As of January 1, 1977, nearly 35 trillion cubic feet of gas and about 2.7 billion barrels of oil* are estimated to be the remaining reserves in 294 fields in the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf off Texas and Louisiana. Twenty-seven additional fields, discovered since January 1, 1976, in these Federal waters are not yet sufficiently developed to permit a reasonably accurate estimate of measured reserves. Nearly 66 trillion cubic feet of gas and 6.9 billion barrels of oil are estimated to have been originally recoverable from 306 fields, 12 of which are not considered to have any remaining reserves.
Reserve estimates were made on a reservoir-by-reservoir basis for 146 fields and on a field-wide basis for the other 160 fields. The resulting estimates of original and remaining reserves are reported here in terms of geographic area within the Outer Continental Shelf and adjacent slope.
*The term \"oil\" as used in this report includes crude oil, condensate, and gas-plant liquids.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7887","usgsCitation":"Bryan, F.T., Knipmeyer, J.H., and Schluntz, E., 1978, Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf, January 1, 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-87, i, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7887.","productDescription":"i, 11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141252,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":412952,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.3828125,\n 25.997549919572112\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 25.997549919572112\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 30.789036751261136\n ],\n [\n -97.3828125,\n 30.789036751261136\n ],\n [\n -97.3828125,\n 25.997549919572112\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a155","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryan, Floyd T.","contributorId":106113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"Floyd","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knipmeyer, John H.","contributorId":59031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knipmeyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schluntz, E. Kenneth","contributorId":102882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schluntz","given":"E. Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":8128,"text":"ofr78369 - 1978 - Bottom currents and bottom sediment distribution in Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-22T10:58:47","indexId":"ofr78369","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-369","title":"Bottom currents and bottom sediment distribution in Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"Massachusetts Bay is a coastal Bay 100 km long and 40 km wide located in the western Gulf of Maine. The Bay is open only to the Gulf to the east; the opening is partially blocked by a shallow bank. The bottom sediment distribution in the bay is complex; fine grained material is found in the deep basin, sand and gravel on the shallow bank, and mixtures of sand, gravel and finer sediments nearshore. Richardson current meters were moored l m from the bottom over a one-year period at several locations in the Bay to define the bottom currents and to determine the frequency of bottom sediment movement due to currents. The measurements suggest that the bottom sediments can be expected to move occasionally in certain areas. The maximum bottom current speeds were determined principally by the strong tidal currents in the basin.
In winter, the near bottom currents were dominated by wind stress associated with storms. Bottom currents in the shallow areas were generally in the direction of the wind while currents in the deep portion of the basin were often opposite to the direction of the wind. Sea-surface setup in the direction of the wind was observed, as well as variations in sea level attributed to changes in the adjacent Gulf of Maine. Adjustment of the bottom current to windstress required approximately 12 hours.
Total concentrations of suspended particulate matter, in general, were found to be higher in the near-shore and near-bottom waters and lower in the offshore and near-surface waters. Near-bottom concentrations tended to increase as the grain size of the bottom sediments decreases. The greatest concentrations of suspended matter were observed in waters adjacent to Boston Harbor.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr78369","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Schlee, J.S., O’Hara, C.J., and Meade, R.H., 1978, Bottom currents and bottom sediment distribution in Massachusetts Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-369, v, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78369.","productDescription":"v, 78 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":355187,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0369/ofr1978369.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1978-369"}],"contact":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
A four month intensive study of the bacteriological quality of water in the Tulpehocken Creek basin indicates that (1) the streams locally contain high densities of bacteria indicative of fecal contamination, (2) nonpoint waste sources, particularly livestock, are the dominant influence in the excessive bacteriological-indicator counts observed, and (3) retention time of water in the proposed Blue Marsh Lake is believed sufficient to reduce bacteria densities to acceptable levels except following intense rainfall and runoff events during normally low flow periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7853","usgsCitation":"Barker, J.L., 1978, Bacteriological water quality of Tulpehocken Creek basin, Berks and Lebanon Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-53, iii, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7853.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0053/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri7853.