Biological soil crusts are an integral part of dryland ecosystems. We monitored the cover of lichens and mosses, cyanobacterial biomass, concentrations of UV-protective pigments in both free-living and lichenized cyanobacteria, and quantum yield in the soil lichen species Collema in an undisturbed Mojave Desert shrubland. During our sampling time, the site received historically high and low levels of precipitation, whereas temperatures were close to normal. Lichen cover, dominated by Collema tenax and C. coccophorum, and moss cover, dominated by Syntrichia caninervis, responded to both increases and decreases in precipitation. This finding for Collema spp. at a hot Mojave Desert site is in contrast to a similar study conducted at a cool desert site on the Colorado Plateau in SE Utah, USA, where Collema spp. cover dropped in response to elevated temperatures, but did not respond to changes in rainfall. The concentrations of UV-protective pigments in free-living cyanobacteria at the Mojave Desert site were also strongly and positively related to rainfall received between sampling times (R2 values ranged from 0.78 to 0.99). However, pigment levels in the lichenized cyanobacteria showed little correlation with rainfall. Quantum yield in Collema spp. was closely correlated with rainfall. Climate models in this region predict a 3.5–4.0 °C rise in temperature and a 15–20% decline in winter precipitation by 2099. Based on our data, this rise in temperature is unlikely to have a strong effect on the dominant species of the soil crusts. However, the predicted drop in precipitation will likely lead to a decrease in soil lichen and moss cover, and high stress or mortality in soil cyanobacteria as levels of UV-protective pigments decline. In addition, surface-disturbing activities (e.g., recreation, military activities, fire) are rapidly increasing in the Mojave Desert, and these disturbances quickly remove soil lichens and mosses. These stresses combined are likely to lead to shifts in species composition and the local extirpation of some lichen or moss species. As these organisms are critical components of nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and soil stability, such changes are likely to reverberate throughout these ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2007.05.007","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., Phillips, S.L., and Smith, S., 2007, Dynamics of cover, UV-protective pigments, and quantum yield in biological soil crust communities of an undisturbed Mojave Desert shrubland: Flora, v. 202, no. 8, p. 674-686, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2007.05.007.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"674","endPage":"686","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","volume":"202","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0432e4b0c8380cd50845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":430578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Susan L. 0000-0002-5891-8485 sue_phillips@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-8485","contributorId":717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Susan","email":"sue_phillips@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":430580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Stanley D.","contributorId":83417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanley D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031221,"text":"70031221 - 2007 - Selected plant microfossil records of the terminal Cretaceous event in terrestrial rocks, western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70031221","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selected plant microfossil records of the terminal Cretaceous event in terrestrial rocks, western North America","docAbstract":"Terrestrial or nonmarine rocks of western North America preserve a record of major disruption and permanent alteration of plant communities precisely at the K-T boundary - in the same rocks that preserve geochemical and mineralogical evidence of the terminal Cretaceous impact event. Plant microfossil records from many localities show abrupt disappearance of pollen species (= plant extinctions) closely associated with impact ejecta deposits containing iridium and shocked quartz. Localities discussed in detail in this review are Starkville South, Clear Creek North, Old Raton Pass, and Sugarite in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico; West Bijou in the Denver Basin, Colorado; Sussex in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming; and Pyramid Butte and Mud Buttes in the Williston Basin, North Dakota. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.038","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Nichols, D.J., 2007, Selected plant microfossil records of the terminal Cretaceous event in terrestrial rocks, western North America: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 255, no. 1-2, p. 22-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.038.","startPage":"22","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211682,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.038"},{"id":239020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"255","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8c87e4b08c986b317f69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70031446,"text":"70031446 - 2007 - Impacts of the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami on the southwest coasts of Sri Lanka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-09T11:50:21","indexId":"70031446","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Impacts of the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami on the southwest coasts of Sri Lanka","docAbstract":"The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused major landscape changes along the southwest coasts of Sri Lanka that were controlled by the flow, natural topography and bathymetry, and anthropogenic modifications of the terrain. Landscape changes included substantial beach erosion and scouring of return-flow channels near the beach, and deposition of sand sheets across the narrow coastal plain. In many areas tsunami deposits also included abundant building rubble due to the extensive destruction of homes and businesses in areas of dense development. Trim lines and flow directions confirmed that shoreline orientation and wave refraction from embayments and rock-anchored headlands locally focused the flow and amplified the inundation. Tsunami deposits were 1 to 36 cm thick but most were less than 25 cm thick. Deposit thickness depended partly on antecedent topography. The deposits were composed of coarse to medium sand organized into a few sets of plane parallel laminae that exhibited overall upward fining and landward thinning trends.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments '07 - Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/40926(239)82","isbn":"0784409269; 9780784409268","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., Goff, J.A., and Nichol, S.L., 2007, Impacts of the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami on the southwest coasts of Sri Lanka, in Coastal Sediments '07 - Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes, New Orleans, LA, p. 1061-1074, https://doi.org/10.1061/40926(239)82.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1061","endPage":"1074","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":212410,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40926(239)82"},{"id":239891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Sri Lanka","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 79.522,5.9191 ], [ 79.522,9.836 ], [ 81.8787,9.836 ], [ 81.8787,5.9191 ], [ 79.522,5.9191 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38f8e4b0c8380cd61766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goff, John A.","contributorId":96087,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goff","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12811,"text":"Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":431531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichol, Scott L.","contributorId":41654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichol","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031445,"text":"70031445 - 2007 - Exploring rippled scour depressions offshore Huntington Beach, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-25T11:11:48.23523","indexId":"70031445","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Exploring rippled scour depressions offshore Huntington Beach, CA","docAbstract":"Vertical profiles of the chlorofluorocarbons CFC‐11, CFC‐12, and CFC‐113 penetrating aerobic and anaerobic parts of a shallow sandy aquifer show that the CFC gases are degraded in the <1 m thick transition zone from aerobic to anaerobic groundwater in a pyritic sand aquifer at Rabis Creek, Denmark. Two‐dimensional solute transport simulations with either zero‐order or first‐order degradation in the anaerobic zone corroborate this interpretation. The transport model was previously calibrated against detailed tritium profiles in the same wells. First‐order degradation is found to best match the observed CFC profiles yielding an approximate half‐life of a few months for CFC‐11. Degradation is not as clearly recognized for CFC‐12 and CFC‐113, but it may occur with rates corresponding to a half‐life of a few years or more. Data indicate a geochemical control of the CFC concentration gradient at the redox front and that denitrification and denitrifiers are not of major importance for the observed CFC degradation. The responsible mechanism behind the observed degradation is not known but we suggest that reductive dehalogenation by surface‐bound Fe(II) on pyrite possibly enhanced by the presence