{"pageNumber":"2273","pageRowStart":"56800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68869,"records":[{"id":2575,"text":"wsp2054 - 1978 - Effectiveness of sediment-control techniques used during highway construction in central Pennsylvania","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10809,"text":"ofr77498 - 1977 - Effectiveness of sediment-control techniques used during highway construction in central Pennsylvania","indexId":"ofr77498","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Effectiveness of sediment-control techniques used during highway construction in central Pennsylvania"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2575,"text":"wsp2054 - 1978 - Effectiveness of sediment-control techniques used during highway construction in central Pennsylvania","indexId":"wsp2054","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Effectiveness of sediment-control techniques used during highway construction in central Pennsylvania"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-19T14:05:19","indexId":"wsp2054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2054","title":"Effectiveness of sediment-control techniques used during highway construction in central Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"A different method for controlling erosion and sediment transport during highway construction was used in each of four adjacent drainage basins in central Pennsylvania. The basins ranged in size from 240 to 490 acres (97 to 198 hectares), and the area disturbed by highway construction in each basin ranged from 20 to 48 acres (8 to 19 hectares). Sediment discharge was measured from each basin for 3 years before construction began and for 2 years during construction. In one of the basins affected by the construction, three offstream ponds were constructed to intercept runoff from the construction area before it reached the stream. In another basin, a large onstream pond was constructed to trap runoff from the construction area after it reached the stream. In a third area, seeding, mulching, and rock dams were used to limit erosion. In the fourth area, no sediment controls were used. \r\n\r\nThe effectiveness of the various sediment-control measures were determined by comparing the sediment loads transported from the basins with sediment controls to those without controls. For most storms the offstream ponds trapped about 60 percent of the sediment that reached them. The large onstream pond had a trap efficiency of about 80 percent, however, it remained turbid and kept the stream flow turbid for long periods following storm periods. Samples of runoff water from the construction area were collected above and below rock dams to determine the reduction in sediment as the flow passed through the device. Rock dams in streams had a trap efficiency of about 5 percent. Seeding and mulching may reduce sediment discharge by 20 percent during construction, and straw bales placed to trap runoff water may reduce sediment loads downstream by 5 percent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2054","usgsCitation":"Reed, L.A., 1978, Effectiveness of sediment-control techniques used during highway construction in central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2054, vi, 57 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2054.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28851,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2054/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2f28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Lloyd A.","contributorId":79861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1133,"text":"wsp2055 - 1978 - Stress and recovery of aquatic organisms as related to highway construction along Turtle Creek, Boone County, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp2055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2055","title":"Stress and recovery of aquatic organisms as related to highway construction along Turtle Creek, Boone County, West Virginia","docAbstract":"During and after construction of Appalachian Corridor G, a divided, four-lane highway, five benthic invertebrate samples were collected at each of four sites on Turtle Creek, and, for comparative purposes, three samples were collected at each of two sites on Lick Creek, an adjacent undisturbed stream. Diversity index, generic count, and total count initially indicated severe depletion or destruction of the benthos of Turtle Creek, but, within 1 year after highway construction was completed, the benthic community of Turtle Creek was similar to that of Lick Creek. The greatest degradation occurred near the headwaters of Turtle Creek because of erratic movement of sediment resulting from high streamflow velocity. Diversity indices ranged from 0 to 3.41 near the headwaters in the original channel, but only from 0.94 to 2.42 farther downstream in a freshly cut channel. The final samples from Turtle Creek, which were similar to those taken from Lick Creek at the same time, had generic counts of 10 at the most upstream site and 16 near the mouth. A total of 147 organisms was found near the headwaters, whereas a total of 668 was found near the mouth of the stream. The total number of organisms collected at each site was proportional to the drainage area upstream from the site. As a result of tributary inflow from unaltered drainage areas and organism drift, rapid repopulation and stabilization of the benthic community occurred. Channel relocation, bank recontouring, and reseeding also accelerated the recovery of the benthic community.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2055","usgsCitation":"Chisholm, J.L., and Downs, S.C., 1978, Stress and recovery of aquatic organisms as related to highway construction along Turtle Creek, Boone County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2055, iv, 40 p. :ill. (some col.), map ;23 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2055.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p. :ill. (some col.), map ;23 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2055/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chisholm, James L.","contributorId":77911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chisholm","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Sanford C.","contributorId":66233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Sanford","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2770,"text":"wsp2053 - 1978 - Evaporation and radiation measurements at Salton Sea, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11363,"text":"ofr7774 - 1977 - Evaporation and radiation measurements at Salton Sea, California","indexId":"ofr7774","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Evaporation and radiation measurements at Salton Sea, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2770,"text":"wsp2053 - 1978 - Evaporation and radiation measurements at Salton Sea, California","indexId":"wsp2053","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Evaporation and radiation measurements at Salton Sea, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp2053","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2053","title":"Evaporation and radiation