A broad-perspective analysis of the ground-water resources and present and possible future water development and management in the Souris-Red-Rainy Region is presented. The region includes the basins of the Souris River within Montana and North Dakota; the Red River of the North in South Dakota, North Dakota, and Minnesota; and the Rainy River within Minnesota. The region includes 59,645 square miles, mostly in North Dakota and Minnesota.
\nThe terrain is relatively flat, but ranges in altitude from 2,541 to 750 feet. Annual average precipitation ranges from 14 inches in the west to 28 inches in the east and about 75 percent of it is rain. The mean annual snowfall ranges from 32 inches in the west to 64 inches in the east. Temperatures range from -55° to 118° F (-48.3° to 47.8° C). Irrigation is needed at least part of the time to assure crop production, particularly in the western part of the region.
\nSand and gravel deposits in the drift form the most important freshwater aquifers. Other aquifers are found in at least parts of the region in the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary rocks. The potentiometric surface in the bedrock aquifers generally decreases in altitude toward the Red River of the North, indicating that the general direction of ground-water movement is toward the river. Ground water with less than 3,000 milligrams per liter dissolved solids is available throughout the region. Ground water with less than 1,000 milligrams per liter occurs in most of the region east of the Red River of the North and in most of the shallow aquifers west of the river. The total volume of water available from storage having less than 3,000 milligrams per liter dissolved solids is estimated to be 5x108 acre-feet. In addition to the fresh and slightly saline water, the region has abundant highly mineralized water that can be considered as a resource. Yields of wells in individual bedrock aquifers are generally less than 100 gallons per minute but locally yields may be as much as 500 gallons per minute and more. Yields in drift aquifers are frequently less than 100 gallons per minute but range from 5 to 1,000 gallons per minute. In a few places outwash yields more than 1,000 gallons per minute.
\nGround water is the sole or a primary source of water supply in much of the region, including supplies for irrigation, domestic and livestock, municipal, and industrial needs. Reportedly, the potential irrigation development is 1,550,000 acres, as compared with 50,200 acres in 1975. Both ground- and surface-water supplies would be required to meet these demands. Rural domestic and livestock water supplies are derived almost entirely from ground-water sources. Smaller communities and towns generally rely on ground water, and the cities and industries use ground water, surface water, or both. The municipalities using surface water generally depend upon reservoir storage. Water quality rather than quantity is the greater water-supply problem for many communities in the region.
\nIncreased demands on both ground-water and surface-water supplies likely will be made in the future. Storage of surface water in the ground-water reservoirs during times of surplus for withdrawal during times of scarcity would aid in meeting these demands. The surplus (flood) water is of better chemical quality than underlying ground water in parts of the western half of the region. Freshwater could be stored in saline- or freshwater aquifers, and pumped out later, as needed. Thus, the ground-water reservoirs have a definite present and potential role in water management.
\nTo understand the hydrologic system for management purposes there is a need to determine more adequately the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of existing aquifers and the location of new aquifers. Also, as pumping and other stresses on any part of the hydrologic system affect other parts of the system, monitoring programs ideally should be started and maintained to detect changes and determine effects of the stresses.
\nMany alternatives are available for managing water in the region. Some of these are operational and others are undergoing research. Adequate hydrologic information is needed to aid in solving problems of water supply, use, and pollution.
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One-fifth to one-fourth of the precipitation that falls on the region enters the ground-water reservoirs. During the year approximately the same amount of water leaves the ground-water system, sustaining the dry-weather flow of streams. Recharge for the region is about 22,000 million gallons per day or 0.5 million gallons per day per square mile. The major types of aquifers in the region are unconsolidated material (including sand and regolith), carbonate rocks, and fractured noncarbonate rocks. One or more of these aquifer types occurs in each of the six physiographic subdivisions of the region. The productivity of these aquifers depends on their hydraulic properties and on the distribution of these properties. The unconsolidated sand aquifers are the most homogeneous in composition and most predictable in occurrence. These aquifers commonly yield 200 to 600 gallons per minute per well depending on the thickness of sand penetrated.
\nThe most difficult aquifers to predict in regard to depth and yield are the carbonate rocks. In these aquifers it is possible to drill dry holes within a few hundred feet of wells capable of producing several thousand gallons per minute. However, with an adequate reconnaissance study to determine the occurrence of ground water and a planned test drilling program, yields of up to 300 gallons per minute per well can be expected in the carbonate aquifers. Potential yields from the fractured noncarbonate aquifers are lower than in the carbonate rocks.
