An indepth evaluation of the available technology in the field of laser-Raman spectroscopy indicates that a TV-type detector, a single monochromator with a holographic grating, an entrance slit filter blocking the Rayleigh light, and a pulsed laser coupled to signal averaging electronics is the best combination of commercial equipment that is presently available for building a remote water-quality sensor. The resultant sensor would be capable of measuring oxyanions in water at concentrations from 10 to 50 milligrams per liter at distances from ground level to 30 meters above the sample. The main interferences would be ambient light, bioluminescence, and natural fluorescence, all of which are minimized when taking advantage of the signal generating and readout capability contained in this equipment package.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Goldberg, M.C., and Weiner, E.R., 1977, Feasibility and technology for making remote measurements of solutes in water: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 5, p. 561-563.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"563","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315230,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":315229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac9b4fe4b0403299f539e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldberg, Marvin C.","contributorId":26066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":591054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weiner, Eugene R.","contributorId":23280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiner","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":591055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162809,"text":"70162809 - 1977 - Simulation of flow from an aquifer to a partially penetrating trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T14:32:14","indexId":"70162809","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of flow from an aquifer to a partially penetrating trench","docAbstract":"Construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in northeast Mississippi will involve dewatering as much as 46 m of an unconfined aquifer near the Tennessee Valley divide. Dewatering by trenching is one of the proposed methods. Methods of calculating effects of dewatering by trenching have been heretofore limited to situations where ideal conditions such as isotropic aquifers and fully penetrating trenches occur. In order to study the effects of trenching on the water table in the more complicated hydrologic system in northeast Mississippi, a two-dimensional cross-sectional digital model was developed from an existing two-dimensional digital model. To make the solutions obtained from the model applicable to any aquifer thickness or other hydrologic condition, a technique for nondimensional simulation was developed. With these techniques, nondimensional water-surface profiles were generated for given stages of trench penetration of the aquifer and for different ratios of anisotropy.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., 1977, Simulation of flow from an aquifer to a partially penetrating trench: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 5, p. 535-540.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"535","endPage":"540","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":315143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, Tennessee River valley, Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -89.0057373046875,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -88.3355712890625,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -88.143310546875,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac9b7be4b0403299f53b23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":590618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70163147,"text":"70163147 - 1977 - A thermostatic water bath for experimental studies in aqueous solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T16:27:53","indexId":"70163147","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A thermostatic water bath for experimental studies in aqueous solutions","docAbstract":"A temperature-controlled water bath for the study of ion-pairing equilibria and mineral solubility in aqueous solutions below 100°C is described. The bath is similar to a previously described system (P. B. Hostetler and C. L. Christ, 1968, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 600-D, p. D217-D221) but incorporates several significant improvements. Included among these are a more efficient stirring mechanism, a potentially larger solid-to-solution ratio, and improved equilibration of the gas phase with the solution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Siebert, R.M., McGee, K., and Hostetler, P.B., 1977, A thermostatic water bath for experimental studies in aqueous solutions: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 5, p. 597-602.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"597","endPage":"602","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":315406,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac9b45e4b0403299f539c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siebert, R. M.","contributorId":147019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siebert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13719,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":591922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":591923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, P. B.","contributorId":107849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hostetler","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13719,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":591924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162874,"text":"70162874 - 1977 - Periphyton and phytoplankton in the Sacramento River, California, May 1972 to April 1973","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T14:55:36","indexId":"70162874","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Periphyton and phytoplankton in the Sacramento River, California, May 1972 to April 1973","docAbstract":"Periphyton and phytoplankton samples were collected monthly at five sites in the Sacramento River between May 1972 and April 1973. Periphyton were analyzed for species identification and biomass, and phytoplankton were analyzed for species identification and concentrations. The results were used to assess biological water-quality conditions in the river and to compare phytoplankton types and concentrations at three sites with those in 1960-61.
\nDiatoms were the dominant group in both numbers and types of periphyton and phytoplankton. The number of genera and frequency of occurrence of periphyton increased downstream. The periphyton biomass decreased downstream and with succeeding monthly sampling periods. The highest productivity was at site B, below Red Bluff, probably because the Red Bluff Diversion Dam provides optimum conditions for periphyton growth. The decreasing productivity downstream is probably a function of higher sediment concentrations. The periphyton biomass ranged from 0.00 to 0.56 grams per square meter per day throughout the study period.
