No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip18","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, Earthquake Hazards Program bookmark (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 18, 2 Sided Bookmark, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip18.","productDescription":"2 Sided Bookmark","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_18.jpg"},{"id":9958,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2006/18/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62af42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80138,"text":"ofr20071174 - 2007 - Near-Surface Shear Wave Velocity Versus Depth Profiles, VS30, and NEHRP Classifications for 27 Sites in Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:43","indexId":"ofr20071174","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1174","title":"Near-Surface Shear Wave Velocity Versus Depth Profiles, VS30, and NEHRP Classifications for 27 Sites in Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"In 2004 and 2005 the Puerto Rico Seismic Network (PRSN), Puerto Rico Strong Motion Program (PRSMP) and the Geology Department at the University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez (UPRM) collaborated with the U.S. Geological Survey to study near-surface shear-wave (Vs) and compressional-wave (Vp) velocities in and around major urban areas of Puerto Rico. Using noninvasive seismic refraction-reflection profiling techniques, we acquired velocities at 27 locations. Surveyed sites were predominantly selected on the premise that they were generally representative of near-surface materials associated with the primary geologic units located within the urbanized areas of Puerto Rico. Geologic units surveyed included Cretaceous intrusive and volcaniclastic bedrock, Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic units, and Quaternary unconsolidated eolian, fluvial, beach, and lagoon deposits. From the data we developed Vs and Vp depth versus velocity columns, calculated average Vs to 30-m depth (VS30), and derived NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) site classifications for all sites except one where results did not reach 30-m depth. The distribution of estimated NEHRP classes is as follows: three class 'E' (VS30 below 180 m/s), nine class 'D' (VS30 between 180 and 360 m/s), ten class 'C' (VS30 between 360 and 760 m/s), and four class 'B' (VS30 greater than 760 m/s). Results are being used to calibrate site response at seismograph stations and in the development of regional and local shakemap models for Puerto Rico.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071174","usgsCitation":"Odum, J.K., Williams, R., Stephenson, W.J., Worley, D.M., von Hillebrandt-Andrade, C., Asencio, E., Irizarry, H., and Cameron, A., 2007, Near-Surface Shear Wave Velocity Versus Depth Profiles, VS30, and NEHRP Classifications for 27 Sites in Puerto Rico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1174, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071174.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9952,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.5,17.916666666666668 ], [ -67.5,18.583333333333332 ], [ -65.5,18.583333333333332 ], [ -65.5,17.916666666666668 ], [ -67.5,17.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c76b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worley, David M. worley@usgs.gov","contributorId":947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"David","email":"worley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"von Hillebrandt-Andrade, Christa","contributorId":106593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hillebrandt-Andrade","given":"Christa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Asencio, Eugenio","contributorId":44182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asencio","given":"Eugenio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Irizarry, Harold","contributorId":20850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irizarry","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cameron, Antonio","contributorId":55920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"Antonio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":80139,"text":"ofr20071187 - 2007 - Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler to Measure Discharge at New York Power Authority's Niagara Power Project, Niagara Falls, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"ofr20071187","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1187","title":"Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler to Measure Discharge at New York Power Authority's Niagara Power Project, Niagara Falls, New York","docAbstract":"The need for accurate real-time discharge in the International Niagara River hydro power system requires reliable, accurate and reproducible data. The U.S. Geological Survey has been widely using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) to accurately measure discharge in riverine channels since the mid-1990s. The use of the ADCP to measure discharge has remained largely untested at hydroelectric-generation facilities such as the New York Power Authority's (NYPA) Niagara Power Project in Niagara Falls, N.Y. This facility has a large, engineered diversion channel with the capacity of high volume discharges in excess of 100,000 cubic feet per second (ft3/s). Facilities such as this could benefit from the use of an ADCP, if the ADCP discharge measurements prove to be more time effective and accurate than those obtained from the flow-calculation techniques that are currently used.\r\n\r\nMeasurements of diversion flow by an ADCP in the 'Pant Leg' diversion channel at the Niagara Power Project were made on November 6, 7, and 8, 2006, and compared favorably (within 1 percent) with those obtained concurrently by a conventional Price-AA current-meter measurement during one of the ADCP measurement sessions. The mean discharge recorded during each 2-hour individual ADCP measurement session compared favorably with (3.5 to 6.8 percent greater than) the discharge values computed by the flow-calculation method presently in use by NYPA. The use of ADCP technology to measure discharge could ultimately permit increased power-generation efficiency at the NYPA Niagara Falls Power Project by providing improved predictions of the amount of water (and thus the power output) available.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Electric Power Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Zajd, H.J., 2007, Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler to Measure Discharge at New York Power Authority's Niagara Power Project, Niagara Falls, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1187, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071187.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9953,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb00e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zajd, Henry J. Jr.","contributorId":95763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zajd","given":"Henry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80136,"text":"ofr20071043 - 2007 - Revision of Time-Independent Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:41","indexId":"ofr20071043","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1043","title":"Revision of Time-Independent Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for Alaska","docAbstract":"We present here time-independent probabilistic seismic hazard maps of Alaska and the Aleutians for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 second spectral acceleration at probability levels of 2 percent in 50 years (annual probability of 0.000404), 5 percent in 50 years (annual probability of 0.001026) and 10 percent in 50 years (annual probability of 0.0021). These maps represent a revision of existing maps based on newly obtained data and assumptions reflecting best current judgments about methodology and approach. These maps have been prepared following the procedures and assumptions made in the preparation of the 2002 National Seismic Hazard Maps for the lower 48 States. A significant improvement relative to the 2002 methodology is the ability to include variable slip rate along a fault where appropriate. These maps incorporate new data, the responses to comments received at workshops held in Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska, in May, 2005, and comments received after draft maps were posted on the National Seismic Hazard Mapping Web Site. These maps will be proposed for adoption in future revisions to the International Building Code. In this documentation we describe the maps and in particular explain and justify changes that have been made relative to the 1999 maps.\r\n\r\nWe are also preparing a series of experimental maps of time-dependent hazard that will be described in future documents.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071043","usgsCitation":"Wesson, R.L., Boyd, O.S., Mueller, C.S., Bufe, C.G., Frankel, A.D., and Petersen, M.D., 2007, Revision of Time-Independent Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1043, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071043.