We compared streamflow in basins under the combined impacts of an upland dam and groundwater pumping withdrawals, by examining streamflow in the presence and absence of each impact. As a qualitative analysis, inter-watershed streamflow comparisons were performed for several rivers flowing into the east side of the Central Valley, CA. Results suggest that, in the absence of upland dams supporting large reservoirs, some reaches of these rivers might develop ephemeral streamflow in late summer. As a quantitative analysis, we conducted a series of streamflow/groundwater simulations (using MODFLOW-2000 plus the streamflow routing package, SFR1) for a representative hypothetical watershed, with an upland dam and groundwater pumping in the downstream basin, under humid, semi-arid, and arid conditions. As a result of including the impact of groundwater pumping, post-dam removal simulated streamflow was significantly less than natural streamflow. The model predicts extensive ephemeral conditions in the basin during September for both the arid and semi-arid cases. The model predicts continued perennial conditions in the humid case, but spatially weighted, average streamflow of only 71% of natural September streamflow, as a result of continued pumping after dam removal.
Winter diets of the western Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) are little known. We determined the diet of western Burrowing Owls wintering in southern Texas by analyzing the contents of 182 pellets collected over four winters (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2002-2003, and 2003-2004) in three habitat types (agricultural, mainland grassland, and barrier island). Remains of a total of 7476 prey items were recovered, 98% of which were arthropods. Gryllidae (crickets) formed the largest component (50%) of the prey, followed by lepidopteran larvae (13%), beetles (8%), spiders (7%), and earwigs (6%). Although vertebrates, primarily small mammals and birds, represented only 2% of prey items by number, they represented most (71%) of the biomass. Northern pygmy mice (Baiomys taylori) and fulvous harvest mice (Reithrodontomys fulveccens) were the two most frequently consumed vertebrate species. In all habitats, arthropods, especially orthopterans, were the primary prey item by number, whereas vertebrates, primarily small mammals, were the most important by biomass. Greater consumption of arthropods by Burrowing Owls in agricultural areas may be a factor contributing to owl use of these highly altered environments. ?? 2007 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.3356/0892-1016(2007)41[307:DOWBOW]2.0.CO;2","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Littles, C., Williford, D., Skoruppa, M., Woodin, M., and Hickman, G., 2007, Diet of western Burrowing Owls wintering in southern Texas: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 41, no. 4, p. 307-313, https://doi.org/10.3356/0892-1016(2007)41[307:DOWBOW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"313","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212175,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3356/0892-1016(2007)41[307:DOWBOW]2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.1026611328125,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n -97.22900390625,\n 28.086520114600717\n ],\n [\n -97.3114013671875,\n 28.23664944401447\n ],\n [\n -97.9046630859375,\n 28.21244928533849\n ],\n [\n -98.162841796875,\n 28.20760859532738\n ],\n [\n -98.118896484375,\n 27.48390806852859\n ],\n [\n -97.4322509765625,\n 27.298570715261533\n ],\n [\n -97.1136474609375,\n 27.887639217136517\n ],\n [\n -97.1026611328125,\n 27.916766641249065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00d6e4b0c8380cd4f94d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Littles, C.J.","contributorId":95273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Littles","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williford, D.","contributorId":77737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williford","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skoruppa, M.K.","contributorId":39189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skoruppa","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodin, M.C.","contributorId":97307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodin","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hickman, G.C.","contributorId":15823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031526,"text":"70031526 - 2007 - A simple pore water hydrogen diffusion syringe sampler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T09:32:52","indexId":"70031526","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple pore water hydrogen diffusion syringe sampler","docAbstract":"Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an important intermediate product and electron donor in microbial metabolism. Concentrations of dissolved H 2 are often diagnostic of the predominant terminal electron-accepting processes in ground water systems or aquatic sediments. H2 concentrations are routinely measured in ground water monitoring wells but are rarely measured in saturated aquatic sediments due to a lack of simple and practical sampling methods. This report describes the design and development (including laboratory and field testing) of a simple, syringe-based H 2 sampler in (1) saturated, riparian sediments, (2) surface water bed sediments, and (3) packed intervals of a fractured bedrock borehole that are inaccessible by standard pumped methods.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00362.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., Chapelle, F.H., and Bradley, P.M., 2007, A simple pore water hydrogen diffusion syringe sampler: Ground Water, v. 45, no. 6, p. 798-802, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00362.