","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386958,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XVJDNP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Select model results from simulations of hypothetical rapid failures of landslides into Barry Arm Fjord, Prince William Sound, Alaska"},{"id":386957,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1071/ofr20211071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1071"},{"id":386956,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1071/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Barry Arm, Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.90869140625,\n 60.77659627851085\n ],\n [\n -147.95562744140625,\n 60.77659627851085\n ],\n [\n -147.95562744140625,\n 61.18165309177166\n ],\n [\n -148.90869140625,\n 61.18165309177166\n ],\n [\n -148.90869140625,\n 60.77659627851085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 966
Denver, CO 80225
Exchanges of groundwater and surface-water are fundamental to a wide range of water-supply and water-quality management issues but challenging to map beyond the reach scale. Waterborne gradient self-potential (SP) measurements are directly sensitive to water flow through riverbed sediments and can be used to infer exchange locations, direction (gain versus loss), scale, and relative changes, but to date applications to river corridor hydrology are limited. Numerical modeling and field experiments were therefore performed herein, each emphasizing waterborne gradient SP logging for identifying and locating focused vertical groundwater discharge (surface-water gain) and recharge (surface-water loss) in a river. Two and three-dimensional numerical models were constructed to simulate the polarities, appearances, and peak amplitudes of streaming-potential and electric-field anomalies on a riverbed and in the surface-water that were attributable to steady-state vertical fluxes of groundwater through high-permeability conduits in the riverbed. Effects of varied hydraulic length-scale of exchange and surface-water depth were tested through numerical modeling. Modeling results aided in data acquisition and interpretation for three repeated field experiments performed along a 1.5–2.0 km reach of the Quashnet River in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where focused, meter-scale groundwater discharges occur at discrete locations within otherwise ubiquitous and more diffuse groundwater upwelling conditions. Strong gradient SP anomalies were repeatedly measured in the Quashnet River at previously confirmed locations of focused groundwater discharge, showing the efficacy of waterborne gradient SP logging in identifying and characterizing groundwater/surface water exchange dynamics at multiple river network scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"EEGS","doi":"10.32389/JEEG20-066","usgsCitation":"Ikard, S., Briggs, M., and Lane, J.W., 2021, Investigation of scale-dependent groundwater/surface-water exchange in rivers by gradient self-potential logging: Numerical modeling and field experiments: Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, v. 26, no. 2, 181 p., https://doi.org/10.32389/JEEG20-066.","productDescription":"181 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126186","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Quashnet River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.51935195922852,\n 41.57115075028995\n ],\n [\n -70.5057907104492,\n 41.57115075028995\n ],\n [\n -70.5057907104492,\n 41.59400643013302\n ],\n [\n -70.51935195922852,\n 41.59400643013302\n ],\n [\n -70.51935195922852,\n 41.57115075028995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ikard, Scott 0000-0002-8304-4935","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8304-4935","contributorId":201775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikard","given":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, Martin A. 0000-0003-3206-4132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-4132","contributorId":257637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Martin A.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, John W. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":219742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70222423,"text":"70222423 - 2021 - Distributed memory parallel groundwater modeling for the Netherlands Hydrological Instrument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-28T12:01:05.400154","indexId":"70222423","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-08T06:56:13","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9115,"text":"Environmental Software & Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distributed memory parallel groundwater modeling for the Netherlands Hydrological Instrument","docAbstract":"Worldwide, billions of people rely on fresh groundwater reserves for their domestic, agricultural and industrial water use. Extreme droughts and excessive groundwater pumping put pressure on water authorities in maintaining sustainable water usage. High-resolution integrated models are valuable assets in supporting them. The Netherlands Hydrological Instrument (NHI) provides the Dutch water authorities with open source modeling software and data. However, NHI integrated groundwater models often require long run times and large memory usage, therefore strongly limiting their application. As a solution, we present a distributed memory parallelization, focusing on the National Hydrological Model. Depending on the level of integration, we show that significant speedups can be obtained up to two orders of magnitude. As far as we know, this is the first reported integrated groundwater parallelization of an operational hydrological model used for national-scale integrated water management and policy making. The parallel model code and data are freely available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105092","usgsCitation":"Verkaik, J., Hughes, J.D., Walsum, V., Oude Essink, G., Lin, H., and Bierkens, M., 2021, Distributed memory parallel groundwater modeling for the Netherlands Hydrological Instrument: Environmental Software & Modelling, v. 143, 105092, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105092.","productDescription":"105092, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-129864","costCenters":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105092","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verkaik, Jarno 