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Berks County, Lebanon County","otherGeospatial":"Tulpehocken Creek","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.89,40.6761],[-75.8005,40.6182],[-75.7796,40.6052],[-75.7701,40.5992],[-75.7677,40.5974],[-75.7498,40.5862],[-75.7402,40.5802],[-75.7188,40.5654],[-75.6956,40.5505],[-75.6849,40.544],[-75.6206,40.5023],[-75.5582,40.4641],[-75.5278,40.4464],[-75.5416,40.4299],[-75.5466,40.4245],[-75.5516,40.4182],[-75.5604,40.4066],[-75.5647,40.4021],[-75.5666,40.4003],[-75.5685,40.3976],[-75.5884,40.3748],[-75.5971,40.364],[-75.6034,40.355],[-75.6046,40.3533],[-75.6084,40.3483],[-75.6164,40.3407],[-75.6233,40.3322],[-75.6258,40.3295],[-75.6389,40.313],[-75.6457,40.3044],[-75.6488,40.3008],[-75.6501,40.299],[-75.66,40.2874],[-75.6644,40.2811],[-75.6681,40.2775],[-75.6744,40.269],[-75.6899,40.2502],[-75.6949,40.2444],[-75.6961,40.2426],[-75.6968,40.2417],[-75.6986,40.2408],[-75.7322,40.2231],[-75.7602,40.2085],[-75.7724,40.2028],[-75.7773,40.1997],[-75.8494,40.154],[-75.8604,40.1464],[-75.8757,40.1371],[-75.9017,40.1546],[-75.9172,40.1644],[-75.9385,40.1782],[-75.97,40.1995],[-75.9997,40.2189],[-76.0092,40.2249],[-76.0175,40.2304],[-76.0454,40.2489],[-76.0562,40.2558],[-76.0675,40.2627],[-76.0782,40.2688],[-76.0841,40.2729],[-76.0889,40.2761],[-76.0919,40.278],[-76.1139,40.2918],[-76.1514,40.3158],[-76.3134,40.2567],[-76.3219,40.2545],[-76.3442,40.252],[-76.3587,40.2503],[-76.3798,40.2473],[-76.4251,40.2414],[-76.4372,40.2387],[-76.4971,40.2188],[-76.4995,40.2179],[-76.5092,40.2153],[-76.5286,40.2091],[-76.5485,40.2029],[-76.5703,40.1963],[-76.5796,40.2213],[-76.5848,40.2345],[-76.6024,40.2781],[-76.6099,40.2981],[-76.614,40.3081],[-76.6263,40.3381],[-76.6404,40.3727],[-76.648,40.3923],[-76.6574,40.4173],[-76.6691,40.4477],[-76.6796,40.4754],[-76.6346,40.5005],[-76.6097,40.5144],[-76.5707,40.535],[-76.5549,40.5435],[-76.5353,40.5552],[-76.5257,40.5487],[-76.4538,40.5042],[-76.4412,40.4973],[-76.4231,40.4967],[-76.3988,40.5028],[-76.34,40.5154],[-76.3176,40.5161],[-76.3091,40.5161],[-76.2915,40.5168],[-76.2601,40.5174],[-76.2395,40.5213],[-76.2316,40.5244],[-76.2163,40.5288],[-76.1902,40.5357],[-76.1817,40.5357],[-76.1739,40.5369],[-76.1678,40.5396],[-76.158,40.5454],[-76.1494,40.5503],[-76.1305,40.556],[-76.122,40.5586],[-76.1135,40.5617],[-76.1019,40.5643],[-76.0929,40.5646],[-76.0825,40.5677],[-76.0764,40.5704],[-76.0696,40.578],[-76.0647,40.5793],[-76.0623,40.5784],[-76.0599,40.5761],[-76.0575,40.5747],[-76.0527,40.5746],[-76.0496,40.5769],[-76.0478,40.5791],[-76.0435,40.5809],[-76.0417,40.5799],[-76.0393,40.5776],[-76.0357,40.5758],[-76.0279,40.5743],[-76.0188,40.5733],[-76.0054,40.609],[-75.9957,40.6375],[-75.9475,40.655],[-75.9395,40.6581],[-75.9078,40.6695],[-75.89,40.6761]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Berks\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ab16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, James L.","contributorId":53000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26112,"text":"wri77119 - 1978 - Analysis of waste-load assimilative capacity of the Yampa River, Steamboat Springs to Hayden, Routt County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri77119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-119","title":"Analysis of waste-load assimilative capacity of the Yampa River, Steamboat Springs to Hayden, Routt County, Colorado","docAbstract":"An analysis of the waste-load assimilative capacity of the Yampa River from Steamboat Springs to Hayden, Colo., a distance of 38 miles, was made during September 1975 to obtain information on the effects of projected waste loadings on this stream reach. Simulations of effects of waste loadings on streamflow quality were made using a steady-state water-quality model. The simulations were based on 7-day low-flow values with a 10-year recurrence interval and population projections for 2010. Model results for December and September streamflow conditions indicated that the recommended 1978 Colorado and 1976 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water-quality standard of 0.02 milligram per liter for nonionized ammonia concentration would be exceeded. Model simulations also included the effect of a flow augmentation of 20 cubic feet per second from a proposed upstream reservoir. The permissible ammonia loading in the study reach could be increased approximately 25 percent with this amount of flow augmentation. Simulations of concentrations of dissolved oxygen, fecal-coliform bacteria, and nitrate nitrogen indicated that the State 's water-quality goals proposed for 1978, 1983, or 1985 would not be exceeded. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri77119","usgsCitation":"Bauer, D.P., Steele, T.D., and Anderson, R.D., 1978, Analysis of waste-load assimilative capacity of the Yampa River, Steamboat Springs to Hayden, Routt County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-119, vi, 69 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77119.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, Daniel P.","contributorId":24337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steele, Timothy Doak","contributorId":88723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"Doak","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Richard D.","contributorId":72031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23134,"text":"ofr78753 - 1978 - Land use and land cover maps for Big Basin California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr78753","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-753","title":"Land use and land cover maps for Big Basin California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78753","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Land use and land cover maps for Big Basin California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-753, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78753.