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"798","endPage":"802","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212536,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00362.x"}],"volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-08-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e591e4b0c8380cd46e2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":207411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031408,"text":"70031408 - 2007 - In situ time-series measurements of subseafloor sediment properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-21T12:03:17.038477","indexId":"70031408","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1941,"text":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ time-series measurements of subseafloor sediment properties","docAbstract":"A mathematically linked mercury transport, speciation, kinetic, and simple biotic uptake (BIOTRANSPEC) model has been developed. An extension of the metal transport and speciation (TRANSPEC) model, BIOTRANSPEC estimates the fate and biotic uptake of inorganic (Hg(II)), elemental (Hg(0)) and organic (MeHg) forms of mercury and their species in the dissolved, colloidal (e.g., dissolved organic matter [DOM]), and particulate phases of surface aquatic systems. A pseudo-steady state version of the model was used to describe mercury dynamics in Lahontan Reservoir (near Carson City, NV, USA), where internal loading of the historically deposited mercury is remobilized, thereby maintaining elevated water concentrations. The Carson River is the main source of total mercury (THg), of which more than 90% is tightly bound in a gold-silver-mercury amalgam, to the system through loadings in the spring, with negligible input from the atmospheric deposition. The speciation results suggest that aqueous species are dominated by Hg-DOM, Hg(OH)2, and HgClOH. Sediment-to-water diffusion of MeHg and Hg-DOM accounts for approximately 10% of total loadings to the water column. The water column acts as a net sink for MeHg by reducing its levels through two competitive processes: Uptake by fish, and net MeHg demethylation. Although reservoir sediments produce significant amounts of MeHg (4 g/d), its transport from sediment to water is limited (1.6 g/d), possibly because of its adsorption on metal oxides of iron and manganese at the sediment-water interface. Fish accumulate approximately 45% of the total MeHg mass in the water column, and 9% of total MeHg uptake by fish leaves the system because of fishing. Results from this new model reiterate the previous conclusion that more than 90% of THg input is retained in sediment, which perpetuates elevated water concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","doi":"10.1897/06-468R.1","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Gandhi, N., Bhavsar, S., Diamond, M., Kuwabara, J.S., Marvin-DePasquale, M.C., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2007, Development of a mercury speciation, fate, and biotic uptake (BIOTRANSPEC) model: Application to Lahontan Reservoir (Nevada, USA): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 26, no. 11, p. 2260-2273, https://doi.org/10.1897/06-468R.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2260","endPage":"2273","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lahontan Reservoir","volume":"26","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a003ce4b0c8380cd4f66a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gandhi, N.","contributorId":35543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandhi","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bhavsar, S.P.","contributorId":38779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhavsar","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diamond, M.L.","contributorId":18578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diamond","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kuwabara, James S. 0000-0003-2502-1601 kuwabara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-1601","contributorId":3374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"James","email":"kuwabara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marvin-DePasquale, Mark C.","contributorId":38655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DePasquale","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030923,"text":"70030923 - 2007 - Variation in northern bobwhite demography along two temporal scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-07T10:59:24","indexId":"70030923","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3103,"text":"Population Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in northern bobwhite demography along two temporal scales","docAbstract":"Quantification and understanding of demographic variation across intra- and inter-annual temporal scales can benefit from the development of theoretical models of evolution and applied conservation of species. We used long-term survey data for northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) collected at the northern and southern extent of its geographic range to develop matrix population models which would allow investigation of intra- and inter-annual patterns in bobwhite population dynamics. We first evaluated intra-annual patterns in the importance of a seasonal demographic rate to asymptotic population growth rate with prospective perturbation analysis (elasticity analysis). We then conducted retrospective analysis (life table response experiments) of inter-annual patterns in the contribution of observed changes in demography to the observed change in population growth rate. Survival in the earliest age class during the nonbreeding season had the greatest potential influence in both the northern and southern populations. Examination of inter-annual variation in demography indicated that variation in nonbreeding season survival in the earliest age class contributed the most to observed changes in population growth rate in the northern population. In contrast, changes in fertility in the earliest age class in the southern population had the greatest influence on changes in population growth rate. Prospective elasticity analyses highlight the similarities in bobwhite demography throughout different parts of its geographic range, while retrospective life table response experiments revealed important patterns in the temporal differences of bobwhite life history at the northern and southern extent of its geographic range. ?? 2007 The Society of Population Ecology and Springer.