0000-0001-7420-8304","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7420-8304","contributorId":261418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verkaik","given":"Jarno","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52847,"text":"Deltares and Utrecht University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, Joseph D. 0000-0003-1311-2354 jdhughes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-2354","contributorId":2492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Joseph","email":"jdhughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsum, van","contributorId":261419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walsum","given":"van","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52848,"text":"Wageningen Environmental Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oude Essink, G.H.P. 0000-0003-0931-6944","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0931-6944","contributorId":261420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oude Essink","given":"G.H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52847,"text":"Deltares and Utrecht University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lin, H.X.","contributorId":261421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"H.X.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52849,"text":"Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics and Leiden University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bierkens, M.F.P. 0000-0002-7411-6562","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7411-6562","contributorId":261422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bierkens","given":"M.F.P.","affiliations":[{"id":52850,"text":"Utrecht University and Deltares","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70240119,"text":"70240119 - 2021 - Factors influencing distributional shifts and abundance at the range core of a climate-sensitive mammal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-27T12:56:42.509076","indexId":"70240119","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-08T06:54:30","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing distributional shifts and abundance at the range core of a climate-sensitive mammal","docAbstract":"Species are frequently responding to contemporary climate change by shifting to higher elevations and poleward to track suitable climate space. However, depending on local conditions and species’ sensitivity, the nature of these shifts can be highly variable and difficult to predict. Here, we examine how the American pika (Ochotona princeps), a philopatric, montane lagomorph, responds to climatic gradients at three spatial scales. Using mixed-effects modeling in an information-theoretic approach, we evaluated a priori model suites regarding predictors of site occupancy, relative abundance, and elevational-range retraction across 760 talus patches, nested within 64 watersheds across the Northern Rocky Mountains of North America, during 2017–2020. The top environmental predictors differed across these response metrics. Warmer temperatures in summer and winter were associated with lower occupancy, lower relative abundances, and greater elevational retraction across watersheds. Occupancy was also strongly influenced by habitat patch size, but only when combined with climate metrics such as actual evapotranspiration. Using a second analytical approach, acute heat stress and summer precipitation best explained retraction residuals (i.e., the relative extent of retraction given the original elevational range of occupancy). Despite the study domain occurring near the species’ geographic-range center, where populations might have higher abundances and be at lower risk of climate-related stress, 33.9% of patches showed evidence of recent extirpations. Pika-extirpated sites averaged 1.44℃ warmer in summer than did occupied sites. Additionally, the minimum elevation of pika occupancy has retracted upslope in 69% of watersheds (mean: 281 m). Our results emphasize the nuance associated with evaluating species’ range dynamics in response to climate gradients, variability, and temperature exceedances, especially in regions where species occupy gradients of conditions that may constitute multiple range edges. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of evaluating diverse drivers across response metrics to improve the predictive accuracy of widely used, correlative models.
We show that a fixed smartphone network can provide robust Earthquake Early Warning for at least two orders of magnitude less cost than scientific-grade networks. Our software and cloud-based data architecture that we have constructed for the Alerta Sismica Temprana Utilizando Teléfonos Inteligentes (ASTUTI; Earthquake Early Warning Utilizing Smartphones) network in Costa Rica is easily scaled and exported. Implementation comprises provisioning and installing modern smartphones in judicious locations. Stand-up time for regionally operational networks can be on the order of days. We evaluated a non-parametric ground-motion detection and alerting strategy that would alert the entire Costa Rican population of any event with a ground motion detection threshold of 0.55–0.65 %g at four neighboring stations. During a 6-month evaluation period ASTUTI detected and alerted on five of 13 earthquakes with Mw 4.8–5.3 that caused felt Modified Mercalli Intensity shaking levels of 4.3–6. The system did not produce any false alerts and the undetected events did not produce wide-spread or significant felt shaking. System latencies were less than or similar to scientific-grade latencies. Alerts for all five detected events would have reached the capital city, San Jose, before strong S-wave shaking. This would have afforded time for Drop Cover Hold On actions by most residents. Two of the five alerts were triggered by P-waves suggesting that smartphone-based networks could approach the fastest theoretical EEW performance, especially with future expected improvements in smartphone sensors and processing algorithms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2021AV000407","usgsCitation":"Brooks, B.A., Protti, M., Ericksen, T., Bunn, J., Vega, F., Cochran, E.S., Duncan, C., Avery, J., Minson, S.E., Chaves, E.J., Baez, J., Foster, J.H., and Glennie, C.L., 2021, Robust earthquake early warning at a fraction of the cost: ASTUTI Costa Rica: AGU Advances, v. 