\nThe chemical and physical properties of ground water in the Tennessee Region are usually within the limits recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water, and the ground water in all but some very shallow aquifers tends to be free of pathogenic microorganisms. Saline water is not known to occur in significant quantities in the region.
\nIn 1970, 173 million gallons per day of ground water were used in the Tennessee Region. This was less than 8 percent of the total quantity of water used in the region and only 0.8 percent of the estimated ground-water recharge. Ground water is used chiefly as a source of water supply for rural areas and small towns. A lesser amount is used by industries and commercial establishments located beyond the limits of municipal water-supply systems. However, there is potential for significantly increased use in order to augment surface-water supplies and to utilize the total water resource more efficiently.
\nHydrologic studies and adequate test drilling would greatly increase the chances of locating large amounts of ground water, especially in the nine-tenths of the Tennessee Region that is underlain by either carbonate rocks or fractured noncarbonate rocks which have highly variable water-bearing properties. Collectively, such studies are useful in developing a concept of the hydrologic system which would permit the development of criteria for selecting well sites in other areas with a similar geological and hydrological setting. Hydrologic studies that include test drilling have been conducted in all parts of the region except the Cumberland Plateau.
\nSome of the basic data necessary for hydrologic studies, such as geologic maps, well records, and streamflow records are available throughout the region. However, detailed information on groundwater levels, ground-water quality, and aquifer characteristics are not equally available throughout the region. This type of information cannot be obtained quickly when it is needed; it must be the product of a continuing program of studies designed to evaluate the Tennessee Region's ground-water resource.
\nBecause of the interdependence of ground water and surface water, water management efforts can be fully effective only if they involve the whole water resource. In the Tennessee Region, surface water is highly controlled, but there is at present no regionwide water-resources management plan that includes ground water.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69964c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zurawski, Ann","contributorId":57868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zurawski","given":"Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38701,"text":"pp813P - 1978 - Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources; Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T18:44:45","indexId":"pp813P","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"P","title":"Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources; Alaska","docAbstract":"Alaska has enormous surface-water resources, but many of the streams are frozen for most of the year and most contain glacial silt that makes them unacceptable for human use. These factors lend special significance to ground water as a water-supply source, even though perennially frozen ground (permafrost) profoundly modifies ground-water flow systems in much of Alaska north of the maritime southern coast and southeastern panhandle areas. Frozen ground is a virtually impermeable layer that restricts recharge, discharge, and movement of ground water, acts as a confining layer and limits the volume of unconsolidated deposits and bedrock in which water may be stored.
\nGround water is an untested resource in most of Alaska, but in many areas potential development of ground water far exceeds current use. Alluvium of major river valleys, such as the Yukon, Tanana, Kuskokwim and Susitna Rivers, probably contains the most extensive aquifers in the State. Large amounts of ground water are also stored in glacial outwash aquifers that underlie coastal basins and valleys, such as those at Kenai and Anchorage in the Cook Inlet lowland. Individual wells yielding more than 1,000 gallons per minute have been developed in the Tanana River valley, Cook Inlet lowland, and the coastal valleys at Seward and Juneau. Comparable yields should be possible in other areas that have similar geohydrologic environments. No major aquifers have been identified in glacial and glaciolacustrine deposits of interior valleys or in deltaic deposits. Major bedrock aquifers have been identified only in carbonate rocks of the Brooks Range and on the north side of the Alaska Range. Springs issuing from the carbonate rocks of the Brooks Range have discharges as great as 16,000 gallons per minute.
\nMost ground-water recharge occurs beneath reaches of stream channels that are losing flow to the ground-water system. Most ground-water discharge also takes place along reaches of stream channels. This discharge augments streamflows during summer and maintains low flows during winter when there is no surface-water runoff. On the basis of a streamflow hydrograph separation technique and using the 60 percent flow-duration value as an indicator of ground-water discharge, it is estimated that 25 percent of the total volume of streamflow in Alaska (exclusive of coastal, maritime environments) is contributed by ground-water discharge.
\nThe thawing of frozen ground in the permafrost regions of Alaska causes construction and engineering problems. Disturbance of the ground surface disrupts the natural thermal equilibrium and tends to thaw part of the permafrost. Thawing can cause loss of strength, a decrease in volume, and an increase in erosion potential, particularly if the frozen ground is fine grained and poorly drained.
