Stream discharges preferred by salmon for spawning were determined from relationships between discharge and spawnable area at 84 study reaches on 28 streams in Washington. Preferred discharges for spawning were found statistically equivalent for chinook, pink and chum salmon. Regression equations developed for estimating discharges preferred by these species for spawning at other stream sites had standard errors of estimate of 40 percent where a relationship with toe-of-bank channel width was used, and 55 percent where basin drainage area was used. Similarly, equations for estimating the preferred discharge for spawning by sockeye and coho salmon (also statistically equivalent) had standard errors of 48 percent using channel width and 61 percent using drainage area. In general, the discharges preferred for spawning by salmon ranged in magnitude from about 0.3 to 11 times the median monthly mean discharges for September and October and about 0.1 to 6 times the median monthly means for November and December--the four months when spawning is greatest.
Stream discharges preferred by salmon for rearing were determined from relationships between discharge and wetted perimeter at the study reaches. Those discharges ranged from about 0.7 to 4 times the median monthly mean discharge for September, when low flows are usually most limiting on the rearing capacity of streams. Equations developed for estimating preferred rearing discharges at other stream sites had standard errors of 57 percent using channel width and 81 percent using drainage area.
Peak-unit spawnable area, or maximum area per unit length of channel that has preferred water depths and velocities, was similar for the five salmon species. Equations developed for estimating that area at other sites had standard errors of 27 percent using channel width and 47 percent using drainage area. In general, reducing discharge below the preferred spawning discharge by 25, 50, and 75 percent had the effect of reducing spawnable area by about 5, 15, and 40 percent of the peak-unit spawnable area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77422","usgsCitation":"Swift, C., 1977, Preferred stream discharges for salmon spawning and rearing in Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-422, vi, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77422.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0422/report-thumb.jpg\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"},{"id":356557,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0422/report.pdf\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.8486328125,\n 45.66012730272194\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 45.66012730272194\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -124.8486328125,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -124.8486328125,\n 45.66012730272194\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adff1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swift, C.H.","contributorId":61821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8722,"text":"ofr77499 - 1977 - A water-quality assessment of the Feather Creek watershed, Vermillion County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T10:39:34","indexId":"ofr77499","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-499","title":"A water-quality assessment of the Feather Creek watershed, Vermillion County, Indiana","docAbstract":"Chemical quality of surface water within the Feather Creek watershed is generally good. However, fecal bacteria concentrations are high enough to represent a potential problem, especially because of the high water-contact recreation proposed for the future reservoir.
\nChemical analyses of surface-water samples collected on October 9, 1974, and periodically from October 1, 1975, to September 28, 1976, show that the water was calcium bicarbonate type at all sites except one, where it was calcium sulfate. Range of dissolved-solids concentration was from 290 to 1,080 milligrams per liter.
\nRanges of concentrations (in milligrams per liter) of some of the dissolved constituents in water were: nitrate (as nitrogen), from 0.01 to 6.9; phosphate (as phosphorous), from 0.01 to 0.14; and total organic carbon, from 2.5 to 16. Concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria and fecal streptococci bacteria ranged from 60 to 6,700 and 70 to 18,000 colonies per 100 milliliters, respectively.
\nConcentrations of dieldrin in bed materials from two sites was 0.4 microgram per liter, but aldrin, chlordane, DDD, DDE, DDT, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, Toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) compounds were not detected.
