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Proterozoic or early Paleozoic metamorphic ages are also possible for greenschist- and amphibolite-facies continental rocks in interior Alaska (Ruby and Nixon Fork terranes). Medium-grade metamorphism on the Alaska Peninsula accompanied intrusion of a Jurassic arc. North of Bristol Bay, low-grade, locally high-pressure Mesozoic metamorphism is attributed to the progressive underthrusting of a subduction complex beneath an oceanic arc followed by underthrusting of the Kilbuck Terrane beneath the subduction complex.","largerWorkTitle":"Regionally metamorphosed rocks of Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1497B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Doyle, E.O., and Box, S.E., 1996, Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in Southwestern Alaska and the Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1497, Report: iii, p. B1-B30; 2 Plates: 40 x 54 inches and 40 x 53.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1497B.","productDescription":"Report: iii, p. 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Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyle, Elizabeth O.","contributorId":97172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Box, Stephen E. 0000-0002-5268-8375 sbox@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-8375","contributorId":1843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"Stephen","email":"sbox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science 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,{"id":58663,"text":"mf1176I - 1996 - Mineral resource potential of the Survey Pass quadrangle, Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-06T19:37:24.313935","indexId":"mf1176I","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1176","chapter":"I","title":"Mineral resource potential of the Survey Pass quadrangle, Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1176I","usgsCitation":"Grybeck, D.J., Nelson, S., Cathrall, J.B., Cady, J.W., and LeCompte, J., 1996, Mineral resource potential of the Survey Pass quadrangle, Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1176, Report: 16 p.; 1 Plate: 44.00 × 26.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1176I.","productDescription":"Report: 16 p.; 1 Plate: 44.00 × 26.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105546,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6583.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6583"},{"id":88548,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996/1176i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":88547,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996/1176i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996/1176i/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range, Survey Pass quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156,67 ], [ -156,68 ], [ -153,68 ], [ -153,67 ], [ -156,67 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3d55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grybeck, D. J.","contributorId":47367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grybeck","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, S.W.","contributorId":67869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cathrall, J. B.","contributorId":29400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathrall","given":"J.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cady, J. W.","contributorId":81892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cady","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LeCompte, J.R.","contributorId":24851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCompte","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":33606,"text":"b2142 - 1996 - Thermal evolution of sedimentary basins in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T19:51:53.04338","indexId":"b2142","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2142","title":"Thermal evolution of sedimentary basins in Alaska","docAbstract":"The complex tectonic collage of Alaska is reflected in\r\nthe conjunction of rocks of widely varying thermal maturity.\r\nIndicators of the level of thermal maturity of rocks exposed\r\nat the surface, such as vitrinite reflectance and conodont color\r\nalteration index, can help constrain the tectonic evolution of\r\nsuch complex regions and, when combined with petrographic,\r\nmodern heat flow, thermogeochronologic, and isotopic data,\r\nallow for the detailed evaluation of a region?s burial and uplift\r\nhistory. We have collected and assembled nearly 10,000\r\nvitrinite-reflectance and conodont-color-alteration index values from the literature, previous U.S. Geological Survey investigations,\r\nand our own studies in Alaska. This database\r\nallows for the first synthesis of thermal maturity on a broadly\r\nregional scale.\r\nPost-accretionary sedimentary basins in Alaska show\r\nwide variability in terms of thermal maturity. The Tertiary\r\ninterior basins, as well as some of the forearc and backarc\r\nbasins associated with the Aleutian Arc, are presently at their\r\ngreatest depth of burial, with immature rocks exposed at the\r\nsurface. Other basins, such as some backarc basins on the\r\nAlaska Peninsula, show higher thermal maturities, indicating\r\nmodest uplift, perhaps in conjunction with higher geothermal\r\ngradients related to the arc itself. Cretaceous ?flysch?\r\nbasins, such as the Yukon-Koyukuk basin, are at much higher\r\nthermal maturity, reflecting great amounts of uplift perhaps\r\nassociated with compressional regimes generated through\r\nterrane accretion. Many sedimentary basins in Alaska, such\r\nas the Yukon-Koyukuk and Colville basins, show higher thermal\r\nmaturity at basin margins, perhaps reflecting greater uplift\r\nof the margins in response to isostatic unloading, owing\r\nto erosion of the hinterland adjacent to the basin or to compressional\r\nstresses adjacent to basin margins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2142","usgsCitation":"1996, Thermal evolution of sedimentary basins in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2142, v, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2142.","productDescription":"v, 131 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3381,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-54/Report/Bull2142.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61488,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2142/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165900,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110059,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25586.htm","text":"Thermal evolution of sedimentary basins in Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25586"},{"id":483001,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25587.htm","text":"Thermal-maturity patterns and geothermal gradients on the Alaska Peninsula","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":483002,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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J.","contributorId":106919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howell, D. G.","contributorId":52546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70208252,"text":"70208252 - 1996 - Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-31T13:36:55","indexId":"70208252","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-31T13:31:27","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill—a review","title":"Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","docAbstract":"<p>Organic geochemistry played a major role in the environmental assessments conducted following the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oil spill, which occurred on March 24, 1989, and released about 258,000 bbls (41 million liters) of Alaska North Slope crude oil into Prince William Sound. Geochemical analyses of more than 15,000 sediment, tar, and biological samples and about 5000 water samples provide the largest database yet collected on oil-spill chemistry, and we review the results here. The marine environment of the Sound has a complex background of petrogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic hydrocarbons from natural and anthropogenic sources. Geochemical evaluation of the fate and effects of the spilled oil required that this oil and its residues be distinguished from the background. A variety of molecular and isotopic techniques were employed to identify various hydrocarbon sources and to distinguish quantitatively among mixed sources in the samples. Although the specific criteria used to distinguish multiple sources in the region affected by the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>spill are not necessarily applicable to all spill situations, the principles that governed their selection are.