measurements at Salton Sea, California","docAbstract":"Evaporation from Salton Sea, Calif. was computed for a 539-day period between duly 14, 1967, and January 2, 1969, by use of energy-budget, mass-transfer, and water-budget methods. The total evaporation computed by the three methods agreed within 5 percent. For computing evaporation by the mass-transfer method, vapor pressure measured at raft stations on the sea was considered to be more representative of the conditions over the sea than vapor pressure measured at land stations. The values of heat transfer to and from the bed were used in energy-budget computations. The inclusion of these heat transfer values improved the correlation of evaporation computed by the energy-budget and water-budget methods. \r\n\r\nMonthly evaporation computed by the energy budget method for 1968 showed that the Salton Sea exhibited a double-wave evaporation similar to that of oceans in the same latitude. \r\n\r\nWeekly and monthly comparisons were made to determine if radiation measured by the flat-plate radiometer is seasonally biased. Weekly totals of radiation from three flat-plate radiometers were compared to values of a Cummings Radiation Integrator. Monthly totals of radiation for each of the two types of instruments were compared to an empirical method for determining radiation. These comparisons indicate that the measurements of radiation by the flat-plate radiometer are not seasonally biased, and that the Cummings Radiation Integrator gives reliable measurements of radiation for periods as short as 1 week. \r\n\r\nThe net incoming radiation was measured at three stations around the Salton Sea. The areal variation was less than 1 percent on an annual basis and the largest weekly variation was less than 6 percent. \r\n\r\nAn empirical mass-transfer coefficient, N, was determined from energy-budget measurements. The value of this coefficient to give evaporation in inches per day is 0.00245 when the windspeed is expressed in miles per hour and vapor pressure is expressed in millibars. The coefficient is valid only when data are obtained at the raft stations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Gov't Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2053","usgsCitation":"Sturrock, A.M., 1978, Evaporation and radiation measurements at Salton Sea, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2053, iv, 26 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2053.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29215,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sturrock, Alex M.","contributorId":48948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturrock","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1292,"text":"wsp2046 - 1978 - Calibration of a mathematical model of the Antelope Valley ground-water basin, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8653,"text":"ofr76833 - 1976 - Calibration of a mathematical model of the Antelope Valley ground-water basin, California","indexId":"ofr76833","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Calibration of a mathematical model of the Antelope Valley ground-water basin, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1292,"text":"wsp2046 - 1978 - Calibration of a mathematical model of the Antelope Valley ground-water basin, California","indexId":"wsp2046","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Calibration of a mathematical model of the Antelope Valley ground-water basin, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp2046","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2046","title":"Calibration of a mathematical model of the Antelope Valley ground-water basin, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2046","usgsCitation":"Durbin, T.J., 1978, Calibration of a mathematical model of the Antelope Valley ground-water basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2046, v, 51 p. :ill., maps (13 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2046.","productDescription":"v, 51 p. :ill., maps (13 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26273,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26274,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26275,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26276,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26277,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26278,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26279,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26280,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26281,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26282,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26283,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26284,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26285,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26286,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9534","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durbin, Timothy J.","contributorId":63373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durbin","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2536,"text":"wsp2049 - 1978 - Ponding-test procedure for assessing the infiltration capacity of storm-water basins, Nassau County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp2049","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2049","title":"Ponding-test procedure for assessing the infiltration capacity of storm-water basins, Nassau County, New York","docAbstract":"A procedure to obtain field data for assessing performance of storm-water basins having high infiltration rates is described. The basin selected is divided into test plots, and treated municipal water from a fire hydrant is ponded to the desired depth so that infiltration rates and flow patterns in the unsaturated zone can be determined by standard methods. The study was made at a storm-water basin excavated in glacial outwash deposits in Nassau County, Long Island, N.Y. in 1971-72. The types of interpretations and evaluations that can be made from test data are described, and applications of the procedure as well as guidelines for developing a similar testing program are given. Observations of special significance were: (1) Infiltration rate of the basin at low water stage is about 1.5 feet per hour but increases with increased water level; (2) flow through the unsaturated zone is essentially vertical; (3) infiltration rate is controlled by a surface stratum --in this case a gravelly, sandy loam; and (4) the position of the water table has little effect on infiltration rate provided it is below the lower boundary of the controlling zone. These observations can be used in evaluating a storm-water basin's suitability for supplemental recharge with treated wastewater, in comparing procedures for increasing a basin's infiltration capacity, or in the design of new storm-water basin systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2049","usgsCitation":"Prill, R.C., and Aronson, D.A., 1978, Ponding-test procedure for assessing the infiltration capacity of storm-water basins, Nassau County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2049, v, 29 p. :ill., map ;23 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2049.","productDescription":"v, 