In the spring of 2019, ice sheets transported down-stream during a large streamflow rise event in the lower Minnesota River destroyed an index-velocity streamgage at the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota (U.S. Geological Survey station 05330920; hereafter referred to as “Ft. Snelling”). The streamgage previously used an acoustic Doppler velocity meter to provide instantaneous streamflow and suspended-sedimentation concentration (SSC) data in backwater conditions caused by the confluence with the Mississippi River. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey cooperated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Lower Minnesota River Watershed District to develop linear regression models that estimate SSCs and suspended-sand concentrations (sand) at the destroyed streamgage using streamflow data from an upstream site Minnesota River near Jordan, Minn. (U.S. Geological Survey station 05330000, hereafter referred to as “Jordan”).
Simple linear regression models were developed for selected positions on the streamflow hydrograph to estimate SSC and sand at Ft. Snelling from the streamflow at Jordan. Statistically significant models could not be developed for estimating SSC at low streamflows and sand at high streamflows. Models developed to estimate sand were more uncertain than models used to estimate SSC, and models using streamflow to predict SSC and sand were more uncertain than models using acoustic backscatter to predict SSC. Annual loads of SSC and sand estimated from these models show the dynamic nature of sediment transport and storage in this section of the lower Minnesota River. These models and the associated ancillary data can help with management decisions that are crucial in managing aquatic habitat, supporting power production, and commercial navigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Lower Minnesota River Watershed District","usgsCitation":"Groten, J.T., Hendrickson, J.S., and Loomis, L.R., 2021, Estimation of suspended sediment at a discontinued streamgage on the lower Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1005, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211005.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 12 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-121668","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383100,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1005/ofr20211005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1005"},{"id":383101,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AIULOQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Suspended-sediment and sand concentrations, streamflow, acoustic data, linear regression models, and loads for the Lower Minnesota River, 2012 -2019"},{"id":383108,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1005/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Fort Snelling State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.22311401367188,\n 44.819107339295684\n ],\n [\n -93.1801986694336,\n 44.85124448203336\n ],\n [\n -93.16577911376953,\n 44.879471418146686\n ],\n [\n -93.14414978027344,\n 44.89187715629887\n ],\n [\n -93.15067291259766,\n 44.89503897537852\n ],\n [\n -93.17436218261719,\n 44.89601180781499\n ],\n [\n -93.19427490234375,\n 44.89114748105545\n ],\n [\n -93.19599151611328,\n 44.87557887053108\n ],\n [\n -93.21247100830078,\n 44.859275967357476\n ],\n [\n -93.22208404541016,\n 44.85270483540896\n ],\n [\n -93.23856353759766,\n 44.84102097157541\n ],\n [\n -93.23856353759766,\n 44.82763029742812\n ],\n [\n -93.22895050048828,\n 44.81862027505869\n ],\n [\n -93.22311401367188,\n 44.819107339295684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2280 Woodale Drive
Mounds View, MN 55112
Beginning in 2010, sections of Underwood Creek in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, have undergone reconstruction to allow for improved fish habitat and better management of storm flows. In addition, dam and drop structures were removed to help improve fish migration while reintroducing several native fish species. With the reconstruction of Underwood Creek underway, the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District sought to evaluate if these measures have resulted in improvements to the fish community in the upstream parts of the watershed. The U.S. Geological Survey began sampling fish communities in 2004 at the farthest downstream site on Underwood Creek (Reach A) which was reconstructed in 2017. Reach B, which is slightly upstream, had undergone reconstruction in 2010 and fish community sampling began in 2016. A third reach farther upstream near Elm Grove was schedule to begin reconstruction in 2019. To compare the fish before and after reconstruction at the Elm Grove Reach, a fish community survey was conducted in spring of 2019 at Elm Grove and Reach B. This document describes the fish community from this sampling in comparison to previous surveys. Before reconstruction, Elm Grove Reach contained fish species more indicative of a slower, stagnant, warmwater stream than the other two rehabilitated reaches. Although six of the eight species found in Elm Grove Reach have been found at the lower reaches, all but two of the species are considered tolerant. Reconstruction of Elm Grove Reach to a similar habitat as the lower reaches will likely support a more diverse fish community.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201112","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","usgsCitation":"Bell, A.H., Sullivan, D.J., and Scudder Eikenberry, B.C., 2021, Summary of fish communities along Underwood Creek, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2004–2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1112, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201112.","productDescription":"Report: v, 14 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-117234","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382828,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F77W698B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"U.S. Geological Survey, n.d., BioData — aquatic bioassessment data for the Nation"},{"id":382826,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1112/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382827,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1112/ofr20201112.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.81 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1112"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Milwaukee","otherGeospatial":"Underwood Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.13438415527344,\n 43.01594430071724\n ],\n [\n -88.01696777343749,\n 43.01669737169671\n ],\n [\n -88.01525115966797,\n 43.086441866511805\n ],\n [\n -88.13301086425781,\n 43.08594039080513\n ],\n [\n -88.13438415527344,\n 43.01594430071724\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8505 Research Way
Middleton, WI 53562
Historical estimates of the area occupied by overwintering Danaus plexippus (monarchs) in central Mexico (between winters of 1976 and 1991) were published in García-Serrano and others (2004) and more recently in Mawdsley and others (2020). Our primary objectives were to identify the specific data that informed those estimates and, importantly, determine the degree to which the reported estimates reflect the total size of the overwintering monarch population during that period. Understanding how historical estimates of the overwintering area relate to total population size is necessary to ensure that inferences about population abundance and temporal trends are reliable, particularly as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is in the process of determining if the species should be listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Zylstra, E.R., Thogmartin, W.E., Ramírez, M.I., and Zipkin, E.F., 2020, Summary of available data from the monarch overwintering colonies in central Mexico, 1976–1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1150, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201150.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-123783","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1150/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382820,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1150/ofr20201150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2020-1150"}],"country":"Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.85400390625,\n 15.834535741221565\n ],\n [\n -94.15283203125,\n 15.834535741221565\n ],\n [\n -94.15283203125,\n 22.411028521558706\n ],\n [\n -102.85400390625,\n 22.411028521558706\n ],\n [\n -102.85400390625,\n 15.834535741221565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Road
La Crosse, WI 54602
This report and associated dataset provide tabular county-level estimates of kilograms of nitrogen and phosphorus generated from two sources: (a) fertilizer from commercial sources and (b) livestock-based manure, for the period 1950 through 2017 for the conterminous United States. Datasets collected during this time span are for intervals of approximately 5 years that coincide with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s census years. Nutrients from fertilizer for 1950–2012 are exactly those previously described in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports and datasets; however, estimates of nutrient masses from fertilizer applied in 2017 are described here as a new product modeled from 11 predictor variables for 2017 including county-level fertilizer expenditures, land use, and acres of fertilized land. Fertilizer-based estimates are provided for both farm and nonfarm (urban) usage. The estimates of nutrients from manure for all years were generated anew by using methods and formulas described in previous USGS reports but adjusted to account for historical changes in the annual averages of animal weights. The tabular data are available as an accompanying data release.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201153","usgsCitation":"Falcone, J.A., 2021, Estimates of county-level nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer and manure from 1950 through 2017 in the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1153, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201153.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 20 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-117936","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382790,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1153/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382791,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1153/ofr20201153.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.95 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 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Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Changes in fault roughness with scale, “scaling,” is the topic of this report; changes are considered using a general power law relation between some measure of surface height, H, and another of length, L, H=kLn, where k is a constant and n is an exponent that characterizes the scaling. Extensive profile measurements of natural fault surfaces show that the ratio of average surface height to profile length decreases with scale. Average height is defined using the root mean squared height, Rq. For this analysis, fault surfaces are smoother at long wavelengths (have smaller average height to profile length ratios) than they are at shorter wavelengths. These and other statistical properties of natural fault surfaces hold for more than five orders of magnitude, a huge range from tens of micrometers to 10 meters. However, a different roughness metric, the average height (amplitude) that is specifically associated with a wavelength shows the opposite sense of scaling. The ratio of average amplitude to wavelength increases with wavelength. Thus, the same fault surface can be deemed rougher at long wavelength, or smoother, depending on the chosen metric. This apparent contradiction is a curiosity of the statistics of rough surfaces that have scaling exponents that relate profile length to Rq between 0.5 and 1, as most natural faults do. To add context, the implied roughness scaling for reference synthetic surfaces is determined. These span the natural range of scaling exponents and have moderate to strong point to point amplitude correlation. The potential payoff of expanded descriptions of natural fault roughness and of reference surfaces are improved constraints on physical mechanisms that generate and modify roughness during shear.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201134","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N.M., 2021, Characterizing fault roughness—Are faults rougher at long or short wavelengths?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1134, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201134.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-097230","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382822,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1134/ofr20201134.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1134"},{"id":382821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1134/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Contact Information, Menlo Park, Calif.