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10144-007-0037-5","issn":"14383896","usgsCitation":"Folk, T., Holmes, R.R., and Grand, J.B., 2007, Variation in northern bobwhite demography along two temporal scales: Population Ecology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 211-219, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-007-0037-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211296,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-007-0037-5"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc15fe4b08c986b32a542","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Folk, T.H.","contributorId":50688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folk","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Randall R.","contributorId":201221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holmes","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13360,"text":"Auburn University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":429249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031481,"text":"70031481 - 2007 - Downhole measurements in the AND-1B borehole, ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-19T09:19:05","indexId":"70031481","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3530,"text":"Terra Antarctica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downhole measurements in the AND-1B borehole, ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project, Antarctica","docAbstract":"A comprehensive set of downhole measurements was collected in the AND-1B drillhole as part of the on-ice scientific programme defined for the McMurdo Ice Shelf (MIS) Project. Geophysical logs were recorded over two operation phases and consisted of calliper, temperature, fluid conductivity, induction resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, natural gamma activity, acoustic televiewer, borehole deviation, and dipmeter. In addition, two standard vertical seismic profiles (VSP) and one walk-away VSP were obtained. Radioactive logs (porosity and density) were not run because of unstable borehole conditions. Although the total depth of the hole is 1285 metres below seafloor (mbsf), the depth range for in situ measurements was limited by the length of the wireline (1018 mbsf) and by the nullification of some geophysical logs due to the presence of steel casing. A depth correction was derived to account for systematic discrepancies in depth between downhole measurements and cores; consequently, log responses can be directly compared to core properties. The resulting data are amenable to studies of cyclicity and climate, heat flux and fluid flow, and stricture and stress. When integrated with physical properties and fractures measured on the core, this information should play a significant role in addressing many of the scientific objectives of the ANDRILL programme.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Terra Antarctica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"11228628","usgsCitation":"Morin, R., Williams, T., Henrys, S., Crosby, T., and Hansaraj, D., 2007, Downhole measurements in the AND-1B borehole, ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project, Antarctica: Terra Antarctica, v. 14, no. 3, p. 167-174.","startPage":"167","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266016,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.mna.it/english/Publications/TAP/TA_pdfs/Volume_14/TA_14_167_Downhole_Measurements.pdf"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03b2e4b0c8380cd505f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, R.","contributorId":6210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, T.","contributorId":47584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henrys, S.","contributorId":27632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henrys","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crosby, T.","contributorId":53165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hansaraj, D.","contributorId":73821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansaraj","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030922,"text":"70030922 - 2007 - Differentiating pedogenesis from diagenesis in early terrestrial paleoweathering surfaces formed on granitic composition parent materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70030922","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiating pedogenesis from diagenesis in early terrestrial paleoweathering surfaces formed on granitic composition parent materials","docAbstract":"Unconformable surfaces separating Precambrian crystalline basement and overlying Proterozoic to Cambrian sedimentary rocks provide an exceptional opportunity to examine the role of primitive soil ecosystems in weathering and resultant formation of saprolite (weathered rock retaining rock structure) and regolith (weathered rock without rock structure), but many appear to have been affected by burial diagenesis and hydrothermal fluid flow, leading some researchers to discount their suitability for such studies. We examine one modern weathering profile (Cecil series), four Cambrian paleoweathering profiles from the North American craton (Squaw Creek, Franklin Mountains, Core SQ-8, and Core 4), one Neoproterozoic profile (Sheigra), and one late Paleoproterozoic profile (Baraboo), to test the hypothesis that these paleoweathering profiles do provide evidence of primitive terrestrial weathering despite their diagenetic and hydrothermal overprinting, especially additions of potassium. We employ an integrated approach using (1) detailed thin-section investigations to identify characteristic pedogenic features associated with saprolitization and formation of well-drained regoliths, (2) electron microprobe analysis to identify specific weathered and new mineral phases, and (3) geochemical mass balance techniques to characterize volume changes during weathering and elemental gains and losses of major and minor elements relative to the inferred parent materials. There is strong pedogenic evidence of paleoweathering, such as clay illuviation, sepic-plasmic fabrics, redoximorphic features, and dissolution and alteration of feldspars and mafic minerals to kaolinite, gibbsite, and Fe oxides, as well as geochemical evidence, such as whole-rock losses of Na, Ca, Mg, Si, Sr, Fe, and Mn greater than in modern profiles. Evidence of diagenesis includes net additions of K, Ba, and Rb determined through geochemical mass balance, K-feldspar overgrowths in overlying sandstone sections, and K-feldspars with reaction rims in weathered basement. The sub-Cambrian paleoweathering profiles formed on granite are remarkably similar to modern weathering profiles formed on granite, in spite of overprinting by potassium diagenesis. ?? 