\nPhytoplankton concentrations and diversity increased downstream. The highest phytoplankton concentration was 980 organisms per milliliter at site D, above Knights Landing, in September. The diversity indices ranged from 0.95 to 3.88 for all sites throughout the study period. Fewer phytoplankton genera were collected in 1972-73 than in 1960-61, but the generic composition was similar. Total phytoplankton concentrations were nearly always higher in 1960-61 than in 1972-73. Green algal concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) at site C and diatoms were significantly higher at all three sites in 1960-61. Blue-green algal concentrations were higher in 1972-73, but differences between the two time intervals were not significant.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Britton, L.J., 1977, Periphyton and phytoplankton in the Sacramento River, California, May 1972 to April 1973: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 5, p. 547-559.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"559","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":315226,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Knights Landing, Red Bluff, Sacramento River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5,\n 40.66\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 40.66\n ],\n [\n -122.14050292968749,\n 40.79717741518769\n ],\n [\n -121.9207763671875,\n 40.66\n ],\n [\n -121.79443359375,\n 40.47202439692057\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 38.843986129756615\n ],\n [\n -120.8441162109375,\n 38.453588708941375\n ],\n [\n -120.7342529296875,\n 38.16479533621134\n ],\n [\n -121.4154052734375,\n 37.896530447543\n ],\n [\n -121.83288574218749,\n 37.974514992024616\n ],\n [\n -122.3382568359375,\n 38.64261790634527\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 38.950865400919994\n ],\n [\n -122.71728515624999,\n 39.3725257020188\n ],\n [\n -122.67333984374999,\n 39.75365697136308\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 40.11588965267845\n ],\n [\n -123.01391601562499,\n 40.45948689837198\n ],\n [\n -122.79968261718749,\n 40.66\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 40.66\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac9b6de4b0403299f53a93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Britton, Linda J.","contributorId":72780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britton","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":591053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70163072,"text":"70163072 - 1977 - Chemical structure of humic acids - Part 2, the molecular aggregation of some humic acid fractions in N, N-dimethylformamide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T14:55:44","indexId":"70163072","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical structure of humic acids - Part 2, the molecular aggregation of some humic acid fractions in N, N-dimethylformamide","docAbstract":"Humic acid fractions form molecular aggregates in solution. In previous studies we have shown by small angle X-ray scattering that the size of these aggregates is a function of pH. In this study we have found that the size of the aggregates of two humic acid fractions in water and buffers and in dimethylformamide solutions can be changed by oxidation with molecular oxygen and air. These results cast new light on the bonding mechanisms that cause aggregation of the humic acid particles in solution. We have interpreted the changes in aggregation sizes as being brought about by changes in intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the humic particles. Solvation of the humic molecules by dimethylformamide interferes with some of the hydrogen bonding reactions between proton donor and acceptor groups on the same humic acid molecules or on different molecules.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., and Pinckney, D., 1977, Chemical structure of humic acids - Part 2, the molecular aggregation of some humic acid fractions in N, N-dimethylformamide: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 5, p. 571-577.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"571","endPage":"577","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":315336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac9b49e4b0403299f539d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":591620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pinckney, D.J.","contributorId":23175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinckney","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":591621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162873,"text":"70162873 - 1977 - A method for adjusting values of Manning's roughness coefficient for flooded urban areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T14:36:34","indexId":"70162873","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for adjusting values of Manning's roughness coefficient for flooded urban areas","docAbstract":"A method is presented for adjusting values of Manning's roughness coefficient for flooded urban areas on the basis of the density of buildings on a flood plain and verified roughness coefficients for natural conditions. An urban roughness coefficient can be calculated to emulate the water-surface profiles to within 0.06 meter for depths of flow less than 0.6 meter and plus or minus 10 percent for depths between 0.6 and 2 meters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hejl, H.R., 1977, A method for adjusting values of Manning's roughness coefficient for flooded urban areas: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 5, p. 541-545.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"541","endPage":"545","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":315174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac9b41e4b0403299f5399d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hejl, H. R. Jr.","contributorId":69555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hejl","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039536,"text":"70039536 - 1977 - Maps published of Antarctica by the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:52","indexId":"70039536","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-24T10:10:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Maps published of Antarctica by the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Science Foundation prepares and publishes topographic maps of selected areas of Antarctica needed to support the U.S. Antarctic Research Program (USARP) efforts. These maps are prepared from aerial photography flown by U.S. Navy Air Development Squadron Six (VXE-6) in accordance with USGS specifications.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039536","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Maps published of Antarctica by the U.S. Geological Survey, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039536.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261662,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039536/report.pdf"},{"id":261663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039536/report-thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180,-90 ], [ -180,-61.583333333333336 ], [ 18,-61.583333333333336 ], [ 18,-90 ], [ -180,-90 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a50d3e4b0c8380cd6b953","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009770,"text":"70009770 - 1977 - Radiocarbon dates and late-Quaternary stratigraphy from Mamontova Gora, unglaciated central Yakutia, Siberia, U.S.S.R.