29 p. :ill., map ;23 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28777,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68468d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prill, Robert C.","contributorId":86317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prill","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aronson, David A.","contributorId":89112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aronson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2612,"text":"wsp2050 - 1978 - Application of digital profile modeling techniques to ground-water solute transport at Barstow, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10891,"text":"ofr77276 - 1977 - Application of digital profile modeling techniques to ground-water solute transport at Barstow, California","indexId":"ofr77276","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of digital profile modeling techniques to ground-water solute transport at Barstow, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2612,"text":"wsp2050 - 1978 - Application of digital profile modeling techniques to ground-water solute transport at Barstow, California","indexId":"wsp2050","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Application of digital profile modeling techniques to ground-water solute transport at Barstow, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp2050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2050","title":"Application of digital profile modeling techniques to ground-water solute transport at Barstow, California","docAbstract":"This study investigated the use of a two-dimensional profile-oriented water-quality model for the simulation of head and water-quality changes through the saturated thickness of an aquifer. The profile model is able to simulate confined or unconfined aquifers with nonhomogeneous anisotropic hydraulic conductivity, nonhomogeneous specific storage and porosity, and nonuniform saturated thickness. An aquifer may be simulated under either steady or nonsteady flow conditions provided that the ground-water flow path along which the longitudinal axis of the model is oriented does not move in the aquifer during the simulation time period. The profile model parameters are more difficult to quantify than are the corresponding parameters for an areal-oriented water-fluality model. However, the sensitivity of the profile model to the parameters may be such that the normal error of parameter estimation will not preclude obtaining acceptable model results. Although the profile model has the advantage of being able to simulate vertical flow and water-quality changes in a single- or multiple-aquifer system, the types of problems to which it can be applied is limited by the requirements that (1) the ground-water flow path remain oriented along the longitudinal axis of the model and (2) any subsequent hydrologic factors to be evaluated using the model must be located along the land-surface trace of the model. Simulation of hypothetical ground-water management practices indicates that the profile model is applicable to problem-oriented studies and can provide quantitative results applicable to a variety of management practices. In particular, simulations of the movement and dissolved-solids concentration of a zone of degraded ground-water quality near Barstow, Calif., indicate that halting subsurface disposal of treated sewage effluent in conjunction with pumping a line of fully penetrating wells would be an effective means of controlling the movement of degraded ground water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2050","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., 1978, Application of digital profile modeling techniques to ground-water solute transport at Barstow, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2050, iv, 28 p. :ill., maps (1 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2050.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill., maps (1 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28899,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2050/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28900,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aa40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, Stanley G.","contributorId":73187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":983,"text":"wsp2048 - 1978 - Water quality in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T11:02:56","indexId":"wsp2048","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2048","title":"Water quality in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>The Current River and its principal tributary, Jacks Fork, are the Ozark National Scenic Riverway's primary natural features. About 60 percent of the baseflow in the two streams is derived from the seven largest springs in the basin. The springs are supplied by diffuse contributions from the regional aquifer system and discrete inflows from sinkholes and losing streams, some of which are outside the Current River basin. Because the streams and springs are the primary attractions to the park, preservation of the physical, chemical, and biological quality and aesthetic appeal of the waters is important. From April 1973 to May 1975, water samples were collected from 19 wells, 7 large springs, 14 sites on the Current River, 7 sites on the Jacks Fork, and 5 tributaries to the Current River and Jacks Fork. Calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate composed more than 90 percent of the total ionic composition of dissolved material in springs and streams and more than 95 percent in ground water, reflecting the dolomitic composition of the rocks. Dissolved-solids concentrations averaged 276 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in ground water and less than 200 mg/L in springs and streams. Total nitrate concentrations as N averaged 0.22 mg/L in ground water, 0.42 mg/L in springs, and less than 0.65 mg/L in streams. Minor element concentrations were generally low, but on one occasion anomalously high concentrations of total barium, lead, silver, and zinc were found in Blue Spring and the four stream-index stations. The only pesticides detected were 0.03 ?g/L (micrograms per liter) of 2,4-D, and 0.03 ?g/L of 2,4,5-T, and these were in the Current River below Montauk State Park during storm runoff. The streams were relatively free of sediment, except during periods of storm runoff. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus densities as high as 2,000 and 2,100 col/100 ml (colonies per 100 milliliters), respectively, were measured in the Jacks Fork downstream from horseback riding activities. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus densities of about 4,000 and 22,000 co11100 ml, respectively, were measured in the Current River during storm runoff. Otherwise, bacteria densities averaged less than 100 col/100 ml for fecal coliforms and 200 col/100 ml for fecal streptococci and appear to be relatively unaffected by swimming, camping, canoeing, and other recreational activities in and along streams. The aquatic biota in the Current River and Jacks Fork indicate that the streams generally are unaffected by pollution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2048","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Barks, J.H., 1978, Water quality in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2048, vii, 57 p. :ill., maps (4 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2048.","productDescription":"vii, 57 p. :ill., maps (4 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm. --","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":110056,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25492.