\nPresent deficiencies in the ground-water information base are obvious limiting factors to ground-water development in Alaska. There is a need to extend the ground-water data-collection network and to pursue special research into the quantitative aspects of ground-water hydrology in cold regions, particularly the continuous permafrost zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp813P","usgsCitation":"Zenone, C., and Anderson, G.S., 1978, Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources; Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 813, vi., 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp813P.","productDescription":"vi., 28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813p/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65555,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813p/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": 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51.781435604431195\n ],\n [\n -131.044921875,\n 52.3755991766591\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6996b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zenone, Chester","contributorId":8094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zenone","given":"Chester","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Gary S.","contributorId":36534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38702,"text":"pp813Q - 1978 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Missouri basin region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:56:38.395429","indexId":"pp813Q","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"Q","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Missouri basin region","docAbstract":"The Missouri Basin Region lies in the north-central part of the United States and southern Canada. It includes parts of Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada; parts of Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Colorado, Kansas, and Missouri, and all of Nebraska in the United States. The region includes about one-sixth of the contiguous United States and requires large water supplies for irrigation, industrial, public, and rural uses. Climate ranges from semiarid to subhumid. Normal annual precipitation increases generally eastward in the downstream direction, but precipitation is not a dependable source of supply. The Missouri River and its tributaries furnish water to many users, but surface water is often inadequate to meet large demands. Numerous surface reservoirs help to regulate streamflow and provide storage, but they also allow an increase in evapotranspiration, which in some areas exceeds normal precipitation. Ground water occurs in aquifers classified as alluvial deposits of sand and gravel, glacial deposits, dune-sand deposits, basin-fill deposits of sand and gravel, sandstone, siltstone, fractured sandy clay, limestone, and dolomite. Ground water can be developed and managed in an orderly manner provided adequate geologic and hydrologic data are available to determine aquifer characteristics and response to pumping and other hydraulic stresses. These data and determinations are essential to design, testing, and implementation of water management plans.
\nUnconsolidated and semiconsolidated aquifers include valley-fill alluvium, areally extensive alluvium, glacial deposits, and basin-fill deposits. The aquifers normally consist of alluvial sand and gravel that contain unconfined ground water that lies near the land surface. Many wells completed in the alluvial aquifers have high yields of good-quality water because most alluvial aquifers are highly transmissive and hydraulically connected to streams. Aquifers in glacial deposits may be difficult to locate and in some areas contain saline water; nevertheless, these aquifers are sources of water supply for many users. Basin-fill aquifers are as much as several thousand feet thick, and many contain large ground-water supplies. Ground-water mining has occurred in semiconsolidated aquifers because of withdrawals from wells. Unconsolidated and semiconsolidated aquifers have potential for conjunctive use with surface water, recycling to reuse available supplies, artificial recharge, and salvage of evapotranspired water.
\nSandstone aquifers lie near the land surface and in structural basins. Interbasin movement of ground water occurs in the Virgelle (Milk River aquifer), Fox Hills-basal Hell Creek, and Dakota aquifers. Sandstone aquifers are less transmissive than unconsolidated and semiconsolidated aquifers in general. Confined sandstone aquifers are common, and flowing wells are obtained in many areas. However, flowing wells may cause large declines in water levels if uncontrolled. Water quality is variable in sandstone aquifers but is adequate for most needs. Sandstone aquifers have potential for artificial recharge, induced interaquifer leakage, conjunctive use with surface water, and mining of ground water.
\nLimestone and dolomite aquifers are extensive in the region, but in some areas they lie deep below the land surface. The occurrence of ground water in small pores, fractures, or large caverns causes yields from wells to range widely. Large flows through cavern systems in the aquifers are indicated by large springs in some areas. Water quality is extremely variable and must be considered in any water-development plan. Limestone and dolomite aquifers have potential for development of large water supplies in some areas. The development may be aided by induced recharge and interaquifer leakage.
\nSaline ground water occurs throughout the Missouri Basin Region. Dissolved-solids concentration as much as 30,000 milligrams per liter has been measured in aquifers in glacial deposits in Montana. Saline water is common in sandstone aquifers in Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota; maximum reported concentration is 280,000 milligrams per liter in water from the Tensleep Sandstone in Wyoming. Limestone contains saline water in many areas; maximum dissolved-solids concentration is about 350,000 milligrams per liter for the Madison Group in the Williston Basin in North Dakota.