</p><p>Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and dibenzothiophenes distinguish<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oil and its weathered residues from background hydrocarbons in benthic sediments. Ratios of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mtext>-dibenzothiophene</mtext><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mtext>-phenanthrene</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">C<sub>2</sub>-dibenzothiopheneC<sub>2</sub>-phenanthrene</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mtext>-dibenzothiophene</mtext><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mtext>-phenanthrene</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">C<sub>3</sub>-dibenzothiopheneC<sub>3</sub>-phenanthrene</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>were particularly useful. Carbon isotopes and terpane distributions distinguished<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>residues found on shorelines from tars from other sources. Diesel and diesel soot were identified by the absence of alkylated chrysenes and a narrow distribution of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>n</i>-alkanes, whereas pyrogenic products were distinguished by the dominance of 4- to 6-ring PAH over 2- to 3-ring PAH and by the dominance of non-alkylated over alkylated homologues of each PAH series. The presence of 18α(H)-oleanane in benthic sediments, coupled with its absence in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oil and its residues, confirm another petrogenic source.</p><p>Results of geochemical studies suggest that the petrogenic component in the background of benthic sediments is derived from oil seeps in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. In 1990 and 1991,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>residues, generally forming a small increment to the pre-spill background, were found to be only sporadically distributed in some shallow, near shore sediments adjacent to shorelines that had been heavily oiled in 1989. In 1994, occurrences of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>tars on shoreline surfaces were rare, although residues could be found buried in shoreline sediments at some isolated locations along the spill path where they were protected from wave action. Spilled oil residues collected 16 months after the spill were degraded, on average, by nearly 50%. Shoreline residues from sources other than the spill were also identified and are widespread throughout the Sound. These residues include (1) geochemically distinct tars and oils imported from California oil fields to Alaska for fuel and construction purposes prior to the discovery of the Cook Inlet and North Slope oil fields, (2) diesel and diesel soot, and (3) more highly refined products.</p><p>Of the more than 2700 chemical analyses of biological samples of higher life forms (fish, birds, and mammals) about 150 (6%) indicate recognizable residues of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oil, which were identified by their distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Most of these samples (138) were collected in 1989 and most were associated with external surfaces or the gastrointestinal tract. Rarely do internal tissues or fluids contain recognizable fingerprints of spilled oil. This observation includes samples from marine mammals that were visibly oiled externally. Other hydrocarbon sources, including diesel and a non-petroleum artifact that occurs when concentrations of individual PAH are at or near their method detection limit, are also identified in biological samples.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00010-1","usgsCitation":"Bence, A., Kvenvolden, K.A., and Kennicutt, M., 1996, Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review: Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 1, p. 7-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00010-1.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"South-central Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              56.511017504952136\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.73046875,\n              54.23955053156177\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.1298828125,\n              60.108670463036\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.205078125,\n              62.4107287530686\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              56.511017504952136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bence, A.E.","contributorId":101943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bence","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennicutt, M.C. II","contributorId":67665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennicutt","given":"M.C.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70007000,"text":"70007000 - 1996 - Overview of studies to determine injury caused by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill to marine mammals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T14:50:34","indexId":"70007000","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T14:48:15","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Overview of studies to determine injury caused by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill to marine mammals","docAbstract":"<p>Marine mammal damage assessment studies after the Exxon \n   Valdez oil spill concentrated on sea otters, harbor seals, Steller sea \n   lions, killer whales, and humpback whales. Sea otter and harbor seals \n   were the most affected marine mammal; it was estimated that several \n   thousand otters and several hundred harbor seals died within months of \n   the spill.  Steller sea lion, harbor seal, and sea otter numbers were \n   monitored using aerial surveys. Studies of humpback whales and killer \n   whales used photoidentification techniques to determine changes in \n   abundance, distribution, mortality, and natality. Tissues from \n   animals found dead in spill and control areas were analyzed for \n   hydrocarbon levels. Sea otters, sea lions and harbor seals had \n   elevated hydrocarbon levels, but only sea otters and harbor seals \n   showed population declines associated with the spill. Humpback whales \n   were not severely affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Killer \n   whale numbers in the resident AB pod declined after the spill. \n   Coincidental evidence supports the oil spill as the causative agent.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez oil spill symposium, American Fisheries Society Symposium 18","conferenceTitle":"Exxon Valdez oil spill symposium, American Fisheries Society Symposium 18","conferenceLocation":"Bethesda, MD","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Loughlin, T.R., Ballachey, B.E., and Wright, B., 1996, Overview of studies to determine injury caused by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill to marine mammals, 798-808.","productDescription":"798-808","startPage":"798","endPage":"808","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f8e4b07b8813a554ee","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rice, S.D.","contributorId":87500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508429,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spies, R.B.","contributorId":16946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spies","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508427,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, D.A.","contributorId":113989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508430,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, B.A.","contributorId":33875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508428,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Loughlin, Thomas R.","contributorId":18885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, B.A.","contributorId":33875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2002255,"text":"2002255 - 1996 - Comparative demography of sea otter populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T16:31:34","indexId":"2002255","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1499,"text":"Endangered Species UPDATE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative demography of sea otter populations","docAbstract":"<p>Population trends are poorly documented and demographic information is typically lacking for many carnivorous mammals. The sea otter (<i>Enhydru lutris</i>) has a well known history of decline and recovery, and while many other species have declined as precipitously, few have recovered so spectacularly. Generally speaking, northern populations (remnants within the range of <i>E. l. lutris</i> and <i>E. l. kenyoni</i>) have recovered at high rates while recovery of the southern sea olter (<i>E. I. nereis</i>), which is listed as legally threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), has progressed more slowly. Our purpose is to contrast trends in abundance and demographic patterns between Southern California and northern (Washington, British Columbia, Alaska, and Asia) sea otter populations. Specifically, we provide (1) a brief review of the main findings to date: (2) a summary of ongoing and planned studies; and (3) recommendations for future research. A more detailed account of these and other issues concerning the conservation and management of sea otters is provided in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Recovery Plan for the Califomia Sea Otter (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1996).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Michigan","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., Doak, D.F., Bodkin, J.L., Jameson, R.J., Monson, D., Watt, J., and Tinker, M.T., 1996, Comparative demography of sea otter populations: Endangered Species UPDATE, v. 13, no. 12, p. 11-13.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91877,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.umich.edu/~esupdate/library/96.12/contents.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae534","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":326293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doak, Daniel F.","contributorId":46811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jameson, Ronald J.","contributorId":17938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":326298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Watt, Jon","contributorId":167113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watt","given":"Jon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X ttinker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":2796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"ttinker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Tim","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1007452,"text":"1007452 - 1996 - Geographic variation in migratory behavior of greater white-fronted geese (<i>Anser albifrons</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T09:23:12","indexId":"1007452","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic variation in migratory behavior of greater white-fronted geese (<i>Anser albifrons</i>)","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied the migration and winter distribution of adult Greater White-fronted Geese (<i>Anser albifrons frontalis</i>) radio-marked on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) and Bristol Bay Lowlands (BBL) of Alaska from 1987 to 1992. The major autumn staging site for geese from both breeding areas was the Klamath Basin on the California/Oregon border. However, temporal use of this area differed markedly between populations. Geese from the BBL arrived at the Klamath Basin nearly 30 days before geese from the YKD and departed before most YKD geese had arrived. Ninety percent of BBL geese used the Klamath Basin in autumn, whereas 30% of YKD geese bypassed the Klamath Basin during autumn and instead flew directly to the Central Valley of California. Nearly all BBL geese migrated directly from the Klamath Basin to wintering areas in Mexico, bypassing the Central Valley. Ninety percent of the BBL geese wintered in Mexico, as opposed to &lt;20% of the YKD geese. Wetlands of the Interior Highlands in the state of Chihuahua, particularly Laguna Babicora, were used by &gt;90% of the radio-marked geese in Mexico. Marshes along the West Coast comprised the other important wintering habitat in Mexico. The Sacramento Valley of California was the predominant wintering area for YKD geese. BBL geese migrated north from Mexico into the San Joaquin Valley or Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California by the last week of January. Fifty-five percent of the BBL population used the Klamath Basin in spring, but many birds staged in eastern Oregon and western Idaho. In contrast, geese from the YKD staged almost exclusively in the Klamath Basin during spring before flying to staging areas in Alaska. Breeding allopatry and temporal partitioning on staging and wintering areas likely has contributed to the evolution of previously described phenotypic differences between these populations. These two populations, along with the Tule Greater White-fronted Goose (A. a. gambeli), may constitute a portion of a Rassenkreis, a group of subspecies connected by clines, each ecotype of which has independent conservation needs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088866","usgsCitation":"Ely, C.R., and Takekawa, J.Y., 1996, Geographic variation in migratory behavior of greater white-fronted geese (<i>Anser albifrons</i>): The Auk, v. 113, no. 4, p. 889-901, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088866.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"889","endPage":"901","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479102,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4088866","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9MBQ2GN","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking Data for Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons)"},{"id":130375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":315386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003893,"text":"1003893 - 1996 - The risk of disease and threats to the wild population. Special Issue: Conservation and Management of the Southern Sea Otter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-11T10:34:12","indexId":"1003893","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1499,"text":"Endangered Species UPDATE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The risk of disease and threats to the wild population. Special Issue: Conservation and Management of the Southern Sea Otter","docAbstract":"<p>The growth of the southern sea otter population has been steady, but slow in comparison to Alaskan subspecies, and range expansion in California has faltered. Slower growth is occurring in California despite birth rates comparable to those in Alaska, so biologists have reasoned that mortality is hindering the growth of the California population (Riedman and Estes 1990; see Estes et al., this issue). In order to investigate this issue, research efforts have been directed toward identifying the causes of death in southern sea otters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Endangered Species Update","usgsCitation":"Thomas, N.J., and Cole, R.A., 1996, The risk of disease and threats to the wild population. Special Issue: Conservation and Management of the Southern Sea Otter: Endangered Species UPDATE, v. 13, no. 12, p. 23-27.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15389,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.umich.edu/~esupdate/library/96.12/contents.