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae46e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23652,"text":"ofr78904 - 1978 - Water-quality investigation of the Yellville watershed, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr78904","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-904","title":"Water-quality investigation of the Yellville watershed, Arkansas","docAbstract":"The results of a 1-year study of surface-water quality in the Yellville watershed are presented to document conditions before implementation of Soil Conservation Service programs. Analyses of samples collected at three sites showed that water in Town Branch and East Prong Branch was of good quality except for bacteria, total residue, and sulfate concentrations, which at times exceeded criteria established by the Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78904","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lamb, T., and Williams, C.S., 1978, Water-quality investigation of the Yellville watershed, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-904, iii, 17 p. :1 map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78904.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p. :1 map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697287","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, T.E.","contributorId":58272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, C. Sue","contributorId":12518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sue","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23651,"text":"ofr78903 - 1978 - Water-quality investigation of the Vache Grasse Creek watershed, Sebastian County, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr78903","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-903","title":"Water-quality investigation of the Vache Grasse Creek watershed, Sebastian County, Arkansas","docAbstract":"The results of a 1-year study in the upper Vache Grasse Creek watershed, Sebastian County, AR., are presented to document surface-water quality conditions before implementation of Soil Conservation Service programs. Analysis of samples collected at four sites showed that during periods of warm weather several of the parameters sampled produced unusually high or low values that indicated possible water-quality problems. Low dissolved-oxygen concentration, high nitrogen and organic carbon concentrations, and high coliform bacteria counts were at sampling sites upstream from the Greenwood water-supply lake. Sampling in and downstream from the lake indicated that the quality of the water passing through the lake was improved significantly. However, sampling in the lake indicated that there is a large layer of water with low oxygen concentration and a buildup of phosphorus, iron, manganese, and some other metals in the bottom ooze. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78903","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lamb, T., 1978, Water-quality investigation of the Vache Grasse Creek watershed, Sebastian County, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-903, iii, 25 p. :ill., 1 map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78903.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p. :ill., 1 map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69728d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, T.E.","contributorId":58272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25937,"text":"wri78105 - 1978 - Present and potential sediment yields in the Yampa River Basin, Colorado and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:21","indexId":"wri78105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-105","title":"Present and potential sediment yields in the Yampa River Basin, Colorado and Wyoming","docAbstract":"Average annual suspended- and total-sediment loads in streamflow were determined by the flow-duration sediment-transport-curve method at 18 sites in the Yampa River basin, Colorado and Wyoming. These computations indicate that about 2.0 million tons of sediment are carried by the Yampa River at Deerlodge Park during an average year. Significant areal differences in the sediment yield from various parts of the basin also were determined. The lower Little Snake River subbasin contributes about 60 percent of the total basin sediment yield, although it represents less than 35 percent of the area and supplies less than 3 percent of the streamflow. In contrast, the upland (eastern) one-third of the basin contributes only about 14 percent of the sediment yield but 76 percent of the streamflow. Projected economic development of the basin, especially surface mining of coal, will impact the physical environment. Depending upon the amount and location of land disturbed, an estimated 10 ,000 to 30,000 tons per year of additional sediment will be contributed to the main-stem Yampa River. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri78105","usgsCitation":"Andrews, E.D., 1978, Present and potential sediment yields in the Yampa River Basin, Colorado and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-105, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri78105.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54692,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, Edmund D. eandrews@usgs.gov","contributorId":3828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Edmund","email":"eandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24071,"text":"ofr78684 - 1978 - Hydrologic environment of the Silurian salt deposits in parts of Michigan, Ohio, and New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T10:05:18","indexId":"ofr78684","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-684","title":"Hydrologic environment of the Silurian salt deposits in parts of Michigan, Ohio, and New York","docAbstract":"The aggregate thickness of evaporites (salt, gypsum, and anhydrite) in the Silurian Salina sequence in Michigan exceeds 1200 feet in areas near the periphery of the Michigan basin, where the salt beds are less than 3000 feet below land surface. In northeast Ohio the aggregate thickness of salt beds is as much as 200 feet in places, and in western New York it is more than 500 feet, where th beds are less than 3000 feet deep.