\nNavicula sp and Scenedesmus sp dominated the phydoplankton community at the site sampled and indicated an environment lacking in organic enrichment. Cladaphora sp dominated the periphyton community sampled. Benthic invertebrates sampled were mostly caddis flies (Cheumatopsyche sp) and midges (Orthocladius sp) and had a diversity index of 2.3, which indicates some organic enrichment of the stream.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr77499","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Eikenberry, S.E., 1977, A water-quality assessment of the Feather Creek watershed, Vermillion County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-499, iv, 21 leaves :ill., map ;28 cm.; 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77499.","productDescription":"iv, 21 leaves :ill., map ;28 cm.; 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":36295,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0499/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0499/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Feather Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.43640899658203,\n 39.68737444836129\n ],\n [\n -87.43640899658203,\n 39.665970875883175\n ],\n [\n -87.41615295410155,\n 39.66570659280147\n ],\n [\n -87.41546630859375,\n 39.65354847835915\n ],\n [\n -87.40894317626952,\n 39.64879037311319\n ],\n [\n -87.40310668945312,\n 39.64482503525421\n ],\n [\n -87.40653991699219,\n 39.64006632964755\n ],\n [\n -87.41031646728516,\n 39.6355716959021\n ],\n [\n -87.41134643554688,\n 39.629490255945086\n ],\n [\n -87.40962982177734,\n 39.62605268383713\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 39.62525937371228\n ],\n [\n -87.4020767211914,\n 39.623408281384584\n ],\n [\n -87.39692687988281,\n 39.624466054492345\n ],\n [\n -87.39212036132812,\n 39.629490255945086\n ],\n [\n -87.38971710205078,\n 39.6347784949219\n ],\n [\n -87.38697052001953,\n 39.64350320543285\n ],\n [\n -87.38697052001953,\n 39.65090512698529\n ],\n [\n -87.38491058349608,\n 39.65619172865765\n ],\n [\n -87.38422393798828,\n 39.66068502219227\n ],\n [\n -87.38388061523438,\n 39.66412087308369\n ],\n [\n -87.38697052001953,\n 39.66438516223039\n ],\n [\n -87.3907470703125,\n 39.66359229175781\n ],\n [\n -87.3907470703125,\n 39.65487011614291\n ],\n [\n -87.39143371582031,\n 39.64879037311319\n ],\n [\n -87.3965835571289,\n 39.64931906764557\n ],\n [\n -87.3958969116211,\n 39.6551344406674\n ],\n [\n -87.3958969116211,\n 39.660420718894215\n ],\n [\n -87.396240234375,\n 39.66570659280147\n ],\n [\n -87.3965835571289,\n 39.66914219401813\n ],\n [\n -87.396240234375,\n 39.67495589920286\n ],\n [\n -87.39418029785156,\n 39.67865527503048\n ],\n [\n -87.39452362060547,\n 39.68420396725727\n ],\n [\n -87.39452362060547,\n 39.68658184173336\n ],\n [\n -87.43640899658203,\n 39.68737444836129\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4dd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eikenberry, Stephen E.","contributorId":35309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eikenberry","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9786,"text":"ofr78205 - 1977 - Geochemistry of the Mattole River in Northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr78205","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-205","title":"Geochemistry of the Mattole River in Northern California","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of streams can vary greatly with changing discharge during storm runoff. These chemical changes are related to the pathways of various water parcels from the time they fall as rain until they enter the stream, and to the interactions between water and sediment during transport downstream. In order to understand better the chemical variations during storms, an extensive investigation was made of the Mattole River, a chemically clean coastal stream in Mendocino County, California. The Mattole drains a topographically mature basin of 620 sw km which has relief of about 1200 m, a long summer dry season, and mean annual rainfall of about 2300 mm. The stream flow is composed of seasonally varying proportions of four flow components, namely, surface runoff, quick-return flow (rainfall having brief and intimate contact with the soil before entering the surface drainage), delayed-return flow, and base runoff. Each component is identified by its characteristic chemistry and by the time delay between rainfall and entrance into the stream. Information is also presented on rain chemistry, adsorption reactions of suspended sediments in the fresh and brackish environments, and compositional variation of river sediments with particle size. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78205","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, V.C., and Malcolm, R.L., 1977, Geochemistry of the Mattole River in Northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-205, xv, 324 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78205.","productDescription":"xv, 324 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0205/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37553,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0205/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9f52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, Vance C.","contributorId":102063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Vance","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malcolm, Ronald L.","contributorId":97500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9436,"text":"ofr76334 - 1977 - Ground-water resources of the lower Santiam River Basin, middle Willamette Valley, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr76334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-334","title":"Ground-water