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-11T16:45:01.848521","indexId":"70009770","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiocarbon dates and late-Quaternary stratigraphy from Mamontova Gora, unglaciated central Yakutia, Siberia, U.S.S.R.","docAbstract":"A fine exposure of perennially frozen ice-rich silt and associated flora and vertebrate fauna of late-Quaternary age exists at Mamontova Gora along the Aldan River in central Yakutia, Siberia, U.S.S.R. The silt deposit caps a 50-m-high terrace and consists of three units. An upper layer 1–2 m thick overlies a 10–15-m-thick brownish to black silt layer. The lower silt layer is greenish to gray and about 15 m thick. All the silt is well sorted with 60% of the particles falling between 0.005 and 0.5 mm in diameter and is generally chemically and mineralogically homogeneous. The middle unit contains may extinct vertebrate mammal remains and ice wedges. The lower unit contains little vegetation and no ice wedges. The silt is widespread and exists as a loamy blanket on terraces at various elevations on both sides of the lower Aldan River. The origin of the silt blanket of late-Quaternary age in central Yakutia has long been controversial. Various hypotheses have been suggested, including lacustrine and alluvial, as well as frost-action origins. It is sometimes referred to as loess-like loam. Péwé believes the silt at Mamontova Gora is loess, some of which has been retransported very short distances by water. The silt probably was blown from wide, braided, unvegetated flood plains of rivers draining nearby glaciers. The silt deposits are late Quaternary in age and probably associated with the Maximum glaciation (Samarov) and Sartan and Syryan glaciations of Wisconsinan age. On the basis of biostratigraphy, 10 radiocarbon dates, and their relation to the nearby glacial record, it is felt that the upper unit at Mamontova Gora is Holocene and the middle unit is Wisconsinan. The youngest date available from the middle unit at this particular location is 26,000 years. Dates greater than 56,000 years were obtained in the lower part of the middle unit. The lower unit is definitely beyond the range of radiocarbon dating and probably is older than the last interglacial. The sediment, fauna, ice wedges, stratigraphy, and age of perennially frozen slit deposits in central Alaska are remarkably similar to those of the deposits exposed in central Yakutia. Both areas consist of unglaciated rolling lowlands and river terraces surrounded by high mountains that were extensively glaciated in Pleistocene time. The glaciers extended from the high mountains to the edges of the ranges. In both regions, extensively braided, silt-charged rivers drained the mountains and flowed through the lowlands on their way to the sea. It follows that there should be a similar late-Quaternary history.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(77)90056-4","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Pewe, T.L., Journaux, A., and Stuckenrath, R., 1977, Radiocarbon dates and late-Quaternary stratigraphy from Mamontova Gora, unglaciated central Yakutia, Siberia, U.S.S.R.: Quaternary Research, v. 8, no. 1, p. 51-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(77)90056-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219488,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Siberia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 67.65387774806533,\n 81.31005430433049\n ],\n [\n 67.65387774806533,\n 49.88407908375689\n ],\n [\n 105.33401707666286,\n 49.88407908375689\n ],\n [\n 105.33401707666286,\n 81.31005430433049\n ],\n [\n 67.65387774806533,\n 81.31005430433049\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93d7e4b0c8380cd81067","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pewe, T. L.","contributorId":35786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pewe","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Journaux, A.","contributorId":28360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journaux","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stuckenrath, R.","contributorId":51451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckenrath","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70009969,"text":"70009969 - 1977 - A Holocene vegetation record from the Mississippi River Valley, southeastern Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-11T16:35:34.208503","indexId":"70009969","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Holocene vegetation record from the Mississippi River Valley, southeastern Missouri","docAbstract":"Pollen preserved in a peat deposit from a large swamp, the Old Field in the Mississippi River Valley near Advance, Missouri, records radiocarbon-dated vegetation changes between 9000 and about 3000 years ago. The principal feature of both the percentage and influx pollen diagrams is the replacement of arboreal pollen, primarily Quercus, Fraxinus, and Cephalanthus, with Gramineae and NAP between 8700 and 5000 years BP. This vegetation shift is interpreted as reflecting a decrease in the extent of the Old Field swamp and its associated bottomland forest species along with the expansion of a grass-dominated herb community, as a result of a reduction in available ground water. The desiccation of the swamp during this period indicates a reduction in precipitation within the ground-water source area and a shift to a drier climate in the southern Midwest. The pollen suggests that the lowest water levels and driest climate in southeastern Missouri lasted from 8700 to 6500 years BP, at which time there is a partial reappearance of swamp species. Relatively dry conditions, however, continued until at least 5000 years BP. Although pollen influx data are lacking from the upper part of the profile, the relative pollen frequencies suggest an increase in trees after 5000 BP. The replacement of the arboreal vegetation by grasses and herbs between 8700 and 5000 years BP reflects the period of maximum expansion of the Prairie Peninsula in southeastern Missouri. The Old Field swamp provides the first pollen evidence that the vegetational changes along the southern border of the Prairie Peninsula were chronologically similar to those on the northern and northeastern margins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(77)90074-6","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"King, J., and Allen, W., 1977, A Holocene vegetation record from the Mississippi River Valley, southeastern Missouri: Quaternary Research, v. 8, no. 3, p. 307-323, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(77)90074-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"323","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.07054667773045,\n 38.09014494828594\n ],\n [\n -90.54206225223642,\n 36.702615368211454\n ],\n [\n -90.05604334541198,\n 36.38820532984435\n ],\n [\n -90.41676976336173,\n 36.05702886964755\n ],\n [\n -90.35741038138397,\n 35.93668412213937\n ],\n [\n -89.0633434281007,\n 35.98390470405607\n ],\n [\n -89.14074839381657,\n 37.29856968925574\n ],\n [\n -89.94576507260174,\n 38.09292648454809\n ],\n [\n -91.07054667773045,\n 38.09014494828594\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2e5e4b0c8380cd45cf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, J.E.","contributorId":99695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, W.H. Jr.","contributorId":105040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"W.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009981,"text":"70009981 - 1977 - Structure and sediment distribution in the western Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T13:55:21.623452","indexId":"70009981","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and sediment distribution in the western Bering Sea","docAbstract":"Eleven seismic reflection profiles across Shirshov Ridge and the adjacent deep-water sedimentary basins (Komandorsky and Aleutian Basins) are presented to illustrate the sediment distribution in the western Bering Sea. A prominent seismic reflecting horizon, Reflector P (Middle—Late Miocene in age), is observed throughout both the Aleutian and Komandorsky Basins at an approximate subbottom depth of 1 km. This reflector is also present, in places, on the flanks and along the crest of Shirshov Ridge. The thickness of sediments beneath Reflector P is significantly different within the two abyssal basins. In the Aleutian Basin, the total subbottom depth to acoustic basement (basalt?) is about 4 km, while in the Komandorsky Basin the depth is about 2 km.