The salt-bearing rocks dip regionally on the order of 50 feet per mile; those in Michigan dip toward the center of the Michigan basin, and those in Ohio and New York, in the Appalachian basin, dip generally southward. The rocks in both basins thicken downdip. Minor folds and faults occur in the salt-bearing rocks in all three states. Some of this defrmation has been attenuated or absorbed bo the salt beds.
Occuring near the middle of thick sedimentary sequences, the salt beds are bounded aboe and below by beds containing water having dissolved-solids concentrations several times that seawter. The brines occur commonly in discrete zones of high permeability at specific places in the stratigraphic sequence.
In northeast Ohio two prominent brine zones are recognized by the driller, the Devonian Oriskany Sandstone, or 'first water' zone, above the Salina Formation, and the Newburg or 'second water' zone below the Salina. In each aquifer there is a vertical component of hydraulic head, but little brine probably moves through the salt beds because their permeability is extremely low. Also, ther is little evidence of dissolution of the salt in areas distant from the outcrop, suggesting that if brine does move through the salt, movement is at a slow enough rate so that, in combination with the saturated or near-saturated condition of the water, it precludes significant dissolution. Principal brine movement is probably in the permeable zones in the direction of the hydraulic gradient.
Two areas in Michigan and one area each in Ohio and New York appear suitable for additional investigation of salt beds for purposes radioactive waste disposal. One of the Michigan areas is in the northern part of the southern peninsula, in Presque Isle and Alpena Counties; the other is in the southern part of the southern peninsula, in Oakland, Macomb, and St. Clair Counties (fig. 3). In northeast Ohio the area that appears to be suitable for investigation includes most of the eastern half of Lake County and extends eastward into Ashtabula County and southward into Geauga County. In western New York conditions may warrant additional investigation in Schuyler, Tompkins, and western Cortland Counties.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78684","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Norris, S., 1978, Hydrologic environment of the Silurian salt deposits in parts of Michigan, Ohio, and New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-684, iii, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78684.","productDescription":"iii, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157248,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330791,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0684/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606df8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, Stanley E.","contributorId":63844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"Stanley E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23554,"text":"ofr78356 - 1978 - Linear ground-water flow, flood-wave response program for programmable calculators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr78356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-356","title":"Linear ground-water flow, flood-wave response program for programmable calculators","docAbstract":"Two programs are documented which solve a discretized analytical equation derived to determine head changes at a point in a one-dimensional ground-water flow system. The programs, written for programmable calculators, are in widely divergent but commonly encountered languages and serve to illustrate the adaptability of the linear model to use in situations where access to true computers is not possible or economical. The analytical method assumes a semi-infinite aquifer which is uniform in thickness and hydrologic characteristics, bounded on one side by an impermeable barrier and on the other parallel side by a fully penetrating stream in complete hydraulic connection with the aquifer. Ground-water heads may be calculated for points along a line which is perpendicular to the impermeable barrie and the fully penetrating stream. Head changes at the observation point are dependent on (1) the distance between that point and the impermeable barrier, (2) the distance between the line of stress (the stream) and the impermeable barrier, (3) aquifer diffusivity, (4) time, and (5) head changes along the line of stress. The primary application of the programs is to determine aquifer diffusivity by the flood-wave response technique. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78356","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., 1978, Linear ground-water flow, flood-wave response program for programmable calculators: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-356, iv, 69 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78356.","productDescription":"iv, 69 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":113011,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0356/report.pdf","size":"1974","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0356/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, John Michael","contributorId":99171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23133,"text":"ofr78748 - 1978 - Land use and land cover maps for Ano Nuevo, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr78748","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-748","title":"Land use and land cover maps for Ano Nuevo, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78748","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Land use and land cover maps for Ano Nuevo, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-748, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78748.