\nComprehensive water-management planning in the Missouri Basin Region will require periodic or continuing inventory of precipitation, streamflow, surface-water storage, and ground water. Water demands for irrigation, industrial, public supply, and rural use are increasing rapidly. Reliance on ground-water supplies is increasing even though in many areas the ground water is still mostly undeveloped. Optimal use of water supplies will require the establishment of realistic goals and carefully conceived water-management plans, each of which will necessarily be based on an adequate baseline of hydrologic data and knowledge of the highly variable hydrologic systems in the region.
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James","contributorId":23958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"O. James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34083,"text":"b1383C - 1978 - Potential hazards from future eruptions of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18572,"text":"ofr76491 - 1976 - Potential hazards from future eruptions of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington","indexId":"ofr76491","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Potential hazards from future eruptions of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":34083,"text":"b1383C - 1978 - Potential hazards from future eruptions of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington","indexId":"b1383C","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Potential hazards from future eruptions of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:27","indexId":"b1383C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1383","chapter":"C","title":"Potential hazards from future eruptions of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington","docAbstract":"Mount St. Helens has been more active and more explosive during the last 4,500 years than any other volcano in the conterminous United States. Eruptions of that period repeatedly formed domes, large volumes of pumice, hot pyroclastic flows, and, during the last 2,500 years, lava flows. Some of this activity resulted in mudflows that extended tens of kilometers down the floors of valleys that head at the volcano. This report describes the nature of the phenomena and their threat to people and property; the accompanying maps show areas likely to be affected by future eruptions of Mount St. Helens. Explosive eruptions that produce large volumes of pumice affect large areas because winds can carry the lightweight material hundreds of kilometers from the volcano. Because of prevailing winds, the 180-degree sector east of the volcano will be affected most often and most severely by future eruptions of this kind. However, the pumice from any one eruption will fall in only a small part of that sector. Pyroclastic flows and mudflows also can affect areas far from the volcano, but the areas they affect are smaller because they follow valleys. Mudflows and possibly pyroclastic flows moving rapidly down Swift and Pine Creeks could displace water in Swift Reservoir, which could cause disastrous floods farther downvalley.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1383C","usgsCitation":"Crandell, D.R., and Mullineaux, D.R., 1978, Potential hazards from future eruptions of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1383, 26 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1383C.","productDescription":"26 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3386,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/Publications/Bulletin1383-C/framework.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1383c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61995,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1383c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61996,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1383c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61997,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1383c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae046","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandell, Dwight Raymond","contributorId":6440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandell","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mullineaux, Donal Ray","contributorId":31759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullineaux","given":"Donal","email":"","middleInitial":"Ray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39588,"text":"pp813J - 1978 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Great Lakes region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:28:12.000689","indexId":"pp813J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"J","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Great Lakes region","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes Regions, as a whole, has abundant supplies of water. Nearly 805,000 billion cubic feet of water is contained in the Great Lakes. An additional 35,000 billion cubic feet of potable ground water is available from storage in the region. Estimated ground-water discharge to the streams and lakes of the region is 26 billion gallons per day.
\nDespite this abundance of water, the United States part of the Great Lakes basin is faced with many water-related problems, most of which involve water quality and water supply. Other problems concern periods of low flow in streams, preservation of wetlands, detrimental effects of erosion, and flooding. The significance of ground water in these problems is often overlooked.
\nGround water can be an alternative to surface water as a source of supply, or it can be used conjunctively with surface water to provide flexibility in water-supply management. Ground water supplied approximately 1,800 million gallons per day of the 39,900 million gallons. per day used in the Great Lakes Region in 1970. The ground-water contribution was only 4.5 percent of the water used. Thus, ground water represents a potential source of supply for much of the region. It also can be used, where conditions permit, to maintain lake levels and flow in streams, to dilute poor quality surface water, and to maintain or create wetlands and ponds.
\nIn managing water resources, ground water and surface water should be considered parts of a single system. Management includes not only planning and controlling the development but also monitoring the effects of this development. Recent advances in ground-water hydrology have provided methods to resolve some of the development and management questions that formerly slowed the development of ground water.
\nAll of the States in the Great Lakes Region have some regulations to control the development or protect the quality of the ground water. These regulations, however, are not as comprehensive as those governing surface water. Future legislation could be designed to encourage the development of ground water and, at the same time, to protect the resource.