Office—Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
We developed a habitat suitability model for the federally endangered Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) across its current and historic range in California. The vireo disappeared from most of its range by the 1980s, remaining only in southern California and northern Baja California, Mexico. This decline was due to habitat loss and introduction of brood parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) into California in the late 1800s. Habitat protection and management since the mid-1980s increased southern California vireo populations with small numbers of birds recently expanding back into the historic range. The vireo habitat model will help meet the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recovery objectives by distinguishing specific areas to survey for new occurrences; characterizing important vireo-habitat relationships; and identifying areas for habitat management. We constructed models based on the vireo’s current range to predict suitable habitat in the historic range, which differs substantially in environmental conditions. We used the partitioned Mahalanobis D2 modeling technique designed to predict habitat suitability in areas not included in a sample of species locations and under novel conditions. We constructed alternative models with different combinations of environmental variables hypothesized to be important components of vireo habitat. We selected a set of best performing models to predict suitable habitat for a riparian vegetation grid buffered 500 meters across California. Most models for southern California did not predict suitable habitat in the historic range. The top performing model has an area under the curve value of 0.93. It is a simple model and discriminated among riparian habitats, with only 6 percent predicted as suitable. On average, suitable vireo habitat had more than 60-percent riparian vegetation and flat land at the 150-meter scale, little-to-no slope, and was within 130 meters of water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201151","collaboration":"Wildlife Program","usgsCitation":"Preston, K.L., Kus, B.E., and Perkins, E., 2021, Modeling Least Bell’s Vireo habitat suitability in current and historic ranges in California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1151, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201151.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 44 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-123538","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382648,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1151/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382649,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1151/ofr20201151.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1151"},{"id":382650,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90T9WT2","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Least Bell’s Vireo habitat suitability model for California (2019)"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
This river corridor assessment documents sediment mobility and river response to flood disturbance along a 140-kilometer segment of the main-stem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, California. Field and remote sensing methods were used to assess fundamental indicators of active sediment transport and river response to a combination of natural runoff events and reservoir releases during the study period from 2005 to 2019. Discharge measurements at two gaged sites and bed-material samples at two ungaged sites provided direct and indirect evidence of mobile bed conditions, scour and fill, and surface flushing of fine sediment. Available remote-sensing datasets collected in 2005, 2009, 2010, and 2016 were used to determine sediment storage, flood inundation boundaries, and provide indirect evidence of flood-induced scour. These datasets validate channel-maintenance flows defined by Shea and others (2016). During the study period, flows greater than or equal to 6,030 cubic feet per second mobilized the substrate, caused localized scour, and flushed fine sediment from bar surfaces. Flows greater than or equal to 10,400 cubic feet per second stripped vegetation from bars and floodplains and produced deeper scour. Flood disturbance within the study reach is produced by the combined effect of natural flows and reservoir releases, which resulted in mobile bed conditions during the study period. Periodic scour and substrate disturbance are considered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to be integral for managing disease-induced mortality of juvenile and adult salmonids. Substrate conditions conducive to parasites that host infectious diseases, particularly Ceratonova shasta, occur periodically. Additional studies are required to determine whether disease prevalence can be mitigated by well-timed reservoir releases. Study results are useful for interpreting linkages among physical and biological processes and for evaluating the effectiveness of flow management targeted to improve river bed conditions for endangered salmonid populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201141","collaboration":"Water Availability and Use Science ProgramDirector, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
Coral reefs worldwide are experiencing rapid degradation in response to climate and land-use change, namely effects of warming sea-surface temperatures, contaminant runoff, and overfishing. Extensive coral bleaching caused by the steady rise of sea-surface temperatures is projected to increase, but our understanding and ability to predict where corals may be most resilient to this effect is limited owing to a lack of knowledge of nearshore habitat conditions and the role of compromised coral health in preconditioning bleaching vulnerability. On high islands and most atolls, fresh to brackish groundwater discharges to the coast through the beach face and seafloor, where it mixes with marine waters and commonly creates cool estuarine nearshore waters that are important to wildlife and ecosystem services that benefit people. Here, we summarize results of a study to evaluate the ecosystem services and effects of groundwater on coral reef health and the potential role of groundwater to maintain cold-water refugia that can buffer corals from thermal stress during temperature maxima. Across 75 kilometers of the west coastline of the Island of Hawaiʻi, paired time-series and discrete measurements of water quality, coral-community and colony size structures, and coral health indicators, including bleaching, at 33 stations grouped into 12 study areas were made from July 2010 to December 2013. The results show that nearshore water temperatures are depressed by groundwater across extensive areas of the nearshore. Persistent cold-water refugia ranging from 1 to 5 degrees Celsius below surrounding marine water temperatures are shown to be associated with identified groundwater inputs. Significant correlations were found between metrics of coral health and water temperature. Because areas of temperature refugia were notable along the west coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi and are identified by ecologists as increasingly important to valued wildlife, improved understanding of groundwater flux to the long-term resilience of coral reefs is likely important. In particular, evaluating the extent that the magnitude and timing of groundwater discharge across the nearshore mitigate thermal bleaching stress may help inform the fate of coral reefs projected to experience rising sea-surface temperatures worldwide.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Grossman, E.E., Marrack, L., and vanArendonk, N.R., 2021, Nearshore water quality and coral health indicators along the west coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi, 2010–2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1128, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201128.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 45 p.; Data Releases","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112588","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382234,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F74X569K","linkHelpText":"Coral cover and health determined from seafloor photographs and diver observations, West Hawai'i, 2010-2011"},{"id":382235,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7154FJQ","linkHelpText":"Nearshore water properties and estuary conditions along the coral reef coastline of west Hawaii Island (2010-2014)"},{"id":382232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1128/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":382233,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1128/ofr20201128.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Island of Hawaii, Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, Puʻuhonua O Hōnaunau National Historical Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.05006217956543,\n 19.666513211037795\n ],\n [\n -156.01581573486328,\n 19.666513211037795\n ],\n [\n -156.01581573486328,\n 19.6935061404277\n ],\n [\n -156.05006217956543,\n 19.6935061404277\n ],\n [\n -156.05006217956543,\n 19.666513211037795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.91865539550778,\n 19.406980567050198\n ],\n [\n -155.90157508850095,\n 19.406980567050198\n ],\n [\n -155.90157508850095,\n 19.42357528523296\n ],\n [\n -155.91865539550778,\n 19.42357528523296\n ],\n [\n -155.91865539550778,\n 19.406980567050198\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Understanding the carbon transport within aquatic environments is crucial to quantifying global and local carbon budgets, yet limited empirical data currently (2021) exist. This report documents methodology and provides data for quantifying the aquatic export of carbon from a cypress swamp within Big Cypress National Preserve and is part of a larger carbon budget study. The U.S. Geological Survey operated two continuous monitoring stations, 022889001 and 022909471, that measured flow volume and water quality within the Big Cypress National Preserve in South Florida from September 2015 to October 2017. Station 022889001 represented the flow into the study area and station 022909471 represented the flow out of the study area. Site-specific regression models were developed by using continuously measured specific conductance and concomitant, discretely collected dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, and particulate carbon samples to calculate total carbon (TC) concentrations at 15-minute intervals.