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25492"},{"id":25555,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2048/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Carter, Dent, Shannon, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.3785400390625,\n              36.500805317604794\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.3785400390625,\n              37.322120359451766\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.7745361328125,\n              37.322120359451766\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.7745361328125,\n              36.500805317604794\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.3785400390625,\n              36.500805317604794\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545d79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barks, James H.","contributorId":73569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barks","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2617,"text":"wsp2052 - 1978 - Floods of September 1970 in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-03T10:26:26","indexId":"wsp2052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2052","title":"Floods of September 1970 in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>During September 5-7, 1970, unusually large floods occurred in the mountains of central Arizona and in the Four Corners area of Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. Flooding also occurred in southern and northeastern Arizona. The record-high rainfall of September 5 occurred when a mass of moist tropical air from Pacific storm Norma collided with a cold front from the northwest. A new 24-hour precipitation record of 11.40 inches (290 millimeters) was established for Arizona, and new 12- and 24-hour precipitation records of 6.0 inches (152 millimeters) were established for Utah.</p><p>The flood took the lives of 23 persons and was reported to have caused about $8.4 million in damage in Arizona. The main area of flooding was in the mountains in central Arizona. The flood generally was less destructive with increasing distance downstream; in the Salt and Verde River basins the reservoirs were capable of storing all the floodwater.</p><p>Flooding in the Dolores and San Juan River basins in the Four Corners area was mostly in rural areas, and two people were drowned in McElmo Creek in Utah. The flood was not as large as that of October 1911, which is the largest known flood in the area. A second storm occurred in the Four Corners area September 12-14; however, the amount of flooding generally was less than that from the previous storm. Flood damage as a result of the two storms was reported to be about $2.9 million.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2052","usgsCitation":"Roeske, R., Cooley, M.E., and Aldridge, B.N., 1978, Floods of September 1970 in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2052, Report: v, 135 p.; Plate: 38.50 in. x 34.14 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2052.","productDescription":"Report: v, 135 p.; Plate: 38.50 in. x 34.14 in.","numberOfPages":"140","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28909,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2052/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28910,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df8f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeske, R.H.","contributorId":72366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeske","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, Maurice E.","contributorId":8077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aldridge, B. N.","contributorId":73179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"B.","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":944,"text":"wsp1608R - 1978 - Hydrogeologic reconnaissance of the Mekong Delta in South Vietnam and Cambodia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1608R","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1608","chapter":"R","title":"Hydrogeologic reconnaissance of the Mekong Delta in South Vietnam and Cambodia","docAbstract":"The present report describes the results of a hydrogeologic reconnaissance in the Mekong Delta region by the writer, a hydrogeologist of the U.S. Geological Survey, while on assignment as an adviser to the Vietnamese Directorate of Water Supply from October 1968 to April 1970 under the auspices of the U.s. Agency for International Development. The delta of the Mekong River, comprising an area of about 70,000 square kilometres in South Vietnam and Cambodia, is an almost featureless plain rising gradually from sea level to about 5 metres above sea level at its apex 300 kilometres inland. \r\n\r\nMost of the shallow ground water in the Holocene Alluvium of the delta in Vietnam is brackish or saline down to depths of 50 to 100 metres. Moreover, in the Dong Thap Mu?oi (Plain of Reeds) the shallow ground water is alum-bearing. Locally, however, perched bodies of fresh ground water occur in ancient beach and dune ridges and are tapped by shallow dug wells or pits for village and domestic water supply. The Old Alluvium beneath the lower delta contains freshwater in some areas, notably in the Ca Mau Peninsula and adjacent areas, in the viciniy of Bau Xau near Saigon, and in the Tinh Long An area. Elsewhere in the lower delta both the Holocene and Old Alluvium may contain brackish or saline water from the land surface to depths of as much as 568 metres, as for example in Tinh Vinh Binh. Ground water in the outcrop area of Old Alluvium northwest of Saigon is generally fresh and potable, but high iron and low pH are locally troublesome. \r\n\r\nAlthough considerable exploratory drilling for ground water down to depths of as much as 568 metres has already been completed, large areas of the delta remain yet to be explored before full development of the ground-water potential can be realized. With careful development and controlled management to avoid saltwater contamination, however, it is estimated that freshwater aquifers could provide approximately 80 percent of existing needs for village and small municipal supplies in the delta.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1608R","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H., 1978, Hydrogeologic reconnaissance of the Mekong Delta in South Vietnam and Cambodia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1608, iv, 24 p. :ill., maps (3 fold. col. in pocket) ;23 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1608R.