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4478.000000000000000"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640e82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Nancy J. 0000-0002-0161-0391 nthomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":1673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nancy","email":"nthomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":314577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622 rcole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":2873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"rcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1007967,"text":"1007967 - 1996 - Mitochondrial-DNA variation among subspecies and populations of sea otters (Enhydra lutris)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T17:42:50","indexId":"1007967","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Mitochondrial-DNA variation among subspecies and populations of sea otters (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>)","title":"Mitochondrial-DNA variation among subspecies and populations of sea otters (Enhydra lutris)","docAbstract":"<p><span>We used restriction-enzyme analysis of polymerase-chain reaction-amplified, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to assess genetic differentiation of subspecies and populations of sea otters,&nbsp;</span><i>Enhydra lutris</i><span>, throughout the range of the species. There were several haplotypes of mtDNA in each subspecies and geographically separate populations. MtDNA sequence divergence of haplotypes of sea otters was 0.0004–0.0041 base substitutions per nucleotide.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>E. L nereis</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>appears to have monophyletic mitochondrial DNA, while<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>E. I. lutris</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>E. I. kenyoni</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>do not. Different frequencies of haplotypes of mtDNA among populations reflect current restriction of gene flow and the unique histories of different populations. There are two or three haplotypes of mtDNA and diversity of haplotypes is 0.1376–0.5854 in each population of otters. This is consistent with theoretical work, which suggests that population bottlenecks of sea otters probably did not result in major losses of genetic variation for individual populations, or the species as a whole.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.2307/1382828","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., Bodkin, J.L., Ballachey, B.E., Estes, J.A., and Patton, J.C., 1996, Mitochondrial-DNA variation among subspecies and populations of sea otters (Enhydra lutris): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 77, no. 2, p. 546-557, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382828.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"546","endPage":"557","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Matthew A.","contributorId":57307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cronin","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":28157,"text":"LGL Alaska Research Associates, Anchorage, AK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patton, John C.","contributorId":35731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1012812,"text":"1012812 - 1996 - Breeding populations of northern pintails have similar mitochondrial DNA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T00:20:05.464142","indexId":"1012812","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding populations of northern pintails have similar mitochondrial DNA","docAbstract":"Northern pintails (Anas acuta) are highly nomadic, which may result in\r\nhigh levels of gene flow among nesting areas. To assess the extent of genetic \r\ndifferentiation among nesting areas, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) \r\nvariation in northern pintail females from three regions: Alaska, California, \r\nand midcontinent prairies and parklands. Abundant mtDNA variation was evident \r\n(20 genotypes among 289 birds), but there was no significant genetic \r\ndifferentiation of nesting areas within or among regions. Results indicate that\r\npintails have had historically large breeding population sizes and a high rate \r\nof gene flow among North American nesting areas. Specific nesting areas are not\r\nindependent units, but part of a larger continental population. High rates of \r\ngene flow suggest that over time, localized reductions in recruitment or \r\nsurvival may be compensated for by immigration.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z96-112","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., Grand, J., Esler, D., Derksen, D., and Scribner, K., 1996, Breeding populations of northern pintails have similar mitochondrial DNA: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 74, no. 6, p. 992-999, https://doi.org/10.1139/z96-112.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"992","endPage":"999","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb42f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, M. A.","contributorId":80216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derksen, D.V.","contributorId":23483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"D.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1012814,"text":"1012814 - 1996 - An image-processing program for automated counting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-20T21:06:49","indexId":"1012814","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An image-processing program for automated counting","docAbstract":"An image-processing program developed by the National Institute of\r\nHealth, IMAGE, was modified in a cooperative project between remote sensing\r\nspecialists at the Ohio State University Center for Mapping and scientists at\r\nthe Alaska Science Center to facilitate estimating numbers of black brant\r\n(Branta bernicla nigricans) in flocks at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. The\r\nmodified program, DUCK HUNT, runs on Apple computers. Modifications provide\r\nusers with a pull down menu that optimizes image quality; identifies objects of\r\ninterest (e.g., brant) by spectral, morphometric, and spatial parameters defined\r\ninteractively by users; counts and labels objects of interest; and produces\r\nsummary tables. Images from digitized photography, videography, and high-\r\nresolution digital photography have been used with this program to count various\r\nspecies of waterfowl.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, D., Anderson, W., and Anthony, R., 1996, An image-processing program for automated counting: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 24, no. 2, p. 345-346.","productDescription":"pp. 345-346","startPage":"345","endPage":"346","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, D.J.","contributorId":25522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, W.H.","contributorId":93420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anthony, R.M.","contributorId":181902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1012908,"text":"1012908 - 1996 - Monitoring the status of wild sea otter populations: field studies and techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:47:10","indexId":"1012908","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1499,"text":"Endangered Species UPDATE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring the status of wild sea otter populations: field studies and techniques","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Endangered Species Update","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Michigan","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., and Ballachey, B.E., 1996, Monitoring the status of wild sea otter populations: field studies and techniques: Endangered Species UPDATE, v. 13, no. 12, p. 14-20.","productDescription":"pp. 14-20","startPage":"14","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269291,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/39333/als9527.0013.012.pdf;jsessionid=0BCB2EC8EB53873B9506CDB6F97743F5?sequence=1"},{"id":130757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699028","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1012938,"text":"1012938 - 1996 - Alternative models of climatic effects on sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, productivity in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and the Fraser River, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T16:07:15.947962","indexId":"1012938","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1660,"text":"Fisheries Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternative models of climatic effects on sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, productivity in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and the Fraser River, British Columbia","docAbstract":"<p><span>We compare alternative models of sockeye salmon,&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i><span>, productivity (returns per spawner) using more than 30 years of catch and escapement data for Bristol Bay, Alaska, and the Fraser River, British Columbia. The models examined include several alternative forms of models that incorporate climatic influences as well as models not based on climate. For most stocks, a stationary stock-recruitment relationship explains very little of the interannual variation in productivity. In Bristol Bay, productivity covaries among stocks and appears to be strongly related to fluctuations in climate. The best model for Bristol Bay sockeye involved a change in the 1970s in the parameters of the Ricker stock-recruitment curve; the stocks generally became more productive. In contrast, none of the models of Fraser River stocks that we examined explained much of the variability in their productivity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00113.x","usgsCitation":"Adkison, M., Peterman, R.M., Lapointe, M., Gillis, D., and Korman, J., 1996, Alternative models of climatic effects on sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, productivity in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and the Fraser River, British Columbia: Fisheries Oceanography, v. 5, no. 3/4, p. 137-152, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00113.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128559,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Bristol Bay, Fraser River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -163.08917539537347,\n              55.15894913740004\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.65903895213302,\n              56.408726159786596\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.17602722665475,\n              57.19195944055994\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.29830935612335,\n              58.461147445772866\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.79322102173407,\n              58.98280117370635\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.9752794853864,\n              58.67730764289078\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.49435227082103,\n              59.03661320736964\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.9397596571492,\n              58.78915096520106\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.89146570029132,\n              58.45509417523837\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.69378831026978,\n              58.95507370498541\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.850653950805,\n              58.80741292095564\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.26784459821604,\n              59.08231392297492\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.40189839361852,\n              58.72873938867144\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.8147953272906,\n              58.612906621674114\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.08917539537347,\n              55.15894913740004\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.7945920621268,\n              49.010316102691206\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.63777796020763,\n              49.12024062648641\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.27485556025441,\n              50.671610154564746\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.41467539731029,\n              52.3631466622673\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.2757998657401,\n              53.76177210227928\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.82180432645121,\n              57.37084369674125\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.55279133598167,\n              54.95493524366967\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.28609801102313,\n              52.79760540626222\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.7945920621268,\n              49.010316102691206\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3/4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db687440","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adkison, M.","contributorId":77086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adkison","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterman, R. M.","contributorId":83871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lapointe, M.","contributorId":95006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lapointe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gillis, D.","contributorId":37682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gillis","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Korman, J.","contributorId":99925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1012951,"text":"1012951 - 1996 - Demographic characteristics of molting black brant near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:32","indexId":"1012951","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic characteristics of molting black brant near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska","docAbstract":"Molting Brant in the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area (TLSA) on the Arctic \r\n   Coastal Plain of Alaska were studied from 1987 to 1992 using \r\n   capture-mark-recapture techniques to determine origin, age and sex \r\n   composition, return rates and site fidelity. Brant originated from 10 \r\n   nesting colonies in Canada and Alaska. The captured birds were 76% \r\n   adults and 57% males. Ninety-one percent of known-age recaptures were","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bollinger, K., and Derksen, D., 1996, Demographic characteristics of molting black brant near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 67, p. 141-158.","productDescription":"pp. 141-158","startPage":"141","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66eeb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bollinger, K.S.","contributorId":85542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Derksen, D.V.","contributorId":23483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"D.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1012978,"text":"1012978 - 1996 - Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:23:54.602693","indexId":"1012978","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a method of comparing data on habitat use and availability that allows availability to differ among observations. This method is applicable when habitats change over time and when animals are unable to move throughout a predetermined study area between observations. We used maximum—likelihood techniques to derive an index that estimates the probability that each habitat type would be used if all were equally available. We also demonstrate how these indices can be used to compare relative use of available habitats, assign them ranks, and assess statistical differences between pairs of indices. The set of these indices for all habitats can be compared between groups of animals that represent different seasons, sex or age classes, or experimental treatments. This method allows quantitative comparisons among types and is not affected by arbitrary decisions about which habitats to include in the study. We provide an example by comparing the availability of four categories of sea ice concentration to their use by adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus), whose movements were monitored by satellite radio tracking in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during 1990. Use of ice categories by bears was nonrandom, and the pattern of use differed between spring and late summer seasons.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2265671","usgsCitation":"Arthur, S.M., Manly, B.F., McDonald, L.L., and Garner, G.W., 1996, Assessing habitat selection when availability changes: Ecology, v. 77, no. 1, p. 215-227, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265671.