Calculated TC concentrations typically increased as flow was decreasing and decreased as flow was increasing. TC loads were calculated by multiplying concentrations and flow volume, and the difference between the load calculations for input/output locations of the swamp flow system was used to determine the aquatic carbon export from the study area.
Calculated monthly TC loads ranged from 0 metric tons in spring 2017 at both stations to 3,145 and 7,821 metric tons in September 2017 at 022889001 and 022909471, respectively. During 2016, the annual loads were 10,479 and 15,243 metric tons at 022889001 and 022909471, respectively. Calculated monthly aquatic TC exports from the study area ranged from −0.7 gram of carbon per square meter in May 2016 to 44.1 grams of carbon per square meter during September 2017. The carbon export from the study area varied monthly, increased as flow increased, and was greatly influenced by Hurricane Irma in September 2017. The aquatic TC export from the Sweetwater Strand study area was 42.0 grams of carbon per square meter per year in 2016, which is substantially (about 15 times) larger than the estimated overall mean riverine carbon export per square meter for the eastern United States; however, it was also less than the monthly export of carbon in September 2017. The monthly aquatic carbon export from the study area in September 2017 alone was greater than the aquatic carbon export from all of 2016, which is largely the result of the substantial increase in flow attributed to Hurricane Irma.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201136","collaboration":"Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystem Science Program","usgsCitation":"Booth, A.C., 2021, Development and application of surrogate models, calculated loads, and aquatic export of carbon based on specific conductance, Big Cypress National Preserve, South Florida, 2015–17: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1136, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201136.","productDescription":"Report: v, 14 p.; Data Release; 2 Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112929","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382104,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/appendix2.rtf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"960 kB","description":"OFR 2020-1136 Appendix 2 rtf file","linkHelpText":"Model Archive for Total Carbon Concentration at U.S. Geological Survey Station 022909471: Loop Road Culverts Monroe Station to Florida Trail, Florida (rtf file)"},{"id":382062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382063,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/ofr20201136.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1136"},{"id":382064,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EXZLJT","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Calculated carbon concentrations, loads, and export in Big Cypress National Preserve, South Florida, 2015-2017"},{"id":382101,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/appendix1.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"424 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1136 Appendix 1 pdf file","linkHelpText":"Model Archive for Total Carbon Concentration at U.S. Geological Survey Station 022889001: Tamiami Canal 11 Mile Road to Monroe Station, Florida"},{"id":382102,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/appendix2.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"356 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1136 Appendix 2 pdf file","linkHelpText":"Model Archive for Total Carbon Concentration at U.S. Geological Survey Station 022909471: Loop Road Culverts Monroe Station to Florida Trail, Florida"},{"id":382103,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1136/appendix1.rtf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"2.91 MB","description":"OFR 2020-1136 Appendix 1 rtf file","linkHelpText":"Model Archive for Total Carbon Concentration at U.S. Geological Survey Station 022889001: Tamiami Canal 11 Mile Road to Monroe Station, Florida (rtf file)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Big Cypress National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.22604370117186,\n 25.812254545273433\n ],\n [\n -80.8978271484375,\n 25.812254545273433\n ],\n [\n -80.8978271484375,\n 26.058016587844723\n ],\n [\n -81.22604370117186,\n 26.058016587844723\n ],\n [\n -81.22604370117186,\n 25.812254545273433\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) requested assistance from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to conduct an assessment study to identify areas that may have economic potential for the future extraction of lignite and leonardite resources in the Williston Basin in North Dakota. The study will be used by the BLM to assist with the preparation of a revised resource management plan for the Williston Basin, in accordance with BLM planning policies.
The assessment of the economic potential of lignite resources required the establishment of criteria defining an economic lignite deposit. In consultation with the BLM, criteria were established to delineate drill holes that contained economic lignite beds. The criteria established are a minimum lignite bed thickness, a minimum cumulative lignite thickness, a maximum cumulative stripping ratio, and a maximum overburden. Likewise, an assessment of the economic potential of leonardite deposits required the establishment of criteria delineating drill holes that contained economic leonardite deposits. The criteria established are a minimum leonardite bed thickness, a minimum cumulative leonardite thickness, and a maximum overburden.
The drill hole data utilized in this study were obtained from the National Coal Resources Data System database and from several coal companies. Data from more than 20,000 drill holes, both proprietary and nonproprietary, were used to compile areas of economic potential for lignite or leonardite.
Areas delineated as having lignite or leonardite resources with economic potential, based on the established criteria, were present in 24 counties in the western portion of North Dakota. Areas of economic potential were delineated using a visual best-fit method without croplines. Areas defined as having economic potential for certain lignite beds or leonardite deposits may extend beyond known croplines in this study.
Stratigraphically, the lignite and leonardite deposits in the Williston Basin in North Dakota are mostly found in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation. Thick (greater than 20 feet) and laterally extensive (greater than 5 square miles) lignite beds are present in the Fort Union Formation throughout the Sentinel Butte and Tongue River Members. Lignite beds are also present in the Ludlow Member of the Fort Union Formation, although they are not as numerous or thick as they are in the overlying Sentinel Butte and Tongue River Members. As a result of lateral facies changes and migrating fluvial channel complexes in the Fort Union Formation, lignite beds of varying thickness occupy different stratigraphic horizons vertically throughout the Williston Basin.