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9950,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1043/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 160,45 ], [ 160,75 ], [ -130,75 ], [ -130,45 ], [ 160,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6057ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesson, Robert L. 0000-0003-2702-0012 rwesson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2702-0012","contributorId":850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"Robert","email":"rwesson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. olboyd@usgs.gov","contributorId":956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, Charles S. 0000-0002-1868-9710 cmueller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-9710","contributorId":955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","email":"cmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bufe, Charles G. cbufe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"Charles","email":"cbufe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":80140,"text":"ds281 - 2007 - Satellite Images and Aerial Photographs of the Effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on Coastal Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"ds281","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"281","title":"Satellite Images and Aerial Photographs of the Effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on Coastal Louisiana","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nHurricane Katrina made landfall on the eastern coastline of Louisiana on August 29, 2005; Hurricane Rita made landfall on the western coastline of Louisiana on September 24, 2005. Comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery acquired before and after the landfalls of Katrina and Rita and classified to identify land and water demonstrated that water area increased by 217 mi2 (562 km2) in coastal Louisiana as a result of the storms. Approximately 82 mi2 (212 km2) of new water areas were in areas primarily impacted by Hurricane Katrina (Mississippi River Delta basin, Breton Sound basin, Pontchartrain basin, and Pearl River basin), whereas 99 mi2 (256 km2) were in areas primarily impacted by Hurricane Rita (Calcasieu/Sabine basin, Mermentau basin, Teche/Vermilion basin, Atchafalaya basin, and Terrebonne basin). Barataria basin contained new water areas caused by both hurricanes, resulting in some 18 mi2 (46.6 km2) of new water areas. The fresh marsh and intermediate marsh communities' land areas decreased by 122 mi2 (316 km2) and 90 mi2 (233.1 km2), respectively, and the brackish marsh and saline marsh communities' land areas decreased by 33 mi2 (85.5 km2) and 28 mi2 (72.5 km2), respectively. \r\n\r\nThese new water areas represent land losses caused by direct removal of wetlands. They also indicate transitory changes in water area caused by remnant flooding, removal of aquatic vegetation, scouring of marsh vegetation, and water-level variation attributed to normal tidal and meteorological variation between satellite images. \r\n\r\nPermanent losses cannot be estimated until several growing seasons have passed and the transitory impacts of the hurricanes are minimized. The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary information on water area changes in coastal Louisiana acquired shortly after the landfalls of both hurricanes (detectable with Landsat TM imagery) and to serve as a regional baseline for monitoring posthurricane wetland recovery. The land-water datasets derived from the Landsat TM satellite imagery were combined with 2001 marsh vegetative communities (Chabreck and others, unpub. data, 2001) to identify land-water configurations by marsh community before and after the hurricanes. \r\n\r\nLinks to the Landsat TM images and aerial photographs are given below (figs. 1-29). Comparison of land area before the storms to land area after the storms is made possible by the inclusion of Landsat TM images and aerial photographs taken in the years and months before the storms. The figures are arranged geographically from east to west to follow the chronology of the effects of the storms. For a more detailed analysis of the changes wrought by these storms, see 'Land Area Changes in Coastal Louisiana After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita' (Barras, in press).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds281","usgsCitation":"Barras, J., 2007, Satellite Images and Aerial Photographs of the Effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on Coastal Louisiana (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 281, Introduction; 85 Images (in JPEG & PDF format), https://doi.org/10.3133/ds281.","productDescription":"Introduction; 85 Images (in JPEG & PDF format)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9954,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/281/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barras, John A. jbarras@usgs.gov","contributorId":2425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barras","given":"John A.","email":"jbarras@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80135,"text":"cir1302 - 2007 - Processes influencing the transport and fate of contaminated sediments in the coastal ocean– Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":72384,"text":"ofr20051250 - 2005 - Processes influencing the transport and fate of contaminated sediments in the coastal ocean — Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay","indexId":"ofr20051250","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Processes influencing the transport and fate of contaminated sediments in the coastal ocean — Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":80135,"text":"cir1302 - 2007 - Processes influencing the transport and fate of contaminated sediments in the coastal ocean– Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay","indexId":"cir1302","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Processes influencing the transport and fate of contaminated sediments in the coastal ocean– Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T20:53:28.109775","indexId":"cir1302","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1302","title":"Processes influencing the transport and fate of contaminated sediments in the coastal ocean– Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"Most of the major urban centers of the United States including Boston, New York, Washington, Chicago, New Orleans, Miami, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle—are on a coast (fig. 1.1). All of these cities discharge treated sewage effluent into adjacent waters. In 2000, 74 percent of the U.S. population lived within 200 kilometers (km) of the coast. Between 1980 and 2002, the population density in coastal communities increased approximately 4.5 times faster than in noncoastal areas of the U.S. (Perkins, 2004). More people generate larger volumes of wastes, increase the demands on wastewater treatment, expand the area of impervious land surfaces, and use more vehicles that contribute contaminants to street runoff. According to the National Coastal Condition Report II (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005a), on the basis of coastal habitat, water and sediment quality, benthic index, and fish tissue, the overall national coastal condition is only poor to fair and the overall coastal condition in the highly populated Northeast is poor.
\nScientific information helps managers to prioritize and regulate coastal-ocean uses that include recreation, commercial fishing, transportation, waste disposal, and critical habitat for marine organisms. These uses are often in conflict with each other and with environmental concerns. Developing a strategy for managing competing uses while maintaining sustainability of coastal resources requires scientific understanding of how the coastal ocean system behaves and how it responds to anthropogenic influences. This report provides a summary of a multidisciplinary research program designed to improve our understanding of the transport and fate of contaminants in Massachusetts coastal waters.
\nMassachusetts Bay and Boston Harbor have been a focus of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research because they provide a diverse geographic setting for developing a scientific understanding of the geology, geochemistry, and oceanography of coastal systems in general. Scientific data from this region can also be used to inform decisions about important economic, environmental, and political issues. From the economic viewpoint, the annual value of tourism and shipping in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays is about $1.5 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively. Commercial and recreational fishing generates about $240 million per year in the same region (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005b).
\nThe environmental issue is the 300-year history of waste discharge from the Boston metropolitan area into the harbor. This history is punctuated by cycles of environmental degradation, public outcry, and improvements in the sewage treatment system. With each improvement, however, the continuous growth of population in greater Boston (fig. 1.2) and the resulting increase in the volume of waste exceeded the capacity of the treatment system, thereby setting the stage for a new contamination crisis. By the 1980s, the levels of contaminants in sediments of Boston Harbor were among the highest in the nation (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1987). Fish were diseased, shellfish beds were closed, and swimming beaches were unsafe after heavy rains; in general, water quality and aesthetics were below acceptable standards.
\nLegal and political issues have always been part of Boston Harbor’s history. The environmental conditions in the 1980s were highlighted in a 1983 legal suit brought by the city of Quincy against the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC, the state agency responsible for sewage treatment) and heads of three state agencies for discharging untreated or poorly treated sewage into the harbor (Dolin, 2004). The suit never went to trial, but through the actions of a Massachusetts Superior Court, the issue of Boston Harbor contamination remained on the political and public agenda. The judge called the harbor “unsafe, unsanitary, indecent, in violation of the law (Clean Water Act), and a danger to the health and welfare of the people” (Forman, 1984). To force the state legislature to implement a plan to improve harbor conditions, the judge threatened to place the MDC in receivership and curtail new sewage hookups for industry. Under intense lobbying by business, the legislature created the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) in December 1984. The independent MWRA was established to manage Boston’s waste treatment system and was given the authority to float bonds to pay for major improvements in the treatment system.
\nIn 1985, a Federal court began hearings on a suit brought by the Conservation Law Foundation, the Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and towns of Quincy and Winthrop against the MDC and MWRA (as heir to responsibilities of the MDC) for years of violation of the Clean Water Act. The judge ruled against the defendants and required all the parties to submit a construction plan and schedule for a new sewage treatment system. From these submissions, he developed a schedule for treatment system upgrades that would give the “citizens of this commonwealth a public assurance that Boston Harbor will be cleaned up within a defined period of time” (Dolin, 2004).
\nThe MWRA’s Boston Harbor cleanup program (Levy and Connor, 1992) has transformed the Boston sewage system. Key improvements were to (1) reduce contaminants at the industrial source; (2) remediate leaks in the sewage-collection system; (3) eliminate sewage sludge discharge to the harbor; (4) upgrade sewage treatment from primary to secondary; (5) construct a new ocean outfall 15.2 km offshore in Massachusetts Bay for discharge of treated effluent (fig. 1.3); and (6) implement improvements in the combined-sewer-overflow system.