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6582ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, Stephen M.","contributorId":189438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arthur","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manly, Bryan F. J.","contributorId":332478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1013023,"text":"1013023 - 1996 - Den use by arctic foxes (<i>Alopex lagopus</i>) in a subarctic region of western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T14:37:35","indexId":"1013023","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Den use by arctic foxes (<i>Alopex lagopus</i>) in a subarctic region of western Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Distribution, abundance, and use of arctic fox dens located in coastal tundra communities of the Yukon–Kuskokwim delta were determined in studies from 1985 to 1990. Dens were denser and less complex than those described in studies conducted above the Arctic Circle. Eighty-three dens of varying complexity were found in the 52-km</span><sup>2</sup><span> study area. Nineteen dens were used by arctic foxes for whelping or rearing pups. Three females relocated litters to multiple dens; a maximum of four dens were used concurrently by pups from one litter. Although red foxes (</span><i>Vulpes vulpes</i><span>) were common in the region, their use of dens in the study area was minimal. Differences in vegetation at den sites and nearby unoccupied sites were minimal. Furthermore, den sites could not be distinguished from non-den sites during aerial surveys.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z96-072","usgsCitation":"Anthony, R.M., 1996, Den use by arctic foxes (<i>Alopex lagopus</i>) in a subarctic region of western Alaska: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 74, no. 4, p. 627-631, https://doi.org/10.1139/z96-072.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"627","endPage":"631","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon–Kuskokwim delta","volume":"74","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66eca3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":16057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1013036,"text":"1013036 - 1996 - Uncertainty and instream flow standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T16:28:13","indexId":"1013036","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertainty and instream flow standards","docAbstract":"<p>Several years ago, Science published an important essay (Ludwig et al. 1993) on the need to confront the scientific uncertainty associated with managing natural resources. The essay did not discuss instream flow standards explicitly, but its arguments apply. At an April 1995 workshop in Davis, California, all 12 participants agreed that currently no scientifically defensible method exists for defining the instream flows needed to protect particular species of fish or aquatic ecosystems (Williams, in press). We also agreed that acknowledging this fact is an essential step in dealing rationally and effectively with the problem.</p><p>Practical necessity and the protection of fishery resources require that new instream flow standards be established and that existing standards be revised. However, if standards cannot be defined scientifically, how can this be done? We join others in recommending the approach of adaptive management. Applied to instream flow standards, this approach involves at least three elements.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446-21-8","usgsCitation":"Castleberry, D., Cech, J., Erman, D., Hankin, D., Healey, M., Kondolf, M., Mengel, M., Mohr, M., Moyle, P., Nielsen, J.L., Speed, T., and Williams, J., 1996, Uncertainty and instream flow standards: Fisheries, v. 21, no. 8, p. 20-21, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-21-8.","productDescription":"pp. 20-21","startPage":"20","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f825","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castleberry, D.","contributorId":19512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castleberry","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cech, J.","contributorId":46466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cech","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erman, D.","contributorId":64609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hankin, D.","contributorId":46049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hankin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Healey, M.","contributorId":29364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healey","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kondolf, M.","contributorId":95846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kondolf","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mengel, M.","contributorId":30581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mengel","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mohr, M.","contributorId":76692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mohr","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Moyle, P.","contributorId":83876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Speed, T.","contributorId":106062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speed","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Williams, J.","contributorId":76270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":1013473,"text":"1013473 - 1996 - Results of Bayesian methods depend on details of implementation: An example of estimating salmon escapement goals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-31T11:04:09.458816","indexId":"1013473","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of Bayesian methods depend on details of implementation: An example of estimating salmon escapement goals","docAbstract":"Bayesian methods have been proposed to estimate optimal escapement \r\n   goals, using both knowledge about physical determinants of salmon \r\n   productivity and stock-recruitment data. The Bayesian approach has \r\n   several advantages over many traditional methods for estimating stock \r\n   productivity: it allows integration of information from diverse \r\n   sources and provides a framework for decision-making that takes into \r\n   account uncertainty reflected in the data. However, results can be \r\n   critically dependent on details of implementation of this approach. \r\n   For instance, unintended and unwarranted confidence about \r\n   stock-recruitment relationships can arise if the range of relationships \r\n   examined is too narrow, if too few discrete alternatives are \r\n   considered, or if data are contradictory. This unfounded confidence \r\n   can result in a suboptimal choice of a spawning escapement goal.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-7836(95)00405-X","usgsCitation":"Adkison, M.D., and Peterman, R.M., 1996, Results of Bayesian methods depend on details of implementation: An example of estimating salmon escapement goals: Fisheries Research, v. 25, p. 155-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(95)00405-X.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6059fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adkison, Milo D.","contributorId":100791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adkison","given":"Milo","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterman, R. M.","contributorId":83871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1013474,"text":"1013474 - 1996 - Assessing variability and trends in Arctic sea ice distribution using satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T17:12:33.313987","indexId":"1013474","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Assessing variability and trends in Arctic sea ice distribution using satellite data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Trends in the annual minimum, minimum monthly-mean, and the sea ice extent at the end of August were investigated for the Barents and western Kara Seas and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean during 1966 to 1994 using data from Russian ice maps (1974-1994), Kosmos-Okean and ALMAZ SAR satellite series (1984-1994), and published literature. Four definitions of sea ice extent were examined based on thresholds of ice concentration: &gt;90%, &gt;70%, &gt;40% and &gt;10% (E1, E2, E3, and E4, respectively). Root-mean-square differences between sea ice maps and satellite-image sea ice classifications for coincident areas were subjected to Monte-Carlo analyses to construct confidence intervals for the 20-year ice-map trends. With probability p=0.8, the average 20-year change in the minimum monthly-mean sea ice extent (followed in brackets by the average change in the absolute annual minimum ice extent) was between 30-60% [19-71%], 29-61% [15-67%], 31-63%[18-69%] and 18-48% [7-55%] in the Barents sea; (-24)-(-4)% [(-25)-(12)%], (-27)-(-9)% [(-34)-(-4)%], (-32)-(-15)% [(-39)-(-9)%] and (-33)-(-15)%[(-38)-(-8)%] in the western Kara sea; and (-3)-19% [(-8)-29%], (-4)-18% [(-11)-26%,] (-6)-16% [(-11)(-24)%] and (-7)-15% [(-12)-24%] in the combined Barents and Kara Seas, for sea ice concentration E1-E4, respectively. Including published data from 1966-1983, the trend in minimum monthly-mean sea ice extent for the combined 30-year period showed an average increasing of 11.8% in the Barents Sea and of 47.4% reduction in the western Kara Sea; sea ice extent at the end of August showed an average reduction of 4.7% in the Barents Sea.