2007 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/518048","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Driese, S., Medaris, L., Ren, M., Runkel, A.C., and Langford, R., 2007, Differentiating pedogenesis from diagenesis in early terrestrial paleoweathering surfaces formed on granitic composition parent materials: Journal of Geology, v. 115, no. 4, p. 387-406, https://doi.org/10.1086/518048.","startPage":"387","endPage":"406","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211269,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/518048"},{"id":238532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0105e4b0c8380cd4fa56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Driese, S.G.","contributorId":53594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driese","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medaris, L.G. Jr.","contributorId":12258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medaris","given":"L.G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ren, M.","contributorId":62823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ren","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runkel, Anthony C.","contributorId":63186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langford, R.P.","contributorId":70589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langford","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031485,"text":"70031485 - 2007 - Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:10","indexId":"70031485","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2775,"text":"Molecular Ecology Notes","onlineIssn":"1471-8286","printIssn":"1471-8278","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)","docAbstract":"Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) are marine mammals that inhabit the coastal waters and rivers of the southeastern USA, primarily Florida. Previous studies have shown that Florida manatees have low mitochondrial DNA variability, suggesting that nuclear DNA loci are necessary for discriminatory analyses. Here we report 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci with an average of 4.2 alleles per locus, and average heterozygosity of 50.1%. These loci have been developed for use in population studies, parentage assignment, and individual identification. ?? 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01781.x","issn":"14718278","usgsCitation":"Pause, K., Nourisson, C., Clark, A., Kellogg, M., Bonde, R., and McGuire, P., 2007, Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris): Molecular Ecology Notes, v. 7, no. 6, p. 1073-1076, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01781.x.","startPage":"1073","endPage":"1076","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212440,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01781.x"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d03e4b0c8380cd79cd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pause, K.C.","contributorId":77102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pause","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nourisson, C.","contributorId":103873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nourisson","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, A.","contributorId":50476,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kellogg, M.E.","contributorId":65669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bonde, R. K. 0000-0001-9179-4376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-4376","contributorId":63339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonde","given":"R. 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The flows and discharge occur predominantly on networks of critically stressed fractures. The coupling of hydrothermal fluid flow with deformation produces the volumes of veins found in epithermal mineral deposits. Owing to this coupling, veins provide information on the fault-fracture architecture in existence at the time of mineralization. They therefore provide information on the nature of deformation within fault zones, and the relations between different fault sets. The Virginia City and Goldfield mining districts, Nevada, were localized in zones of strike-slip transtension in an Early to Mid-Miocene volcanic belt along the western margin of North America. The Camp Douglas mining area occurs within the same belt, but is localized in a zone of strike-slip transpression. The vein systems in these districts record the spatial evolution of strike-slip extensional and contractional stepovers, as well as geometry of faulting in and adjacent to points along strike-slip faults where displacement has been interrupted and transferred into releasing and restraining stepovers. ?? The Geological Society of London 2007.","largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society Special Publication","language":"English","doi":"10.1144/SP290.18","issn":"03058719","isbn":"9781862392380","usgsCitation":"Berger, B.R., 2007, The 3D fault and vein architecture of strike-slip releasing- and restraining bends: Evidence from volcanic-centre-relatedmineral deposits, in Geological Society Special Publication, no. 290, p. 447-471, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP290.18.","startPage":"447","endPage":"471","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212561,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP290.18"},{"id":240063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"290","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba655e4b08c986b321073","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cunningham W.D.Mann P.","contributorId":128457,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cunningham W.D.Mann P.","id":536661,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Berger, B. R.","contributorId":77914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174068,"text":"70174068 - 2007 - Strategies for survival: Stellar sea lions, harbor seals and sea otters Chapter 4.9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-07T13:07:19","indexId":"70174068","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Strategies for survival: Stellar sea lions, harbor seals and sea otters Chapter 4.9","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Long-Term Ecological Change in the Northern Gulf of Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","isbn":"9780444529602","usgsCitation":"Springer, A.M., Iverson, S.J., and Bodkin, J.L., 2007, Strategies for survival: Stellar sea lions, harbor seals and sea otters Chapter 4.9, chap. of Long-Term Ecological Change in the Northern Gulf of Alaska, p. 352-378.