The calculation of volumes for lignite and leonardite resources was not part of the scope of this study requested by the BLM, but a future study by the USGS may involve a comprehensive assessment of lignite resources and reserves in the Williston Basin. This future study could combine geologic data compiled in this study with geologic data from a previously unpublished 2019 assessment study by the USGS in the Williston Basin in eastern Montana. This future USGS study could also include the calculation of volumes for lignite resources and reserves, based on economic models derived using analogs from active mining operations in the Williston Basin and available spot market or contract coal prices.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, B.N., 2021, An assessment of the economic potential of lignite and leonardite resources in the Williston Basin, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1135, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201135.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-120360","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436582,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93GGU6P","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Mercer and Oliver Counties, North Dakota"},{"id":436581,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93GGU6P","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Mercer and Oliver Counties, North Dakota"},{"id":436580,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NWIHEE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in McLean County, North Dakota"},{"id":436579,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NWIHEE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in McLean County, North Dakota"},{"id":436578,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94V9WV8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Billings County, North Dakota"},{"id":436577,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94V9WV8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Billings County, North Dakota"},{"id":436576,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90636SP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Golden Valley County, North Dakota"},{"id":436575,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90636SP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Golden Valley County, North Dakota"},{"id":436574,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FHHH4T","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Drill hole data for coal beds in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Williston Basin in Dunn County, North Dakota"},{"id":382138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1135/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":382139,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1135/ofr20201135.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1135"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Williston Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.0625,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 45.89000815866184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver, CO 80225-0046
Director, Science Analytics and Synthesis
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046, Mail Stop 302
Denver, CO 80225
Phase 2 of the Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI) focuses on geologic belts that are favorable for hosting mineral systems that may contain select critical minerals. Phase 1 of the Earth MRI program focused on rare earth elements (REE), and phase 2 adds aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group metals, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten. This report describes the methodology and techniques utilized to define focus areas for future data acquisition in Alaska; the conterminous United States are covered in a separate report.
Definition of focus areas relies on a mineral systems framework that considers geologic features that may influence or control the formation and preservation of a mineral deposit and links the critical commodities to genetically related processes. Mineral systems are therefore larger than any given deposit. Evaluation of these larger systems allows for a broader understanding of how and where critical minerals may move through geologic systems.
Delineation of focus areas in Alaska was informed by statewide geological, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral occurrence datasets that are publicly available. Additionally, previously published prospectivity analyses for six different critical mineral-bearing deposit types help identify focus areas. A total of 74 focus areas prospective for the phase 2 critical minerals that occur in 12 different mineral systems were defined in Alaska. Identified focus areas may be used to guide future geologic, geochemical, and geophysical data in the State of Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191023C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Kreiner, D.C., and Jones, J.V., 2020, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals in Alaska—Aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten (ver. 1.1, July 2022), chap. C of U.S. Geological Survey, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic sources of critical minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1023, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023C.","productDescription":"viii, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-118999","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403734,"rank":7,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023E","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-E","linkHelpText":"- Alaska Focus Area Definition for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Sources of Critical Minerals in Alaska for Antimony, Barite, Beryllium, Chromium, Fluorspar, Hafnium, Magnesium, Manganese, Uranium, Vanadium, and Zirconium"},{"id":403733,"rank":6,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023D","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-D","linkHelpText":"- Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Resources of 13 Critical Minerals in the Conterminous United States and Puerto Rico—Antimony, Barite, Beryllium, Chromium, Fluorspar, Hafnium, Helium, Magnesium, Manganese, Potash, Uranium, Vanadium, and Zirconium"},{"id":501523,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_110565.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":378569,"rank":5,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023B","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-B","description":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-B","linkHelpText":"- Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Resources of 11 Critical Minerals in the Conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico—Aluminum, Cobalt, Graphite, Lithium, Niobium, Platinum-Group Elements, Rare Earth Elements, Tantalum, Tin, Titanium, and Tungsten"},{"id":378568,"rank":4,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023A","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-A","description":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-A","linkHelpText":"- Focus Areas for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Sources of Critical Minerals—Rare Earth Elements"},{"id":403686,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1023/c/versionHist.txt","size":"3.51 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":378536,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1023/c/ofr20191023c.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1023C"},{"id":378535,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1023/c/coverthb3.jpg"}],"country":"United 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1.0: September 2020: Version 1.1: July 2022","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
In response to a need for information on potential domestic sources of critical minerals, the Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI) was established to identify and prioritize areas for acquisition of new geologic mapping, geophysical data, and elevation data to improve our knowledge of the geologic framework of the United States. Phase 1 of Earth MRI concentrated on those geologic terranes favorable for hosting the rare earth elements (REEs). Phase 2 continued to address the REEs and also identified focus areas for potential domestic sources of 10 more of the 35 critical minerals on the U.S. critical minerals list (aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten). This report describes the methodology, data sources, and summary results for mineral systems that host these 11 critical minerals in the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico; Alaska is covered in a separate report. The mineral systems framework adopted for this study links critical mineral commodities to families of genetically related mineral deposit types. The mineral systems approach is an efficient approach, providing a simultaneous evaluation of geologic terranes through aggregation of genetically related mineral deposit types that are much larger than individual ore deposits. Geologic, geochemical, topographic, and geophysical mapping provided by Earth MRI will document geologic features that reflect the extent of individual mineral systems and provide information about critical mineral deposits that may not have been recognized previously.