resources of the lower Santiam River Basin, middle Willamette Valley, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Oregon Water Resources Dept.,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76334","usgsCitation":"Helm, D.C., and Leonard, A.R., 1977, Ground-water resources of the lower Santiam River Basin, middle Willamette Valley, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-334, vii, 75 p. :ill., maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;28 cm.; (187 p., scale1:62,500 - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76334.","productDescription":"vii, 75 p. :ill., maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;28 cm.; (187 p., scale1:62,500 - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0334/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37144,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0334/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37145,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0334/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helm, Donald C.","contributorId":49792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helm","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leonard, Alvin 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Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Hawaii region","indexId":"pp813M","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Hawaii region"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T17:10:40","indexId":"ofr77825","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-825","title":"Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources; Hawaii region","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77825","usgsCitation":"Takasaki, K., 1977, Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources; Hawaii region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-825, 91 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.; 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6996a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takasaki, K. J.","contributorId":44523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takasaki","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10165,"text":"ofr77654 - 1977 - Chemical, isotopic, and gas compositions of selected thermal springs in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:29","indexId":"ofr77654","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-654","title":"Chemical, isotopic, and gas compositions of selected thermal springs in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah","docAbstract":"Twenty-seven thermal springs in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah were sampled for detailed chemical and isotopic analysis. The springs issue sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium mixed-anion waters of near neutral (6.2) to alkaline (9.2) pH. High concentrations of fluoride, more than 8 milligrams per liter, occur in Arizona in waters from Gillard Hot Springs, Castle Hot Springs, and the unnamed spring of Eagle Creek, and in New Mexico from springs along the Gila River. Deuterium compositions of the thermal waters cover the same range as those expected for meteoric waters in the respective areas. The chemical compositions of the thermal waters indicate that Thermo Hot Springs in Utah and Gillard Hot Springs in Arizona represent hydrothermal systems which are at temperatures higher than 125 deg C. Estimates of subsurface temperature based on the quartz and Na-K-Ca geothermometer differ by up to 60 deg C for Monroe, Joseph, Red Hill, and Crater hot springs in Utah. Similar conflicting estimates of aquifer temperature occur for Verde Hot Springs, the springs near Clifton and Coolidge Dam, in Arizona; and the warm springs near San Ysidro, Radium Hot Springs, and San Francisco Hot Springs, in New Mexico. Such disparities could result from mixing, precipitation of calcium carbonate, or perhaps appreciable concentrations of magnesium. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77654","usgsCitation":"Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1977, Chemical, isotopic, and gas compositions of selected thermal springs in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-654, iv, 42 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (56 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77654.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (56 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112931,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0654/report.pdf","size":"2026","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0654/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e313c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Presser, T. S.","contributorId":93875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10754,"text":"ofr77566 - 1977 - Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10754,"text":"ofr77566 - 1977 - Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York","indexId":"ofr77566","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38538,"text":"pp1325 - 1986 - Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radionuclides at a commercial radioactive-waste burial site, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York","indexId":"pp1325","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radionuclides at a commercial radioactive-waste burial site, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38538,"text":"pp1325 - 1986 - Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radionuclides at a commercial radioactive-waste burial site, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York","indexId":"pp1325","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radionuclides