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, IGARSS 1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS)","conferenceDate":"May 31, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Lincoln, NE","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516429","usgsCitation":"Belchansky, G., Mordvintsev, I.N., and Douglas, D., 1996, Assessing variability and trends in Arctic sea ice distribution using satellite data, <i>in</i> Proceedings, IGARSS 1996, Lincoln, NE, May 31, 1996, p. 642-644, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516429.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"642","endPage":"644","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131224,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e5e39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belchansky, G. I.","contributorId":24301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belchansky","given":"G. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mordvintsev, Ilia N.","contributorId":91044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mordvintsev","given":"Ilia","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1013475,"text":"1013475 - 1996 - Population delineation of polar bears using satellite collar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T21:29:03","indexId":"1013475","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population delineation of polar bears using satellite collar data","docAbstract":"To produce reliable estimates of the size or vital rates of a given population, it is important that the boundaries of the population under study are clearly defined. This is particularly critical for large, migratory animals where levels of sustainable harvest are based on these estimates, and where small errors may have serious long-term consequences for the population. Once populations are delineated, rates of exchange between adjacent populations can be determined and accounted/corrected for when calculating abundance (e.g., based on mark-recapture data). Using satellite radio-collar locations for polar bears in the western Canadian Arctic, we illustrate one approach to delineating wildlife populations that integrates cluster analysis methods for determining group membership with home range plotting procedures to define spatial utilization. This approach is flexible with respect to the specific procedures used and provides an objective and quantitative basis for defining population boundaries.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2269574","usgsCitation":"Bethke, R., Taylor, M.K., Amstrup, S.C., and Messier, F., 1996, Population delineation of polar bears using satellite collar data: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 1, p. 311-317, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269574.","productDescription":"pp. 311-317","startPage":"311","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6670bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bethke, R.","contributorId":30594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Mitchell K.","contributorId":131049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Messier, Francois","contributorId":179093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Messier","given":"Francois","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1016342,"text":"1016342 - 1996 - Effects of silvicultultural modifications of temperate rainforest on breeding and wintering bird communities, Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-26T15:18:49.733645","indexId":"1016342","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of silvicultultural modifications of temperate rainforest on breeding and wintering bird communities, Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska","docAbstract":"We inventoried breeding and wintering bird communities in four treatments\r\nof temperate rainforest on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska during 1991-1992 and\r\n1992-1993. The four forest treatments sampled included: (1) young growth (20 years) originating\r\nfrom clearcut logging with no silvicultural modification (non-modified), (2) young\r\ngrowth (20 years) precommercially thinned along uniformly-spaced thinning grids (thinned),\r\n(3) young growth (20 years) with gaps in the overstory canopy created by felling trees in\r\n0.05-ha openings (gapped), and (4) virgin old growth (2 150 years). Of 16 common breeding\r\nbird species observed, six showed significant responses to young-growth modifications. One\r\nspecies was more abundant and two species were less abundant in thinned sites, while one\r\nspecies was more abundant and two species were less abundant in gapped sites than at least\r\none of the other treatments. None of the three common wintering species of birds observed\r\nwas influenced by young-growth modification. Breeding bird communities, in general, were\r\nless similar between young- and old-growth treatments than among young-growth treatments.\r\nThree of the 16 common breeding bird species were more abundant in old growth\r\nthan each of the young-growth treatments and one uncommon species was detected almost\r\nexclusivelyi n old growth duringb oth the breedinga nd wintering seasonsF. our other breeding\r\nbird species were more abundant in young-growth treatments than in old growth. Higher\r\nuse of old growth by wintering birds was related to winter severity. To enhance habitat for\r\nwintering and breeding birds we recommend: (1) thinning young growth along variablespaced\r\ngrids to create additional canopy layers and improve snow-intercept properties of\r\nyoung growth for canopy-foraging birds, (2) retention of old-growth clumps in clearcuts for\r\nbird species associated with old-growth structure, and (3) long-term conservation of oldgrowth\r\ntemperate rainforest for breeding and wintering birds positively associated with old\r\ngrowth.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369853","usgsCitation":"Dellasala, D.A., Hagar, J.C., Engel, K.A., McComb, W., Fairbanks, R.L., and Campbell, E.G., 1996, Effects of silvicultultural modifications of temperate rainforest on breeding and wintering bird communities, Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska: The Condor, v. 98, no. 4, p. 706-721, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369853.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"706","endPage":"721","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480164,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1369853","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610ea9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dellasala, Dominick A.","contributorId":56190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dellasala","given":"Dominick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hagar, Joan C. 0000-0002-3044-6607 joan_hagar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-6607","contributorId":57034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagar","given":"Joan","email":"joan_hagar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engel, Kathleen A.","contributorId":55792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McComb, W.C.","contributorId":78699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McComb","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fairbanks, Randal L.","contributorId":19129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairbanks","given":"Randal","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Campbell, Ellen G.","contributorId":66221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018057,"text":"70018057 - 1996 - Late quaternary environments, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:52:53.099507","indexId":"70018057","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late quaternary environments, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Late Quaternary pollen, plant macrofossils, and insect fossils were studied from sites along three rivers in the foothills north of the Alaska Range in Denali National Park and Preserve. The aim was to carry out a reconnaissance of late Quaternary organic sediments in the region, emphasizing the mid-Wisconsin, or Boutellier interstadial interval. Samples of probable early-to mid-Boutellier age (ca. 60 000 to 40 000 B.P.) from Unit 2 at the Toklat High Bluffs site indicate open boreal woodland with dense alder shrub vegetation. Organic Unit 1 at the Foraker River Slump site indicates open taiga with shrubs of probable Boutellier age. Fossil evidence from the youngest horizon in this unit indicates graminoid tundra environments, marking the transition from interstadial to late Wisconsin glacial environments. Early Holocene samples from the Foraker exposures suggest birch shrub tundra; coniferous forest apparently became established only after 6500 B.P. Local variations in forest composition at the Foraker and Sushana sites were probably the result of disturbances, such as fire.