Each critical mineral commodity is discussed in terms of importance to the Nation’s economy, modes of occurrence, mineral systems, and deposit types along with maps and tables listing examples of focus areas for each critical mineral. Important mineral systems for these critical minerals include chemical weathering systems for aluminum (bauxite); placer systems for titanium and REEs; metamorphic systems for graphite; mafic magmatic systems for platinum-group elements and cobalt; lacustrine evaporite and porphyry tin systems for lithium; and copper-molybdenum-gold (Cu-Mo-Au) systems for tungsten. REEs occur in many different mineral systems. Focus areas were developed by scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey in collaboration with scientists from State geological surveys and other institutions. This first national-scale compilation of focus areas represents an initial step in addressing the Nation’s critical mineral needs by screening areas for acquisition of new data to provide the geologic framework necessary for identifying domestic sources of critical minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191023B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with American Association of State Geologists","usgsCitation":"Hammarstrom, J., Dicken, C., Day, W., Hofstra, A., Drenth, B., Shah, A., McCafferty, A., Woodruff, L., Foley, N., Ponce, D., Frost, T., and Stillings, L., 2020, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals in the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico—Aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten (ver. 1.1, July 2022), chap. B of U.S. Geological Survey, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic sources of critical minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1023, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023B.","productDescription":"xiii, 67 p.","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-119187","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436687,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U6SODG","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GIS for focus areas of potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals-aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten (version 2.0, August 2020)"},{"id":436686,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95CO8LR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GIS for focus areas of potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals - aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten"},{"id":403732,"rank":7,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023E","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-E","linkHelpText":"- Alaska Focus Area Definition for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Sources of Critical Minerals in Alaska for Antimony, Barite, Beryllium, Chromium, Fluorspar, Hafnium, Magnesium, Manganese, Uranium, Vanadium, and 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This report presents electron microprobe data on glasses and selected crystalline phases from Kīlauea Iki lava lake and glasses from the 1959 summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii. Some of these data have been published previously, but the complete set has not been published before. In addition, this report includes electron microprobe data for phases in melting experiments reported earlier, which form the basis for using many of the glass compositions reported here to estimate quenching temperatures of the samples. Finally, because of the latter application, this report includes all useful field determinations of temperature taken in Kīlauea Iki boreholes from 1967 to 1988. These field measurements have been merged with geothermometry based on glass and Fe-Ti oxide compositions to produce a comprehensive review of all available thermal information for Kīlauea Iki. Making these datasets available completes documentation of field and chemical information on Kīlauea Iki lava lake, supplementing six previous U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports listed in the References Cited.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201012","usgsCitation":"Helz, R.T., 2020, Major-element compositional data and thermal data for drill core from Kīlauea Iki lava lake, plus analyses of glasses from scoria of the 1959 summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii (ver 1.1, December 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1012, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201012.","productDescription":"Report: v, 48 p.; Appendix 1-2","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-109981","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374174,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201012_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Tables 1.1–1.13 as an Excel file"},{"id":374175,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201012_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"48.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Tables 2.1–2.4 as an Excel file"},{"id":374172,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":374177,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201021_appendix2_csv.zip","text":"Appendix 2","size":"5.50 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Tables 2.1–2.4 as CSV files in a zipped folder"},{"id":374205,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.00 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1012"},{"id":392665,"rank":7,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/versionHist.txt","size":"691 B","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":374176,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1012/ofr20201021_appendix1_csv.zip","text":"Appendix 1","size":"41.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Tables 1.1–1.13 as CSV files in a zipped folder"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.30410766601562,\n 19.38759093442151\n ],\n [\n -155.2306365966797,\n 19.38759093442151\n ],\n [\n -155.2306365966797,\n 19.44846418467642\n ],\n [\n -155.30410766601562,\n 19.44846418467642\n ],\n [\n -155.30410766601562,\n 19.38759093442151\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: April 23, 2020; Version 1.1: December 15, 2021","contact":"Director, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center
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To define and prioritize focus areas across the United States with resource potential for 35 critical minerals in a few years’ time, the U.S Geological Survey Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI) required an efficient approach to streamline workflow. A mineral systems approach based on current understanding of how ore deposits that contain critical minerals form and relate to broader geologic frameworks and the tectonic history of the Earth was used to satisfy this Earth MRI need. This report describes the rationale for, and structure of, a table developed for Earth MRI that relates critical minerals and principal commodities to the deposit types and mineral systems in which they are concentrated. The hierarchical relationship between systems, deposits, commodities, and critical minerals makes it possible to define and prioritize each system-based focus area once for all of the critical minerals that it may contain. This approach is advantageous because mineral systems are much larger than individual ore deposits and they generally have geologic features that can be “imaged” by the topographic, geologic, geochemical, and geophysical mapping techniques deployed by Earth MRI.
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Below average and infrequent rainfall from May through September 2020 led to an extreme hydrologic drought across much of New England, with some areas experiencing a flash drought, reflecting its quick onset. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recorded record-low streamflow and groundwater levels throughout the region. In September, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (2020) declared Aroostook County in Maine and Hillsborough and Merrimack Counties in New Hampshire as crop disaster areas. By the beginning of October, 166 community water systems and 5 municipalities in New Hampshire, more than 100 municipalities in Massachusetts, and several community water supplies in Connecticut, Maine, and Rhode Island had mandatory water restrictions in place.
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Northborough, MA 01532
In response to a co-occurring non-native scale infestation and Phragmites australis dieback in southeast Louisiana, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) satellite mapping was implemented to track P. australis condition in the lower Mississippi River Delta. While the NDVI mapping successfully documented relative condition changes, identification of cause required a quantitative-biophysical metric directly related to P. australis marsh live vegetation proportion. During this study, a satellite mapping tool that quantified P. australis live fraction cover (LFC) magnitude was designed and implemented. The key to development of the quantitative LFC mapping was the field to satellite calibration design. The calibration of P. australis marsh LFC to optical satellite image data combined field and near-in-time satellite data collections in the fall of 2018 and summer of 2019. Basing the field-NDVI to field-LFC calibrations and the satellite-NDVI to field-NDVI calibrations on combined pre-senescence and peak-growth period data offers nearly year-round LFC mapping. The utility of the developed P. australis marsh LFC mapping tool was demonstrated by the creation of a yearly suite of Mississippi River Delta LFC status and change maps extending from 2009 to 2019. P. australis marsh LFC mapping relies on Sentinel-2 for current to future mapping and relies on Landsat for historical mapping.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201131","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Rangoonwala, A., Howard, R.J., and Ramsey, E.W., III, 2020, Mapping Phragmites australis live fractional cover in the lower Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana (ver. 1.1, January 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1131, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201131.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 24 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-119555","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381145,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ASPB4E","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Phragmites australis live fractional cover yearly map from 2009 to 2019 of the lower Mississippi River Delta using Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite data"},{"id":381143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1131/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":381144,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1131/ofr20201131.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.69 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020–1131"},{"id":382663,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1131/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"4.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2020–1131 version history"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Lower Mississippi River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.54544067382812,\n 28.930045059458923\n ],\n [\n -89.000244140625,\n 28.930045059458923\n ],\n [\n -89.000244140625,\n 29.40371231103247\n ],\n [\n -89.54544067382812,\n 29.40371231103247\n ],\n [\n -89.54544067382812,\n 28.930045059458923\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: December 14, 2020; Version 1.1: January 27, 2021","contact":"Director, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
700 Cajundome Blvd.
Lafayette, Louisiana 70506
Bathymetric geoprocessing analyses of the Florida Reef Tract have provided insights into trends of seafloor accretion and seafloor erosion over time and following major storm events. However, bathymetric surveys sometimes capture manmade structures and vegetation, which do not represent the desired bare-earth data. Therefore, ground truthing is essential to maintain the most accurate bathymetric data possible. Field procedures were developed in the Florida Reef Tract in order to quickly and accurately collect consistent imagery and habitat data across variable sites. Areas of significant elevation change were determined through elevation change analyses; these areas were targeted for ground truthing in order to check the reliability of the surveys. This report outlines the standard operating procedures for underwater photographic imagery and habitat data collection, as well as procedures for the storage of these photographs and associated metadata. These standard operating procedures ensure the reproducibility of photographic operations and habitat data collection in future field excursions, enable longitudinal visual comparisons alongside seafloor elevation change analyses, and also have the potential to be applied to similar studies in different coastal environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201118","usgsCitation":"Fehr, Z.W., and Yates, K.K., 2020, Underwater photographic reconnaissance and habitat data collection in the Florida Keys—A procedure for ground truthing remotely sensed bathymetric data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1118, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201118.","productDescription":"vii, 13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-114891","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381619,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1118/ofr20201118.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.71 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1118"},{"id":381618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1118/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.53665161132812,\n 25.022150920405707\n ],\n [\n -80.1177978515625,\n 25.022150920405707\n ],\n [\n -80.1177978515625,\n 25.336579097268118\n ],\n [\n -80.53665161132812,\n 25.336579097268118\n ],\n [\n -80.53665161132812,\n 25.022150920405707\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
This report presents potentiometric-surface maps of the Aquia and Magothy aquifers and the Upper Patapsco, Lower Patapsco, and Patuxent aquifer systems using water levels measured during the fall season of 2019. The potentiometric surface maps show water levels ranging from 56 feet above sea level to 163 feet below sea level in the Aquia aquifer, from 87 feet above sea level to 119 feet below sea level in the Magothy aquifer, from 114 feet above sea level to 120 feet below sea level in the Upper Patapsco aquifer system, from 136 feet above sea level to 174 feet below sea level in the Lower Patapsco aquifer system, and from 168 feet above sea level to 184 feet below sea level in the Patuxent aquifer system.