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae495","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26270,"text":"wri7864 - 1978 - Preferred and observed conditions for sockeye salmon in Ozette Lake and its tributaries, Clallam County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-06T12:30:32","indexId":"wri7864","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-64","title":"Preferred and observed conditions for sockeye salmon in Ozette Lake and its tributaries, Clallam County, Washington","docAbstract":"Ozette River and Ozette Lake and its tributaries in Washington have many of the water-quality and stream-hydraulic characteristics that are generally supportive of good sockeye salmon production. Ozette Lake is a large, deep lake and a natural rearing area and for young sockeye. In the summer of 1976 water temperatures preferred for the growth of young sockeye (45-68 degrees Fahrenheit) occurred between about 200 feet of depth and the water surface, or generally in the zone of steep temperature gradient. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in excess of 8.0 milligrams per liter at all depths throughout the year provided an adequate supply of oxygen for sockeye production. In comparison with eight other sockeye-producing lakes in Washington and Alaska, the concentrations of zooplankton in Ozette Lake appear adequate to support the rearing of sockeye salmon. In Big River and Umbrella Creek, tributaries to Ozette Lake, the streambed areas with gravels suitable for spawning were calculated to be about 39,000 and 31 ,000 square yards, respectively. If those areas were completely utilized they would accommodate about 13,000 and 10,000 spawning sockeye females, respectively. (Woodard-USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7864","usgsCitation":"Bortleson, G.C., and Dion, N.P., 1978, Preferred and observed conditions for sockeye salmon in Ozette Lake and its tributaries, Clallam County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-64, viii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7864.","productDescription":"viii, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368977,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0064/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Clallam 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Gilbert C.","contributorId":57472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bortleson","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26271,"text":"wri7794 - 1978 - Preliminary water-quality characterization of lakes in Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-15T12:01:19","indexId":"wri7794","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-94","title":"Preliminary water-quality characterization of lakes in Washington","docAbstract":"This report describes a method for comparing and characterizing lakes in Washington on the basis of water quality. The method can aid in selecting lakes for lake-restoration efforts. To simplify comparisons, a characteristic value (CV) was developed for each of 617 lakes in Washington using principal-component analysis. Three of 14 water-quality properties measured were used in this analysis because the principal component of the three properties accounted for 63 percent of the variance in the correlation matrix. The three properties were Secchi-disc visibility and concentrations of phosphorus and organic nitrogen. The significance of the derived CV's was evaluated by regression of chlorophyll a concentration against CV. The resulting standard error of estimate of +1.8 micrograms per liter of chlorophyll a indicated that the CV can be a useful index in assessing relative water-quality and trophic conditions among lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7794","usgsCitation":"Bortleson, G.C., 1978, Preliminary water-quality characterization of lakes in Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-94, iii, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7794.","productDescription":"iii, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359457,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0094/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b16ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bortleson, Gilbert Carl","contributorId":7253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bortleson","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"Carl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26280,"text":"wri7898 - 1978 - The Tuscaloosa Aquifer system in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-23T15:28:47","indexId":"wri7898","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-98","title":"The Tuscaloosa Aquifer system in Mississippi","docAbstract":"A three-sheet map report describes the Tuscaloosa aquifer system in Mississippi. The Tuscaloosa aquifer system, of Cretaceous age , is in the interconnected irregular sand and gravel beds in the Coker and Gordo Formations. The aquifer contains freshwater in an area of about 9,000 sq mi in northeastern Mississippi. Water produced from the aquifer by about 90 water systems and numerous industries in 1975 averaged about 47 Mgal/d. Regional water level declines have averaged less than two feet per year and the aquifer has a large potential for future development. The aquifer is used in some areas where the dissolved-solids concentration is more than 500 mg/L and where wells exceed 2,000 ft in depth. The most common problems in water supplies are excessive chloride and iron. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7898","usgsCitation":"Boswell, E.H., 1978, The Tuscaloosa Aquifer system in Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-98, 3 Plates: 41.89 x 32.41 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7898.