Shirshov Ridge, a Cenozoic volcanic feature that separates the Aleutian and Komandorsky Basins, is an asymmetric bathymetric ridge characterized by thick sediments along its eastern flank and steep scarps on its western side. The southern portion of the ridge has more structural relief that includes several deep, sediment-filled basins along its summit.
Velocity data from sonobuoy measurements indicate that acoustic basement in the Komandorsky Basin has an average compressional wave velocity of 5.90 km/sec. This value is considerably larger than the velocities measured for acoustic basement in the northwestern Aleutian Basin (about 5.00 km/sec) and in the central Aleutian Basin (5.40–5.57 km/sec). In the northwestern Aleutian Basin, the low-velocity acoustic basement may be volcaniclastic sediments or other indurated sediments that are overlying true basaltic basement. A refracting horizon with similar velocities (4.6–5.0 km/sec) as acoustic basement dips steeply beneath the Siberian continental margin, reaching a maximum subbottom depth of about 8 km. The thick welt of sediment at the base of the Siberian margin may be the result of sediment loading or tectonic depression prior to Late Cenozoic time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(77)90074-3","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Rabinowitz, P.D., and Cooper, A., 1977, Structure and sediment distribution in the western Bering Sea: Marine Geology, v. 24, no. 4, p. 309-320, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(77)90074-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"320","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"western Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.9,\n 56.285168320056385\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 51.00071364602036\n ],\n [\n -174.83958193767174,\n 51.00071364602036\n ],\n [\n -174.83958193767174,\n 56.285168320056385\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 56.285168320056385\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n 56.28905975329704\n ],\n [\n 164.84405712674976,\n 56.28905975329704\n ],\n [\n 164.84405712674976,\n 50.95540695542479\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 50.95540695542479\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 56.28905975329704\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c2ce4b08c986b31d2fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rabinowitz, P. D.","contributorId":102624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabinowitz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, A.","contributorId":47517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009768,"text":"70009768 - 1977 - The organic geochemistry of black sedimentary barite: Significance and implications of trapped fatty acids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-27T15:01:27.608064","indexId":"70009768","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The organic geochemistry of black sedimentary barite: Significance and implications of trapped fatty acids","docAbstract":"Fatty acids isolated in sedimentary black barite (BaSO4) from Arkansas and Nevada were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The dominant or major fatty acids found in these beds of barite are C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1. The occurrence and distribution of these acids in this type of rock may serve as “molecular fingerprints” of microbial biogeochemical processes. The organic matter and associated microorganisms are shown to be trapped within the finely crystalline barite, thus forming a closed system for microbial diagenesis.
Important differences that occur in the distribution of the lesser or minor fatty acids probably result from: (1) the nature of the progenitor organic detritus in the environment of barite deposition: and (2) the subsequent degree of microbiological alteration of the parent organic debris swept into and trapped in the depositional environment.
Three general models of sedimentary environments are proposed in which anoxic conditions may prevail and where barium sulfate (BaSO4) may precipitate: (1) in a silled basin with semi-restricted circulation; (2) on an outer continental shelf where the slope is encroached upon by water of the oxygen minimum layer; (3) on a low-energy, inner shelf or semi-restricted embayment impinged by a wedge of anoxic water.
The major geochemical and geological parameters which are believed to be the significant factors controlling the formation and high grade of these organic-rich, black bedded barites are: (1) a unique source of barium-rich fluid that only contains trace amounts of other elements; (2) the presence of an anoxic bottom environment within the depositional basin; (3) a reflux source of sulfate ion; (4) an adequate source of organic matter.
Vertical profiles of light scattering from over 1000 L-DGO nephelometer stations in the Atlantic Ocean have been used to calculate mass concentrations of suspended particles based on a calibration from the western North American Basin. From these data are plotted the distributions of particulate concentrations at clear water and in the more turbid near-bottom water. Clear water is the broad minimum in concentration and light scattering that occurs at varying mid-depths in the water column. Concentrations at clear water are as much as one-to-two orders of magnitude lower than those in surface water but still reflect a similar geographic distribution: relatively higher concentrations at ocean margins, especially underneath upwelling areas, and the lowest concentrations underneath central gyre areas. These distributions within the clear water reflect surface-water biogenic productivity, lateral injection of particles from shelf areas and surface circulation patterns and require that the combination of downward vertical and horizontal transport processes of particles retain this pattern throughout the upper water column.