at a commercial radioactive-waste burial site, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr77566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-566","title":"Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York","docAbstract":"Burial trenches for disposal of solid radioactive waste at West Valley, N.Y., are excavated in till that has very low hydraulic conductivity (about 5 x 10 to the minus 8th power centimeters per second). Fractures and root tubes with chemically oxidized and (or) reduced soil in their walls extend to 3 to 4.5 meters below natural land surface. Preliminary simulations of pressure heads with a digital model suggest that hydraulic conductivity is an order of magnitude greater in the fractured till near land surface than at greater depth. Hydraulic gradients are predominantly downward, even beneath small valleys. The upper part of a body of underlying lacustrine silt is unsaturated; in the lower, saturated part, slow lateral flow may occur. In the older trenches, water began to build up in 1971, overflowed briefly in 1975, and was pumped out in 1975-76. Water levels rose abruptly during major rainstorms in mid-1975, indicating rapid infiltration through cracks in the cover material. The new trenches have maintained low, stable water levels, perhaps because of thicker, more compact cover and less waste settlement; pressure heads near these trenches are low, locally approaching zero, perhaps because of slight infiltration and limited near-surface storage. Peak tritium concentrations in test-hole cores (generally 0.00001 to 0.001 microcuries per milliliter) were found within 3 meters of land surface and are attributed to surface contamination. Concentrations declined rapidly with depth within the fractured till; secondary peaks found at about 9 meters in three holes are attributed to lateral migration from trenches. Other radioisotopes were detected only near land surface. Samples from the walls of shallow fractures revealed no accumulation of radioisotopes. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77566","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Randall, A.D., 1977, Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-566, iv, 28 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77566.","productDescription":"iv, 28 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0566/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0566/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668c43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":161905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randall, Allan D. arandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Allan","email":"arandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":161904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10705,"text":"ofr77163 - 1977 - Preliminary report on the quality of water in abandoned zinc mines in northeastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:25","indexId":"ofr77163","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-163","title":"Preliminary report on the quality of water in abandoned zinc mines in northeastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas","docAbstract":"On-site measurements of pH, specific conductance, and water temperature show that water in seven mine shafts in northeastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas is stratified, with pH decreasing and specific conductance and water temperature increasing as sampling depth increases. Concentrations of chemical constituents in mine-shaft water, such as dissolved solids, total and dissolved metals, and dissolved sulfate also increase as sampling depth increases.\r\nThe water in the mine shafts was unsuited for most uses without treatment. The relative inability of current treatment practices to effectively remove high concentrations of toxic metals, such as Bcadmium and lead, precludes use of the water for public supply.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77163","usgsCitation":"Playton, S.J., and Davis, R.E., 1977, Preliminary report on the quality of water in abandoned zinc mines in northeastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-163, vi, 36 p. :ill. (1 fold.), map ;26 cm.; (60 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77163.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p. :ill. (1 fold.), map ;26 cm.; (60 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c75a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Playton, Stephen J.","contributorId":87548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Playton","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Robert Ellis","contributorId":103249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Ellis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9426,"text":"ofr77209 - 1977 - Floods in the Big Creek basin, Linn County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T15:12:42","indexId":"ofr77209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-209","title":"Floods in the Big Creek basin, Linn County, Iowa","docAbstract":"Flood information for the Big Creek basin in Linn County, Iowa, should be of use to those concerned with the design of bridges and other structures on the flood plains of the streams. Water-surface profiles for the flood of May 1974 are given for Big Creek and its major tributaries, East Big, Crabapple, Elbow, and Abbe Creeks. The May 1974 flood was at least a 50-year flood on East Big Creek and along certain reaches of Big and Abbe Creeks. Also included for Big Creek are a profile of the December 1971 medium-stage flow and a partial profile for the minor flood of July 1971. Profiles for the low-water condition of October 26, 1972, are shown for all reaches. Water-surface profiles for the 25- and 50-year floods are estimated in relation to the May 1974 flood.