\nEfficient development and management of ground-water resources requires a through knowledge of the system. Reports on ground water are available for about 80 percent of tbe Great Lakes Region. Most of these reports, however, are not sufficiently detailed to be useful in comprehensive planning. As ground-water development continues, quantitative groundwater studies, utilizing models as predictive tools, will enable this development to proceed in an efficient manner.
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Each and every island is independent with respect to water supply, and the occurrence and availability of water vary widely from island to island.
\nThe ground-water resources offer better prospects for supplying additional water needs in the future than the surface-water resources. Most of the surface supplies that are easy to develop have been fully utilized where needed, and conduits and reservoirs necessary to develop new or additional supplies would generally require large and perhaps prohibitive outlays of capital. In 1975, ground water supplied 46 percent, and surface water 54 percent of the water needs but, in the years ahead, these percentages will likely be reversed as more ground-water development takes place. Total water use, in 1975, averaged about 1,775 million gallons per day, ofwhich about 810 million gallons per day was ground water. The total water use is divided into public supply, 11 percent; self-supplied industrial use, 23 percent; and agricultural, 66 percent.
\nRainfall is the principal source of ground-water recharge. Local mean annual rainfall ranges from less than 20 inches to more than 300 inches, with the annual average rainfall on the large islands exposed to the trade winds being slightly more than 73 inches and that on the small islands situated in the rain shadow of the larger islands being less than 26 inches. Ground-water recharge has been estimated at about 2,400 billion gallons per year (6.5 billion gallons per day) or roughly 30 percent of the rainfall.
\nMost fresh ground water in the region is stored below sea level in porous lava flows, much of it as basal-water lenses floating on saline ground water, as distinguished from dike-impounded water in the interior of the islands. The basal-water lens is maintained by recharge, which, if reduced, leads to thinning of the lens and subsequent encroachment of seawater. Seawater is the biggest pollutant of freshwater, and many of the ground-water problems are, in some way, associated with the encroachment of saline water induced by development.
\nThe major problem areas include the entire island of Oahu, south Kohala-Kona coast on the island of Hawaii, Lahaina District in Maui, and the Koloa and Kekaha-Mana areas in Kauai.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6996ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takasaki, K. J.","contributorId":44523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takasaki","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33701,"text":"b1444 - 1978 - Geology and Thermal History of Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:31","indexId":"b1444","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1444","title":"Geology and Thermal History of Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Mammoth Hot Springs, located about 8 km inside the north entrance to Yellowstone National Park, consists of nearly 100 hot springs scattered over a score of steplike travertine terraces. The travertine deposits range in age from late Pleistocene to the present. Sporadic records of hot-spring activity suggest that most of the current major springs have been intermittently active since at least 1871.\r\n\r\nWater moving along the Norris-Mammoth fault zone is heated by partly molten magma and enriched in calcium and bicarbonate. Upon reaching Mammoth this thermal water (temperature about 73?C) moves up through the old terrace deposits along preexisting vertical linear planes of weakness. As the water reaches the surface, pressure is released, carbon dioxide escapes as a gas, and bicarbonate in the water is partitioned into more carbon dioxide and carbonate; the carbonate then combines with calcium to precipitate calcium carbonate, forming travertine. The travertine usually precipitates rapidly from solution and is lightweight and porous; however, dense travertine, such as is found in core from the 113-m research drill hole Y-10 located on one of the upper terraces, forms beneath the surface by deposition in the pore spaces of older deposits.\r\n\r\nThe terraces abound with unusual hot-spring deposits such as terracettes, cones, and fissure ridges. Semicircular ledges (ranging in width from about 0.3 m to as much as 2.5 m), called terracettes, formed by deposition of travertine around slowly rising pools. Complex steplike arrangements of terracettes have developed along runoff channels of some hot springs. A few hot springs have deposited cone-shaped mounds, most of which reach heights of 1-2 m before becoming dormant. However, one long-inactive cone named Liberty Cap attained a height of about 14 m. Fissure ridges are linear mounds of travertine deposited from numerous hot-spring vents along a medial fracture zone. The ridges range in height from about 1 to 6 m and in length from a few meters to nearly 300 m; width at the base of a ridge is equal to or greater than its height. In some places, such as along the northern border of Main Terrace, water from new hot-spring activity becomes ponded behind fissure-ridge barriers or dams and deposits travertine that eventually forms large flat terraces.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1444","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., 1978, Geology and Thermal History of Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1444, Report: vii, 55 p.; Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1444.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 55 p.; Plate","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12520,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1444/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":167131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1444/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247432,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1444/plate-1.pdf","size":"4936","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1444/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17432,"text":"ofr78823 - 1978 - Nebraska water data programs for 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-17T19:32:17.836472","indexId":"ofr78823","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-823","title":"Nebraska water data programs for 1978","docAbstract":"Projects of the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and of State agencies represented by members of the Nebraska Water Data Coordinating Committee are described. The committee members represent the Nebraska Department of Water Resources, Nebraska Department of Environmental Control, Nebraska Department of Health, Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska Water Resources Center of the University of Nebraska, Nebraska Natural Resources Commission, and Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.