\nAs part of the harbor cleanup program, the MWRA developed a comprehensive monitoring program (summarized in MWRA, 2004) to assess changes in the harbor and bays that specifically related to the new sewage system. Additional information about conditions and processes in the coastal system on a regional scale and over a long time period was and continues to be important in predicting and interpreting local change. Implementation of the MWRA’s program and the mission of the USGS to understand the geology of the nation’s offshore waters provided an opportunity to conduct a cooperative multidisciplinary research program. This USGS program addresses basic scientific questions as well as concerns raised by management regarding the design, implementation, and assessment of the new sewage treatment system. Already active in Boston Harbor during the late 1970s, the USGS expanded research into Massachusetts Bay with a multidisciplinary program in 1989.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1302","isbn":"141131252X","usgsCitation":"Alexander, P., Baldwin, S., Blackwood, D.S., Borden, J., Casso, M.A., Crusius, J., Goudreau, J., Kalnejais, L.H., Lamothe, P.J., Martin, W.R., Martini, M.A., Rendigs, R.R., Sayles, F.L., Signell, R.P., Valentine, P.C., and Warner, J., 2007, Processes influencing the transport and fate of contaminated sediments in the coastal ocean– Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1302, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1302.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1302.PNG"},{"id":392693,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81539.htm"},{"id":9949,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2007/1302/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor, Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.05682373046875,\n 41.66470503009207\n ],\n [\n -69.93896484375,\n 41.66470503009207\n ],\n [\n -69.93896484375,\n 42.736926481692684\n ],\n [\n -71.05682373046875,\n 42.736926481692684\n ],\n [\n -71.05682373046875,\n 41.66470503009207\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e539","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720367,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720368,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, P. Soupy sdalyander@usgs.gov","contributorId":82780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"P. Soupy","email":"sdalyander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldwin, Sandra M. sbrosnahan@usgs.gov","contributorId":75620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Sandra M.","email":"sbrosnahan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blackwood, Dann S. dblackwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":2457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwood","given":"Dann","email":"dblackwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borden, Jonathan 0000-0001-6844-3340 jborden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6844-3340","contributorId":3098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borden","given":"Jonathan","email":"jborden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casso, Michael A. mcasso@usgs.gov","contributorId":13306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casso","given":"Michael","email":"mcasso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Goudreau, Joanne","contributorId":83619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goudreau","given":"Joanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kalnejais, Linda H.","contributorId":24865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalnejais","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lamothe, Paul J. plamothe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"Paul","email":"plamothe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":720371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Martin, William R.","contributorId":196033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rendigs, Richard R.","contributorId":56652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendigs","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sayles, Frederick L.","contributorId":96778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Warner, John C. 0000-0002-3734-8903 jcwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-8903","contributorId":2681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"John C.","email":"jcwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":80137,"text":"ofr20071208 - 2007 - Geophysical Characterization of Pre-Cenozoic Basement for Hydrocarbon Assessment, Yukon Flats, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:40","indexId":"ofr20071208","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1208","title":"Geophysical Characterization of Pre-Cenozoic Basement for Hydrocarbon Assessment, Yukon Flats, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Cenozoic basins of interior Alaska are poorly understood, but may host undiscovered hydrocarbon resources in sufficient quantities to serve remote villages and for possible export. Purported oil seeps and the regional occurrence of potential hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks fuel an exploration interest in the 46,000 km2 Yukon Flats basin. Whether hydrocarbon source rocks are present in the pre-Cenozoic basement beneath Yukon Flats is difficult to determine because vegetation and surficial deposits obscure the bedrock geology, only limited seismic data are available, and no deep boreholes have been drilled. Analysis of regional potential field data (aeromagnetics and gravity) is valuable, therefore, for preliminary characterization of basement lithology and structure.\r\n\r\nWe present our analysis as a red-green-blue composite spectral map consisting of: (1) reduced-to-the-pole magnetics (red), (2) magnetic potential (green), and (3) basement gravity (blue). The color and texture patterns on this composite map highlight domains with common geophysical characteristics and, by inference, lithology. The observed patterns yield the primary conclusion that much of the basin is underlain by Devonian to Jurassic oceanic rocks related to the Angayucham and Tozitna terranes (JDat). These rocks are part of a lithologically diverse assemblage of brittlely deformed, generally low-grade metamorphic rocks of oceanic affinity; such rocks probably have little or no potential for hydrocarbon generation.\r\n\r\nThe JDat geophysical signature extends from the Tintina fault system northward to the Brooks Range. Along the eastern edge of the basin, JDat appears to overlie moderately dense and non-magnetic Proterozoic(?) and Paleozoic continental margin rocks. The western edge of the JDat in subsurface is difficult to distinguish due to the presence of magnetic granites similar to those exposed in the Ruby geanticline. In the southern portion of the basin, geophysical patterns indicate the possibility of overthrusting of Cenozoic sediments and underlying JDat by Paleozoic and Proterozoic rocks of the Schwatka sequence. These structural hypotheses provide the basis for an overthrust play within the Cenozoic section just south of the basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071208","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., Phillips, J., Stanley, R., Till, A., and Morin, R.L., 2007, Geophysical Characterization of Pre-Cenozoic Basement for Hydrocarbon Assessment, Yukon Flats, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1208, Plate: 72 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071208.","productDescription":"Plate: 72 x 36 inches","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9951,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1208/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153,65 ], [ -153,68 ], [ -141,68 ], [ -141,65 ], [ -153,65 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, R. G. 0000-0001-6192-8783","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":77123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"R. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Till, A.","contributorId":83209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morin, R. L.","contributorId":95484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80133,"text":"fs20073055 - 2007 - Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-13T01:01:47","indexId":"fs20073055","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-3055","title":"Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus","docAbstract":"Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is considered to be one of the most important viral pathogens of finfish and is listed as reportable by many nations and international organizations (Office International des Epizooties 2006). Prior to 1988, VHSV was thought to be limited to Europe (Wolf 1988; Smail 1999). Subsequently, it was shown that the virus is endemic among many marine and anadromous fish species in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (Meyers and Winton 1995; Skall et al. 2005). Genetic analysis reveals that isolates of VHSV can be divided into four genotypes that generally correlate with geographic location with the North American isolates generally falling into VHSV Genotype IV (Snow et al. 2004). In 2005-2006, reports from the Great Lakes region indicated that wild fish had experienced disease or, in some cases, very large die-offs from VHSV (Elsayed et al. 2006, Lumsden et al. 2007). The new strain from the Great Lakes, now identified as VHSV Genotype IVb, appears most closely related to isolates of VHSV from mortalities that occurred during 2000-2004 in rivers and near-shore areas of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada (Gagne et al. 2007). The type IVb isolate found in the Great Lakes region is the only strain outside of Europe that has been associated with significant mortality in freshwater species.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20073055","usgsCitation":"Winton, J., Kurath, G., and Batts, W., 2007, Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3055, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20073055.","productDescription":"4 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2007_3055.jpg"},{"id":257504,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3055/fs20073055.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ecf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winton, James","contributorId":53897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":2629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Batts, William","contributorId":101337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batts","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80134,"text":"sir20065285 - 2007 - Natural and diverted low-flow duration discharges for streams affected by the Waiahole Ditch System, windward O`ahu, Hawai`i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T21:19:48.035688","indexId":"sir20065285","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5285","displayTitle":"Natural and diverted low-flow duration discharges for streams affected by the Waiāhole Ditch System, windward O`ahu, Hawai`i","title":"Natural and diverted low-flow duration discharges for streams affected by the Waiahole Ditch System, windward O`ahu, Hawai`i","docAbstract":"For nearly a century, the Waiahole Ditch System has diverted an average of approximately 27 million gallons per day of water from the wet, northeastern part of windward O`ahu, Hawai`i, to the dry, central part of the island to meet irrigation needs. The system intercepts large amounts of dike-impounded ground water at high altitudes (above approximately 700 to 800 ft) that previously discharged to Waiahole (and its tributaries Waianu and Uwao), Waikane, and Kahana Streams through seeps and springs. Diversion of this ground water has significantly diminished low flows in these streams. Estimates of natural and diverted flows are needed by water managers for (1) setting permanent instream flow standards to protect, enhance, and reestablish beneficial instream uses of water in the diverted streams and (2) allocating the diverted water for instream and offstream uses.\r\n\r\nData collected before construction of the Waiahole Ditch System reflect natural (undiverted) flow conditions. Natural low-flow duration discharges for percentiles ranging from 50 to 99 percent were estimated for four sites at altitudes of 75 to 320 feet in Waiahole Stream (and its tributaries Waianu and Uwao Streams), for six sites at altitudes of 10 to 220 feet in Waikane Stream, and for three sites at altitudes of 30 to 80 feet in Kahana Stream. Among the available low-flow estimates along each affected stream, the highest natural Q50 (median) flows on Waiahole (altitude 250 ft), Waianu (altitude 75 ft), Waikane (altitude 75 ft), and Kahana Streams (altitude 30 ft) are 13, 7.0, 5.5, and 22 million gallons per day, respectively. Q50 (median) is just one of five duration percentiles presented in this report to quantify low-flow discharges. All flow-duration estimates were adjusted to a common period of 1960-2004 (called the base period). Natural flow-duration estimates compared favorably with limited pre-ditch streamflow data available for Waiahole and Kahana Streams.\r\n\r\nData collected since construction of the ditch system reflect diverted flow conditions, which can be further divided into pre-release and post-release periods - several flow releases to Waiahole, Waianu, and Waikane Streams were initiated between December 1994 and October 2002. Comparison of pre-release to natural flows indicate that the effects of the Waiahole Ditch System diversion are consistently greater at lower low-flow conditions (Q99 to Q90) than at higher low-flow conditions (Q75 to Q50). Results also indicate that the effects of the diversion become less significant as the streams gain additional ground water at lower altitudes. For Waiahole Stream, pre-release flows range from 25 to 28 percent of natural flows at an altitude of 250 feet and from 19 to 20 percent at an altitude of 320 feet. For Waikane Stream, pre-release flows range from 30 to 46 percent of natural flows at an altitude of 10 feet and from 7 to 19 percent at an altitude of 220 feet. For Kahana Stream, pre-release flows range from 65 to 72 percent of natural flows at an altitude of 30 feet and from 58 to 71 percent at an altitude of 80 feet.\r\n\r\nEstimates of post-release flows were compared with estimates of natural flows to assess how closely current streamflows are to natural conditions. For Waianu Stream, post-release flows at an altitude of 75 feet are 41 to 46 percent lower than corresponding natural flows. For Waikane Stream, post-release flows at an altitude of 75 feet are within 12 percent of the corresponding natural flows.