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill., maps (3 fold. col. in pocket) ;23 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608r/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25441,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608r/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25442,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608r/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25443,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608r/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25444,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608r/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627919","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Henry R.","contributorId":82279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Henry R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001,"text":"wsp2042 - 1978 - Mean annual runoff in the upper Ohio River basin, 1941-70, and its historical variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T08:37:22","indexId":"wsp2042","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2042","title":"Mean annual runoff in the upper Ohio River basin, 1941-70, and its historical variation","docAbstract":"A map of the Ohio River basin above the Muskingum River shows patterns of mean annual runoff for the new climatologic and hydrologic reference period, 1941-70, and provides an up-to-date, consistent basis for consideration of this streamflow characteristic. The primary data base consisted of 98 long-term gaging-station records collected within this 27,300-square-mile (70,700-square-kilometer) headwater area of the Ohio River basin. Supplemental information was derived from 83 short-term records. \r\n\r\nMean annual runoff is at a regional minimum of less than 12 inches (300 millimeters) in an area extending from the northern West Virginia panhandle to the headwaters of the Mahoning River in Ohio. Mean annual runoff of more than 32 inches {810 millimeters) occurs in parts of the upper Cheat River basin in West Virginia. The zone of high runoff trends northeastward along the western slopes of tile Allegheny Mountains; magnitudes diminish to about 25 inches (630 millimeters) at the eastern basin boundary near Ebensburg, Pa. Runoff of this magnitude occurs also in a band across tile upper Allegheny River basin in Pennsylvania. \r\n\r\nRatios of mean annual discharge to the 30-year reference-period average were computed for each year of record for all long-term gaging stations. Annual discharges have ranged from about 30 percent to 200 percent of the 30-year mean. Graphed summaries of the annual ratios document the relative duration and magnitude of wet and dry periods during the past 65 years in the upper Ohio River basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2042","usgsCitation":"Beall, R.M., 1978, Mean annual runoff in the upper Ohio River basin, 1941-70, and its historical variation: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2042, iv, 32 p. :ill. (1 fold. in pocket), maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;23 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2042.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill. (1 fold. in pocket), maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;23 cm. --","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":136144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2042/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94696,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2042/plate-table_3.pdf","size":"1104","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25572,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beall, Robert M.","contributorId":90695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beall","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1205,"text":"wsp2056 - 1978 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8444,"text":"ofr77727 - 1977 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","indexId":"ofr77727","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1205,"text":"wsp2056 - 1978 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","indexId":"wsp2056","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":55894,"text":"ofr6961 - 1969 - Study of flood hydrographs for small drainage basins in Wyoming--progress report","indexId":"ofr6961","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Study of flood hydrographs for small drainage basins in Wyoming--progress report"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1205,"text":"wsp2056 - 1978 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","indexId":"wsp2056","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2056","title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","docAbstract":"A flood-hydrograph study has defined the magnitude and frequency of flood volumes and flood peaks that can be expected from drainage basins smaller than 11 square miles in the plains and valley areas of Wyoming. Rainfall and runoff data, collected for 9 years on a seasonal basis (April through September), were used to calibrate a rainfall-runoff model on each of 22 small basins. Long-term records of runoff volume and peak discharge were synthesized for these 22 basins. \r\n\r\nFlood volumes and flood peaks of specific recurrence intervals (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years) were then related to basin characteristics with a high degree of correlation. Flood volumes were related to drainage area, maximum relief, and basin slope. Flood peaks were related to drainage area, maximum relief, basin slope, and channel slope. An investigation of ponding behind a highway embankment, with available storage capacity and with a culvert to allow outflow, has shown that the single fast-rising peak is most important in culvert design. Consequently, a dimensionless hydrograph defines the characteristic shape of flood hydrographs to be expected from small drainage basins in Wyoming. For design purposes, a peak and volume can be estimated from basin characteristics and used with the dimensionless hydrograph to produce a synthetic single-peak hydrograph. Incremental discharges of the hydrograph can be routed along a channel, where a highway fill and culvert are to be placed, to help determine the most economical size of culvert if embankment storage is to be considered.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2056","usgsCitation":"Craig, G.S., and Rankl, J.G., 1978, Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2056, vi, 70 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2056.