Below clear water, the distribution of standing crops of suspended particulate concentrations in the lower water column are presented. The integration of mass of all particles per unit area (gross particulate standing crop) reflects a relative distribution similar to that at the surface and at clear water levels, superimposed on which is the strong imprint of boundary currents along the western margins of the Atlantic. Reducing the gross particulate standing crop by the integral of the concentration of clear water yields a net particulate standing crop. The distribution of this reflects primarily the interaction of circulating abyssal waters with the ocean bottom, i.e. a strong nepheloid layer which is coincident with western boundary currents and which diminishes in intensity equatorward.
The resuspended particulate loads in the nepheloid layer of the basins west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, resulting from interaction of abyssal currents with the bottom, range from ∼ 2 · 106 tons in the equatorial Guyana Basin to ∼ 50 · 106 tons in the North American Basin. The total resuspended particulate load in the western basins (111 · 106 tons) is almost an order of magnitude greater than that in the basins east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (13 · 106 tons). The net northward flux of resuspended particles carried in the AABW drops from ∼ 8 · 106 tons/year between the southern and northern ends of the Brazil Basin and remains ∼ 1 · 106 tons/year across the Guyana Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(77)90087-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Biscaye, P., and Eittreim, S., 1977, Suspended particulate loads and transports in the nepheloid layer of the abyssal Atlantic Ocean: Marine Geology, v. 23, no. 1-2, p. 155-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(77)90087-1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"172","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2fee4b08c986b31fae3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biscaye, P.E.","contributorId":16979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biscaye","given":"P.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eittreim, S.L.","contributorId":98730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009755,"text":"70009755 - 1977 - Paleoenvironmental analysis and correlation of a Cretaceous Islas Orcadas core from the Falkland Plateau, Southwest Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-12T16:09:56.146326","indexId":"70009755","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoenvironmental analysis and correlation of a Cretaceous Islas Orcadas core from the Falkland Plateau, Southwest Atlantic","docAbstract":"A comparison of Campanian-Maestrichtian cores from two localities on opposite sides of the Maurice Ewing Bank, at the eastern end of the east-west trending Falkland Plateau (Southwest Atlantic) reveals a significant change in faunal and floral assemblage characteristics across the Plateau. These changes are probably temperature dependent, and indicate that the Plateau served as an important barrier between water masses in the South Atlantic during late Cretaceous times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(77)90003-2","issn":"03778398","usgsCitation":"Ciesielski, P., Sliter, W., Wind, F., and Wise, S., 1977, Paleoenvironmental analysis and correlation of a Cretaceous Islas Orcadas core from the Falkland Plateau, Southwest Atlantic: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 2, p. 27-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(77)90003-2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219185,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Falkland Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.63450108756446,\n -50.39055596698847\n ],\n [\n -66.63450108756446,\n -52.51371426639593\n ],\n [\n -54.879451053786596,\n -52.51371426639593\n ],\n [\n -54.879451053786596,\n -50.39055596698847\n ],\n [\n -66.63450108756446,\n -50.39055596698847\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73dfe4b0c8380cd772ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ciesielski, P.F.","contributorId":24911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ciesielski","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sliter, W.V.","contributorId":38997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wind, F.H.","contributorId":60766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wind","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wise, S.W. Jr.","contributorId":80409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"S.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":37640,"text":"tp92 - 1977 - Verification of a model for predicting the effect of inconstant temperature on embryonic development of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"tp92","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":89,"text":"Technical Paper","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"92","title":"Verification of a model for predicting the effect of inconstant temperature on embryonic development of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)","docAbstract":"Eggs stripped from lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) spawning in Lake Michigan were incubated in the laboratory at temperatures similar to those on whitefish spawning grounds in Lake Michigan during December-April. Observed times from fertilization to attainment of each of 21 developmental stages were used to test a model that predicts the rate of development at daily fluctuating temperatures; the model relates rate of development for any given stage j, expressed as the reciprocal of time (Rj), to temperature (T). The generalized equation for a developmental stage is Rj = abTcT??.\nObserved times agreed well (5.5% mean difference for all stages) with times predicted by the model; the observed time of 135 days from fertilization to hatching (stage 21) was only 5 days (3.7%) less than the predicted time of 140 days. The model was further verified by applying it to unpublished data supplied by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, for eggs from Lake Huron whitefish incubated in the laboratory in untempered Lake Huron water.\nThe model was used to predict the effects of small temperature increases (caused by a hypothetical waste-heat discharge) on the rate of development and time of hatching of lake whitefish eggs. According to this simulation, continuous addition of waste heat sufficient to raise the temperature 1, 2, or 3 C above ambient on the spawning grounds during December-April would advance the time of hatching 8, 16, or 21 days, respectively. Possible effects of this advancement on the reproductive success of whitefish are discussed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Berlin, W.H., Brooke, L., and Stone, L.J., 1977, Verification of a model for predicting the effect of inconstant temperature on embryonic development of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis): Technical Paper 92, [2], 6 p. : graph ; 26 cm.","productDescription":"[2], 6 p. : graph ; 26 cm.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112290,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822006841605?urlappend=%3Bseq=479"},{"id":161735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602221","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berlin, William H.","contributorId":15574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooke, L.T.","contributorId":60589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooke","given":"L.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, Linda J.","contributorId":30173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27354,"text":"wri7757 - 1977 - Preliminary flood-frequency relations for urban streams, Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T15:38:36","indexId":"wri7757","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-57","title":"Preliminary flood-frequency relations for urban streams, Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia","docAbstract":"A method is presented for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods for urban streams in metropolitan Atlanta. The method is based on adjustments to the natural stream flood-frequency and rainfall-frequency characteristics of the local area as defined by urban flood studies in other areas.