of Fe(III)‐bearing weathering products (green rust) may be a plausible mechanism. The observed data and the performed simulations confirm the potential application of the CFC gases as age‐dating tools in the aerobic part of the investigated aquifer, but also that CFC data must be analyzed carefully before it is used as a dating tool in reducing aquifers because degradation may have occurred. The use of multiple or alternative tracers should be considered in anaerobic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2006WR005854","usgsCitation":"Hinsby, K., Højberg, A., Engesgaard, P., Jensen, K., Larsen, F., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 2007, Transport and degradation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the pyritic Rabis Creek aquifer, Denmark: Water Resources Research, v. 43, no. 10, Article W10423; 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005854.","productDescription":"Article W10423; 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005854","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Denmark","otherGeospatial":"Rabis Creek aquifer","volume":"43","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb73ae4b08c986b32711e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinsby, K.","contributorId":15013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinsby","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Højberg, Anker L.","contributorId":187776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Højberg","given":"Anker L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engesgaard, P.","contributorId":12695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engesgaard","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jensen, K.H.","contributorId":75710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larsen, F.","contributorId":104288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70031443,"text":"70031443 - 2007 - Composition of pore water in lake sediments, research site \"B\", Osage County, Oklahoma: Implications for lake water quality and benthic organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-17T20:39:56.522711","indexId":"70031443","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition of pore water in lake sediments, research site \"B\", Osage County, Oklahoma: Implications for lake water quality and benthic organisms","docAbstract":"Shallow ground water at US Geological Survey research site B in northeastern Oklahoma is contaminated with NaCl-rich brine from past and present oil production operations. Contaminated ground water provides a potential source of salts, metals, and hydrocarbons to sediment and water of adjacent Skiatook Lake. A former brine storage pit 10 m in diameter that is now submerged just offshore from site B provides an additional source of contamination. Cores of the upper 16–40 cm of lake sediment were taken at the submerged brine pit, near an offshore saline seep, and at a location containing relatively uncontaminated lake sediment. Pore waters from each 2-cm interval were separated by centrifugation and analyzed for dissolved anions, cations, and trace elements. High concentrations of dissolved Cl− in pore waters (200–5000 mg/L) provide the most direct evidence of contamination, and contrast sharply with an average value of only about 37 mg/L in Skiatook Lake. Chloride/Br− mass ratios of 220–240 in contaminated pore waters are comparable to values in contaminated well waters collected onshore. Dissolved concentrations of Se, Pb, Cu and Ni in Cl−-rich pore waters exceed current US Environmental Protection Agency criteria for probable toxicity to aquatic life. At the submerged brine storage pit, the increase of Cl− concentration with depth is consistent with diffusion-dominant transport from deeper contaminated sediments. Near the offshore saline seep, pore water Cl− concentrations are consistently high and vary irregularly with depth, indicating probable Cl− transport by layer-directed advective flow. Estimated annual contributions of Cl− to the lake from the brine storage pit (∼20 kg) and the offshore seep (∼9 kg) can be applied to any number of similar sources. Generous estimates of the number of such sources at site B indicate minimal impact on water quality in the local inlet of Skiatook Lake. Similar methodologies can be applied at other sites of NaCl contamination surrounding Skiatook Lake and elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.04.013","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., Herkelrath, W.N., and Otton, J.K., 2007, Composition of pore water in lake sediments, research site \"B\", Osage County, Oklahoma: Implications for lake water quality and benthic organisms: Applied Geochemistry, v. 22, no. 10, p. 2177-2192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.04.013.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2177","endPage":"2192","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage","otherGeospatial":"Skiatook Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.29825592041016,\n 36.28967012684225\n ],\n [\n -96.06994628906249,\n 36.28967012684225\n ],\n [\n -96.06994628906249,\n 36.446694448546836\n ],\n [\n -96.29825592041016,\n 36.446694448546836\n ],\n [\n -96.29825592041016,\n 36.28967012684225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f92ae4b0c8380cd4d490","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkelrath, William N. 0000-0002-6149-5524 wnherkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5524","contributorId":2612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"William","email":"wnherkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":431515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031442,"text":"70031442 - 2007 - Near-fault peak ground velocity from earthquake and laboratory data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-24T11:18:44.358195","indexId":"70031442","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-fault peak ground velocity from earthquake and laboratory data","docAbstract":"We test the hypothesis that peak ground velocity (PGV) has an upper bound independent of earthquake magnitude and that this bound is controlled primarily by the strength of the seismogenic crust. The highest PGVs, ranging up to several meters per second, have been measured at sites within a few kilometers of the causative faults. Because the database for near-fault PGV is small, we use earthquake slip models, laboratory experiments, and evidence from a mining-induced earthquake to investigate the factors influencing near-fault PGV and the nature of its scaling. For each earthquake slip model we have calculated the peak slip rates for all subfaults and then chosen the maximum of these rates as an estimate of twice the largest near-fault PGV. Nine slip models for eight earthquakes, with magnitudes ranging from 6.5 to 7.6, yielded maximum peak slip rates ranging from 2.3 to 12 m/sec with a median of 5.9 m/sec. By making several adjustments, PGVs for small earthquakes can be simulated from peak slip rates measured during laboratory stick-slip experiments. First, we adjust the PGV for differences in the state of stress (i.e., the difference between the laboratory loading stresses and those appropriate for faults at seismogenic depths). To do this, we multiply both the slip and the peak slip rate by the ratio of the effective normal stresses acting on fault planes measured at 6.8 km depth at the KTB site, Germany (deepest available in situ stress measurements), to those acting on the laboratory faults. We also adjust the seismic moment by replacing the laboratory fault with a buried circular shear crack whose radius is chosen to match the experimental unloading stiffness. An additional, less important adjustment is needed for experiments run in triaxial loading conditions. With these adjustments, peak slip rates for 10 stick-slip events, with scaled moment magnitudes from -2.9 to 1.0, range from 3.3 to 10.3 m/sec, with a median of 5.4 m/sec. Both the earthquake and laboratory results are consistent with typical maximum peak slip rates averaging between 5 and 6 m/sec or corresponding maximum near-fault PGVs between 2.5 and 3 m/sec at seismogenic depths, independent of magnitude. Our ability to replicate maximum slip rates in the fault zones of earthquakes by adjusting the corresponding laboratory rates using the ratio of effective normal stresses acting on the fault planes suggests that the strength of the seismogenic crust is the important factor limiting the near-fault PGV.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120060268","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., and Fletcher, J.B., 2007, Near-fault peak ground velocity from earthquake and laboratory data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 97, no. 5, p. 1502-1510, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060268.