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68018f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craig, Gordon S.","contributorId":78310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rankl, James G.","contributorId":93026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":8384,"text":"ofr78808 - 1978 - A summary of measured hydraulic data for the series of steady and unsteady flow experiments over uniform grass roughness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-19T17:29:16.133211","indexId":"ofr78808","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-808","title":"A summary of measured hydraulic data for the series of steady and unsteady flow experiments over uniform grass roughness","docAbstract":"<p>The primary purpose of this report is to summarize and make available to other investigators the measured hydraulic data collected in the Flood Plain Simulation Facility located at the Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center, near Bay St. Louis, Miss., during a series of experiments designed to study steady and unsteady flow over uniform grass roughness. All experiments were conducted during the 1973 and 1974 test seasons. Tables of measured ground-surface elevations, water-surface elevations, and point velocities are included for all experiments. Bed roughness data in the form of grass heights and densities are tabulated. A total of 19 steady flow experiments and 7 unsteady flow experiments for varying grass heights are included. For the steady flow experiments, an average set of water-surface elevations and point velocity measurements are tabulated.&nbsp;</p><p>Inflow discharge hydrographs are tabulated for the unsteady flow experiments. The tabulated point velocities and water-surface elevations for the unsteady flow experiments were selected to represent the general changes in the flow variables as the flood wave passed through the facility but do not include all collected data. However, all data that were collected have been stored on computer disk storage and may be retrieved using the listing programs and memory locations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78808","usgsCitation":"Collins, D.L., and Flynn, K.M., 1978, A summary of measured hydraulic data for the series of steady and unsteady flow experiments over uniform grass roughness: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-808, viii, 826 p. :ill. ;28 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78808.","productDescription":"viii, 826 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":500186,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0808/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0808/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a60fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Dannie L.","contributorId":77925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Dannie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, Kathleen M.","contributorId":43756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":8811,"text":"ofr78864 - 1978 - Release of trace elements from a burning bituminous culm bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-19T15:09:11.247603","indexId":"ofr78864","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-864","title":"Release of trace elements from a burning bituminous culm bank","docAbstract":"<p>A burning bituminous coal waste-bank at Mather, PA was studied in order to determine if trace elements are being released into the environment in substantial concentrations. Samples of the minerals forming on the surface of the bank, the gases escaping from vents, and the water and sediment from a nearby stream were analyzed to determine the presence of these elements.&nbsp;</p><p>The output of trace elements from the Mather bank, as is evidenced by the minerals forming on the surface, is relatively low compared to the output from actively burning anthracite culm-banks.&nbsp;</p><p>Copper was the only element of potential environmental significance found accumulating on the Mather bank. However, the sediment &nbsp;in the vicinity of the bank and the waters immediately downstream did not have anomolously high concentrations of copper. &nbsp;</p><p>Relatively high concentrations of arsenic were found in the organic matter at the base of the bank but no evidence of high As values &nbsp;were found downstream. &nbsp;</p><p>No potentially toxic elements, other than sulfur, were detected in the gases being emitted from the culm-bank.&nbsp;</p><p>Because of the quiescent condition of the Mather culm-bank the question of the fate of trace elements released in the burning process remains unanswered.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78864","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., 1978, Release of trace elements from a burning bituminous culm bank: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-864, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78864.","productDescription":"37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":500182,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0864/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142752,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0864/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63444f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19705,"text":"ofr78983 - 1978 - Principal facts for borehole gravity stations in test well Ue 19z, exploratory drill hole PM-1, and water well 5a, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-04T16:54:15.478065","indexId":"ofr78983","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-983","title":"Principal facts for borehole gravity stations in test well Ue 19z, exploratory drill hole PM-1, and water well 5a, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>During field studies conducted in October 1977 and March 1978, borehole gravity surveys were completed by the U.S. Geological Survey at the Nevada Test Site in test well Ue19z, exploratory drill hole PH-1, and water well 5a. The U.S. Geological Survey-LaCoste and Romberg-1/ borehole gravity meter (McCulloh and others, 1967a; McCulloh and others, 1967b) was used in the logging program. The primary objective of this work was to obtain data for the determination of accurate in situ formation densities utilizing an instrument not significantly affected by casing, borehole rugosity, or other near-borehole conditions.</p><p>This report provides a brief summary of the geology of the rock formations penetrated by drill holes Ue 19z, PH-1, and water well 5a, and tabulates the subsurface gravity data obtained in these, wells. Reduced sections of the gamma-ray logs run in PM-1 and 5a are also included.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78983","usgsCitation":"Kososki, B.A., Robbins, S.L., and Schmoker, J., 1978, Principal facts for borehole gravity stations in test well Ue 19z, exploratory drill hole PM-1, and water well 5a, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-983, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78983.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0983/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":499511,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0983/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye 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,{"id":41858,"text":"ofr781082 - 1978 - Aeromagnetic map of part of Blying Sound Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:28","indexId":"ofr781082","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1082","title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of Blying Sound Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr781082","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Aeromagnetic map of part of Blying Sound Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1082, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781082.