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/ofr77209","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Linn County, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A.J., 1977, Floods in the Big Creek basin, Linn County, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-209, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77209.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr77209.JPG"},{"id":286617,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0209/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Linn County","otherGeospatial":"Big Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.3649,42.2964],[-91.3651,42.2082],[-91.3653,42.1215],[-91.3661,42.0343],[-91.3669,41.948],[-91.3677,41.8603],[-91.4836,41.8608],[-91.5989,41.8612],[-91.716,41.862],[-91.8318,41.8617],[-91.8329,41.9485],[-91.8338,42.0366],[-91.8342,42.1242],[-91.8328,42.2087],[-91.8319,42.2987],[-91.7153,42.2971],[-91.5969,42.2959],[-91.4809,42.296],[-91.3649,42.2964]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Linn\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0e18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, Albert J.","contributorId":43355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10028,"text":"ofr7775 - 1977 - Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10028,"text":"ofr7775 - 1977 - Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana","indexId":"ofr7775","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66378,"text":"i847D - 1978 - Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana","indexId":"i847D","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":66378,"text":"i847D - 1978 - Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana","indexId":"i847D","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:31","indexId":"ofr7775","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-75","title":"Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr7775","usgsCitation":"Lewis, B.D., and Roberts, R., 1977, Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-75, ii, 22 leaves :fold. ill. (some in pocket), maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;27 cm.; (40 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:250,000 - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7775.","productDescription":"ii, 22 leaves :fold. ill. (some in pocket), maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;27 cm.; (40 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:250,000 - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Barney D.","contributorId":93873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, R.S.","contributorId":35747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11403,"text":"ofr77571 - 1977 - Assay for uranium and determination of disequilibrium by means of in situ high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:21","indexId":"ofr77571","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-571","title":"Assay for uranium and determination of disequilibrium by means of in situ high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry","docAbstract":"Two sealed sondes, using germanium gamma-ray detectors cooled by melting propane, have been field tested to depths of 79 m in water-filled boreholes at the Pawnee Uranium Mine in Bee Co., Texas. When, used as total-count devices, the sondes are comparable in logging speed and counting rate with conventional scintillation detectors for locating zones of high radioactivity. When used with a multichannel analyzer, the sondes are detectors with such high resolution that individual lines from the complex spectra of the uranium and thorium series can be distinguished. Gamma rays from each group of the uranium series can be measured in ore zones permitting determination of the state of equilibrium at each measurement point. Series of 10-minute spectra taken at 0.3- to 0.5-m intervals in several holes showed zones where maxima from the uranium group and from the 222Rn group were displaced relative to each other. Apparent excesses of 230Th at some locations suggest that uranium-group concentrations at those locations were severalfold greater some tens of kiloyears, ago. At the current state of development a 10-minute count yields a sensitivity of about 80 ppm U308. Data reduction could in practice be accomplished in about 5 minutes. The result is practically unaffected by disequilibrium or radon contamination. In comparison with core assay, high-resolution spectrometry samples a larger volume; avoids problems due to incomplete core recovery, loss of friable material to drilling fluids, and errors in depth and marking; and permits use of less expensive drilling methods. Because gamma rays from the radionuclides are accumulated simultaneously, it also avoids the problems inherent in trying to correlate logs made in separate runs with different equipment.\r\n\r\nContinuous-motion delayed-gamma activation by a 163-?g 252Cf neutron source attached to the sonde yielded poor sensitivity. A better neutron-activation method, in which the sonde is moved in steps so as to place the detector at the previous activation point, could not be evaluated because of equipment failure.