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1204","usgsCitation":"Elias, S.A., Short, S.K., and Waythomas, C.F., 1996, Late quaternary environments, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska: Arctic, v. 49, no. 3, p. 292-305, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1204.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479163,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1204","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.88472003445906,\n              62.29570878553622\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.7665796676281,\n              62.286312750002196\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.7733154529704,\n              62.55450482225203\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.40284725914086,\n              62.557609214763545\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.37590411777137,\n              62.45810787850047\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.16709477215846,\n              62.467450239092244\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.11994427476202,\n              62.54518970122919\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.95154964120306,\n              62.650590499860044\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.29144267765219,\n              62.63820981264027\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.29144267765219,\n              62.80799161170006\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.12304804409337,\n              62.817224397016275\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.10284068806624,\n              62.952306194506264\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.6448072847861,\n              62.949243056816556\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.80956990233415,\n              63.498470866684954\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.2137170228755,\n              63.996024907462555\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.36916833242904,\n              63.99307155748005\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.53756296598803,\n              64.05797321574678\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.8069943796822,\n              64.0697573110399\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.86088066242095,\n              64.00193067134819\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.04274686666457,\n              63.99897794541022\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.0494826520069,\n              63.82124250750627\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.23134885625052,\n              63.833126590528906\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.23808464159302,\n              63.63938775165266\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.85777689308958,\n              63.6483587905619\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.8645126784319,\n              63.47441551695158\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.88472003445906,\n              62.29570878553622\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4554e4b0c8380cd6720d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elias, Scott A.","contributorId":111874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Short, S. K.","contributorId":6596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018128,"text":"70018128 - 1996 - Oxygen isotopic and geochemical evidence for a short-lived, high-temperature hydrothermal event in the Chegem caldera, Caucasus Mountains, Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018128","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotopic and geochemical evidence for a short-lived, high-temperature hydrothermal event in the Chegem caldera, Caucasus Mountains, Russia","docAbstract":"Within the 2.8 Ma Chegem ash-flow caldera (11 ?? 15 km), a single cooling unit of rhyolitic to dacitic welded tuff more than 2 km thick is exposed in deep valleys incised during recent rapid uplift of the Caucasus Mountains. The intracaldera tuff is mineralogically fresh and unaltered, and is overlain by andesite lavas and cut by a resurgent granodiorite intrusion. Major- and trace-element compositions for a 1405-m stratigraphic section of intracaldera tuff display trends of upwardly increasing Na2O, CaO, Al2O3, total Fe, MgO, TiO2, Sr and Zr and decreasing SiO2, K2O and Rb. This mafic-upward zoning (from 76.1 to 69.9% SiO2) reflects an inverted view of the upper part of the source magma chamber. Oxygen isotope studies of 35 samples from this 1405-m section define a striking profile with \"normal\" igneous ??18O values (+7.0 to +8.5) in the lower 600 m of tuff, much lower ??18O values (-4.0 to +4.3) in a 700-m zone above that and a shift to high ??18O values (+4.4 to -10.9) in the upper 100 m of caldera-fill exposure. Data from two other partial stratigraphic sections indicate that these oxygen isotope systematics are probably a caldera-wide phenomenon. Quartz and feldspar phenocrysts everywhere have \"normal\" igneous ??18O values of about +8.5 and +7.5, respectively, whereas groundmass and glass ??18O values range from -7.7 to +12.3. Consequently, the ??18O values of coexisting feldspar, groundmass and glass form a steep array in a plot of ??feldspar vs. ??groundmass/glass. Such pronounced disequilibrium between coexisting feldspar and groundmass or glass has never before been observed on this scale. It requires a hydrothermal event involving large amounts of low-18O H2O at sufficiently high temperatures and short enough time (tens of years or less) that glass exchanges thoroughly but feldspar does not. The most likely process responsible for the O depletions at Chegem is a very high temperature (500-600??C), short-lived, vigorous meteoric-hydrothermal event that was focused within the upper 750 m of intracaldera tuff. Mass balance calculations indicate fluid fluxes of = 6 ?? 10-6 mol cm-2 s-1. We believe that the closest historical analogue to this Chegem hydrothermal event is the situation observed in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (Alaska, USA), where hundreds of steam fumaroles with measured temperatures as high as 645??C persisted for 10 to 15 years in the much smaller welded ash-flow tuff sheet (??? 200 m thick) produced by the 1912 Katmai eruption.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Gazis, C., Taylor, H., Hon, K., and Tsvetkov, A., 1996, Oxygen isotopic and geochemical evidence for a short-lived, high-temperature hydrothermal event in the Chegem caldera, Caucasus Mountains, Russia: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 73, no. 3-4, p. 213-244.","startPage":"213","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a72b6e4b0c8380cd76c62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gazis, C.","contributorId":75696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gazis","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, H.P. Jr.","contributorId":78479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"H.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hon, K.","contributorId":20471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tsvetkov, A.","contributorId":65620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsvetkov","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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