Current measuring sites are listed. Indexes to streamflow records and flood-prone area maps and a list of recently published reports also are included. Sources of water-related information are given with names, addresses, and telephone numbers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78823","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nebraska Water Data Coordination Committee","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Nebraska water data programs for 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-823, iii, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78823.","productDescription":"iii, 131 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":500108,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0823/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150508,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0823/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Virginia","docAbstract":"Two maps portray the chemical quality of ground water in Fairfax County, Virginia. One map shows dissolved-solids concentration and chemical analyses diagrams. The other indicates hardness and areas of marginal water quality. Three tables of chemical analysis representing the three distinct rock types in the county are presented also. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78268","usgsCitation":"Larson, J.D., 1978, Chemical quality of ground water in Fairfax County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-268, 2 maps., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78268.","productDescription":"2 maps.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b925","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, J. D.","contributorId":83084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40831,"text":"ofr781035 - 1978 - Potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management District and adjacent areas, September 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:49","indexId":"ofr781035","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1035","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management District and adjacent areas, September 1978","docAbstract":"A September 1978 potentiometric-surface map depicts the annual high water-level period of the Floridan aquifer in the Southwest Florida Management District. Potentiometric levels increased 10 to 25 feet between May 1978 and September 1978, in the citrus and farming sections of southern Hillsborough, northern Hardee, southwestern Polk and Manatee Counties. These areas are widely affected by pumping for irrigation and have the greatest fluctuations in water-levels between the low and high water-level periods. Water-level rises in coastal, northern and southern areas of the Water Management District ranged from 0 to 10 feet. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr781035","usgsCitation":"Wolansky, R., Mills, L.R., Woodham, W.M., and Laughlin, C.P., 1978, Potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management District and adjacent areas, September 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1035, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781035.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db68304a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolansky, R. M.","contributorId":89163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolansky","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, L. R.","contributorId":26281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodham, W. M.","contributorId":72356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laughlin, C. P.","contributorId":107741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laughlin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32498,"text":"wrr10 - 1978 - Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus): A literature survey and status report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T11:04:11","indexId":"wrr10","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":99,"text":"Wildlife Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"10","displayTitle":"Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus): A literature survey and status report","title":"Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus): A literature survey and status report","docAbstract":"It is generally agreed that the genus Odobenus includes only one species, O. rosmarus. At least two subspecies are widely recognized: O. r. rosmarus, the Atlantic walrus, and O. r. divergens, the Pacific walrus. A third nominal subspecies, O. r. laptevi, the Laptev walrus, is designated by some Soviet researchers; and the taxonomic status of the Kara Sea walrus is undetermined. The range and abundance of nearly all walrus stocks have been seriously reduced by intensive human exploitation.
The Atlantic walrus, the principal subject of this study, remains plentiful in only three known areas of concentration: northern Hudson Bay and northern Foxe Basin in the eastern Canadian Arctic, and the Thule district of northwest Greenland. This animal is no longer the object of large-scale commercial hunting, but is still subject to heavy subsistence hunting by native groups in some areas.
The status of the walrus population in Canada was investigated in the 1950's and is believed to have changed little since that time. There are probably no more than about 10,000 walruses in Canadian waters, virtually all of them in the eastern arctic. The biology, ecology, and exploitation of walruses in the Thule district were studied during the 1940's, and some information is available concerning recent catch levels and hunting practices. The Polar Eskimos of north Greenland continue to organize much of their cultural and economic life around the hunting of walruses, and the species remains abundant in their area, numbering at least a few thousand. The walrus stocks off west Greenland and in the Greenland, Barents, and Kara seas are the most critically depleted. No systematic field investigations of walruses east of Greenland have been made since the Kara Sea and Franz Josef Land populations were studied in the mid-1930's. Opportunistic sighting records and compilations of historical catch information indicate that the herds of many tens of thousands that once inhabited Svalbard, Bear Island, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, and other parts of the Eurasian Arctic have been very nearly extirpated.