2, no. 3, e2021AV000407, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000407.","productDescription":"e2021AV000407, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126171","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021av000407","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":482273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa 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Research efforts have focused on the effects of winter tick infestation on moose survival and reproduction, but stress and nutritional responses to ticks and other stressors remain understudied. We examined the influence of several environmental factors on moose calf stress hormone metabolite concentrations and nutritional restriction in Vermont, USA. We collected 407 fecal and 461 snow urine samples from 84 radio-collared moose calves in the winters of 2017–2019 (January–April) to measure fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) concentrations and urea nitrogen:creatinine (UN:C) ratios. We used generalized mixed-effects models to evaluate the influence of individual condition, winter ticks, habitat, climate and human development on stress and nutrition in calf moose. We then used these physiological data to build generalized linear models to predict calf winter survival. Calf fGCM concentrations increased with nutritional restriction and snow depth during adult winter tick engorgement. Calf UN:C ratios increased in calves with lighter weights and higher tick loads in early winter. Calf UN:C ratios also increased in individuals with home ranges composed of little deciduous forests during adult winter tick engorgement. Our predictive models estimated that winter survival was negatively related to UN:C ratios and positively related to fGCM concentrations, particularly in early winter. By late March, as winter ticks are having their greatest toll and endogenous resources become depleted, we estimated a curvilinear relationship between fGCM concentrations and survival. Our results provide novel evidence linking moose calf stress and nutrition, a problematic parasite and challenging environment and winter survival. Our findings provide a baseline to support the development of non-invasive physiological monitoring for assessing environmental impacts on moose populations.
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These filamentous algal blooms (FABs) are sometimes associated with nutrient pollution in groundwater, but complex changes in climate, nutrient transport, lake hydrodynamics, and food web structure may also facilitate this emerging threat to clear lakes. A coordinated effort among members of the public, managers, and scientists is needed to document the occurrence of FABs, to standardize methods for measuring their severity, to adapt existing data collection networks to include nearshore habitats, and to mitigate and reverse this profound structural change in lake ecosystems. Current models of lake eutrophication do not explain this littoral greening. However, a cohesive response to it is essential for protecting some of the world's most valued lakes and the flora, fauna, and ecosystem services they sustain.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","doi":"10.1093/biosci/biab049","usgsCitation":"Vadeboncoeur, Y., Moore, M.V., Stewart, S.D., Chandra, S., Atkins, K., Baron, J., Bouma-Gregson, K., Brothers, S., Francoeur, S., Genzoli, L., Higgins, S.N., Hilt, S., Katona, L., Kelly, D., Oleksy, I., Ozersky, T., Powel, M., Roberts, D., Timoshkin, O., Tromboni, F., Vander Zanden, M.J., Volkova, E., Waters, S., Wood, S.A., and Yamamuro, M., 2021, Blue waters, green bottoms: Benthic filamentous algal blooms are an emerging threat to clear lakes worldwide: BioScience, v. 71, no. 10, p. 1011-1027, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab049.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1011","endPage":"1027","ipdsId":"IP-125146","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab049","text":"Publisher 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The archaeological record includes physical features associated with human activity; these exist within ecological landscapes and provide a unique long-term perspective on human–environment interactions. The potential for fire-caused damage to archaeological materials is of major concern because these resources are irreplaceable and non-renewable, have social or religious significance for living peoples, and are protected by an extensive body of legislation. Although previous studies have modeled ecological burn severity as a function of environmental setting and climate, the fidelity of these variables as predictors of archaeological fire effects has not been evaluated. This study, focused on prehistoric archaeological sites in a fire-prone and archaeologically rich landscape in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, USA, identified the environmental and climate variables that best predict observed fire severity and fire effects to archaeological features and artifacts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/s42408-021-00103-6","usgsCitation":"Friggens, M., Loehman, R.A., Constan, C., and Kneifel, R., 2021, Predicting wildfire impacts on the prehistoric archaeological record of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA: Fire Ecology, v. 17, 18, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-021-00103-6.","productDescription":"18, 19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-122913","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-021-00103-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Jemez Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -105.1171875,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -105.1171875,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 35.24561909420681\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friggens, Megan","contributorId":219865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friggens","given":"Megan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loehman, Rachel A. 0000-0001-7680-1865 rloehman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-1865","contributorId":187605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loehman","given":"Rachel","email":"rloehman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":821685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Constan, Connie","contributorId":264574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Constan","given":"Connie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kneifel, Rebekah","contributorId":264576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kneifel","given":"Rebekah","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70221843,"text":"70221843 - 2021 - Twenty-first-century projections of shoreline change along inlet-interrupted coastlines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-12T11:57:03.394157","indexId":"70221843","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-07T06:55:17","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8955,"text":"Nature--Scientific Reports","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Twenty-first-century projections of shoreline change along inlet-interrupted coastlines","docAbstract":"Sandy coastlines adjacent to tidal inlets are highly dynamic and widespread landforms, where large changes are expected due to climatic and anthropogenic influences. To adequately assess these important changes, both oceanic (e.g., sea-level rise) and terrestrial (e.g., fluvial sediment supply) processes that govern the local sediment budget must be considered. Here, we present novel projections of shoreline change adjacent to 41 tidal inlets around the world, using a probabilistic, reduced complexity, system-based model that considers catchment-estuary-coastal systems in a holistic way. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, retreat dominates (90% of cases) over the twenty-first century, with projections exceeding 100 m of retreat in two-thirds of cases. However, the remaining systems are projected to accrete under the same scenario, reflecting fluvial influence. This diverse range of response compared to earlier methods implies that erosion hazards at inlet-interrupted coasts have been inadequately characterised to date. The methods used here need to be applied widely to support evidence-based coastal adaptation.
Environmental variation has important effects on host–pathogen interactions, affecting large-scale ecological processes such as the severity and frequency of epidemics. However, less is known about how the environment interacts with host immunity to modulate virus fitness within hosts. Here, we studied the interaction between host immune responses and water temperature on the long-term persistence of a model vertebrate virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We first used cell culture methods to factor out strong host immune responses, allowing us to test the effect of temperature on viral replication. We found that 15
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is a fungal pathogen that can cause the emerging infectious disease Bsal chytridiomycosis in some amphibians and is currently causing dramatic declines in European urodeles. To date, Bsal has not been detected in North America but has the potential to cause severe declines in naïve hosts if introduced. Therefore, it is critical that wildlife managers are prepared with effective management actions to combat the fungus. Research has been initiated to identify strategies; however, managers need guidance to prepare for an outbreak until results are available. We conducted a workshop at the Joint Meeting of The Wildlife Society and American Fisheries Society on 30 September 2019 with participants of a Bsal symposium. Our goals were to describe the expected effects of 11 management actions that could be implemented for Bsal in salamander communities in the northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern United States. Participants expected a variety of proposed management actions to decrease pathogen transmission and increase host survival, but also that the selection of a management action may depend on the specific membership of the amphibian community. Collectively, our assessment will help refine research and modeling priorities in an effort to mitigate the risk of Bsal to native U.S. amphibians.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1198","usgsCitation":"Bernard, R.F., and Campbell Grant, E.H., 2021, Rapid assessment indicates context-dependent mitigation for amphibian disease risk: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 45, no. 23-24, p. 290-299, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1198.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"299","ipdsId":"IP-118442","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1198","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"23-24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernard, Riley F 0000-0002-1321-3625","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1321-3625","contributorId":238925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernard","given":"Riley","email":"","middleInitial":"F","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell Grant, Evan H. 0000-0003-4401-6496 ehgrant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-6496","contributorId":150443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell Grant","given":"Evan","email":"ehgrant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221784,"text":"ofr20211053 - 2021 - Least Bell's Vireos and Southwestern Willow Flycatchers at the San Luis Rey flood risk management project area in San Diego County, California—Breeding activities and habitat use—2020 annual report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-03T12:41:56.22042","indexId":"ofr20211053","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-06T09:36:49","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1053","displayTitle":"Least Bell's Vireos and Southwestern Willow Flycatchers at the San Luis Rey Flood Risk Management Project Area in San Diego County, California: Breeding Activities and Habitat Use—2020 Annual Report","title":"Least Bell's Vireos and Southwestern Willow Flycatchers at the San Luis Rey flood risk management project area in San Diego County, California—Breeding activities and habitat use—2020 annual report","docAbstract":"To investigate whether the cumulative years of treatment had an impact on vireo reproductive effort, we looked at the effects of the Treatment Index on reproductive parameters. Results from generalized linear models indicated that treatment did not have an effect on vireo nesting effort or the number of vireo fledglings per pair produced in 2020.
Director,
Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819