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 41.89 x 32.41 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0098/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":365891,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0098/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365892,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0098/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365893,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0098/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":" "}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db6735df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boswell, E. H.","contributorId":38954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26284,"text":"wri7799 - 1978 - Water-quality investigation, Upper Santa Clara River Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-23T11:54:07","indexId":"wri7799","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-99","title":"Water-quality investigation, Upper Santa Clara River Basin, California","docAbstract":"Water-quality data are summarized for the upper Santa Clara River basin, California from studies beginning August 1974 through June 1976 and during past monitoring programs. Data were collected for nitrogen, phosphorus, total organic carbon, trace elements, detergents, and pesticide compounds. Because of the limited number of samples, the data are only an estimate of conditions that existed in the basin. Sampling was designed so that samples from each site would represent seasonal variations in discharge. Most constituents were fairly low in concentration near the headwaters at Ravenna and higher below the urban and agricultural area near Saugus. Mean specific conductance in the river ranged from 745 micromhos per centimeter at 25 deg C below the headwaters near Lang to 2,640 micromhos at the Los Angeles-Ventura County line. Results also indicate that discharge was not the single factor controlling the concentration variance for most constituents. Regression analyses indicated a high correlation between specific conductance and most major inorganic chemical constituents, and between specific conductance and discharge. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7799","usgsCitation":"Bowers, J.C., and Irwin, G.A., 1978, Water-quality investigation, Upper Santa Clara River Basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-99, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7799.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365862,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0099/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0099/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Upper Santa Clara River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e549d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowers, James C. jcbowers@usgs.gov","contributorId":4185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"James","email":"jcbowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, G. A.","contributorId":35733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26304,"text":"wri78115 - 1978 - Water chemistry of the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek basins, Redwood National Park, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T20:55:02.181341","indexId":"wri78115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-115","title":"Water chemistry of the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek basins, Redwood National Park, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California","docAbstract":"A 2-year study was made in the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek drainage basins of Redwood National Park to determine existing chemical water-quality conditions and to identify the effects of logging on water quality in the main stems and tributaries of the two basins.
Overall, the chemical water quality of the main stems and the tributaries is excellent, suitable for most beneficial uses. Dissolved-solids concentrations range from 25 milligrams per liter in the Redwood Creek basin and 21 milligrams per liter in the Mill Creek basin during the rainy season to 139 and 49 during the dry season. Water shifts from a mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate-chloride type toward a calcium bicarbonate type from the end of the wet season to the end of the dry season. It shifts back toward a mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate-chloride type from the end of the dry season to the end of the wet season. The pH shifts with the water type from a median value of 6.80 in the rainy season to 7.37 in the dry season. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are generally too low to support nuisance algae but are high enough, in some streams, to support modest populations, particularly in the main stem where light levels are high. Trace-metal concentrations are low, typical of clean streams.
Evidence suggests that dissolved calcium and bicarbonate in stream water is produced by weathering of the Franciscan assemblage underlying the basins but that chlorides are transported inland from the ocean as dry fallout and spray and in rain. Exposure of the surface soils to the elements, either by logging or by natural causes such as sparse vegetation, seems to accelerate weathering, which leads to a calcium bicarbonate water type. Logging accelerates weathering most in the tributary watersheds with regoliths derived from sandstone and least in those with regoliths derived from schist; however, the data suggest that the rate of weathering in a schistose watershed can increase dramatically if soil disruption is extensive.
Studies during storms indicated that specific conductance and alkalinity were two to three times as likely to decrease at the discharge peak in logged watersheds as in forested ones. This suggests that overland flow containing lower concentrations of soil-derived dissolved solids than flow from other sources is a larger component of peak flow in logged watersheds than in forested watersheds.