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77571","usgsCitation":"Tanner, A.B., Moxham, R.M., and Senftle, F.E., 1977, Assay for uranium and determination of disequilibrium by means of in situ high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-571, 22, 11 leaves :ill. (some fold.) ;28 cm.; (22 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77571.","productDescription":"22, 11 leaves :ill. (some fold.) ;28 cm.; (22 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0571/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39224,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0571/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39225,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0571/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39226,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0571/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39227,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0571/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, Allan B.","contributorId":11611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moxham, Robert M.","contributorId":56210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moxham","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10166,"text":"ofr77559 - 1977 - Hot springs of the central Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:29","indexId":"ofr77559","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-559","title":"Hot springs of the central Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"Thermal springs of the central Sierra Nevada issue dilute to slightly saline sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium mixed-anion waters ranging in pH from 6.4 to 9.3. The solubility of chalcedony appears to control the silica concentration in most of the spring waters. Fales Hot Springs may be associated with a higher temperature aquifer, 150 degrees Celsius or more, in which quartz is controlling the silica concentration. Carbon dioxide is the predominant gas escaping from Fales Hot Springs, the unnamed hot spring on the south side of Mono Lake, and the two thermal springs near Bridgeport. Most of the other thermal springs issue small amounts of gas consisting principally of nitrogen. Methane is the major component of the gas escaping from the unnamed spring on Paoha Island in Mono Lake. The deuterium and oxygen isotopic composition of most of the thermal waters are those expected for local meteoric water which has undergone minor water-rock reaction. The only exceptions are the hot spring on Paoha Island in Mono Lake and perhaps the unnamed warm spring (south side of Mono Lake) which issues mixtures of thermal water and saline lake water. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77559","usgsCitation":"Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1977, Hot springs of the central Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-559, iii, 27 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.; (37 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77559.","productDescription":"iii, 27 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.; (37 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0559/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38017,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0559/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688077","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Presser, T. S.","contributorId":93875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10685,"text":"ofr77596 - 1977 - Hydrologic reconnaissance evaluation of the Federal Capital Territory and surrounding areas, Nigeria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:28","indexId":"ofr77596","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-596","title":"Hydrologic reconnaissance evaluation of the Federal Capital Territory and surrounding areas, Nigeria","docAbstract":"Initial moderate water requirements of the new Federal Capital Territory in Central Nigeria are available from the two large rivers, the Niger and Benue, from the smaller Gurara River, and possibly from several smaller streams. Ground water in the southwestern part of the Territory and in adjacent areas along the Niger River is also a potential source. The Niger and Benue Rivers are obvious sources of major supply for eventual large demands, and the Gurara River and sedimentary aquifers also may have that potential. Available data are sparse and highly inadequate for satisfactory design of assessment, development, and management plans for the Territory. Initiation of systematic investigation and collection of data at an early date is recommended. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77596","usgsCitation":"Peterson, L., and Meyer, G., 1977, Hydrologic reconnaissance evaluation of the Federal Capital Territory and surrounding areas, Nigeria: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-596, 30 leaves :maps ;27 cm.; (31 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77596.","productDescription":"30 leaves :maps ;27 cm.; (31 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605619","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, L.R.","contributorId":40993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Gerald","contributorId":76721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Gerald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10639,"text":"ofr77265 - 1977 - Water-level records for the San Luis Valley of Colorado, 1973-77","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T13:20:01","indexId":"ofr77265","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-265","title":"Water-level records for the San Luis Valley of Colorado, 1973-77","docAbstract":"Water-level measurements were made in 122 wells in January 1977. Changes in water levels from January 1976 to January 1977 ranged from a rise of 10.0 feet (3.0 meters) to a decline of 8.6 feet (2.6 meters) both of which occurred in Costilla County. Measurements for the three preceding winters are included to illustrate longer term water-levels changes .