The effects of urbanization on flood-peak runoff are estimated from the percentage of drainage basin that is impervious and the percentage of drainage area served by storm sewers. Equations are presented for estimating the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year flood peak discharges for basin sizes from 0.5 to 100 square miles in the Atlanta metro area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7757","usgsCitation":"Golden, H.G., 1977, Preliminary flood-frequency relations for urban streams, Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-57, iii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7757.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.4571533203125,\n 32.91879097277371\n ],\n [\n -85.4571533203125,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -83.0291748046875,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -83.0291748046875,\n 32.91879097277371\n ],\n [\n -85.4571533203125,\n 32.91879097277371\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golden, Harold G.","contributorId":103244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43572,"text":"ofr77108 - 1977 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Scranton, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey (Pa. portion only)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:04","indexId":"ofr77108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-108","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Scranton, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey (Pa. portion only)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr77108","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Scranton, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey (Pa. portion only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-108, 7 maps., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77108.","productDescription":"7 maps.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af5bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27206,"text":"wri77137 - 1977 - Trophic conditions in Lake Winnisquam, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-01T12:07:02","indexId":"wri77137","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-137","title":"Trophic conditions in Lake Winnisquam, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Lake Winnisquam has received treated domestic sewage for approximately 50 years and since June 1961 has been treated with copper sulfate to control the growth of nuisance algae. The Laconia City secondary sewage-treatment plant was upgraded in 1975 to include phosphorus removal. Phosphorus was not removed effectively until early 1976, and, therefore, the 1976 data are considered baseline or pre-phosphorus removal with respect to anticipated changes in the trophic condition of the lake. Effluent from the Laconia State School primary-treatment plant was diverted to the Laconia City plant in October 1976. Dissolved oxygen concentrations showed marked differences between the two basins comprising Lake Winnisquam. Phytoplankton samples showed similarities by algal group for all stations but algal genera varied between the upper and lower basins. Total phosphorus concentrations in the epilimnion ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 milligram per liter, and accumulation of total phosphorus in the hypolimnion resulted in concentrations up to 0.59 milligrams per liter. Chemical states of nutrients varied among the stations corresponding to the degree of depletion of hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen profiles were used to illustrate zones of algal production, respiration, and bacterial decomposition. The rate of depletion of dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion was linearly related to time. Because change in the rate of hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen depletion is more easily measured than change of nutrient load in the lake, it is suggested it be used as an indicator of the response of the lake to change in trophic condition.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri77137","usgsCitation":"Frost, L.R., 1977, Trophic conditions in Lake Winnisquam, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-137, v, 36 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77137.","productDescription":"v, 36 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":368892,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Belknap County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Winnisquam","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-71.5318,43.7606],[-71.4856,43.7278],[-71.4824,43.726],[-71.4641,43.7118],[-71.4603,43.7096],[-71.3408,43.6266],[-71.3339,43.6193],[-71.3314,43.6193],[-71.2614,43.5719],[-71.2279,43.565],[-71.209,43.5508],[-71.204,43.5526],[-71.2001,43.559],[-71.1976,43.5581],[-71.197,43.5576],[-71.1636,43.5389],[-71.1921,43.5107],[-71.1792,43.4393],[-71.1607,43.355],[-71.236,43.2842],[-71.2994,43.3207],[-71.4006,43.375],[-71.4995,43.4255],[-71.5474,43.4524],[-71.5493,43.4524],[-71.5607,43.4551],[-71.5613,43.4519],[-71.5601,43.4506],[-71.5626,43.4501],[-71.5701,43.4519],[-71.5733,43.4474],[-71.5758,43.4451],[-71.5815,43.4428],[-71.5821,43.4437],[-71.5865,43.4433],[-71.5884,43.441],[-71.5947,43.4423],[-71.5953,43.4378],[-71.5998,43.4346],[-71.6016,43.4346],[-71.6029,43.4391],[-71.6048,43.4401],[-71.6111,43.4378],[-71.6136,43.4387],[-71.6136,43.4414],[-71.6168,43.4432],[-71.6199,43.4432],[-71.6199,43.4473],[-71.6218,43.4469],[-71.6282,43.4592],[-71.625,43.4601],[-71.6288,43.4683],[-71.625,43.4692],[-71.6288,43.4783],[-71.632,43.4774],[-71.639,43.4924],[-71.6535,43.4887],[-71.6541,43.491],[-71.6617,43.4955],[-71.6724,43.4987],[-71.6787,43.5023],[-71.6794,43.5051],[-71.6914,43.5173],[-71.687,43.5246],[-71.6876,43.5287],[-71.7072,43.5382],[-71.7142,43.5514],[-71.7224,43.5537],[-71.7288,43.5601],[-71.7282,43.5628],[-71.7237,43.5664],[-71.7244,43.5705],[-71.7168,43.5746],[-71.7156,43.5792],[-71.7314,43.5887],[-71.7283,43.5946],[-71.7188,43.5956],[-71.7125,43.601],[-71.7087,43.6011],[-71.7055,43.5956],[-71.7023,43.5938],[-71.6859,43.5952],[-71.6727,43.6029],[-71.6651,43.6043],[-71.6626,43.607],[-71.6657,43.6116],[-71.6626,43.6161],[-71.6512,43.6207],[-71.6569,43.6293],[-71.6519,43.6375],[-71.6538,43.6407],[-71.6513,43.643],[-71.6551,43.6608],[-71.6513,43.6653],[-71.6482,43.6717],[-71.6514,43.6813],[-71.6482,43.6858],[-71.5223,43.6968],[-71.5318,43.7606]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Belknap\",\"state\":\"NH\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db6243d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frost, Leonard R. Jr.","contributorId":41465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"Leonard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26350,"text":"wri774 - 1977 - Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in a part of the Yampa River basin between Craig and Steamboat Springs, Moffat and Routt counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:37:24","indexId":"wri774","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-4","title":"Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in a part of the Yampa River basin between Craig and Steamboat Springs, Moffat and Routt counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of an investigation of ground-water resources in that part of the Yampa River basin between the towns of Craig and Steamboat Springs. The location of the study area is shown on the index map. The investigation was begun in 1975 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, Office of the State Engineer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri774","usgsCitation":"Brogden, R., and Giles, T., 1977, Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in a part of the Yampa River basin between Craig and Steamboat Springs, Moffat and Routt counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-4, 46.26 x 32.