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"378","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57724e35e4b07657d1a819d5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spies, Robert B.","contributorId":146523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spies","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640797,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Springer, Alan M. ams@ims.uaf.edu","contributorId":172461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Springer","given":"Alan","email":"ams@ims.uaf.edu","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, Sara J.","contributorId":38471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031386,"text":"70031386 - 2007 - Analysis of multiple enteric viral targets as sewage markers in coral reefs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-30T12:30:56","indexId":"70031386","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of multiple enteric viral targets as sewage markers in coral reefs","docAbstract":"Water and coral mucus samples were collected from throughout the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and the Dry Tortugas for three years and were analyzed for human enteric viruses (enteroviruses, noroviruses, hepatitis A virus and adenoviruses) as conservative markers of human sewage using molecular methods. Of the 100 coral and water samples collected, 40 contained genetic material from one or more human enteric viruses. DNA-based adenoviruses were detected widely, in 37.8% of samples and at 91% of stations, including ‘pristine’ reefs in the Dry Tortugas; however, the detection rate was ⩽12% for the RNA-based enteroviruses and noroviruses (hepatitis A virus was never detected). The disparity between the prevalence of RNA- and DNA-based viruses suggests the need for additional work to determine the utility of adenovirus as marker of human sewage.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.001","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Lipp, E.K., Futch, J., and Griffin, D.W., 2007, Analysis of multiple enteric viral targets as sewage markers in coral reefs: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 54, no. 12, p. 1897-1902, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.001.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1897","endPage":"1902","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 25.94816628853973\n ],\n [\n -79.9200439453125,\n 25.54244147012483\n ],\n [\n -80.2166748046875,\n 25.04081549894912\n ],\n [\n -80.8648681640625,\n 24.56211235799689\n ],\n [\n -81.5789794921875,\n 24.412140070651528\n ],\n [\n -82.6336669921875,\n 24.382124181118236\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 24.45215015618098\n ],\n [\n -83.1060791015625,\n 24.696934226366672\n ],\n [\n -82.5787353515625,\n 24.806681353851964\n ],\n [\n -81.3262939453125,\n 24.926294766395593\n ],\n [\n -80.760498046875,\n 25.224820176765036\n ],\n [\n -80.4364013671875,\n 25.606855993715016\n ],\n [\n -80.343017578125,\n 25.849336891707605\n ],\n [\n -80.2056884765625,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -80.04638671875,\n 25.96792222903405\n ],\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 25.94816628853973\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb22e4b0c8380cd48c43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipp, Erin K.","contributorId":73823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipp","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futch, J. Carrie","contributorId":100613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futch","given":"J. 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Maps depicting the areal extent of flooding, oil slicks, and floating debris provide vital information to emergency managers for directing floodrelief efforts and the clean-up of polluted waters.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005 (Circular 1306)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13063F","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 3F in Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005. See Circular 1306 for more information and other chapters.","usgsCitation":"Rykhus, R.P., and Lu, Z., 2007, Hurricane Katrina flooding and oil slicks mapped with satellite imagery: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1306, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13063F.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1306_3f.jpg"},{"id":265897,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1306/"},{"id":265898,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1306/pdf/c1306_ch3_f.pdf"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.44,28.55 ], [ -91.44,30.4 ], [ -87.6,30.4 ], [ -87.6,28.55 ], [ -91.44,28.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50fa7d61e4b061045bf9ac7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rykhus, Russell P.","contributorId":27337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rykhus","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010312,"text":"70010312 - 2007 - Local search for optimal global map generation using mid-decadal landsat images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:23","indexId":"70010312","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Local search for optimal global map generation using mid-decadal landsat images","docAbstract":"NASA and the US Geological Survey (USGS) are seeking to generate a map of the entire globe using Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor data from the \"mid-decadal\" period of 2004 through 2006. The global map is comprised of thousands of scene locations and, for each location, tens of different images of varying quality to chose from. Furthermore, it is desirable for images of adjacent scenes be close together in time of acquisition, to avoid obvious discontinuities due to seasonal changes. These characteristics make it desirable to formulate an automated solution to the problem of generating the complete map. This paper formulates a Global Map Generator problem as a Constraint Optimization Problem (GMG-COP) and describes an approach to solving it using local search. Preliminary results of running the algorithm on image data sets are summarized. The results suggest a significant improvement in map quality using constraint-based solutions. Copyright ?? 