Measures to curb the international trade in walrus ivory and skins may benefit the Atlantic subspecies in Canada and north Greenland. Enforcement of existing regulations pertaining to hunting by aborigines, and perhaps the imposition of further restrictions on such activities, are necessary if the subspecies is to approach full recovery. Field studies in the northeast Atlantic and off west Greenland would help determine the current status of walruses and provide a better understanding of the requirements for their recovery in these areas.
The Laptev walrus seems to have been reduced by overexploitation, but available information, most of it translated from Russian, is inconclusive. This subspecies was thought to number around 4,000 to 5,000 in 1975, and Soviet scientists have remarked on the need for a reduction in hunting pressure and protection of its habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reeves, R.R., 1978, Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus): A literature survey and status report: Wildlife Research Report 10, 41 p.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6694aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, Randall R.","contributorId":40260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeves","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40904,"text":"ofr78720 - 1978 - Potentiometric surface of Floridan Aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management District and adjacent areas, May 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:52","indexId":"ofr78720","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-720","title":"Potentiometric surface of Floridan Aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management District and adjacent areas, May 1978","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78720","usgsCitation":"Wolansky, R., Mills, L.R., Woodham, W.M., and Laughlin, C.P., 1978, Potentiometric surface of Floridan Aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management District and adjacent areas, May 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-720, 1 map ;79 x 54 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78720.","productDescription":"1 map ;79 x 54 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6830f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolansky, R. M.","contributorId":89163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolansky","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, L. R.","contributorId":26281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodham, W. M.","contributorId":72356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laughlin, C. P.","contributorId":107741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laughlin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":41507,"text":"ofr78764 - 1978 - Aeromagnetic map of southeastern North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:51","indexId":"ofr78764","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-764","title":"Aeromagnetic map of southeastern North Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78764","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Aeromagnetic map of southeastern North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-764, map ;107 x 91 cm. on sheet 116 x 108 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78764.","productDescription":"map ;107 x 91 cm. on sheet 116 x 108 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":98450,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0764/plate-1.pdf","size":"7034","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41520,"text":"ofr78580 - 1978 - Aeromagnetic map of Strawberry Mountain and vicinity, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:10","indexId":"ofr78580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-580","title":"Aeromagnetic map of Strawberry Mountain and vicinity, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78580","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Aeromagnetic map of Strawberry Mountain and vicinity, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-580, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78580.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":98453,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0580/plate-1.pdf","size":"7976","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6980cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41525,"text":"ofr78765 - 1978 - Aeroradioactivity map of southeastern North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:32","indexId":"ofr78765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-765","title":"Aeroradioactivity map of southeastern North Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78765","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Aeroradioactivity map of southeastern North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-765, map ;107 x 92 cm. on sheet 116 x 108 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78765.","productDescription":"map ;107 x 92 cm. on sheet 116 x 108 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":98454,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0765/plate-1.pdf","size":"6090","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689af4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41535,"text":"ofr781087 - 1978 - Aeroradioactivity map of west Charlotte, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:32","indexId":"ofr781087","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1087","title":"Aeroradioactivity map of west Charlotte, North Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr781087","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Aeroradioactivity map of west Charlotte, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1087, 1 map , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781087.","productDescription":"1 map ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79263,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1087/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db6899e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41566,"text":"ofr78282 - 1978 - Aeromagnetic map of the Poplar Area, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:53","indexId":"ofr78282","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-282","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Poplar Area, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78282","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Aeromagnetic map of the Poplar Area, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-282, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78282.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79292,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0282/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691a65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41591,"text":"ofr781080 - 1978 - Aeromagnetic map of Seward Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:52","indexId":"ofr781080","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1080","title":"Aeromagnetic map of Seward Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr781080","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Aeromagnetic map of Seward Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1080, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781080.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79328,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1080/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41599,"text":"ofr78763 - 1978 - Aeroradioactivity map of north-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:52","indexId":"ofr78763","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-763","title":"Aeroradioactivity map of north-central Florida","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78763","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Aeroradioactivity map of north-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-763, map ;78 x 117 cm. on sheet 93 x 132 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78763.","productDescription":"map ;78 x 117 cm. on sheet 93 x 132 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79342,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0763/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689b69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41601,"text":"ofr78760 - 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