\r\n\r\nComparisons of pre-release and post-release flows for Waikane Stream at altitudes of 10 to 220 feet were used to assess downstream changes in flow along the stream reach where flow releases were made. For a particular stream altitude, proportions of pre-release to post-release flows associated with median flows are consistently greater than proportions associated with lower low flows because the relative effect of the flow release is smaller at higher low flows. Similarly, for a particular f","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065285","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawai`i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Commission on Water Resource Management","usgsCitation":"Yeung, C.W., and Fontaine, R.A., 2007, Natural and diverted low-flow duration discharges for streams affected by the Waiahole Ditch System, windward O`ahu, Hawai`i (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5285, vii, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065285.","productDescription":"vii, 75 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423542,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81542.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5285/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191380,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"O`ahu, Waiahole Ditch System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.15,\n 21.5833\n ],\n [\n -158.15,\n 21.4167\n ],\n [\n -157.66,\n 21.4167\n ],\n [\n -157.66,\n 21.5833\n ],\n [\n -158.15,\n 21.5833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698292","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yeung, Chiu W. cwyeung@usgs.gov","contributorId":2967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeung","given":"Chiu","email":"cwyeung@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fontaine, Richard A. rfontain@usgs.gov","contributorId":2379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Richard","email":"rfontain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80132,"text":"fs20073053 - 2007 - Sturgeon research update: Confirmed pallid sturgeon spawning in the Missouri River in 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T14:46:35","indexId":"fs20073053","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-3053","title":"Sturgeon research update: Confirmed pallid sturgeon spawning in the Missouri River in 2007","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in partnership with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission (NGPC) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have confirmed spawning of two female pallid sturgeon in the upstream reaches of the lower Missouri River in May 2007. Combined with supporting research in reproductive physiology, identification of spawning habitat, and early life history this result provides new understanding of environmental factors (for example, photoperiod, temperature, water quality, and flow regime) that might affect reproduction of this endangered species. The purpose of this fact sheet is to provide stakeholders, scientists, and managers with some of the preliminary results from the 2007 field assessment of sturgeon reproduction in the lower Missouri River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20073053","usgsCitation":"Mac, M., and Mestl, G., 2007, Sturgeon research update: Confirmed pallid sturgeon spawning in the Missouri River in 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3053, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20073053.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2007_3053.jpg"},{"id":9947,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":341542,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3053/pdf/FS2007-3053.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.5,40 ], [ -98.5,43.5 ], [ -95,43.5 ], [ -95,40 ], [ -98.5,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mac, Michael","contributorId":71280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mestl, Gerald","contributorId":101757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mestl","given":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80116,"text":"sir20075113 - 2007 - Use of chemical analysis and assays of semipermeable membrane devices extracts to assess the response of bioavailable organic pollutants in streams to urbanization in six metropolitan areas of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-15T17:50:34","indexId":"sir20075113","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5113","title":"Use of chemical analysis and assays of semipermeable membrane devices extracts to assess the response of bioavailable organic pollutants in streams to urbanization in six metropolitan areas of the United States","docAbstract":"Studies to assess the effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems are being conducted as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The overall objectives of these studies are to (1) determine how hydrologic, geomorphic, water quality, habitat, and biological characteristics respond to land-use changes associated with urbanization in specific environmental settings, and (2) compare these responses across environmental settings. As part of an integrated assessment, semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed in streams along a gradient of urban land-use intensity in and around Atlanta, Georgia; Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina; and Denver-Fort Collins, Colorado, in 2003; and Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas; Milwaukee-Green Bay, Wisconsin; and Portland, Oregon, in 2004. Sites were selected to avoid point-source discharge and to minimize natural variability within each of the six metropolitan areas. In addition to standard chemical analysis for hydrophobic organic contaminants, three assays were used to address mixtures and potential toxicity: (1) Fluoroscan provides an estimate of the total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); (2) the P450RGS assay indicates the presence and levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists; and (3) Microtox® measures toxicological effects on photo-luminescent bacteria.
Of the 140 compounds targeted or identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis in this study, 67 were not detected. In terms of numbers and types of compounds, the following were detected: 2 wood preservatives, 6 insecticides (parent compounds), 5 herbicides, 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 2 dibenzofurans, 4 polychlorinated biphenyls, 7 compounds associated with fragrances or personal care products, 4 steroids associated with wastewater, 5 polydibromated diphenyl ethers (flame retardants), 3 plasticizers, 3 antimicrobials/disinfectants, and 3 detergent metabolites.
Of the 73 compounds detected and three assays utilized, 29 were detected in 25 percent or more of the streams and were strongly related to increases in urban intensity (defined as having a Spearman’s rho > 0.5 with percent urban land cover) in at least one of the six metropolitan areas investigated. These 29 endpoints included 16 PAHs, a wood preservative (pentachloroanisole), 2 insecticides (chlorpyrifos and chlordane), 3 herbicides (benfluralin, trifluralin, and dacthal), a synthetic musk (hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyran, HHCB), 2 furans (methyldibenzofuran and benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan), and a flame retardant (BDE 47). In addition, the number of compounds detected and results of the Fluoroscan and P450RGS assays were strongly related to urban intensity.
Average water concentrations estimated from SPMDs were compared to screening benchmarks for the protection of human health and aquatic life; of the 14 compounds with available benchmarks, 3 compounds (anthracene, dieldrin, and diazinon) exceeded those levels in one or more streams. Both dieldrin and anthracene exceeded their respective benchmarks in seven streams, and diazinon in only one stream. There were more exceedances in Milwaukee-Green Bay and Raleigh-Durham than in the other metropolitan areas, and there were no exceedances in Dallas-Fort Worth.
The six metropolitan areas studied differed in the number and types of endpoints related to urban intensity, probably from a combination of factors governing source strength, transport, and fate of hydrophobic compounds. The number of endpoints strongly related to urban intensity ranged from 3 in Dallas-Fort Worth and Portland to 21 in Raleigh-Durham. High frequencies of detection and strong correlations with urban land cover for pyrogenic PAHs (such as unsubstituted 4-ringed PAHs) in all six metropolitan areas indicate that these compounds are an important component of urbanization, regardless of location. Pentachloroanisole, dibenzofurans, and petrogenic PAHs (alkylated PAHs and heterocyclic dibenzothiophenes) were frequently detected and strongly related to urban intensity in Atlanta, Raleigh-Durham, Milwaukee-Green Bay, and Denver-Fort Collins. Two insecticides were related to urban intensity: chlorpyrifos in Atlanta, Raleigh-Durham, and Dallas-Fort Worth; and chlordane in Raleigh-Durham. Three herbicides were strongly related to urban intensity: trifluralin in Atlanta and Raleigh-Durham; benfluralin in Atlanta, and dacthal in Denver-Fort Collins. The detection frequencies for most wastewater indicator compounds were too low to establish relations with urban intensity. Of the wastewater compounds analyzed, HHCB in Raleigh-Durham and Denver-Fort Collins, and BDE 47 in Denver-Fort Collins and Dallas-Forth Worth, had the strongest relations with urban intensity.
In addition to pyrogenic PAHs, levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists (as measured by the P450RGS assay) were strongly related to increasing urban intensity in all six metropolitan areas. PAHs were the only group of aryl hydrocarbon agonists consistently detected and related with urban intensity in all six metropolitan areas. It is unknown which compounds in the SPMDs caused the increased response in the P450RGS assay because the SPMDs likely contained many aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists not quantified by chemical analysis. It is clear that bioavailable, aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists increase in streams with increasing urban intensity in the basin. Potential toxicity mediated by this metabolic pathway should be considered in integrated assessments of the response of aquatic biota to urbanization.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075113","usgsCitation":"Bryant, W., Goodbred, S.L., Leiker, T.L., Inouye, L., and Johnson, B., 2007, Use of chemical analysis and assays of semipermeable membrane devices extracts to assess the response of bioavailable organic pollutants in streams to urbanization in six metropolitan areas of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5113, Report: viii, 47 p.; 2 Appendices (Excel files), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075113.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 47 p.; 2 Appendices (Excel files)","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5113.jpg"},{"id":9944,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6051cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryant, Wade L. Jr. wbbryant@usgs.gov","contributorId":1777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Wade L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"wbbryant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodbred, Steve L.","contributorId":93149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodbred","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leiker, Thomas L.","contributorId":77620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leiker","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Inouye, Laura","contributorId":74834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inouye","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, B. Thomas","contributorId":105101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80119,"text":"fs20063024 - 2007 - CLICK: The USGS Center for LIDAR Information Coordination & Knowledge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:12","indexId":"fs20063024","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3024","title":"CLICK: The USGS Center for LIDAR Information Coordination & Knowledge","docAbstract":"While this technology has proven its use as a mapping tool - effective for generating bare earth DEMs at high resolutions (1-3 m) and with high vertical accuracies (15-18 cm) - obstacles remain for its application as a remote sensing tool:\r\n* The high cost of collecting LIDAR\r\n* The steep learning curve on research and application of using the entire point cloud\r\n* The challenges of discovering whether data exist for regions of interest","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20063024","usgsCitation":"Menig, J.C., and Stoker, J.M., 2007, CLICK: The USGS Center for LIDAR Information Coordination & Knowledge: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3024, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063024.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91221,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7921","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menig, Jordan C.","contributorId":51853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menig","given":"Jordan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoker, Jason M. 0000-0003-2455-0931 jstoker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-0931","contributorId":3021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Jason","email":"jstoker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80131,"text":"sir20075049 - 2007 - Recharge area, base-flow and quick-flow discharge rates and ages, and general water quality of Big Spring in Carter County, Missouri, 2000-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-30T10:27:01","indexId":"sir20075049","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5049","displayTitle":"Recharge Area, Base-Flow and Quick-Flow Discharge Rates and Ages, and General Water Quality of Big Spring in Carter County, Missouri, 2000-04","title":"Recharge area, base-flow and quick-flow discharge rates and ages, and general water quality of Big Spring in Carter County, Missouri, 2000-04","docAbstract":"Exploration for lead deposits has occurred in a mature karst area of southeast Missouri that is highly valued for its scenic beauty and recreational opportunities. The area contains the two largest springs in Missouri (Big Spring and Greer Spring), both of which flow into federally designated scenic rivers. Concerns about potential mining effects on the area ground water and aquatic biota prompted an investigation of Big Spring.