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79582,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1082/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697bab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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,{"id":37355,"text":"ssrw211 - 1978 - Waterfowl status report, 1974.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:46","indexId":"ssrw211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report  - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"211","title":"Waterfowl status report, 1974.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Benning, D.S., Rhoades, S.L., Schroeder, L.D., and Smith, M.M., 1978, Waterfowl status report, 1974. (Updates and revises Special Scientific Report-Wildlife 61 (1961).): Special Scientific Report  - Wildlife 211, 98 p.","productDescription":"98 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":112195,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924055486884?urlappend=%3Bseq=281"}],"edition":"Updates and revises Special Scientific Report-Wildlife 61 (1961).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7735","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benning, Douglas S. (compiler)","contributorId":53234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benning","given":"Douglas","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhoades, Sharon L.","contributorId":95535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhoades","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroeder, Lonnie D.","contributorId":67357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Lonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Morton M.","contributorId":34190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Morton","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":38148,"text":"ofr78577 - 1978 - Magnitudes, nature, and effects of point and nonpoint discharges in the Chattahoochee River basin, Atlanta to West Point Dam, Georgia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38148,"text":"ofr78577 - 1978 - Magnitudes, nature, and effects of point and nonpoint discharges in the Chattahoochee River basin, Atlanta to West Point Dam, Georgia","indexId":"ofr78577","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Magnitudes, nature, and effects of point and nonpoint discharges in the Chattahoochee River basin, Atlanta to West Point Dam, Georgia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":124,"text":"wsp2059 - 1979 - Magnitudes, nature, and effects of point and nonpoint discharges in the Chattahoochee River Basin, Atlanta to West Point Dam, Georgia","indexId":"wsp2059","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Magnitudes, nature, and effects of point and nonpoint discharges in the Chattahoochee River Basin, Atlanta to West Point Dam, Georgia"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":124,"text":"wsp2059 - 1979 - Magnitudes, nature, and effects of point and nonpoint discharges in the Chattahoochee River Basin, Atlanta to West Point Dam, Georgia","indexId":"wsp2059","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Magnitudes, nature, and effects of point and nonpoint discharges in the Chattahoochee River Basin, Atlanta to West Point Dam, Georgia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T10:29:58","indexId":"ofr78577","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-577","title":"Magnitudes, nature, and effects of point and nonpoint discharges in the Chattahoochee River basin, Atlanta to West Point Dam, Georgia","docAbstract":"On an average annual basis and during the storm period of March 12-15, 1976, nonpoint-source loads for most constituents were larger than point-source loads at the Whitesburg station, located on the Chattahoochee River about 40 miles downstream from Atlanta, GA. Most of the nonpoint-source constituent loads in the Atlanta to Whitesburg reach were from urban areas. Average annual point-source discharges accounted for about 50 percent of the dissolved nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus loads and about 70 percent of the dissolved phosphorus loads at Whitesburg. During a low-flow period, June 1-2, 1977, five municipal point-sources contributed 63 percent of the ultimate biochemical oxygen demand, and 97 percent of the ammonium nitrogen loads at the Franklin station, at the upstream end of West Point Lake. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations of 4.1 to 5.0 milligrams per liter occurred in a 22-mile reach of the river downstream from Atlanta due about equally to nitrogenous and carbonaceous oxygen demands. The heat load from two thermoelectric powerplants caused a decrease in dissolved-oxygen concentration of about 0.2 milligrams per liter. Phytoplankton concentrations in West Point Lake, about 70 miles downstream from Atlanta, could exceed three million cells per millimeter during extended low-flow periods in the summer with present point-source phosphorus loads. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78577","usgsCitation":"Stamer, J., Cherry, R., Faye, R., and Kleckner, R., 1978, Magnitudes, nature, and effects of point and nonpoint discharges in the Chattahoochee River basin, Atlanta to West Point Dam, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-577, xiii, 130 leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78577.","productDescription":"xiii, 130 leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm. --","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0577/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64409,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0577/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","otherGeospatial":"Chattahoochee River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.0623321533203,\n              33.46810795527891\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.32737731933592,\n              33.05932046347207\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.31089782714841,\n              32.89227265418852\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.22575378417967,\n              32.82421110161333\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.09803771972653,\n              32.850749781706504\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.00602722167967,\n              32.909568110575634\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.81788635253905,\n              33.31216783738616\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.42100524902342,\n              33.65006512803719\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.16351318359375,\n              33.868135032968624\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0728759765625,\n              33.959308210392024\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.144287109375,\n              34.03445260967645\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2266845703125,\n              34.09588492955209\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.3475341796875,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0623321533203,\n              33.46810795527891\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649654","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamer, J. 