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77265","usgsCitation":"Penley, R.D., 1977, Water-level records for the San Luis Valley of Colorado, 1973-77: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-265, iii, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77265.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr77265.PNG"},{"id":308758,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0265/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.380615234375,\n 36.99597205450302\n ],\n [\n -106.380615234375,\n 38.41916639395372\n ],\n [\n -105.35614013671874,\n 38.41916639395372\n ],\n [\n -105.35614013671874,\n 36.99597205450302\n ],\n [\n -106.380615234375,\n 36.99597205450302\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbbe8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Penley, Robert D.","contributorId":84768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Penley","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9415,"text":"ofr77706 - 1977 - Geochemistry and mineralogy of the carbonates of the Creede mining district, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:15","indexId":"ofr77706","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-706","title":"Geochemistry and mineralogy of the carbonates of the Creede mining district, Colorado","docAbstract":"This paper describes the results of a study of the carbonate gangue in the silver-base metal ore deposit of the Creede mining district, located in Tertiary volcanic rocks of the central San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado. Two carbonate stages can be distinguished and defined on the basis of mineral association, compositional range and position in the sequence of ore deposition. Electron microprobe analyses show that the early pre-ore carbonate stage is comprised of rhodochrosite with a compositional range of 68 to 93 mole percent MnCO3, 7 to 32 mole percent FeCO3, 2 to 15 mole percent CaCO3, and 0.5 to 4 mole percent MgCO3. The later intra-ore carbonate stage is made up of siderite-manganosiderite with a broad range of iron content (33 to 94 mole percent FeCO3; 6 to 67 mole percent MnCO3; 1 to 13 mole percent CaCO3; and 1 to 10 mole percent MgCO3). Both carbonate stages are spatially restricted within the vein system, the rhodochrosite limited to the southern third and the siderite limited to the northern two-thirds. The two stages have not been found at the same sample locality. \r\n\r\nThe two stages of carbonate define two of the five main depositional stages in the history of the Creede hydrothermal system and thereby document broad scale variations within the depositing, and continually evolving fluids. However, the complexity of the textural and mineralogical variations within each carbonate stage limits their usefulness in unraveling the finer details of the character of the ore fluids. The frequently massive rhodochroslte has undergone several periods of leaching and regrowth which, except at one locality, cannot be resolved by compositional, textural or color variations. Although some compositionally zoned siderite rhombs have been documented, the siderite, too, has had a complicated history of leaching and regrowth. The zoning indicates (i) an early low-calcium siderite + hematite growth followed by (2) relatively high-calcium siderite depositlon (without hematite) followed by (3) low-calcium siderite deposition without hematite. The composition of the high-calcium siderite lies well outside of the recognized stability field for siderite at 250?C and, therefore, is considered either a metastable phase or possibly a new mineral. \r\n\r\nCarbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of the carbonates together with the hydrogen isotopic composition of inclusion fluids suggest that the fluids depositing the carbonates either were deep-seated in origin, or, less likely, were meteoric waters which came in contact with a large volume of magmatic rock with which it exchanged isotopes. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the fluids that deposited the carbonates are significantly different from those that yielded the other vein minerals (sphalerite, chlorite, sericite, quartz, adularla). The latter minerals appear to-have been deposited from two distinctive fluids of meteoric origin. The stability fields of minerals present during the carbonate stages have been calculated for 250?Co The results indicate that conditions during carbonate deposition were not drastically different from those suggested by Barton and others (1977) for main-stage ore deposition, although little ore, if any, was deposited during the carbonate stages. A new value for the free energy of formation of siderite was calculated since all of the most recently published values predict too small a stability field for the siderite based on the occurrence of siderite at Creede, The change to the more iron-rich composition of the later stage carbonate was probably controlled by the pyrite-chlorite buffer which was not present during early-stage carbonate deposition.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77706","usgsCitation":"Wetlaufer, P.H., 1977, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the carbonates of the Creede mining district, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-706, x, 134 leaves :ill. (1 fold. in pocket) maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77706.","productDescription":"x, 134 leaves :ill. (1 fold. in pocket) maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0706/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37124,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0706/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37125,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0706/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab712","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetlaufer, Pamela Heald","contributorId":35317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetlaufer","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"Heald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8771,"text":"ofr77760 - 1977 - A digital model of ground-water flow in Spanish Valley, Grand and San Juan counties, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-03T11:05:34","indexId":"ofr77760","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-760","title":"A digital model of ground-water flow in Spanish Valley, Grand and San Juan counties, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