Water-level measurements made during 2000 helped define the recharge area of Big Spring, Greer Spring, Mammoth Spring, and Boze Mill Spring. The data infer two distinct potentiometric surfaces. The shallow potentiometric surface, where the depth-to-water is less than about 250 feet, tends to mimic topographic features and is strongly controlled by streams. The deep potentiometric surface, where the depth-to-water is greater than about 250 feet represents ground-water hydraulic heads within the more mature karst areas. A highly permeable zone extends about 20 mile west of Big Spring toward the upper Hurricane Creek Basin. Deeper flowing water in the Big Spring recharge area is directed toward this permeable zone. The estimated sizes of the spring recharge areas are 426 square miles for Big Spring, 352 square miles for Greer Spring, 290 square miles for Mammoth Spring, and 54 square miles for Boze Mill Spring.
A discharge accumulation curve using Big Spring daily mean discharge data shows no substantial change in the discharge pattern of Big Spring during the period of record (water years 1922 through 2004). The extended periods when the spring flow deviated from the trend line can be attributed to prolonged departures from normal precipitation. The maximum possible instantaneous flow from Big Spring has not been adequately defined because of backwater effects from the Current River during high-flow conditions. Physical constraints within the spring conduit system may restrict its maximum flow. The largest discharge measured at Big Spring during the period of record (water years 1922 through 2004) was 1,170 cubic feet per second on December 7, 1982.
The daily mean water temperature of Big Spring was monitored during water years 2001 through 2004 and showed little variability, ranging from 13 to 15° C (degree Celsius). Water temperatures generally vary less than 1° C throughout the year. The warmest temperatures occur during October and November and decrease until April, indicating Big Spring water temperature does show a slight seasonal variation.
The use of the traditional hydrograph separation program HYSEP to determine the base flow and quick flow or runoff components at Big Spring failed to yield base-flow and quick-flow discharge curves that matched observations of spring characteristics. Big Spring discharge data were used in combination with specific conductance data to develop an improved hydrograph separation method for the spring. The estimated annual mean quick flow ranged from 15 to 48 cubic feet per second for the HYSEP analysis and ranged from 26 to 154 cubic feet per second for the discharge and specific conductance method for water years 2001 to 2004.
Using the discharge and specific conductance method, the estimated base-flow component rises abruptly as the spring hydrograph rises, attains a peak value on the same day as the discharge peak, and then declines abruptly from its peak value. Several days later, base flow begins to increase again at an approximately linear trend, coinciding with the time at which the percentage of quick flow has reached a maximum after each recharge-induced discharge peak. The interval between the discharge peak and the peak in percentage quick flow ranges from 8 to 11 days for seven hydrograph peaks, consistent with quick-flow traveltime estimates by dye-trace tests from the mature karst Hurricane Creek Basin in the central part of the recharge area.
Concentrations of environmental tracers chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113), and sulfur hexafluoride in discharge from Big Spring vary approximately linearly with percent quick flow from about 5 to 45 percent of discharge. Linear extrapolation to 100 percent quick flow implies CFC and SF6 concentrations nearly identical to those in the 2002 atmosphere and indicates a modern age for the quick-flow component. Tracer concentrations for less than about 5 percent quick flow are increasingly lower than those expected from linear extrapolation to zero percent quick flow, indicating that the reservoir of older water in the Big Spring watershed may be a series of water mixtures with piston-flow ages greater than those obtained by extrapolation to zero percent quick flow. Each sample point with a low percentage of quick flow (less than 5 percent) may be a unique mixture.
Environmental tracer data from Big Spring plot intermediate to the simple binary mixing of modern and old, pre-tracer water and results from the exponential mixture model. The mean ages of waters in the base-flow component approximately range from 30 to 200 years. The mean age of the base-flow component is youngest (30 to 40 years) in samples containing the highest quick-flow component (45 percent quick flow) and increases to 200 years or more as the fraction of quick flow decreases to less than 5 percent. Tritium data are consistent with a model of dilution of a modern component with an old, pre-tracer component and indicates that the old fraction is mostly pre-1960s in age with mean residence time of more than several hundred years. All of the samples from Big Spring and Greer Spring have water temperatures warmer than their nitrogen-argon recharge temperature, which range from approximately 10.5 to 14° C, suggesting recharge to the Big Spring watershed occurs primarily in late winter to early spring. The water temperatures at Big Spring are consistent with relatively shallow circulation (less than about 600 feet), and the water does not appear to be warmed by deep circulation along a geothermal gradient.
Specific conductance values and concentrations of most inorganic constituents in water samples from Big Spring generally decrease with increasing discharge because of dilution with quick-flow water of lower ionic strength. Concentrations of some constituents such as chloride and nitrite plus nitrate, and fecal coliform densities, however, did not decrease with increasing discharge, indicating that quick flow probably is a more important source of these constituents compared to base flow. Water samples from Big Spring plot along the line of dolomite dissolution by carbonic acid, are at equilibrium with dolomite and calcite, and have a molar ratio of Ca:Mg of near 1, indicating dissolution of the mineral dolomite as the primary control on concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. The flux of calcium and magnesium from Big Spring represents the dissolution of about 1,950 cubic feet of dolomite per day. The suspended sediment load of Big Spring was estimated to range from about 1 to about 70 tons per day, and the sediment load during base-flow periods ranged from about 1 to about 7 tons per day.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075049","usgsCitation":"Imes, J.L., Plummer, N., Kleeschulte, M.J., and Schumacher, J., 2007, Recharge area, base-flow and quick-flow discharge rates and ages, and general water quality of Big Spring in Carter County, Missouri, 2000-04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5049, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075049.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","temporalStart":"2000-10-01","temporalEnd":"2004-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9946,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5049/pdf/SIR2007-5049.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Carter County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-90.78,37.0503],[-90.7316,37.0505],[-90.7311,36.9992],[-90.7132,36.999],[-90.7116,36.9708],[-90.6955,36.9701],[-90.6953,36.9284],[-90.6781,36.9282],[-90.6797,36.8842],[-90.6596,36.8834],[-90.6609,36.8544],[-90.6619,36.8109],[-90.8418,36.8131],[-90.8987,36.8138],[-90.9372,36.8144],[-90.9476,36.8145],[-90.9481,36.8177],[-90.9556,36.8178],[-91.009,36.8193],[-91.0083,36.8234],[-91.1164,36.8247],[-91.2245,36.8254],[-91.2234,36.8857],[-91.2192,37.0009],[-91.2178,37.0457],[-91.2159,37.0892],[-91.183,37.0889],[-91.1081,37.0872],[-91.108,37.0912],[-91.0722,37.0917],[-91.0682,37.0921],[-91.0675,37.0962],[-91.0542,37.096],[-91.0329,37.0958],[-91.0184,37.0988],[-90.9618,37.1008],[-90.9639,37.0537],[-90.7841,37.0503],[-90.78,37.0503]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Carter\",\"state\":\"MO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644b5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Imes, Jeffrey L. jimes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jimes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kleeschulte, Michael J.","contributorId":75891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleeschulte","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schumacher, John G. jschu@usgs.gov","contributorId":2055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumacher","given":"John G.","email":"jschu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80130,"text":"fs20053068 - 2007 - Shuttle Radar Topography Mission - New Products in 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:11","indexId":"fs20053068","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3068","title":"Shuttle Radar Topography Mission - New Products in 2005","docAbstract":"In February 2000, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) successfully collected Interferometric C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar data over 80 percent of the Earth's land surface, for most of the area between 60?N and 56?S latitude. NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), formerly known as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), co-sponsored the mission.\r\n\r\nNASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) performed preliminary processing of SRTM data and forwarded partially finished data directly to NGA for finishing by NGA contractors and subsequent monthly deliveries to the NGA Digital Products Data Warehouse (DPDW). All data products delivered by the contractors conform to NGA SRTM Data Products and NGA Digital Terrain Elevation Data? (DTED?) specifications. The DPDW ingests the SRTM data products, checks them for formatting errors, loads the public SRTM DTED? into the NGA data distribution system, and ships them to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS). In addition to NGA's SRTM DTED? format, USGS EROS has reformatted the data into a non-proprietary, generic raster binary SRTM format that is readable by most remote sensing software packages. The SRTM format is also publicly available from USGS EROS.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20053068","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission - New Products in 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3068, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053068.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3068/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91231,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d97b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80117,"text":"ds275 - 2007 - Channel response to low-elevation desert fire: The King Valley Fire of 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T22:03:25.109435","indexId":"ds275","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"275","displayTitle":"Channel Response to Low-Elevation Desert Fire: The King Valley Fire of 2005","title":"Channel response to low-elevation desert fire: The King Valley Fire of 2005","docAbstract":"In late September to early October 2005, a fire swept north from the Yuma Proving Grounds and into the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), traveling mainly along desert wash systems and low-relief alluvial fans. This fire burned 9,975 ha, moving through xeroriparian systems in washes as well as low-elevation desert ecosystems in King Valley, a major area of designated wilderness in the southern part of the Kofa NWR. Using satellite imagery, we determined that 9,255 ha of the Kofa NWR in King Valley burned. The fine-fuel loading for the fire was mostly a native forb (Plantago insularis), and the desert environment that was burned was mostly low-cover creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) scrub with scattered palo verde (Cercidium microphyllum). The wash environments had significant tree cover, including ironwood (Olneya tesota), blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis), and/or smoke tree (Psorothamnus spinosa). This report presents monitoring data collected in June 2006 and January-February 2007 on the effects of this fire on channel morphology in King Valley.