Cones of depression have formed around locations with significant aquifer withdrawals. The Aquia aquifer has depressed water levels around well fields at Lexington Park, Solomons Island, and central Talbot County. Cones of depression have formed in the Magothy aquifer around well fields at Waldorf, Arnold, and Easton. The Upper Patapsco aquifer system has depressed water levels around well fields in the Annapolis-Arnold area, Waldorf, the Lexington Park-Leonardtown area, and at Easton. The Lower Patapsco aquifer system has depressed water levels around well fields at Severndale, Broad Creek, Arnold, and Crofton Meadows as well as in central and western Charles County. Cones of depression have formed in the Patuxent aquifer system around well fields at Dorsey Road, Crofton, Arnold, northwestern Charles County, and at the Chalk Point power plant.
","language":"English","publisher":"Maryland Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Staley, A.W., Andreasen, D.C., and Marchand, E.H., 2020, Potentiometric surface maps of selected confined aquifers in southern Maryland and Maryland's eastern shore, 2019: Open-File Report 20-02-01, iii, 37 p.","productDescription":"iii, 37 p.","ipdsId":"IP-120572","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390041,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.mgs.md.gov/reports/OFR_20-02-01.pdf"}],"country":"United 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217046,"text":"ofr20201142 - 2020 - Changing storm conditions in response to projected 21st century climate change and the potential impact on an arctic barrier island–lagoon system—A pilot study for Arey Island and Lagoon, eastern Arctic Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T12:49:16.90443","indexId":"ofr20201142","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-29T16:50:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1142","displayTitle":"Changing Storm Conditions in Response to Projected 21st Century Climate Change and the Potential Impact on an Arctic Barrier Island–Lagoon System—A Pilot Study for Arey Island and Lagoon, Eastern Arctic Alaska","title":"Changing storm conditions in response to projected 21st century climate change and the potential impact on an arctic barrier island–lagoon system—A pilot study for Arey Island and Lagoon, eastern Arctic Alaska","docAbstract":"Arey Lagoon, located in eastern Arctic Alaska, supports a highly productive ecosystem, where soft substrate and coastal wet sedge fringing the shores are feeding grounds and nurseries for a variety of marine fish and waterfowl. The lagoon is partially protected from the direct onslaught of Arctic Ocean waves by a barrier island chain (Arey Island) which in itself provides important habitat for migratory shorebirds and waterfowl. In this work, numerically modeled waves and water levels are computed under the provision of sea-level rise and changing conditions brought about by 21st century climate variability. Model results, supported by observations, are used to assess the stability of the barrier chain and spatiotemporal changes in flood patterns across fringing coastal wet sedge areas. The results aim to support studies that investigate the possibility of new biological succession trajectories and loss or increase of habitat areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with and funded in part by the Arctic Landscape Conservation Cooperation (ALCC)","usgsCitation":"Erikson, L.H., Gibbs, A.E., Richmond, B.M., Storlazzi, C.D., Jones, B.M., and Ohman, K.A., 2020, Changing storm conditions in response to projected 21st century climate change and the potential impact on an arctic barrier island–lagoon system—A pilot study for Arey Island and Lagoon, eastern Arctic Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1142, 68, p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201142.","productDescription":"Report: x, 68 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-079323","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381735,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LGYO2Q","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Modeled 21st century storm surge, waves, and coastal flood hazards and supporting oceanographic and geological field data (2010 and 2011) for Arey and Barter Islands, Alaska and vicinity"},{"id":381739,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1142/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":381740,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1142/ofr20201142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.98 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1142"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arey Island and Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144.09805297851562,\n 70.03559723423488\n ],\n [\n -143.6407470703125,\n 70.03559723423488\n ],\n [\n -143.6407470703125,\n 70.13476515043729\n ],\n [\n -144.09805297851562,\n 70.13476515043729\n ],\n [\n -144.09805297851562,\n 70.03559723423488\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Structured decision making is a systematic, transparent process for improving the quality of complex decisions by identifying measurable management objectives and feasible management actions; predicting the potential consequences of management actions relative to the stated objectives; and selecting a course of action that maximizes the total benefit achieved and balances tradeoffs among objectives. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, applied an existing, regional framework for structured decision making to develop a prototype tool for optimizing tidal marsh management decisions at the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge in Connecticut. Refuge biologists, refuge managers, and research scientists identified multiple potential management actions to improve the ecological integrity of two marsh management units within the refuge and estimated the outcomes of each action in terms of performance metrics associated with each management objective. Value functions previously developed at the regional level were used to transform metric scores to a common utility scale, and utilities were summed to produce a single score representing the total management benefit that would be accrued from each potential management action. Constrained optimization was used to identify the set of management actions, one per marsh management unit, that would maximize total management benefits at different cost constraints at the refuge scale. Results indicated that, for the objectives and actions considered here, total management benefits may increase consistently up to approximately $1,190,000, but that further expenditures may yield diminishing return on investment. Management actions in optimal portfolios at total costs less than $1,190,000 included controlling avian predators in both management units, managing stormwater on lands adjacent to one marsh management unit, and removing a tide gate and breaching a dike to improve tidal flow in the other marsh management unit. The management benefits were derived from expected increases in the numbers of spiders (as an indicator of trophic health) and tidal marsh obligate birds, and an expected decrease in the use of herbicides to control invasive vegetation. The prototype presented here provides a framework for decision making at the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge that can be updated as new data and information become available. Insights from this process may also be useful to inform future habitat management planning at the refuges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201139","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Low, L.E. , Neckles, H.A., Lyons, J.E., Nagel, J.L., Adamowicz, S.C., Mikula, T., Vagos, K., and Potvin, R., 2020, Optimization of salt marsh management at the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge, Connecticut, through use of structured decision making: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1139, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201139.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-120812","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381645,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1139/ofr20201139.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.73 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1139"},{"id":381644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1139/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.17169189453125,\n 41.15022321163024\n ],\n [\n -73.13186645507812,\n 41.13677892209895\n ],\n [\n -73.10028076171875,\n 41.14867208811923\n ],\n [\n -73.15177917480469,\n 41.18537216794189\n ],\n [\n -73.18113327026366,\n 41.17090135180691\n ],\n [\n -73.17169189453125,\n 41.15022321163024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708–4039