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1502","endPage":"1510","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63dce4b0c8380cd7273d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031842,"text":"70031842 - 2007 - Seasonal nutrient and plankton dynamics in a physical-biological model of Crater Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T10:10:37","indexId":"70031842","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal nutrient and plankton dynamics in a physical-biological model of Crater Lake","docAbstract":"A coupled 1D physical-biological model of Crater Lake is presented. The model simulates the seasonal evolution of two functional phytoplankton groups, total chlorophyll, and zooplankton in good quantitative agreement with observations from a 10-year monitoring study. During the stratified period in summer and early fall the model displays a marked vertical structure: the phytoplankton biomass of the functional group 1, which represents diatoms and dinoflagellates, has its highest concentration in the upper 40 m; the phytoplankton biomass of group 2, which represents chlorophyta, chrysophyta, cryptomonads and cyanobacteria, has its highest concentrations between 50 and 80 m, and phytoplankton chlorophyll has its maximum at 120 m depth. A similar vertical structure is a reoccurring feature in the available data. In the model the key process allowing a vertical separation between biomass and chlorophyll is photoacclimation. Vertical light attenuation (i.e., water clarity) and the physiological ability of phytoplankton to increase their cellular chlorophyll-to-biomass ratio are ultimately determining the location of the chlorophyll maximum. The location of the particle maxima on the other hand is determined by the balance between growth and losses and occurs where growth and losses equal. The vertical particle flux simulated by our model agrees well with flux measurements from a sediment trap. This motivated us to revisit a previously published study by Dymond et al. (1996). Dymond et al. used a box model to estimate the vertical particle flux and found a discrepancy by a factor 2.5-10 between their model-derived flux and measured fluxes from a sediment trap. Their box model neglected the exchange flux of dissolved and suspended organic matter, which, as our model and available data suggests is significant for the vertical exchange of nitrogen. Adjustment of Dymond et al.'s assumptions to account for dissolved and suspended nitrogen yields a flux estimate that is consistent with sediment trap measurements and our model. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10750-006-2615-5","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Fennel, K., Collier, R., Larson, G., Crawford, G., and Boss, E., 2007, Seasonal nutrient and plankton dynamics in a physical-biological model of Crater Lake: Hydrobiologia, v. 574, no. 1, p. 265-280, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-2615-5.","startPage":"265","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214639,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-2615-5"}],"volume":"574","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88c7e4b08c986b316b79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fennel, K.","contributorId":89361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fennel","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collier, R.","contributorId":36370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collier","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, G.","contributorId":41585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crawford, G.","contributorId":97624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boss, E.","contributorId":59544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boss","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031839,"text":"70031839 - 2007 - Remote camera-trap methods and analyses reveal impacts of rangeland management on Namibian carnivore communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70031839","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2968,"text":"Oryx","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote camera-trap methods and analyses reveal impacts of rangeland management on Namibian carnivore communities","docAbstract":"Assessing the abundance and distribution of mammalian carnivores is vital for understanding their ecology and providing for their long-term conservation. Because of the difficulty of trapping and handling carnivores many studies have relied on abundance indices that may not accurately reflect real abundance and distribution patterns. We developed statistical analyses that detect spatial correlation in visitation data from combined scent station and camera-trap surveys, and we illustrate how to use such data to make inferences about changes in carnivore assemblages. As a case study we compared the carnivore communities of adjacent communal and freehold rangelands in central Namibia. We used an index of overdispersion to test for repeat visits to individual camera-trap scent stations and a bootstrap simulation to test for correlations in visits to camera neighbourhoods. After distilling our presence-absence data to the most defensible spatial scale, we assessed overall carnivore visitation using logistic regression. Our analyses confirmed the expected pattern of a depauparate fauna on the communal rangelands compared to the freehold rangelands. Additionally, the species that were not detected on communal sites were the larger-bodied carnivores. By modelling these rare visits as a Poisson process we illustrate a method of inferring whether or not such patterns are because of local extinction of species or are simply a result of low sample effort. Our Namibian case study indicates that these field methods and analyses can detect meaningful differences in the carnivore communities brought about by anthropogenic influences. ?? 2007 FFI.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oryx","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S0030605306001414","issn":"00306053","usgsCitation":"Kauffman, M.J., Sanjayan, M., Lowenstein, J., Nelson, A., Jeo, R., and Crooks, K., 2007, Remote camera-trap methods and analyses reveal impacts of rangeland management on Namibian carnivore communities: Oryx, v. 41, no. 1, p. 70-78, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001414.","startPage":"70","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477176,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001414","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215078,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001414"},{"id":242850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6dae4b0c8380cd850b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauffman, M. J.","contributorId":44262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanjayan, M.","contributorId":71407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanjayan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowenstein, J.","contributorId":101902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, A.","contributorId":50343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jeo, R.M.","contributorId":58485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeo","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Crooks, K.R.","contributorId":81679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crooks","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70031837,"text":"70031837 - 2007 - The role of ground water in generating streamflow in headwater areas and in maintaining base flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70031837","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of ground water in generating streamflow in headwater areas and in maintaining base flow","docAbstract":"The volume and sustainability of streamflow from headwaters to downstream reaches commonly depend on contributions from ground water. Streams that begin in extensive aquifers generally have a stable point of origin and substantial discharge in their headwaters. In contrast, streams that begin as discharge from rocks or sediments having low permeability have a point of origin that moves up and down the channel seasonally, have small incipient discharge, and commonly go dry. Nearly all streams need to have some contribution from ground water in order to provide reliable habitat for aquatic organisms. Natural processes and human activities can have a substantial effect on the flow of streams between their headwaters and downstream reaches. Streams lose water to ground water when and where their head is higher than the contiguous water table. Although very common in arid regions, loss of stream water to ground water also is relatively common in humid regions. Evaporation, as well as transpiration from riparian vegetation, causing ground-water levels to decline also can cause loss of stream water. Human withdrawal of ground water commonly causes streamflow to decline, and in some regions has caused streams to cease flowing. ?? 2007 American Water Resources Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00003.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 2007, The role of ground water in generating streamflow in headwater areas and in maintaining base flow: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 43, no. 1, p. 15-25, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00003.x.","startPage":"15","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477175,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00003.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215045,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00003.x"},{"id":242814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf72e4b08c986b3247d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70031836,"text":"70031836 - 2007 - Pumping-induced drawdown and stream depletion in a leaky aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70031836","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pumping-induced drawdown and stream depletion in a leaky aquifer system","docAbstract":"The impact of ground water pumping on nearby streams is often estimated using analytic models of the interconnected stream-aquifer system. A common assumption of these models is that the pumped aquifer is underlain by an impermeable formation. A new semianalytic solution for drawdown and stream depletion has been developed that does not require this assumption. This solution shows that pumping-induced flow (leakage) through an underlying aquitard can be an important recharge mechanism in many stream-aquifer systems. The relative importance of this source of recharge increases with the distance between the pumping well and the stream. The distance at which leakage becomes the primary component of the pumping-induced recharge depends on the specific properties of the aquifer, aquitard, and streambed. Even when the aquitard is orders of magnitude less transmissive than the aquifer, leakage can be an important recharge mechanism because of the large surface area over which it occurs. Failure to consider aquitard leakage can lead to large overestimations of both the drawdown produced by pumping and the contribution of stream depletion to the pumping-induced recharge. The ramifications for water resources management and water rights adjudication can be significant. A hypothetical example helps illustrate these points and demonstrates that more attention should be given to estimating the properties of aquitards underlying stream-aquifer systems. The solution presented here should serve as a relatively simple but versatile tool for practical assessments of pumping-induced stream-aquifer interactions. However, this solution should not be used for such assessments without site-specific data that indicate pumping has induced leakage through the aquitard. ?? 