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds275","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Webb, R., Griffiths, P.G., Wallace, C., and Boyer, D.E., 2007, Channel response to low-elevation desert fire: The King Valley Fire of 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 275, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds275.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403331,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81543.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9945,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/275/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"King Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.95843505859375,\n 33.03399561940715\n ],\n [\n -113.78814697265625,\n 33.03399561940715\n ],\n [\n -113.78814697265625,\n 33.18353672893615\n ],\n [\n -113.95843505859375,\n 33.18353672893615\n ],\n [\n -113.95843505859375,\n 33.03399561940715\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e65e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":291776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, Cynthia S.A.","contributorId":70487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Cynthia S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boyer, Diane E.","contributorId":22018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyer","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171370,"text":"70171370 - 2007 - Population viability analysis of Lower Missouri River shovelnose sturgeon with initial application to the pallid sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T14:16:29","indexId":"70171370","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population viability analysis of Lower Missouri River shovelnose sturgeon with initial application to the pallid sturgeon","docAbstract":"Demographic models for the shovelnose (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) and pallid (S. albus) sturgeons in the Lower Missouri River were developed to conduct sensitivity analyses for both populations. Potential effects of increased fishing mortality on the shovelnose sturgeon were also evaluated. Populations of shovelnose and pallid sturgeon were most sensitive to age-0 mortality rates as well as mortality rates of juveniles and young adults. Overall, fecundity was a less sensitive parameter. However, increased fecundity effectively balanced higher mortality among sensitive age classes in both populations. Management that increases population-level fecundity and improves survival of age-0, juveniles, and young adults should most effectively benefit both populations. Evaluation of reproductive values indicated that populations of pallid sturgeon dominated by ages ≥35 could rapidly lose their potential for growth, particularly if recruitment remains low. Under the initial parameter values portraying current conditions the population of shovelnose sturgeon was predicted to decline by 1.65% annually, causing the commercial yield to also decline. Modeling indicated that the commercial yield could increase substantially if exploitation of females in ages ≤12 was highly restricted.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00879.x","usgsCitation":"Bajer, P., and Wildhaber, M., 2007, Population viability analysis of Lower Missouri River shovelnose sturgeon with initial application to the pallid sturgeon: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 457-464, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00879.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"464","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lower Missouri River","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57496fb2e4b07e28b665cc90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bajer, P.G.","contributorId":75330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bajer","given":"P.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildhaber, M. L. 0000-0002-6538-9083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":62961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171375,"text":"70171375 - 2007 - Estimation of gonad volume, fecundity, and reproductive stage of shovelnose sturgeon using sonography and endoscopy with application to the endangered pallid sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-27T16:21:15","indexId":"70171375","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of gonad volume, fecundity, and reproductive stage of shovelnose sturgeon using sonography and endoscopy with application to the endangered pallid sturgeon","docAbstract":"Most species of sturgeon are declining in the Mississippi River Basin of North America including pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus F. and R.) and shovelnose sturgeons (S. platorynchus R.). Understanding the reproductive cycle of sturgeon in the Mississippi River Basin is important in evaluating the status and viability of sturgeon populations. We used non-invasive, non-lethal methods for examining internal reproductive organs of shovelnose and pallid sturgeon. We used an ultrasound to measure egg diameter, fecundity, and gonad volume; endoscope was used to visually examine the gonad. We found the ultrasound to accurately measure the gonad volume, but it underestimated egg diameter by 52%. After correcting for the measurement error, the ultrasound accurately measured the gonad volume but it was higher than the true gonad volume for stages I and II. The ultrasound underestimated the fecundity of shovelnose sturgeon by 5%. The ultrasound fecundity was lower than the true fecundity for stage III and during August. Using the endoscope, we viewed seven different egg color categories. Using a model selection procedure, the presence of four egg categories correctly predicted the reproductive stage ± one reproductive stage of shovelnose sturgeon 95% of the time. For pallid sturgeon, the ultrasound overestimated the density of eggs by 49% and the endoscope was able to view eggs in 50% of the pallid sturgeon. Individually, the ultrasound and endoscope can be used to assess certain reproductive characteristics in sturgeon. The use of both methods at the same time can be complementary depending on the parameter measured. These methods can be used to track gonad characteristics, including measuring Gonadosomatic Index in individuals and/or populations through time, which can be very useful when associating gonad characteristics with environmental spawning triggers or with repeated examinations of individual fish throughout the reproductive cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00889.x","usgsCitation":"Bryan, J., Wildhaber, M., Papoulias, D., DeLonay, A., Tillitt, D.E., and Annis, M., 2007, Estimation of gonad volume, fecundity, and reproductive stage of shovelnose sturgeon using sonography and endoscopy with application to the endangered pallid sturgeon: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 411-419, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00889.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"419","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321846,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57496faee4b07e28b665cc5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryan, J.L.","contributorId":15328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildhaber, M. L. 0000-0002-6538-9083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":62961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papoulias, D. M. 0000-0002-5106-2469","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":58759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeLonay, A. J. 0000-0002-3752-2799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2799","contributorId":34246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":83462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Annis, M.L.","contributorId":53930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Annis","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70206477,"text":"70206477 - 2007 - Effects of nutrient loading and extreme rainfall events on coastal tallgrass prairies: Invasion intensity, vegetation responses, and carbon and nitrogen distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-06T12:23:38","indexId":"70206477","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-22T12:12:08","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of nutrient loading and extreme rainfall events on coastal tallgrass prairies: Invasion intensity, vegetation responses, and carbon and nitrogen distribution","docAbstract":"Soil fertility and precipitation are major factors regulating transitions from grasslands to forests. Biotic regulation may influence the effects of these abiotic drivers. In this study, we examined the effects of extreme rainfall events, anthropogenic nutrient loading and insect herbivory on the ability of Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) to invade coastal prairie to determine how these factors may influence woody invasion of a grassland. We manipulated soil fertility (NPK addition) and simulated variation in frequency of extreme rainfall events in a three growing season, full factorial field experiment. Adding water to or pumping water out of plots simulated increased and decreased rainfall frequencies. We added Sapium seeds and seedlings to each plot and manipulated insect herbivory on transplanted Sapium seedlings with insecticide. We measured soil moisture, Sapium performance, vegetation mass, and carbon and nitrogen in vegetation and soils (0–10 cm deep, 10–20 cm deep). Fertilization increased Sapium invasion intensity by increasing seedling survival, height growth and biomass. Insect damage was low and insect suppression had little effect in all conditions. Recruitment of Sapium from seed was very low and independent of treatments. Vegetation mass was increased by fertilization in both rainfall treatments but not in the ambient moisture treatment. The amount of carbon and nitrogen in plants was increased by fertilization, especially in modified moisture plots. Soil carbon and nitrogen were independent of all treatments. These results suggest that coastal tallgrass prairies are more likely to be impacted by nutrient loading, in terms of invasion severity and nutrient cycling, than by changes in the frequency of extreme rainfall events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01425.x","usgsCitation":"Siemann, E., Rogers, W., and Grace, J.B., 2007, Effects of nutrient loading and extreme rainfall events on coastal tallgrass prairies: Invasion intensity, vegetation responses, and carbon and nitrogen distribution: Global Change Biology, v. 13, no. 10, p. 2184-2192, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01425.