Comparing a storm in November 1974 to one in February 1975, nitrate concentration increased significantly from November to February in a stream draining a logged watershed and decreased significantly in a stream draining a forested watershed. Then from the rainy season to the dry season, nitrate decreased in both logged and forested watersheds. This pattern suggests that soil nitrate produced by fixation and organic decomposition early in the rainy season tends to wash out of logged watersheds but be taken up in tree growth in forested watersheds. As the dry season progresses, base flow containing little nitrate enters the streams, causing a decrease in nitrate concentration. By contrast, the other plant nutrients--phosphorus, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium, and dissolved organic carbon--all decreased in streams from the November 1974 storm to the February 1975 storm and changed little from the rainy season through the dry season. This pattern suggests that these materials tend to accumulate in the soil during the dry season and be washed out and diluted as the rainy season progresses. Very little reaches the water table due to soil absorption so that little appears in the base flow during the dry season.
Municipal wells close to the Atlantic Coast cannot be expected to supply the steadily increasing population of Volusia County, Florida, indefinitely without causing saltwater intrusion problems. Therefore, new wells will be drilled away from the coast. The source of water for the planned artesian aquifer well field will be leakage from the water-table aquifer above. A digital model of the leaky aquifer system indicates that long-term yield of about 20 million gallons per day can be expected without the cone of depression dropping low enough to cause saltwater intrusion. Some types of land development could remove potential recharge from the area. Model tests with decreased leakage indicate that a large amount of potential recharge water would have to be removed from the system to effect an appreciable lowering of the cone of depression. Lowering the recharge potential by 20 percent apparently would have little effect on the cone. Lowering the recharge potential by 60 percent would, according to the model, increase the maximum depth of the cone by 27 percent. Land development that would redistribute potential recharge, rather than drain it away from the system, would have little effect on the aquifer beneath the well field.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7889","usgsCitation":"Bush, P.W., 1978, Hydrologic evaluation of part of central Volusia County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-89, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7889.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411746,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35276.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158124,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0089/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95601,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Volusia County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.192,\n 29.2\n ],\n [\n -81.192,\n 29.067\n ],\n [\n -81.133,\n 29.067\n ],\n [\n -81.133,\n 29.2\n ],\n [\n -81.192,\n 29.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605642","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bush, P. W.","contributorId":14826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26509,"text":"wri7887 - 1978 - Hydrologic data for Soldier Creek Basin, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-06T13:06:49","indexId":"wri7887","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-87","title":"Hydrologic data for Soldier Creek Basin, Kansas","docAbstract":"Selected hydrologic data collected in the Soldier Creek basin in Kansas are available on magnetic tape in card-image format. Data on the tape include water discharge in fifteen-minute and daily time intervals; rainfall in fifteen-minute and daily time intervals; concentrations and particle sizes of suspended sediment; particle sizes of bed material; ground-water levels; and chemical quality of water in concentrations of selected constituents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7887","usgsCitation":"Carswell, W., 1978, Hydrologic data for Soldier Creek Basin, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-87, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7887.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":349789,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Soldier Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96,\n 39.07144530820888\n ],\n [\n -95.5426025390625,\n 39.07144530820888\n ],\n [\n -95.5426025390625,\n 39.6667\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 39.6667\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 39.07144530820888\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, William J. Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25121,"text":"cir776A - 1978 - Climate variation and its effects on our land and water : Part A, Earth science in climate research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T18:10:03","indexId":"cir776A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"776","chapter":"A","title":"Climate variation and its effects on our land and water : Part A, Earth science in climate research","docAbstract":"To better coordinate information being generated by the U.S. Geological Survey, a workshop was convened near Denver, Colo., on December 7-9, 1976, to exchange ideas about research that is oriented toward climate, climate variation, and the effects of climate on the Nation 's land and water resources. This is the first circular of a three-part report resulting from that workshop. Hydrologic records provide information to the earth scientist about the responses of ground water, surface water, and glaciers to climatic change; geologic sequences provide evidence of earth-surface water, and glaciers to climatic change; geologic sequences provide evidence of earth-surface responses to climatic change; biological records yield information about the effects of climatic change on the Earth 's biota; archeological records tell us where and how man was able to live under changing climatic conditions; and historical records allow the specific effects of short-term changes in climate to be accurately documented. The interrelation between present and past geologic environments, various methods of study , and the span of time over which the results can be applied are shown in a table. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey ;distributed by Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir776A","usgsCitation":"1978, Climate variation and its effects on our land and water : Part A, Earth science in climate research: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 776, 3 v. :ill., maps ;26 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir776A.","productDescription":"3 v. :ill., maps ;26 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54101,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1978/0776a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1978/0776a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de1f9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":57096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749540,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}