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri774.","productDescription":"46.26 x 32.60 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359484,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0004/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0004/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Moffat County, Routt County","city":"Craig, Steamboat Springs","otherGeospatial":"Yampa River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.75390625,\n 40.225024210604964\n ],\n [\n -106.75140380859374,\n 40.225024210604964\n ],\n [\n -106.75140380859374,\n 40.74517613004631\n ],\n [\n -107.75390625,\n 40.74517613004631\n ],\n [\n -107.75390625,\n 40.225024210604964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e752","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brogden, R. E.","contributorId":43356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brogden","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giles, T.F.","contributorId":83096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26262,"text":"wri77107 - 1977 - Preliminary digital model of the Arikaree aquifer in the Sweetwater River basin, central Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T16:02:05","indexId":"wri77107","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-107","title":"Preliminary digital model of the Arikaree aquifer in the Sweetwater River basin, central Wyoming","docAbstract":"In central Wyoming, Potentially large supplies of ground water are available in the Sweetwater River basin from the Arikaree aquifer, which consists of the upper part of the White River, the Arikaree, and the Ogallala Formations. A preliminary digital model was developed for the Arikaree aquifer using a small amount of poorly distributed data, an estimated distribution of recharge, and a conceptual model of the Arikaree aquifer flow system. Calibration of the model was based on reproduction of the potentiometric surface and the base flow of the Sweetwater River in November 1975. Calculated steady-state hydraulic heads were within 50 feet of the observed heads in about 98 percent of the nodes. The calculated leakage from the Arikaree aquifer to he Sweetwater River in the western area was within about 12 percent of the leadage determined by gain and loss studies. In order to develop a comprehensive digital model that would respond to hydraulic stress in nearly the same manner as the actual aquifer flow system, measured responses of the aquifer to stress are needed. Also needed are additional data on aquifer characteristics, recharge to the aquifer, and stream-aquifer relationships. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri77107","usgsCitation":"Borchert, W.B., 1977, Preliminary digital model of the Arikaree aquifer in the Sweetwater River basin, central Wyoming (WRI/OFR): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-107, iii, 19 p. :maps (some fold. in pocket) ;27 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77107.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. :maps (some fold. in pocket) ;27 cm. --","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55073,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"WRI/OFR","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6692c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchert, W. B.","contributorId":34965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchert","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26254,"text":"wri77132 - 1977 - Preliminary evaluation of flood frequency relations in the urban areas of Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:22","indexId":"wri77132","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-132","title":"Preliminary evaluation of flood frequency relations in the urban areas of Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"A storm-runoff relation for streams in the urban areas of Memphis was determined by a statistical evaluation of 59 flood discharges from 19 gaging stations. These flood discharges were related to drainage area, percent imperviousness of the drainage basin, and rainfall occuring over 120-minute periods. The defined relation is Q=m3A*777A - .02 tI,,,,P + 1j-227 (1120).539(t120).40 where Q is flood discharge in cfs, A is drainage area in square miles, IMP is percent imperviousness in the basin, and I120 is rainfall in inches, over 120 minute time period. The defined relation was used to synthesize sets of annual flood peaks for drainage basins ranging from .05 square miles to 10 square miles and imperviousness ranging from 0 to 80 percent for the period of rainfall record at Memphis. From these series of flood peaks, frequency relations were defined and presented for 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 year recurrent intervals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri77132","usgsCitation":"Boning, C.W., 1977, Preliminary evaluation of flood frequency relations in the urban areas of Memphis, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-132, vi, 50 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77132.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1968,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri770132/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c426","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boning, Charles W.","contributorId":86345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boning","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25919,"text":"wri7738 - 1977 - Artificial recharge experiments on the Ship Creek alluvial fan, Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T15:48:26","indexId":"wri7738","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-38","title":"Artificial recharge experiments on the Ship Creek alluvial fan, Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"During the summers of 1973 and 1974, water from Ship Creek was diverted at an average rate of approximately 6 cubic feet per second to an 11-acre recharge basin. Maximum sustained unit recharge for the basin was approximately 1.4 feet per day. Dur-ing 1975 a second basin of 8 acres was also used for recharge, and the total diversion rate was increased to as much as 30 cubic feet per second. The second basin was never completely filled, but the unit recharge rate was estimated to be at least four times as great as that in the first basin.