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2184","endPage":"2192","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368976,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"University of Houston Coastal Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.04903316497803,\n 29.374994983220194\n ],\n [\n -95.03045082092285,\n 29.374994983220194\n ],\n [\n -95.03045082092285,\n 29.40191771556852\n ],\n [\n -95.04903316497803,\n 29.40191771556852\n ],\n [\n -95.04903316497803,\n 29.374994983220194\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siemann, E.","contributorId":43575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siemann","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, W.E.","contributorId":66443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80115,"text":"fs20073049 - 2007 - Summary of the Ground-Water-Level Hydrologic Conditions in New Jersey 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"fs20073049","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-3049","title":"Summary of the Ground-Water-Level Hydrologic Conditions in New Jersey 2006","docAbstract":"Ground water is one of the Nation's most important natural resources. It provides about 40 percent of our Nation's public water supply. Currently, nearly one-half of New Jersey's drinking-water is supplied by over 300,000 wells that serve more than 4.3 million people (John P. Nawyn, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2007). New Jersey's population is projected to grow by more than a million people by 2030 (U.S. Census Bureau, accessed March 2, 2006, at http://www.census.gov). As demand for water increases, managing the development and use of the ground-water resource so that the supply can be maintained for an indefinite time without causing unacceptable environmental, economic, or social consequences is of paramount importance.\r\n\r\nThis report describes the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) New Jersey Water Science Center Observation Well Networks. Record low ground-water levels during water year 2006 (October 1, 2005 to September 30, 2006) are listed, and water levels in six selected water-table observation wells and three selected confined wells are shown in hydrographs. The report describes the trends in water levels in various confined aquifers in southern New Jersey and in water-table and fracture rock aquifers throughout the State. Web site addresses to access the data also are included.\r\n\r\nThe USGS has operated a network of observation wells in New Jersey since 1923 for the purpose of monitoring ground-water-level changes throughout the State. Long-term systematic measurement of water levels in observation wells provides the data needed to evaluate changes in the ground-water resource over time. Records of ground-water levels are used to evaluate the effects of climate changes and water-supply development, to develop ground-water models, and to forecast trends.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20073049","usgsCitation":"Jones, W., and Pope, D., 2007, Summary of the Ground-Water-Level Hydrologic Conditions in New Jersey 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3049, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20073049.","productDescription":"6 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-10-01","temporalEnd":"2006-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2007_3049.jpg"},{"id":9943,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,38.75 ], [ -76,41.5 ], [ -73.75,41.5 ], [ -73.75,38.75 ], [ -76,38.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69840d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Walter","contributorId":78026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pope, Daryll","contributorId":64350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Daryll","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80114,"text":"sir20075110 - 2007 - Analysis of salinity intrusion in the Waccamaw River and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1995-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T21:32:14.33652","indexId":"sir20075110","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5110","title":"Analysis of salinity intrusion in the Waccamaw River and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1995-2002","docAbstract":"Six reservoirs in North Carolina discharge into the Pee Dee River, which flows 160 miles through South Carolina to the coastal communities near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. During the Southeast's record-breaking drought from 1998 to 2003, salinity intrusions inundated a coastal municipal freshwater intake, limiting water supplies. To evaluate the effects of regulated flows of the Pee Dee River on salinity intrusion in the Waccamaw River and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and a consortium of stakeholders entered into a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey to apply data-mining techniques to the long-term time series to analyze and simulate salinity dynamics near the freshwater intakes along the Grand Strand of South Carolina. Salinity intrusion in tidal rivers results from the interaction of three principal forces—streamflow, mean tidal water levels, and tidal range. To analyze, model, and simulate hydrodynamic behaviors at critical coastal gages, data-mining techniques were applied to over 20 years of hourly streamflow, coastal water-quality, and water-level data. Artificial neural network models were trained to learn the variable interactions that cause salinity intrusions. Streamflow data from the 18,300-square-mile basin were input to the model as time-delayed variables and accumulated tributary inflows. Tidal inputs to the models were obtained by decomposing tidal water-level data into a \"periodic\" signal of tidal range and a \"chaotic\" signal of mean water levels. The artificial neural network models were able to convincingly reproduce historical behaviors and generate alternative scenarios of interest.
To make the models directly available to all stakeholders along the Pee Dee and Waccamaw Rivers and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, an easy-to-use decision support system (DSS) was developed as a spreadsheet application that integrates the historical database, artificial neural network models, model controls, streaming graphics, and model output. An additional feature is a built-in optimizer that dynamically calculates the amount of flow needed to suppress salinity intrusions as tidal ranges and water levels vary over days and months. This DSS greatly reduced the number of long-term simulations needed for stakeholders to determine the minimum flow required to adequately protect the freshwater intakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075110","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., and Roehl, E.A., 2007, Analysis of salinity intrusion in the Waccamaw River and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1995-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5110, Report: vi, 43 p.; 2 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075110.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 43 p.; 2 Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423543,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81523.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9942,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5110.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Myrtle Beach","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, Waccamaw River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80,33 ], [ -80,34.5 ], [ -78.5,34.5 ], [ -78.5,33 ], [ -80,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680b18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roehl, Edwin A. Jr.","contributorId":108083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roehl","given":"Edwin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80112,"text":"ofr20071198 - 2007 - The Distribution of Submersed Aquatic Vegetation in the Fresh and Oligohaline Tidal Potomac River, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:40","indexId":"ofr20071198","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1198","title":"The Distribution of Submersed Aquatic Vegetation in the Fresh and Oligohaline Tidal Potomac River, 2004","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nSubmersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) is a critical component of the Potomac River ecosystem. Though SAV provides important habitat for fauna and stabilizes bottom sediment, very dense beds may restrict recreational and commercial navigation. Exotic species of SAV are managed by the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments Potomac Aquatic Plant Management Program (PAPMP). Selected beds of exotic SAV species that limit navigation are harvested mechanically. The program began in 1986 when approximately 40 acres of plants were harvested from 18 sites (Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments 1987).\r\n\r\nMonitoring efforts are an effective means of quantifying the distribution and abundance of the exotic species, Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla) and other SAV species. These annual surveys provide a basis for identifying large-scale changes throughout the ecosystem and allow managers to evaluate the effectiveness of resource management policies based on a reliable scientific foundation. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has monitored the distribution and composition of SAV beds in the fresh and oligohaline (salinity 0.5 to 5) tidal Potomac River since 1978 using transect sampling (1978 to 1981, 1985 to 1987, and 2002) and shoreline surveys (1983 to 2004).\r\n\r\nShoreline survey data from the tidal Potomac River are incorporated into the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) annual report on SAV distribution in Chesapeake Bay. The VIMS report and methods are available at http://www.vims.edu/bio/sav. Additional publications concerning SAV distribution in the Potomac River can be found at http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/proj.bib/sav/wethome.htm.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071198","usgsCitation":"Rybicki, N.B., Yoon, S.N., Schenk, E.R., and Baldizar, J.B., 2007, The Distribution of Submersed Aquatic Vegetation in the Fresh and Oligohaline Tidal Potomac River, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1198, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071198.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9940,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1198/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78,38.25 ], [ -78,39.5 ], [ -76.75,39.5 ], [ -76.75,38.25 ], [ -78,38.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e51c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rybicki, Nancy B. 0000-0002-2205-7927 nrybicki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-7927","contributorId":2142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybicki","given":"Nancy","email":"nrybicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoon, Sarah N.","contributorId":12935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoon","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schenk, Edward R. 0000-0001-6886-5754 eschenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-5754","contributorId":2183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Edward","email":"eschenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baldizar, Julie B.","contributorId":78826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldizar","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80111,"text":"ofr20071207 - 2007 - Using a remote sensing/GIS model to predict southwestern Willow Flycatcher breeding habitat along the Rio Grande, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-27T13:05:05","indexId":"ofr20071207","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1207","title":"Using a remote sensing/GIS model to predict southwestern Willow Flycatcher breeding habitat along the Rio Grande, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThe Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus; hereafter SWFL) is a federally endangered bird (USFWS 1995) that breeds in riparian areas in portions of New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Colorado, extreme southern Utah and Nevada, and southern California (USFWS 2002). Across this range, it uses a variety of plant species as nesting/breeding habitat, but in all cases prefers sites with dense vegetation, high canopy, and proximity to surface water or saturated soils (Sogge and Marshall 2000). As of 2005, the known rangewide breeding population of SWFLs was roughly 1,214 territories, with approximately 393 territories distributed among 36 sites in New Mexico (Durst et al. 2006), primarily along the Rio Grande.