2007, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"AAAI Workshop - Technical Report","conferenceTitle":"2007 AAAI Workshop","conferenceDate":"22 July 2007 through 22 July 2007","conferenceLocation":"Vancouver, BC","language":"English","isbn":"9781577353379","usgsCitation":"Khatib, L., Gasch, J., Morris, R., and Covington, S., 2007, Local search for optimal global map generation using mid-decadal landsat images, in AAAI Workshop - Technical Report, v. WS-07-10, Vancouver, BC, 22 July 2007 through 22 July 2007, p. 66-70.","startPage":"66","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"WS-07-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48e4e4b0c8380cd681d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Khatib, L.","contributorId":87816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khatib","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gasch, J.","contributorId":87388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gasch","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, Robert","contributorId":70723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Covington, S.","contributorId":13111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covington","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70046646,"text":"70046646 - 2007 - Precipitation zones of west-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-18T10:05:08","indexId":"70046646","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2562,"text":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precipitation zones of west-central Nevada","docAbstract":"Whether Nevada can sustain its fast rate of growth depends in part on accurately quantifying the amount of water that is available, including precipitation. The Precipitation-Zone Method (PZM) is a way of estimating mean annual precipitation at any point. The PZM was developed using data from west-central Nevada and northeastern California, but preliminary analysis indicates it can be applied to the entire state. Patterns in the spatial distribution of precipitation were identified by mapping station locations and plotting 1971-2000 precipitation normals versus station elevation. Precipitation zones are large areas where precipitation is linearly related to elevation. Four precipitation zones with different linear relations were delineated; these zones cover much of west-central Nevada. Regression equations with adjusted R2 values of 0.89 to 0.95 were developed for each zone. All regression equations estimate similar precipitation rates at 4,000 feet, but the slopes of the regression equations become progressively shallower to the south. A geographic information system, 30-meter digital elevation model, and the regression equations were used to estimate the distribution and volumes of precipitation in each zone and in hydrographic areas of the Walker River Basin. Comparison between the PZM and Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) indicate PRISM estimates are linearly related to elevation at low elevations in each zone, but PRISM estimates become non-linear at high elevations and are up to 2.5 times greater than the normals. However, PRISM under-estimates more than it over-estimates precipitation compared to the PZM. The PZM estimated the same or larger volumes of precipitation compared to PRISM in three of the zones, and the larger volumes mostly were from areas that receive greater than 15 inches/year of precipitation. Additional work is needed to accurately estimate mean annual precipitation throughout Nevada.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nevada Water Resources Association","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Medina, R.L., 2007, Precipitation zones of west-central Nevada: Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association, v. 4, no. 2, p. 1-18.","productDescription":"ii, 19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273904,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273903,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/jnwra_v4n2_pzm1in.xml"},{"id":273901,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nvwra.org/storage/newsletters/jnwra_fall07_lopes.pdf"},{"id":273902,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/jnwra_v4n2_pzb.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.802115,37.123771 ], [ -120.802115,41.695138 ], [ -116.904182,41.695138 ], [ -116.904182,37.123771 ], [ -120.802115,37.123771 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c1816ce4b0dd0e00d92209","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":479928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medina, Rose L. 0000-0002-3463-7224 rlmedina@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3463-7224","contributorId":4378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medina","given":"Rose","email":"rlmedina@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030742,"text":"70030742 - 2007 - Biological effects of anthropogenic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-26T12:16:24.529911","indexId":"70030742","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1561,"text":"Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biological effects of anthropogenic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary","docAbstract":"Concentrations of many anthropogenic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary exist at levels that have been associated with biological effects elsewhere, so there is a potential for them to cause biological effects in the Estuary. The purpose of this paper is to summarize information about biological effects on the Estuary's plankton, benthos, fish, birds, and mammals, gathered since the early 1990s, focusing on key accomplishments. These studies have been conducted at all levels of biological organization (sub-cellular through communities), but have included only a small fraction of the organisms and contaminants of concern in the region. The studies summarized provide a body of evidence that some contaminants are causing biological impacts in some biological resources in the Estuary. However, no general patterns of effects were apparent in space and time, and no single contaminant was consistently related to effects among the biota considered. These conclusions reflect the difficulty in demonstrating biological effects due specifically to contamination because there is a wide range of sensitivity to contaminants among the Estuary's many organisms. Additionally, the spatial and temporal distribution of contamination in the Estuary is highly variable, and levels of contamination covary with other environmental factors, such as freshwater inflow or sediment-type. Federal and State regulatory agencies desire to develop biological criteria to protect the Estuary's biological resources. Future studies of biological effects in San Francisco Estuary should focus on the development of meaningful indicators of biological effects, and on key organism and contaminants of concern in long-term, multifaceted studies that include laboratory and field experiments to determine cause and effect to adequately inform management and regulatory decisions.