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,{"id":35336,"text":"b1438 - 1978 - Understanding natural systems; a perspective for land-use planning in Appalachian Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T16:28:37","indexId":"b1438","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1438","title":"Understanding natural systems; a perspective for land-use planning in Appalachian Kentucky","docAbstract":"<p>An eight-county area at the headwaters of the Kentucky River has been designated the Kentucky River Area Development District (KRADD) by the Appalachian Regional Commission. The objective of the project described in this report has been to provide materials to KRADD planners in a format and containing terminology usable by local people untrained in earth science. </p><p>Experimental maps (not included in this report) have been prepared largely from preexisting data. Time and cost limitations required a regional analysis as well as somewhat more detailed examples of selected localities. Most of the maps produced to meet these needs show the abundance and distribution of naturally occurring materials and the areas affected by various geomorphic processes. Three types of maps, showing current land use, slope, and flood-prone areas, present both basic and derived data directly applicable to specific land-use decisions. Basic map information on quality and quantity of surface and ground water, bedrock and surficial geology, and mineral fuels can be interpreted for a wide variety of current and potential uses. Texts accompanying the maps explain bedrock control of geomorphic processes, distribution and significance of surficial deposits, and hydrologic characteristics of the intricately dissected eastern Kentucky terrain. Within this conceptual framework, geomorphic processes and the landscape may be evaluated in humanly significant terms of low to high potential risk, thereby indicating both opportunities and limitations for land use.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1438","usgsCitation":"Newell, W., 1978, Understanding natural systems; a perspective for land-use planning in Appalachian Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1438, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1438.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":166073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1438/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63192,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1438/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Breathift County, Knott County, Lee County, 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,{"id":38296,"text":"ofr77721F - 1978 - Preliminary report of 1977 coal drilling in eastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming: Geophysical logs for Dawson, McCone, Richland, and Rosebud Counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:58","indexId":"ofr77721F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-721","chapter":"F","title":"Preliminary report of 1977 coal drilling in eastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming: Geophysical logs for Dawson, McCone, Richland, and Rosebud Counties, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr77721F","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, 1978, Preliminary report of 1977 coal drilling in eastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming: Geophysical logs for Dawson, McCone, Richland, and Rosebud Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-721, 74 leaves, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77721F.","productDescription":"74 leaves","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0721f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64669,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0721f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cc04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology","contributorId":128110,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology","id":529853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":11156,"text":"ofr78224 - 1978 - Water-quality conditions in southern Rockingham County, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-04T17:34:48.242142","indexId":"ofr78224","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-224","title":"Water-quality conditions in southern Rockingham County, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"<p>Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water were measured at 26 surface-water sites, 17 ground-water sites, and in effluent from two sanitary landfills as part of planning for area-wide waste management in four watersheds within the Southern Rockingham Regional Planning District in Southern New 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,{"id":38697,"text":"pp813I - 1978 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Mid-Atlantic region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:53:16.272671","indexId":"pp813I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"I","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Mid-Atlantic region","docAbstract":"<p>The Mid-Atlantic Region covers a total area of about 108,000 square miles. It includes parts of Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia, the entire States of New Jersey and Delaware, and the District of Columbia. It encompasses the entire drainage basins (within the United States) of the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, and the James River and includes Long Island and the coastal drainage of New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia.</p>\n<p>Ground water in the region occurs in three broad types of geologic terrane: (1) unconsolidated deposits in the Coastal Plain seaward of the Fall Line; (2) hard, consolidated sedimentary rocks and crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks in the remainder of the region; and (3) unconsolidated sand, gravel, and other deposits of glacial origin that overlie the older rocks extensively in the glaciated northern part of the region.</p>\n<p>Ground water is derived primarily from precipitation; it can be intercepted for use by pumping from wells before it reaches the streams or before it drains into coastal wetlands or the ocean.</p>\n<p>The natural discharge from the aquifers in the region is estimated to be at about 38.6 billion gallons per day; in addition, at least 140-350 trillion gallons is stored in the rocks.</p>\n<p>About 949 billion gallons of fresh ground water was withdrawn in 1970. This quantity represents about 9 percent of the total freshwater use of 10,220 billion gallons. Available ground-water reserves indicate that a considerable part of the additional supplies needed for the anticipated increase in economic activity in the region could be developed from ground water.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp813I","usgsCitation":"Sinnott, A., and Cushing, E.M., 1978, Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Mid-Atlantic region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 813, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp813I.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392895,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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