Hanford, Washington (USA) is the construction site of a multi-billion-dollar high-level nuclear waste treatment facility. This site lies 200 kilometers (km) east of Mount St. Helens (MSH), the most active volcano in the contiguous United States. Tephra from a future MSH eruption could pose a hazard to the air intake and filtration systems at this plant. In this report, we present a probabilistic estimate of the amount of tephra that could fall, and the concentrations of airborne ash that could occur at the Hanford Site during a future eruption. Mount St. Helens has produced four large explosive eruptions in approximately the past 500 years, suggesting that its annual probability of eruption (P1) is roughly 4/500=0.008. Assuming that a large eruption occurs, we calculate the probability (P3|1) of a given fall deposit thickness or airborne concentration at Hanford by running about 10,000 simulations of ash-producing eruptions using the atmospheric transport model Ash3d. In each simulation, we calculate the pattern of tephra dispersal, deposit thickness at Hanford, and airborne ash concentration at ground level. As input for each simulation, we choose meteorological conditions from a randomly chosen time in the historical record between 1980 and 2010, using data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA) Interim model. The volume (dense-rock equivalent) of each simulated eruption is randomly chosen from a uniform probability distribution on a log scale from the range of magma volumes (0.008–2.3 cubic kilometers [km3]) estimated for late Holocene eruptions at MSH. Plume heights and durations of each eruption are chosen using empirical correlations between volume, height, and eruption rate, which account for the fact that larger eruptions have higher plumes and last longer. We construct summary tables of final deposit thickness (T), maximum ground-level airborne concentration (Cmax), and average ground-level airborne concentration (Cavg) during tephra-fall for each run. Each table is sorted and ranked by decreasing value of T, Cmax, or Cavg. Conditional probabilities (P3|1) are derived by dividing rank by n+1, where n is the total number of successful runs. For example, a deposit thickness of 5.10 centimeters (cm) from run 446 is ranked 123 of 9,785 successful runs, yielding P3|1=123/9,786=0.01257. Its annual probability is P=P1·P3|1=0.008×0.01257=0.000101. By interpolation, the deposit thickness (T10k) having an annual probability of 1 in 10,000 (P= 0.0001) is 5.11 cm. Analogous concentration values are Cmax,10k=3,819 and Cavg,10k=1,513 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3), respectively. Independent calculations using the known mass accumulation rate of the deposit (=0.001–0.006 kilograms per square meter per second [kg/m2/s]), aggregate fall velocities (u=0.3–0.8 meters per second [m/s]), and the simple formula , yield similar results, although highly variable fall velocities add significant uncertainty. This formula implies that deposit accumulation rates of millimeters (mm) to greater than 1 cm per hour, which are not uncommon during heavy ash fall, are associated with airborne concentrations of 102–103 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). These concentrations are much higher than published measurements (10-3–101 mg/m3), which record only suspended particles sampled in sheltered areas. During heavy ashfall, most fine ash falls as aggregates. Whether such aggregates will be ingested into air ducts will depend on the aggregate size and fall rate, the fragility of the aggregates, the air duct geometry, intake velocity, and other factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of River Protection","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L.G., Van Eaton, A., and Schwaiger, H.F., 2020, A probabilistic assessment of tephra-fall hazards at Hanford, Washington, from a future eruption of Mount St. Helens: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1133, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201133.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 54 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112179","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381546,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1133/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":381547,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1133/ofr20201133.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":381548,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VPFXQR","linkHelpText":"Data Used to Develop A Probabilistic Assessment of Tephra-Fall Hazards at Hanford, Washington"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Hanford","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 46.33175800051563\n ],\n [\n -119.2950439453125,\n 46.33175800051563\n ],\n [\n -119.2950439453125,\n 46.81509864599243\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 46.81509864599243\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 46.33175800051563\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center
Cascades Volcano Observatory
U.S. Geological Survey
1300 SE Cardinal Court
Vancouver, WA, 98683
About one-quarter of the water supply for the Village of Ruidoso, New Mexico, is from groundwater pumped from wells located along North Fork Eagle Creek in the National Forest System lands of the Lincoln National Forest near Alto, New Mexico. Because of concerns regarding the effects of groundwater pumping on surface-water hydrology in the North Fork Eagle Creek Basin and the effects of the 2012 Little Bear Fire, which resulted in substantial loss of vegetation in the basin, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Lincoln National Forest, has required monitoring of a portion of North Fork Eagle Creek for short-term geomorphic change as part of the permitting decision that allows for the continued pumping of the production wells. The objective of this study is to address the geomorphic monitoring requirements of the permitting decision by conducting annual geomorphic surveys of North Fork Eagle Creek along the stream reach between the North Fork Eagle Creek near Alto, New Mexico, streamflow-gaging station (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] site 08387550) and the Eagle Creek below South Fork near Alto, New Mexico, streamflow-gaging station (USGS site 08387600). The monitoring of short-term geomorphic change in the stream reach began in June 2017 with surveys of select cross sections and surveys of all woody debris accumulations and pools found in the channel. In June 2018, the monitoring of short-term geomorphic change continued with another geomorphic survey of the stream reach (with some modification to the monitoring methods).
The 2017 and 2018 surveys were conducted by the USGS, in cooperation with the Village of Ruidoso, and were the first two in a planned series of five annual geomorphic surveys. The results of the 2017 geomorphic survey were summarized and interpreted in a previous USGS Open-File Report, and the data were published in the companion data release of that report. In this report, the results of the 2018 geomorphic survey are summarized, interpreted, and compared to the results of the 2017 survey. The data from the 2018 geomorphic survey are published in the companion data release of this report.
The study reach surveyed in June 2018 is 1.89 miles long, beginning about 260 feet upstream from the North Fork Eagle Creek near Alto, New Mexico, streamflow-gaging station and ending at the Eagle Creek below South Fork near Alto, New Mexico, streamflow-gaging station. Large sections of the study reach are characterized by intermittent streamflow, and where streamflow is normally continuous (including at the upper and lower portions of the study reach, near the streamflow-gaging stations), the streamflow typically remains less than 2 cubic feet per second throughout the year except during seasonal high flows, which most often result from rainfall during the North American monsoon months of July, August, and September or from snowmelt runoff in March, April, and May. Between the 2017 and 2018 surveys, high-flow events resulting from both rainfall (during the North American monsoon season) and snowmelt runoff (during the winter) occurred in the study reach, and those high-flow events appeared to have caused some minor and localized geomorphic changes in the study reach, which were evaluated through comparison of the 2017 and 2018 survey results.
For the 2017 geomorphic survey of North Fork Eagle Creek, cross sections were established and surveyed at 14 locations along the study reach, and in 2018, those same 14 cross sections were resurveyed. Comparisons of the cross-section survey results indicated that minor observable geomorphic changes had occurred in 3 of the 14 cross sections. These minor observable geomorphic changes included aggradation or degradation of surface materials by about 1–2 feet in some parts of the affected cross sections.
To further assess geomorphic changes within the study reach, other features, including woody debris accumulations and pools, were surveyed in both 2017 and 2018. During the 2018 geomorphic survey, 112 distinct accumulations of woody debris and 71 pools were identified in the study reach. Charred wood or burn-marked wood was present in at least 17 of the identified woody debris accumulations (and was present in some of the woody debris accumulations identified during the 2017 survey), indicating that some of the woody debris in the channel may have been sourced from trees or forest litter that had burned during 2012 Little Bear Fire. Only 22 of the 112 woody debris accumulations identified during the 2018 survey were certain to have also been present during the 2017 survey (when 58 woody debris accumulations were identified), indicating that most of the woody debris accumulations surveyed in 2017 were likely transported during the high-flow events between the 2017 and 2018 surveys but also indicating that the flows during those events were not high enough to remove some of the more firmly anchored woody debris accumulations. Most woody debris accumulations identified in 2018 did not appear to have substantially influenced geomorphic change in the locations where they were found. However, the formation of 10 of the 71 pools identified in the study reach in 2018 appeared to have been influenced by the presence of woody debris, indicating that some woody debris accumulations may have driven local geomorphic changes. Notably, pool totals from the 2017 survey could not be accurately compared to the pool totals from the 2018 survey because of differences between the two surveys in the methods used to identify pools.