\r\n\r\nOne of the key challenges facing the management and conservation of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher is that riparian areas are dynamic, with individual habitat patches subject to cycles of creation, growth, and loss due to drought, flooding, fire, and other disturbances. Former breeding patches can lose suitability, and new habitat can develop within a matter of only a few years, especially in reservoir drawdown zones. Therefore, measuring and predicting flycatcher habitat - either to discover areas that might support SWFLs, or to identify areas that may develop into appropriate habitat - requires knowledge of recent/current habitat conditions and an understanding of the factors that determine flycatcher use of riparian breeding sites.\r\n\r\nIn the past, much of the determination of whether a riparian site is likely to support breeding flycatchers has been based on qualitative criteria (for example, 'dense vegetation' or 'large patches'). These determinations often require on-the-ground field evaluations by local or regional SWFL experts. While this has proven valuable in locating many of the currently known breeding sites, it is difficult or impossible to apply this approach effectively over large geographic areas (for example, the middle Rio Grande). The SWFL Recovery Plan (USFWS 2002) recognizes the importance of developing new approaches to habitat identification, and recommends the development of drainage-scale, quantitative habitat models. In particular, the plan suggests using models based on remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology that can capture the relatively dynamic habitat changes that occur in southwestern riparian systems.\r\n\r\nIn 1999, Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD) developed a GIS-based model (Hatten and Paradzick 2003) to identify SWFL breeding habitat from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery and 30-m resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). The model was developed with presence/absence survey data acquired along the San Pedro and Gila rivers, and from the Salt River and Tonto Creek inlets to Roosevelt Lake in southern Arizona (collectively called the project area). The GIS-based model used a logistic regression equation to divide riparian vegetation into 5 probability classes based upon characteristics of riparian vegetation and floodplain size. This model was tested by predicting SWFL breeding habitat at Alamo Lake, Arizona, located 200 km from the project area (Hatten and Paradzick 2003). The GIS-based model performed as expected by identifying riparian areas with the highest SWFL nest densities, located in the higher probability classes.\r\n\r\nIn 2002, AGFD applied the GIS-based model throughout Arizona, for riparian areas below 1,524 m (5,000 ft) elevation and within 1.6 km of perennial or intermittent waters (Dockens et al. 2004). Overall model accuracy (using probability classes 1-5, with class 5 having the greatest probability of nesting activity) for predicting the location of 2001 nest sites was 96.5 percent; accuracy decreased when fewer probability classes were defined as suitable. Map accuracy, determined from errors of commission, increased in higher probability classes in a fashion similar to errors of omission. Map accuracy, li","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071207","collaboration":"Prepared for the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado River Region","usgsCitation":"Hatten, J.R., and Sogge, M.K., 2007, Using a remote sensing/GIS model to predict southwestern Willow Flycatcher breeding habitat along the Rio Grande, New Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1207, ii., 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071207.","productDescription":"ii., 27 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9939,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1207/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,31.3 ], [ -109,38 ], [ -103,38 ], [ -103,31.3 ], [ -109,31.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603cec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatten, James R. 0000-0003-4676-8093 jhatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-8093","contributorId":3431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"James","email":"jhatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sogge, Mark K. 0000-0002-8337-5689 mark_sogge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-5689","contributorId":3710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogge","given":"Mark","email":"mark_sogge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80113,"text":"ofr20071202 - 2007 - Geochemistry of Selected Coal Samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:38","indexId":"ofr20071202","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1202","title":"Geochemistry of Selected Coal Samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nIndonesia is an archipelago of more than 17,000 islands that stretches astride the equator for about 5,200 km in southeast Asia (figure 1) and includes major Cenozoic volcano-plutonic arcs, active volcanoes, and various related onshore and offshore basins. These magmatic arcs have extensive Cu and Au mineralization that has generated much exploration and mining in the last 50 years. Although Au and Ag have been mined in Indonesia for over 1000 years (van Leeuwen, 1994), it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that the Dutch explored and developed major Sn and minor Au, Ag, Ni, bauxite, and coal resources. The metallogeny of Indonesia includes Au-rich porphyry Cu, porphyry Mo, skarn Cu-Au, sedimentary-rock hosted Au, epithermal Au, laterite Ni, and diamond deposits. For example, the Grasberg deposit in Papua has the world's largest gold reserves and the third-largest copper reserves (Sillitoe, 1994).\r\n\r\nCoal mining in Indonesia also has had a long history beginning with the initial production in 1849 in the Mahakam coal field near Pengaron, East Kalimantan; in 1891 in the Ombilin area, Sumatra, (van Leeuwen, 1994); and in South Sumatra in 1919 at the Bukit Asam mine (Soehandojo, 1989). Total production from deposits in Sumatra and Kalimantan, from the 19thth century to World War II, amounted to 40 million metric tons (Mt). After World War II, production declined due to various factors including politics and a boom in the world-wide oil economy. Active exploration and increased mining began again in the 1980's mainly through a change in Indonesian government policy of collaboration with foreign companies and the global oil crises (Prijono, 1989).\r\n\r\nThis recent coal revival (van Leeuwen, 1994) has lead Indonesia to become the largest exporter of thermal (steam) coal and the second largest combined thermal and metallurgical (coking) coal exporter in the world market (Fairhead and others, 2006). The exported coal is desirable as it is low sulfur and ash (generally <1 and < 10 wt.%, respectively). Coal mining for both local use and for export has a very strong future in Indonesia although, at present, there are concerns about the strong need for a major revision in mining laws and foreign investment policies (Wahju, 2004; United States Embassy Jakarta, 2004). The World Coal Quality Inventory (WoCQI) program of the U.S. Geological Survey (Tewalt and others, 2005) is a cooperative project with about 50 countries (out of 70 coal-producing countries world-wide). The WoCQI initiative has collected and published extensive coal quality data from the world's largest coal producers and consumers. The important aspects of the WoCQI program are; (1) samples from active mines are collected, (2) the data have a high degree of internal consistency with a broad array of coal quality parameters, and (3) the data are linked to GIS and available through the world-wide-web. The coal quality parameters include proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, major-, minor-, and trace-element concentrations and various technological tests. This report contains geochemical data from a selected group of Indonesian coal samples from a range of coal types, localities, and ages collected for the WoCQI program.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071202","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H.E., and Tewalt, S.J., 2007, Geochemistry of Selected Coal Samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1202, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071202.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9941,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1202/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 90,-20 ], [ 90,20 ], [ 145,20 ], [ 145,-20 ], [ 90,-20 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tewalt, Susan J. stewalt@usgs.gov","contributorId":64270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"Susan","email":"stewalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175142,"text":"70175142 - 2007 - Interferometric synthetic-aperature radar (InSAR): Chapter 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-01T11:54:15","indexId":"70175142","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-19T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Interferometric synthetic-aperature radar (InSAR): Chapter 5","docAbstract":"Geodesists are, for the most part, a patient and hardworking lot. A day spent hiking to a distant peak, hours spent waiting for clouds to clear a line-of-sight between observation points, weeks spent moving methodically along a level line – such is the normal pulse of the geodetic profession. The fruits of such labors are all the more precious because they are so scarce. A good day spent with an electronic distance meter (EDM) or level typically produces fewer than a dozen data points. A year of tiltmeter output sampled at ten-minute intervals constitutes less than half a megabyte of data. All of the leveling data ever collected at Yellowstone Caldera fit comfortably on a single PC diskette. These quantities are trivial by modern data-storage standards, in spite of the considerable efforts expended to produce them.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Volcano deformation - Geodetic monitoring techniques","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., and Lu, Z., 2007, Interferometric synthetic-aperature radar (InSAR): Chapter 5, chap. of Volcano deformation - Geodetic monitoring techniques, p. 153-194.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"194","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a072b6e4b060ce18fb2da6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":644086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}