This report contains the rainfall, runoff, and storage data collected during the 1975 water year for the 21.6-square-mile area above the stream-gaging station North Creek near Jacksboro, Texas. The weighted-mean rainfall in the study area during the water year was 39.01 inches, which is greater than the 18-year average of 30.21 inches for the period 1958-75. Monthly rainfall totals ranged from 1.04 inches in November to 7.94 inches in May. The mean discharge for 1975 at the stream-gaging station was 5.98 cfs, compared with the 14-year (1957-70) average of 5.75 cfs. The annual runoff from the basin above the stream-gaging station was 4,330 acre-feet or 3.76 inches. Three storms were selected for detailed computations for the 1975 water year. The storms occurred on Oct. 30-31, 1974, May 2, 1975 , and Aug. 26, 1975. Rainfall and discharge were computed on the basis of a refined time breakdown. Patterns of the storms are illustrated by hydrographs and mass curves. A summary of rainfall-runoff data is tabulated. There are five floodwater-retarding structures in the study area. These structures have a total capacity of 4,425 acre-feet below flood-spillway crests and regulate streamflow from 16.3 square miles, or 75 percent of the study area. A summary of the physical data at each of the floodwater-retarding structures is included. (Woodard-USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr76724","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tarrant County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1, the Soil Conservation Service, and the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Kidwell, C., 1977, Hydrologic data for North Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1975: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-724, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76724.","productDescription":"50 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0724/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393797,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0724/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"North Creek","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b16b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kidwell, C.C.","contributorId":54998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidwell","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9804,"text":"ofr77697 - 1977 - Energy development scenarios and water demands and supplies: an overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:15","indexId":"ofr77697","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-697","title":"Energy development scenarios and water demands and supplies: an overview","docAbstract":"On the basis of average mean annual flows, ample water exists in the upper Missouri River basin for energy development. The lack of storage and diversion works upstream as well as State compacts preclude the ready use of this surplus water. These surplus flows are impounded in mainstream reservoirs on the Missouri downstream from coal mining areas but could be transported back at some expense for use in Wyoming and North Dakota. There are limited water supplies available for the development of coal and oil shale industries in the upper Colorado River Basin. Fortunately oil shale mining, retorting and reclamation do not require as much water as coal conversion; in-situ oil shale retorting would seem to be particularly desirable in the light of reduced water consumption. Existing patterns of energy production, transport, and conversion suggest that more of the coal to be mined out West is apt to be transmitted to existing load centers rather than converted to electricity or gas in the water-short West. Scenarios of development of the West 's fossil fuels may be overestimating the need for water since they have assumed that major conversion industries would develop in the West. Transport of coal to existing users will require all means of coal movement including unit trains, barges, and coal slurry pipelines. The latter is considered more desirable than the development of conversion industries in the West when overall water consumption is considered. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77697","usgsCitation":"Kilpatrick, F.A., 1977, Energy development scenarios and water demands and supplies: an overview: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-697, 15 leaves, 10 leaves of ill. :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (14 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77697.","productDescription":"15 leaves, 10 leaves of ill. :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (14 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0697/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37581,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0697/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602879","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilpatrick, F. A.","contributorId":22319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8785,"text":"ofr7760 - 1977 - A theoretical analysis of fluid flow and energy transport in hydrothermal systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr7760","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-60","title":"A theoretical analysis of fluid flow and energy transport in hydrothermal systems","docAbstract":"A mathematical derivation for fluid flow and energy transport in hydrothermal systems is presented. Specifically, the mathematical model describes the three-dimensional flow of both single- and two-phase, single-component water and the transport of heat in porous media. The derivation begins with the point balance equations for mass, momentum, and energy. These equations are then averaged over a finite volume to obtain the macroscopic balance equations for a porous medium. The macroscopic equations are combined by appropriate constitutive relationships to form two similified partial differential equations posed in terms of fluid pressure and enthalpy. A two-dimensional formulation of the simplified equations is also derived by partial integration in the vertical dimension. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr7760","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Faust, C.R., and Mercer, J.W., 1977, A theoretical analysis of fluid flow and energy transport in hydrothermal systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-60, vii, 85 p. :ill. ;26 cm.; (75 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7760.","productDescription":"vii, 85 p. :ill. ;26 cm.; (75 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0060/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36362,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0060/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faust, Charles R.","contributorId":89533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mercer, James W.","contributorId":85968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercer","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}