During 1973 and 1974, when only one recharge basin was in operation, a maximum rise of 18 feet was observed in the ground-water table near the basin. In 1975, when both basins were being used, the maximum rise was 30 feet in the same area. During 1973 and 1974, the water-level rise was 12 and 8 feet in the unconfined and confined systems, respectively, at a point 4.400 feet downgradient from the basins; in 1975 the rise at the same point was 31 and 16 feet, respectively.
It was originally believed that because of the location of the recharge ponds within the natural recharge zone of the area's confined aquifer system, the source of the major portion of Anchorage's public water supply, most of the artificially recharged water would enter that system. However, water-level data and changes in saturation conditions interpreted from borehole geophysical logs indicate that most of the recharged water remained in the unconfined aquifer. In addition, the potentiometric rise that was achieved in the confined aquifer during summer operation of the recharge basins was quickly dissipated when diversion stopped and the basins drained. Thus the benefits of recharge would not persist into late winter, the critical period of water availability in Anchorage, unless diversion to the basins could be continued until January or February.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7738","usgsCitation":"Anderson, G.S., 1977, Artificial recharge experiments on the Ship Creek alluvial fan, Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-38, Report: v, 39 p.; Plate: 16.13 x 18.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7738.","productDescription":"Report: v, 39 p.; Plate: 16.13 x 18.21 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.09796142578125,\n 61.018386522468596\n ],\n [\n -149.52667236328125,\n 61.018386522468596\n ],\n [\n -149.52667236328125,\n 61.312451574838214\n ],\n [\n -150.09796142578125,\n 61.312451574838214\n ],\n [\n -150.09796142578125,\n 61.018386522468596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672c32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Gary S.","contributorId":36534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8601,"text":"ofr77817 - 1977 - Late diagenetic indicators of buried oil and gas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:10","indexId":"ofr77817","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-817","title":"Late diagenetic indicators of buried oil and gas","docAbstract":"At least three hydrocarbon seepage mechanisms are interpreted to operate over oil and gas fields. These are: (1) effusion ofh ydrocarbons through inadequate caprocks and along faults and fractures, (2) low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons dissolved in water moving vertically through capping shales as a result of a hydrodynamic or chemical potential drive, and (3) diffusion of gases dissolved in water. Combinations of these mechanisms may also occur. \r\n\r\nSeeping hydrocarbons are oxidized near the earth's surface, and the resulting carbon dioxide reacts with water producing bicarbonate ions, which combine with calcium and magnesium dissolved in ground waters to yield isotopically distinctive pore-filling carbonate cements and surface rocks. The passage of hydrocarbons and associated compounds such as hydrogen sulfide through surface rocks causes a reducing environment and consequent reduction, mobilization, and loss of iron from iron-bearing minerals commonly resulting in a discoloration. Other metals such as manganese are also mobilized and redistributed. These changes in the physical and chemical properties of surface rocks correlate with the subsurface distribution of petroleum, and potentially can be detected from both airborne and spaceborne platforms.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77817","usgsCitation":"Donovan, T.J., and Dalziel, M.C., 1977, Late diagenetic indicators of buried oil and gas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-817, 44 leaves :ill., map ;28 cm.; (79 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77817.","productDescription":"44 leaves :ill., map ;28 cm.; (79 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0817/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36198,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0817/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, Terrence J.","contributorId":71529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalziel, Mary C.","contributorId":103663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalziel","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25891,"text":"wri7751 - 1977 - Sources of emergency water supplies in Santa Clara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-22T12:11:56","indexId":"wri7751","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-51","title":"Sources of emergency water supplies in Santa Clara County, California","docAbstract":"Water distribution systems in Santa Clara County, Calif., may be damaged and rendered inoperable by a large earthquake or other disaster. In such an event, individual agencies may have to implement emergency measures to supply water for drinking, firefighting, decontamination, or other purposes. In Santa Clara County, 128 wells have been identified as potential water-supply sources in emergencies. The criteria used to select the wells are: yield of at least 3 liters per second (50 gallons per minute), good water quality, ready accessibility, and available emergency power. Purification methods of small water supplies are described. 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