2006 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00272.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Butler, J., Zhan, X., and Zlotnik, V., 2007, Pumping-induced drawdown and stream depletion in a leaky aquifer system: Ground Water, v. 45, no. 2, p. 178-186, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00272.x.","startPage":"178","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487033,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/275","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215044,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00272.x"},{"id":242813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9038e4b0c8380cd7fbe1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhan, X.","contributorId":26477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhan","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zlotnik, V.A.","contributorId":102660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zlotnik","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031835,"text":"70031835 - 2007 - Characterization of methane hydrate host sediments using synchrotron-computed microtomography (CMT)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T19:10:00","indexId":"70031835","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2419,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of methane hydrate host sediments using synchrotron-computed microtomography (CMT)","docAbstract":"The hydrate-sediment interaction is an important aspect of gas hydrate studies that needs further examination. We describe here the applicability of the computed microtomography (CMT) technique that utilizes an intense X-ray synchrotron source to characterize sediment samples, two at various depths from the Blake Ridge area (a well-known hydrate-prone region) and one from Georges Bank, that once contained methane trapped as hydrates. Detailed results of the tomographic analysis performed on the deepest sample (667??m) from Blake Ridge are presented as 2-D and 3-D images which show several mineral constituents, the internal grain/pore microstructure, and, following segmentation into pore and grain space, a visualization of the connecting pathways through the pore-space of the sediment. Various parameters obtained from the analysis of the CMT data are presented for all three sediment samples. The micro-scale porosity values showed decreasing trend with increasing depth for all three samples that is consistent with the previously reported bulk porosity data. The 3-D morphology, pore-space pathways, porosity, and permeability values are also reported for all three samples. The application of CMT is now being expanded to the laboratory-formed samples of hydrate in sediments as well as field samples of methane hydrate bearing sediments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.petrol.2006.03.029","issn":"09204105","usgsCitation":"Jones, K., Feng, H., Tomov, S., Winters, W., Prodanovic, M., and Mahajan, D., 2007, Characterization of methane hydrate host sediments using synchrotron-computed microtomography (CMT): Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, v. 56, no. 1-3, p. 136-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2006.03.029.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"145","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1742","text":"External Repository"},{"id":242783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Blake Ridge, Georges Bank","volume":"56","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4cfe4b0c8380cd4bf2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, K.W.","contributorId":21692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feng, H.","contributorId":9885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tomov, S.","contributorId":105930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomov","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prodanovic, M.","contributorId":12280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodanovic","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mahajan, D.","contributorId":42019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahajan","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70031834,"text":"70031834 - 2007 - Evidence for exploitative competition: Comparative foraging behavior and roosting ecology of short-tailed fruit bats (Phyllostomidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70031834","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1045,"text":"Biotropica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for exploitative competition: Comparative foraging behavior and roosting ecology of short-tailed fruit bats (Phyllostomidae)","docAbstract":"Chestnut short-tailed bats, Carollia castanea, and Seba's short-tailed bats, C. perspicillata (Phyllostomidae), were radio-tracked (N = 1593 positions) in lowland rain forest at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana Province, Ecuador. For 11 C. castanea, mean home range was 6.8 ?? 2.2 ha, mean core-use area was 1.7 ?? 0.8 ha, and mean long axis across home range was 438 ?? 106 m. For three C. perspicillata, mean home range was 5.5 ?? 1.7 ha, mean core-use area was 1.3 ?? 0.6 ha, and mean long axis was 493 ?? 172 m. Groups of less than five C. castanea occupied day-roosts in earthen cavities that undercut banks the Tiputini River. Carollia perspicillata used tree hollows and buildings as day-roosts. Interspecific and intraspecific overlap among short-tailed bats occurred in core-use areas associated with clumps of fruiting Piper hispidum (peppers) and Cecropia sciadophylla. Piper hispidum seeds were present in 80 percent of the fecal samples from C. castanea and 56 percent of samples from C. perspicillata. Carollia perspicillata handled pepper fruits significantly faster than C. castanea; however, C. castanea commenced foraging before C. perspicillata emerged from day-roosts. Evidence for exploitative competition between C. castanea and C. perspicillata is suggested by our observations that 95 percent of ripe P. hispidum fruits available at sunset disappear before sunrise (N = 74 marked fruits). Piper hispidum plants produced zero to 12 ripe infructescences per plant each night during peak production. Few ripe infructescences of P. hispidum were available during the dry season; however, ripe infructescences of C. sciadophylla, remained abundant. ?? 2007 The Author(s) Journal compilation ?? 2007 by The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biotropica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00251.x","issn":"00063606","usgsCitation":"Bonaccorso, F., Winkelmann, J., Shin, D., Agrawal, C., Aslami, N., Bonney, C., Hsu, A., Jekielek, P., Knox, A., Kopach, S., Jennings, T., Lasky, J., Menesale, S., Richards, J., Rutland, J., Sessa, A., Zhaurova, L., and Kunz, T., 2007, Evidence for exploitative competition: Comparative foraging behavior and roosting ecology of short-tailed fruit bats (Phyllostomidae): Biotropica, v. 39, no. 2, p. 249-256, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00251.x.","startPage":"249","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215017,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00251.x"},{"id":242782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d3ee4b0c8380cd52ecf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonaccorso, F.J.","contributorId":13041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonaccorso","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winkelmann, J.R.","contributorId":35969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkelmann","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shin, D.","contributorId":55229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Agrawal, C.I.","contributorId":21362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agrawal","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aslami, N.","contributorId":40821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aslami","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bonney, 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S.J.","contributorId":44374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kopach","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jennings, T.D.","contributorId":79719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lasky, J.R.","contributorId":53187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasky","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Menesale, S.A.","contributorId":44375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menesale","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Richards, J.H.","contributorId":49164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Rutland, J.A.","contributorId":106333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutland","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Sessa, A.K.","contributorId":52005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sessa","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Zhaurova, L.","contributorId":98964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhaurova","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Kunz, T.H.","contributorId":103383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70030134,"text":"70030134 - 2007 - Groundwater flow with energy transport and water-ice phase change: Numerical simulations, benchmarks, and application to freezing in peat bogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T09:03:27","indexId":"70030134","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater flow with energy transport and water-ice phase change: Numerical simulations, benchmarks, and application to freezing in peat bogs","docAbstract":"In northern peatlands, subsurface ice formation is an important process that can control heat transport, groundwater flow, and biological activity. Temperature was measured over one and a half years in a vertical profile in the Red Lake Bog, Minnesota. To successfully simulate the transport of heat within the peat profile, the U.S. Geological Survey's SUTRA computer code was modified. The modified code simulates fully saturated, coupled porewater-energy transport, with freezing and melting porewater, and includes proportional heat capacity and thermal conductivity of water and ice, decreasing matrix permeability due to ice formation, and latent heat. The model is verified by correctly simulating the Lunardini analytical solution for ice formation in a porous medium with a mixed ice-water zone. The modified SUTRA model correctly simulates the temperature and ice distributions in the peat bog. Two possible benchmark problems for groundwater and energy transport with ice formation and melting are proposed that may be used by other researchers for code comparison.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.008","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"McKenzie, J., Voss, C.I., and Siegel, D.I., 2007, Groundwater flow with energy transport and water-ice phase change: Numerical simulations, benchmarks, and application to freezing in peat bogs: Advances in Water Resources, v. 30, no. 4, p. 966-983, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.008.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"966","endPage":"983","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212730,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.008"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Red Lake Bog","volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da2e4b0c8380cd5bf70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenzie, J.M.","contributorId":75759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":425845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siegel, D. I.","contributorId":77562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031259,"text":"70031259 - 2007 - Differential hormonal responses of Atlantic salmon parr and smolt to increased daylength: A possible developmental basis for smolting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70031259","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differential hormonal responses of Atlantic salmon parr and smolt to increased daylength: A possible developmental basis for smolting","docAbstract":"In order to elucidate the developmental basis for smolting, Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, parr (< 11.5??cm) and smolts (> 12.5??cm) were exposed to natural daylength (LDN) and increased daylength (LD16:8) starting in late February and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and circulating hormone levels monitored from January to May. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity remained low and constant in both groups of parr. In smolts, gill Na+,K+-ATPase began increasing in late February in both photoperiods, but was significantly higher in the LD16:8 group from March through April. Smolts exposed to LD16:8 had dramatically elevated plasma GH within one week of increased daylength that remained high through April, whereas plasma GH of LDN smolts increased steadily beginning in late February and peaking in late April. Plasma GH levels of parr remained low in spring and did not respond to increased daylength. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels were substantially higher in smolts than parr in January. Plasma IGF-I levels of parr increased steadily from January to May, but there was no influence of increased daylength. In smolts, plasma IGF-I of LD16:8 fish initially decreased in early March then increased in late March and April, whereas plasma IGF-I of LDN smolts increased steadily to peak levels in early April. Plasma cortisol was low in parr throughout spring and did not differ between photoperiod treatments. Plasma cortisol of LD16:8 smolts increased in early March and remained elevated through April, whereas in LDN smolts plasma cortisol did not increase until early April and peaked in late April. Plasma thyroid hormones were generally higher in smolts than in parr, but there was no clear effect of increased daylength in parr or smolts. The greater capacity of the GH/IGF-I and cortisol axes to respond to increased daylength may be a critical factor underlying smolt development. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.10.015","issn":"00448486","usgsCitation":"McCormick, S., Shrimpton, J., Moriyama, S., and Bjornsson, B.T., 2007, Differential hormonal responses of Atlantic salmon parr and smolt to increased daylength: A possible developmental basis for smolting: Aquaculture, v. 273, no. 2-3, p. 337-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.10.015.","startPage":"337","endPage":"344","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211350,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.10.015"},{"id":238626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"273","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00fae4b0c8380cd4fa18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":430771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shrimpton, J. M.","contributorId":10362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrimpton","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moriyama, S.","contributorId":57408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moriyama","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bjornsson, Bjorn Thrandur","contributorId":28928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjornsson","given":"Bjorn","email":"","middleInitial":"Thrandur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031441,"text":"70031441 - 2007 - Effects of two sediment types on the fluorescence yield of two Hawaiian scleractinian corals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-25T11:05:23.988687","indexId":"70031441","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of two sediment types on the fluorescence yield of two Hawaiian scleractinian corals","docAbstract":"This study used non-invasive pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry to measure the maximum fluorescence yield (Fv/Fm) of two Hawaiian scleractinian coral species exposed to short-term sedimentation stress. Beach sand or harbor mud was applied to coral fragments in a flow-through aquarium system for 0-45 h, and changes in Fv/Fm were measured as a function of sediment type and length of exposure. Corals were monitored for up to 90 h to document recovery after sediment removal. Sediment deposition significantly decreased Fv/Fm in both species and was a function of sediment type and time. Corals that received sediment for 30 h or more had the greatest reduction in yield and exhibited little recovery over the course of the experiment. Harbor mud caused a greater reduction in Porites lobata yield than beach sand, whereas both sediment types had equally deleterious effects on Montipora capitata. Colony morphology and sediment type were important factors in determining yield reduction-P. lobata minimized damage from coarse sand grains by passive sediment rejection or accumulation in depressions in the skeleton, and fluorescence yield decreased most in corals exposed to sticky harbor mud or in colonies with flattened morphologies. Species-specific differences could not be tested due to differences in colony morphology and surface area. .