Because the study began 5 years after the 2012 Little Bear Fire, and because the period and geomorphic scope of the study have so far been limited, it cannot be said that the geomorphic changes observed between the 2017 and 2018 surveys are representative of a pattern of geomorphic change following the 2012 Little Bear Fire. Though, once geomorphic changes between the 2017 and 2018 surveys can be compared with results from geomorphic surveys planned for 2019, 2020, and 2021, it may be possible to develop an understanding of the patterns in geomorphic change following the 2012 Little Bear Fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201121","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Village of Ruidoso, New Mexico","usgsCitation":"Graziano, A.P., 2020, Geomorphic survey of North Fork Eagle Creek, New Mexico, 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1121, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201121.","productDescription":"Report: v, 37 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112737","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381235,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1121/ofr20201121.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020–1121"},{"id":381236,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94ZQHKU","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Data supporting the 2018 geomorphic survey of North Fork Eagle Creek, New Mexico"},{"id":381234,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1121/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"North Fork Eagle Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.5621337890625,\n 32.99023555965106\n ],\n [\n -104.7930908203125,\n 32.99023555965106\n ],\n [\n -104.7930908203125,\n 33.770015152780125\n ],\n [\n -105.5621337890625,\n 33.770015152780125\n ],\n [\n -105.5621337890625,\n 32.99023555965106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District, is deepening the St. Johns River channel in Jacksonville, Florida, from 40 to 47 feet along 13 miles of the river channel beginning at the mouth of the river at the Atlantic Ocean, in order to accommodate larger, fully loaded cargo vessels. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, monitored stage, discharge, and (or) water temperature and salinity at 26 continuous data collection stations in the St. Johns River and its tributaries.
This is the fourth annual report by the U.S. Geological Survey on data collection for the Jacksonville Harbor deepening project. The report contains information pertinent to data collection during the 2019 water year, from October 2018 to September 2019. No changes to the previously installed data collection network were made during this period.
Discharge and salinity varied widely during the data collection period, which included above-average rainfall for all counties in the study area over the 3-month period from November to January, below-average annual rainfall for all counties, and effects from Hurricane Dorian in September 2019. Total annual rainfall for all counties ranked third among the annual totals computed for the 4 years considered for this study. Annual mean discharge at Durbin Creek was highest among the tributaries, followed by Trout River, Ortega River, Julington Creek, Pottsburg Creek, Broward River, Cedar River, Clapboard Creek, and Dunn Creek. The annual mean discharge for each of the main-stem sites was lower for the 2019 water year than for the 2018 water year. Since the beginning of the study in 2016, the St. Johns River at Astor station computed its lowest annual mean discharge, the Jacksonville station recorded its second lowest, and the Buffalo Bluff station recorded its second highest in 2019.
Among the tributary sites, annual mean salinity was highest at Clapboard Creek, the site closest to the Atlantic Ocean, and was lowest at Durbin Creek, the site farthest from the ocean. Annual mean salinity data from the main-stem sites on the St. Johns River indicate that salinity decreased with distance upstream from the ocean, which was expected. Relative to annual mean salinity calculated for the 2018 water year, annual mean salinity at all monitoring locations was higher for the 2019 water year except at the main-stem site below Shands Bridge and at the tributary sites of Durbin Creek and Julington Creek, which remained the same. The 2019 annual mean salinity at Dunn Creek was the highest on record for that site, and Clapboard Creek and Trout River were the second highest on record for those sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Ryan, P.J., 2020, Continuous stream discharge, salinity, and associated data collected in the lower St. Johns River and its tributaries, Florida, 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1140, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201140.","productDescription":"ix, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-118214","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1140/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":381276,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1140/ofr20201140.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020–1140"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St John's River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.93878173828125,\n 29.1161749329972\n ],\n [\n -81.4691162109375,\n 29.1161749329972\n ],\n [\n -81.4691162109375,\n 30.545704405480997\n ],\n [\n -81.93878173828125,\n 30.545704405480997\n ],\n [\n -81.93878173828125,\n 29.1161749329972\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
Biological conservation is a fundamental purpose of the National Park system, and Catoctin Mountain Park (CATO) supports high-quality habitat for native fishes in the headwaters of the Chesapeake Bay watershed in eastern North America. However, native Blue Ridge sculpin (Cottus caeruleomentum) have been extirpated in Big Hunting Creek above Cunningham Falls in CATO. Prior research indicates that infection by the fungal-like protist Dermocystidium is a likely cause for the extirpation, but elevated stream temperatures also have been observed in the study area, and it remains unknown whether thermal stress may exacerbate infections or otherwise limit habitat suitability for fishes in CATO.
The purpose of this study was to quantify spatial variation in summer stream temperatures and to evaluate the effects of temperature on sculpin growth rates and susceptibility to Dermocystidium infection. We used observational and experimental methods to address these objectives. First, we deployed stream temperature gages at 10 sites throughout the study area to assess hourly and daily temperatures during the summer of 2019. Second, we conducted an in situ fish enclosure experiment at five of the temperature sites to assess fish growth and susceptibility to Dermocystidium infection over a 45-day exposure period. For this experiment we collected sculpin from a stream in CATO that supports a robust population of Blue Ridge sculpin (Owens Creek) and held them in quarantine for 50 days in the Experimental Stream Laboratory at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Leetown Science Center. Pre-exposure histopathology confirmed the absence of Dermocystidium infection prior to the introduction of fish into experimental enclosures.
We found that stream temperatures were warmer where sculpin have been extirpated than elsewhere in CATO where sculpin persist. However, the fish enclosure experiment revealed a positive effect of temperature on fish growth, suggesting that increased food availability and foraging rates compensated for increased metabolic demands in the warmest sites. Moreover, fish held in enclosures did not develop Dermocystidium infection. Our results therefore suggest that current environmental conditions in upper Big Hunting Creek may be suitable for Blue Ridge sculpin reintroduction, and this could ultimately lead to sportfishing opportunities by increasing the forage base for native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Hitt, N.P., Kessler, K.G., Kelly, Z.A., Rogers, K.M., Macmillan, H.E., and Walsh, H.L., 2020, Assessing native fish restoration potential in Catoctin Mountain Park: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1137, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201137.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 17 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-122955","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381222,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P950A13P","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stream temperature and sculpin growth data collected from Catoctin Mountain Park in 2019"},{"id":381221,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1137/ofr20201137.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.91 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1137"},{"id":381220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1137/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.51781463623047,\n 39.60621720230201\n ],\n [\n -77.38151550292969,\n 39.60621720230201\n ],\n [\n -77.38151550292969,\n 39.70137566512028\n ],\n [\n -77.51781463623047,\n 39.70137566512028\n ],\n [\n -77.51781463623047,\n 39.60621720230201\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
11649 Leetown Road
Kearneysville, WV 25430