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.04.001","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Piniak, G., 2007, Effects of two sediment types on the fluorescence yield of two Hawaiian scleractinian corals: Marine Environmental Research, v. 64, no. 4, p. 456-468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.04.001.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"468","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477081,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-00562977","text":"External Repository"},{"id":239790,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0818e4b0c8380cd5198a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piniak, G.A.","contributorId":35512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piniak","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70031439,"text":"70031439 - 2007 - Geochemical and geophysical examination of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient loading estimates into Lynch Cove, Hood Canal, WA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-03T13:53:19","indexId":"70031439","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and geophysical examination of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient loading estimates into Lynch Cove, Hood Canal, WA","docAbstract":"Geochemical tracer data (i.e., 222Rn and four naturally occurring Ra isotopes), electromagnetic (EM) seepage meter results, and high-resolution, stationary electrical resistivity images were used to examine the bi-directional (i.e., submarine groundwater discharge and recharge) exchange of a coastal aquifer with seawater. Our study site for these experiments was Lynch Cove, the terminus of Hood Canal, WA, where fjord-like conditions dramatically limit water column circulation that can lead to recurring summer-time hypoxic events. In such a system a precise nutrient budget may be particularly sensitive to groundwater-derived nutrient loading. Shore-perpendicular time-series subsurface resistivity profiles show clear, decimeter-scale tidal modulation of the coastal aquifer in response to large, regional hydraulic gradients, hydrologically transmissive glacial terrain, and large (4-5 m) tidal amplitudes. A 5-day 222Rn time-series shows a strong inverse covariance between 222Rn activities (0.5−29 dpm L-1) and water level fluctuations, and provides compelling evidence for tidally modulated exchange of groundwater across the sediment/water interface. Mean Rn-derived submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) rates of 85 ± 84 cm d-1 agree closely in the timing and magnitude with EM seepage meter results that showed discharge during low tide and recharge during high tide events. To evaluate the importance of fresh versus saline SGD, Rn-derived SGD rates (as a proxy of total SGD) were compared to excess 226Ra-derived SGD rates (as a proxy for the saline contribution of SGD). The calculated SGD rates, which include a significant (>80%) component of recycled seawater, are used to estimate associated nutrient (NH4+, Si, PO43-, NO3 + NO2, TDN) loads to Lynch Cove. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NH4 + NO2 + NO3) SGD loading estimate of 5.9 × 104 mol d-1 is 1−2 orders of magnitude larger than similar estimates derived from atmospheric deposition and surface water runoff, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es070881a","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, P., Simonds, F., Paulson, A., Kruse, S., and Reich, C., 2007, Geochemical and geophysical examination of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient loading estimates into Lynch Cove, Hood Canal, WA: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 41, no. 20, p. 7022-7029, https://doi.org/10.1021/es070881a.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"7022","endPage":"7029","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Hood Canal, Lynch Cove","volume":"41","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15d0e4b0c8380cd54f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simonds, F. W.","contributorId":54616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonds","given":"F. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paulson, A.J. apaulson@usgs.gov","contributorId":89617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"A.J.","email":"apaulson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kruse, S.","contributorId":33103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reich, C.","contributorId":41787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030133,"text":"70030133 - 2007 - Pressure calibrants in the hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70030133","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pressure calibrants in the hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell","docAbstract":"Based on the equation of state of water (EOSW), experimental pressure in the hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) using pure water or dilute aqueous solutions as a pressure medium can be accurately determined at each measured temperature. Consequently, meaningful interpretations can be obtained for observations in the HDAC, which has been widely accepted as a versatile, modern apparatus for hydrothermal experiments. However, this is not true when other pressure media were used because there is no reliable way to determine experimental pressure other than the use of in situ pressure sensors. Most of the available pressure sensors are difficult to apply because they either require expensive facilities to perform the measurements or are unable to provide the accuracy needed for the interpretation of hydrothermal experiments. The only exception is to use the interferometric method to detect the ??-?? quartz transition, although such applications are limited to temperatures above 573??C. In this study, three pressure calibrants were calibrated for applications at lower temperatures, and they were based on visual observation of the ferroelastic phase transitions in BaTiO3 (tetragonal/cubic), Pb3(PO4)2 (monoclinic/trigonal), and PbTiO3 (tetragonal/cubic). For the phase transitions in BaTiO3 and Pb3(PO4)2, the temperature at which twinning disappears during heating was taken as the transition temperature (Ttr); the phase transition pressures (Ptr) can be calculated, respectively, from Ptr (MPa; ??3%) = 0.17 - 21.25 [(Ttr) - 115.3], and Ptr (MPa; ??2%) = 1.00 - 10.62 [(Ttr) - 180.2], where Ttr is in ??C. For the phase transition in PbTiO3, the temperature at which the movement of phase front begins (or ends) on heating (or cooling) was taken as the transition temperature (Ttr,h or Ttr,c), and the phase transition pressures on heating (Ptr,h) and cooling (Ptr,c) can be calculated from Ptr,h (MPa; ??4%) = 7021.7 - 14.235 (Ttr,h), and Ptr,c (MPa; ??4%) = 6831.3 - 14.001 (Ttr,c). Phase transitions for these three pressure calibrants are easy to detect visually, and their P-T phase boundaries have negative slopes and intersect isochors of most of the geologic fluids at high angles and, therefore, are easy to apply. Copyright ?? 2007 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Geology Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.49.4.289","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., 2007, Pressure calibrants in the hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell: International Geology Review, v. 49, no. 4, p. 289-300, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.49.4.289.","startPage":"289","endPage":"300","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212702,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.49.4.289"},{"id":240228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b59e4b0c8380cd7e210","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":425842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80581,"text":"ofr20071239 - 2007 - Visitor and community survey results for Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge: Completion report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-20T17:42:30","indexId":"ofr20071239","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1239","title":"Visitor and community survey results for Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge: Completion report","docAbstract":"This study was commissioned by the Northeast Region of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in support of the Comprehensive Conservation Planning at Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge (Prime Hook NWR or Refuge). The National Wildlife Refuge Improvement Act of 1997 (Public Law 105-57, USC668dd) mandates a Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) for every refuge in the system. A refuge CCP outlines goals, objectives, and management strategies for all refuge programs over the next 15 years, while providing opportunities for compatible, wildlifedependent public uses. The plan evaluates refuge wildlife, habitat, land protection, and visitor service priorities during the planning process.
\nThe National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA; Public Law 91-190:852-859.42, U.S.C. and as Amended (P.L. 94-52 and P.L. 94-83) 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347) mandates that the CCP for each refuge must contain an analysis of social and economic conditions (the affected environment) and evaluate social and economic results from likely management scenarios. In addition, public review and comment on alternatives for future management is required. To that end, this research was conducted by the Policy Analysis and Science Assistance Branch (PASA) of the U.S. Geological Survey/Fort Collins Science Center in order to determine how current and proposed CCP planning strategies for Prime Hook NWR could affect:
\nData for this study were collected using a survey administered to visitors to Prime Hook NWR and individuals living in the communities surrounding the Refuge. Surveys were randomly distributed to both consumptive and nonconsumptive use visitors over a one year period (September 2004 to September 2005) to account for seasonal variation in Refuge use. Three hundred thirty-two visitor surveys were returned for a response rate of 80 percent with a confidence interval of ± 5.4. Surveys were also distributed to a stratified random sample of community members in adjacent and surrounding areas (Slaughter Beach, Broadkill Beach, Prime Hook Beach, Milton, Lewes, Milford, and surrounding communities). Four hundred ninety-one surveys from the overall community sample were returned for a response rate of 39 percent with a ± 4.4 confidence interval. Community member results were weighted by U.S. Census Bureau data to correct for age and gender bias, and for community proportionality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071239","usgsCitation":"Sexton, N.R., Stewart, S., Koontz, L., Ponds, P., and Walters, K.D., 2007, Visitor and community survey results for Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge: Completion report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1239, Report: xii, 63 p.; Appendices A-F, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071239.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 63 p.; Appendices A-F","numberOfPages":"235","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191509,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071239.PNG"},{"id":320215,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","otherGeospatial":"Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdb95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sexton, Natalie R.","contributorId":82750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sexton","given":"Natalie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, Susan C.","contributorId":48257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Susan C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koontz, Lynne koontzl@usgs.gov","contributorId":2174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koontz","given":"Lynne","email":"koontzl@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":7016,"text":"Environmental Quality Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":293010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ponds, Phadrea","contributorId":88788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponds","given":"Phadrea","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walters, Katherine D.","contributorId":73288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030131,"text":"70030131 - 2007 - The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70030131","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Relations between urbanization and particle-associated contaminants in New England were evaluated using a combination of samples from sediment cores, streambed sediments, and suspended stream sediments. Concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, DDT, and seven trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) were correlated strongly with urbanization, with the strongest relations to percentage commercial, industrial, and transportation (CIT) land use. Average PAH and metal concentrations in the most urbanized watersheds were approximately 30 and 6 times the reference concentrations, respectively, in remote, undeveloped watersheds. One-quarter to one-half of sampling sites had concentrations of PAHs, Cu, Pb, or Zn above the probable effects concentration, a set of sediment quality guidelines for adverse effects to aquatic biota, and sediments were predicted to be toxic, on average, when CIT land use exceeded about 10%. Trends in metals in cores from urban watersheds were dominantly downward, whereas trends in PAHs in a suburban watershed were upward. A regional atmospheric-fallout gradient was indicated by as much as order-of-magnitude-greater concentrations and accumulation rates of contaminants in cores from an undeveloped reference lake in Boston compared to those from remote reference watersheds. Contaminant accumulation rates in the lakes with urbanization in their watersheds, however, were 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those of reference lakes, which indicate the dominance of local sources and fluvial transport of contaminants to urban lakes. These analyses demonstrate the magnitude of urban contamination of aquatic systems and air sheds, and suggest that, despite reductions in contaminant emissions in urban settings, streams and lakes will decline in quality as urbanization of their watersheds takes place. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.007","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Chalmers, A., Van Metre, P., and Callender, E., 2007, The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, U.S.A.: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 91, no. 1-2, p. 4-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.007.","startPage":"4","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212672,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.007"},{"id":240195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa2de4b08c986b32274a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chalmers, A.T. 0000-0002-5199-8080","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-8080","contributorId":63576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalmers","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Callender, E.","contributorId":72528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031223,"text":"70031223 - 2007 - Uptake, elimination, and relative distribution of perchlorate in various tissues of channel catfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70031223","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uptake, elimination, and relative distribution of perchlorate in various tissues of channel catfish","docAbstract":"This study was undertaken to determine the kinetics of uptake and elimination of perchlorate in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Perchlorate - an oxidizer used in solid fuel rockets, fireworks, and illuminating munitions - has been shown to effect thyroid function, causing hormone disruption and potential perturbations of metabolic activities. For the uptake study, catfish were exposed to 100 mg/L sodium perchlorate for 12 h to 5 d in the laboratory. Perchlorate in tissues was analyzed using ion chromatography. The highest perchlorate concentrations were found in the head and fillet, indicating that these tissues are the most important tissues to analyze when determining perchlorate uptake into large fish. To calculate uptake and elimination rate constants for fillet, gills, G-I tract, liver, and head, fish were exposed to 100 ppm sodium perchlorate for 5 days, and allowed to depurate in clean water for up to 20 days. The animals rapidly eliminated the perchlorate accumulated showing the highest elimination in fillet (Ke = 1.67 day -1) and lowest elimination in liver (Ke = 0.79 day -1). ?? 2007 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es071365n","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Park, J.W., Bradford, C., Rinchard, J., Liu, F., Wages, M., Waters, A., Kendall, R., Anderson, T., and Theodorakis, C., 2007, Uptake, elimination, and relative distribution of perchlorate in various tissues of channel catfish: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 41, no. 21, p. 7581-7586, https://doi.org/10.1021/es071365n.","startPage":"7581","endPage":"7586","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211710,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es071365n"},{"id":239052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd7be4b08c986b329052","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Park, J. W.","contributorId":22084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradford, C.M.","contributorId":41217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rinchard, J.","contributorId":79290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinchard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, F.","contributorId":14150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wages, M.","contributorId":43977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wages","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Waters, A.","contributorId":105527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kendall, R.J.","contributorId":38768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Anderson, T.A.","contributorId":77344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Theodorakis, C.W.","contributorId":71366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakis","given":"C.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70031260,"text":"70031260 - 2007 - Constancy of the relation between floc size and density in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T11:19:52.084866","indexId":"70031260","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3129,"text":"Proceedings in Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constancy of the relation between floc size and density in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"The size and density of fine-sediment aggregates, or flocs, govern their transport and depositional properties. While the mass and volume concentrations of flocs can be measured directly or by optical methods, they must be determined simultaneously to gain an accurate density measurement. Results are presented from a tidal cycle study in San Francisco Bay, where mass concentration was determined directly, and volume concentration was measured in 32 logarithmically spaced size bins by laser-diffraction methods. The relation between floc size and density is investigated assuming a constant primary particle size and fractal floc dimension. This relation is validated with measurements from several sites throughout San Francisco Bay. The constancy of this relation implies a uniform primary particle size throughout the Bay, as well as uniform aggregation/disaggregation mechanisms (which modify fractal dimension). The exception to the relation is identified during near-bed measurements, when adverted flocs mix with recently resuspended flocs from the bed, which typically have a higher fractal dimension than suspended flocs. The constant relation for suspended flocs simplifies monitoring and numerical modeling of suspended sediment in San Francisco Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1568-2692(07)80007-6","issn":"15682692","isbn":"9780444521637","usgsCitation":"Ganju, N., Schoellhamer, D., Murrell, M., Gartner, J.W., and Wright, S., 2007, Constancy of the relation between floc size and density in San Francisco Bay: Proceedings in Marine Science, v. 8, p. 75-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1568-2692(07)80007-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.2061973854705,\n 38.44226344455413\n ],\n [\n -123.2061973854705,\n 37.14003383006316\n ],\n [\n -121.39345324484535,\n 37.14003383006316\n ],\n [\n -121.39345324484535,\n 38.44226344455413\n ],\n [\n -123.2061973854705,\n 38.44226344455413\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa02e4b0c8380cd4d890","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ganju, N. K. 0000-0002-1096-0465","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-0465","contributorId":64782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganju","given":"N. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murrell, M.C.","contributorId":106308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murrell","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wright, S.A.","contributorId":90080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030130,"text":"70030130 - 2007 - Ground water stratification and delivery of nitrate to an incised stream under varying flow conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T08:52:23","indexId":"70030130","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water stratification and delivery of nitrate to an incised stream under varying flow conditions","docAbstract":"Ground water processes affecting seasonal variations of surface water nitrate concentrations were investigated in an incised first-order stream in an agricultural watershed with a riparian forest in the coastal plain of Maryland. Aquifer characteristics including sediment stratigraphy, geochemistry, and hydraulic properties were examined in combination with chemical and isotopic analyses of ground water, macropore discharge, and stream water. The ground water flow system exhibits vertical stratification of hydraulic properties and redox conditions, with sub-horizontal boundaries that extend beneath the field and adjacent riparian forest. Below the minimum water table position, ground water age gradients indicate low recharge rates (2-5 cm yr-1) and long residence times (years to decades), whereas the transient ground water wedge between the maximum and minimum water table positions has a relatively short residence time (months to years), partly because of an upward increase in hydraulic conductivity. Oxygen reduction and denitrification in recharging ground waters are coupled with pyrite oxidation near the minimum water table elevation in a mottled weathering zone in Tertiary marine glauconitic sediments. The incised stream had high nitrate concentrations during high flow conditions when much of the ground water was transmitted rapidly across the riparian zone in a shallow oxic aquifer wedge with abundant outflow macropores, and low nitrate concentrations during low flow conditions when the oxic wedge was smaller and stream discharge was dominated by upwelling from the deeper denitrified parts of the aquifer. Results from this and similar studies illustrate the importance of near-stream geomorphology and subsurface geology as controls of riparian zone function and delivery of nitrate to streams in agricultural watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2006.0084","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Bohlke, J.K., O’Connell, M.E., and Prestegaard, K., 2007, Ground water stratification and delivery of nitrate to an incised stream under varying flow conditions: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 36, no. 3, p. 664-680, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0084.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"664","endPage":"680","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213108,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0084"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2b27e4b0c8380cd5b745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":127841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":425834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connell, M. E.","contributorId":64033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prestegaard, K.L.","contributorId":51545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestegaard","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030129,"text":"70030129 - 2007 - 1400 yr multiproxy record of climate variability from the northern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T13:39:56","indexId":"70030129","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"1400 yr multiproxy record of climate variability from the northern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"A continuous decadal-scale resolution record of climate variability over the past 1400 yr in the northern Gulf of Mexico was constructed from a box core recovered in the Pigmy Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico. Proxies include paired analyses of Mg/Ca and δ18O in the white variety of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber and relative abundance variations of G. sacculifer in the foraminifer assemblages. Two multi-decadal intervals of sustained high Mg/Ca indicate that Gulf of Mexico sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were as warm or warmer than near-modern conditions between 1000 and 1400 yr B.P. Foraminiferal Mg/Ca during the coolest interval of the Little Ice Age (ca. 250 yr B.P.) indicate that SST was 2–2.5 °C below modern SST. Four minima in the Mg/Ca record between 900 and 250 yr B.P. correspond with the Maunder, Spörer, Wolf, and Oort sunspot minima, suggesting a link between changes in solar insolation and SST variability in the Gulf of Mexico. An abrupt shift recorded in both δ18Ocalcite and relative abundance of G. sacculifer occurred ca. 600 yr B.P. The shift in the Pigmy Basin record corresponds with a shift in the sea-salt-sodium (ssNa) record from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core, linking changes in high-latitude atmospheric circulation with the subtropical Atlantic Ocean.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G23507A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Richey, J., Poore, R., Flower, B., and Quinn, T.M., 2007, 1400 yr multiproxy record of climate variability from the northern Gulf of Mexico: Geology, v. 35, no. 5, p. 423-426, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23507A.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"426","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":213107,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G23507A.1"},{"id":240698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.86,18.18 ], [ -97.86,30.4 ], [ -81.04,30.4 ], [ -81.04,18.18 ], [ -97.86,18.18 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e226e4b0c8380cd459ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richey, J.N.","contributorId":37156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richey","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flower, B.P.","contributorId":7301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flower","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quinn, T. M.","contributorId":71320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030127,"text":"70030127 - 2007 - Winter behavior and ecology of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) in Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70030127","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2967,"text":"Ornitologia Neotropical","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter behavior and ecology of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) in Peru","docAbstract":"The winter ecology and behavior of Alder Flycatchers (Empidonax alnorum) were studied along the Manu, a white-water meander river in Manu National Park, Madre de Dios, Peru?? during October and November, 1993 to 1997. The birds occupied territories in primary-succession habitats on growing point bars. They were most common in mixed stands of Tessaria integrifolia (Asteraceae) and Gynerium sagittatum (Gramineaceae) interspersed with bare sand areas. The uneven height of the Tessaria canopy, which resulted in openings in the vegetation large enough for the birds to flycatch, was an important habitat feature. Birds obtained insects, which formed about 96% of the diet, by aerial hawking (91%), perch gleaning (6%), and hover gleaning (3%). They also fed on fruit. Territory sizes ranged from 0.04 to 0.25 ha. Of nine territories that we observed closely, six were occupied by two birds each, two by one bird each, and one by three birds. Every territory had one dominant individual who was primarily responsible for territory defense; the other birds were associates. Vocalizations given included the fee-bee-o song, a two-syllable song, nd the pit note, which are also given on the breeding grounds. A series of pits given increasingly rapidly signaled a territorial interaction. In aggressive encounters, the birds (1) interacted vocally, remaining on their territories and counter calling or exchanging agitated calls; (2) moved toward a common territorial boundary and engaged in a vocal duel; or (3) the dominant chased intruders out of the territory. Chases were most common when a wave of new birds entered the area. Dominant birds, which sang the full song, were probably adult males. Immature males do not sing a full song, and females are not known to sing in nature. Associate individuals were likely females or young males. ?? The Neotropical Ornithological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ornitologia Neotropical","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10754377","usgsCitation":"Foster, M., 2007, Winter behavior and ecology of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) in Peru: Ornitologia Neotropical, v. 18, no. 2, p. 171-186.","startPage":"171","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd138e4b08c986b32f2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}