{"pageNumber":"232","pageRowStart":"5775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10465,"records":[{"id":70030325,"text":"70030325 - 2008 - Temporal evolution of continental lithospheric strength in actively deforming regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030325","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal evolution of continental lithospheric strength in actively deforming regions","docAbstract":"It has been agreed for nearly a century that a strong, load-bearing outer layer of earth is required to support mountain ranges, transmit stresses to deform active regions and store elastic strain to generate earthquakes. However the dept and extent of this strong layer remain controversial. Here we use a variety of observations to infer the distribution of lithospheric strength in the active western United States from seismic to steady-state time scales. We use evidence from post-seismic transient and earthquake cycle deformation reservoir loading glacio-isostatic adjustment, and lithosphere isostatic adjustment to large surface and subsurface loads. The nearly perfectly elastic behavior of Earth's crust and mantle at the time scale of seismic wave propagation evolves to that of a strong, elastic crust and weak, ductile upper mantle lithosphere at both earthquake cycle (EC, ???10?? to 103 yr) and glacio-isostatic adjustment (GIA, ???103 to 104 yr) time scales. Topography and gravity field correlations indicate that lithosphere isostatic adjustment (LIA) on ???106-107 yr time scales occurs with most lithospheric stress supported by an upper crust overlying a much weaker ductile subtrate. These comparisons suggest that the upper mantle lithosphere is weaker than the crust at all time scales longer than seismic. In contrast, the lower crust has a chameleon-like behavior, strong at EC and GIA time scales and weak for LIA and steady-state deformation processes. The lower crust might even take on a third identity in regions of rapid crustal extension or continental collision, where anomalously high temperatures may lead to large-scale ductile flow in a lower crustal layer that is locally weaker than the upper mantle. Modeling of lithospheric processes in active regions thus cannot use a one-size-fits-all prescription of rheological layering (relation between applied stress and deformation as a function of depth) but must be tailored to the time scale and tectonic setting of the process being investigated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Today","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/GSAT01804-5A.1","issn":"10525","usgsCitation":"Thatcher, W., and Pollitz, F., 2008, Temporal evolution of continental lithospheric strength in actively deforming regions: GSA Today, v. 18, no. 4-5, p. 4-11, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAT01804-5A.1.","startPage":"4","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487644,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsat01804-5a.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":212036,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GSAT01804-5A.1"},{"id":239440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba50ee4b08c986b320792","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70033186,"text":"70033186 - 2008 - Measuring real-time streamflow using emerging technologies: Radar, hydroacoustics, and the probability concept","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033186","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring real-time streamflow using emerging technologies: Radar, hydroacoustics, and the probability concept","docAbstract":"Forecasting streamflow during extreme hydrologic events such as floods can be problematic. This is particularly true when flow is unsteady, and river forecasts rely on models that require uniform-flow rating curves to route water from one forecast point to another. As a result, alternative methods for measuring streamflow are needed to properly route flood waves and account for inertial and pressure forces in natural channels dominated by nonuniform-flow conditions such as mild water surface slopes, backwater, tributary inflows, and reservoir operations. The objective of the demonstration was to use emerging technologies to measure instantaneous streamflow in open channels at two existing US Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in Pennsylvania. Surface-water and instream-point velocities were measured using hand-held radar and hydroacoustics. Streamflow was computed using the probability concept, which requires velocity data from a single vertical containing the maximum instream velocity. The percent difference in streamflow at the Susquehanna River at Bloomsburg, PA ranged from 0% to 8% with an average difference of 4% and standard deviation of 8.81 m3/s. The percent difference in streamflow at Chartiers Creek at Carnegie, PA ranged from 0% to 11% with an average difference of 5% and standard deviation of 0.28 m3/s. New generation equipment is being tested and developed to advance the use of radar-derived surface-water velocity and instantaneous streamflow to facilitate the collection and transmission of real-time streamflow that can be used to parameterize hydraulic routing models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.028","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Fulton, J., and Ostrowski, J., 2008, Measuring real-time streamflow using emerging technologies: Radar, hydroacoustics, and the probability concept: Journal of Hydrology, v. 357, no. 1-2, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.028.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213129,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.028"}],"volume":"357","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a534fe4b0c8380cd6c9bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulton, J.","contributorId":9872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulton","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostrowski, J.","contributorId":10925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostrowski","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030329,"text":"70030329 - 2008 - The effects of land use on fluvial sediment chemistry for the conterminous U.S. - Results from the first cycle of the NAWQA Program: Trace and major elements, phosphorus, carbon, and sulfur","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70030329","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of land use on fluvial sediment chemistry for the conterminous U.S. - Results from the first cycle of the NAWQA Program: Trace and major elements, phosphorus, carbon, and sulfur","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began the first cycle of its National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The Program encompassed 51 river basins that collectively accounted for more than 70% of the total water use (excluding power generation), and 50% of the drinking water supply in the U.S. The basins represented a variety of hydrologic settings, rock types (geology), land-use categories, and population densities. One aspect of the first cycle included bed sediment sampling; sites were chosen to represent baseline and important land-use categories (e.g., agriculture, urban) in each basin. In total, over 1200 bed sediment samples were collected. All samples were size-limited (< 63????m) to facilitate spatial and/or temporal comparisons, and subsequently analyzed for a variety of chemical constituents including major (e.g., Fe, Al,) and trace elements (e.g., Cu, Zn, Cd), nutrients (e.g., P), and carbon. The analyses yielded total (??? 95% of the concentrations present), rather than total-recoverable chemical data. Land-use percentages, upstream underlying geology, and population density were determined for each site and evaluated to asses their relative influence on sediment chemistry. Baseline concentrations for the entire U.S. also were generated from a subset of all the samples, and are based on material collected from low population (??? 27??p km- 2) density, low percent urban (??? 5%), agricultural or undeveloped areas. The NAWQA baseline values are similar to those found in other national and global datasets. Further, it appears that upstream/underlying rock type has only a limited effect (mostly major elements) on sediment chemistry. The only land-use category that appears to substantially affect sediment chemistry is percent urban, and this result is mirrored by population density; in fact, the latter appears more consistent than the former.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.027","issn":"00489","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., and Stephens, V., 2008, The effects of land use on fluvial sediment chemistry for the conterminous U.S. - Results from the first cycle of the NAWQA Program: Trace and major elements, phosphorus, carbon, and sulfur: Science of the Total Environment, v. 400, no. 1-3, p. 290-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.027.","startPage":"290","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212062,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.027"},{"id":239477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"400","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab89e4b08c986b322eda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, V. C.","contributorId":46569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"V. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030677,"text":"70030677 - 2008 - Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030677","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals","docAbstract":"Deuterium isotope analyses have revolutionized the study of migratory connectivity because global gradients of deuterium in precipitation (??DP) are expressed on a continental scale. Several authors have constructed continental scale base maps of ??DP to provide a spatial reference for studying the movement patterns of migratory species and, although they are very useful, these maps present a static, 40-year average view of the landscape that ignores much underlying inter-annual variation. To more fully understand the consequences of this underlying variation, we analyzed the GNIP deuterium data, the source for all current ??DP maps, to estimate the minimum separation in ??DP (and latitude) necessary to conclude with a given level of confidence that distinct ??DP values represent different geographic sites. Extending analyses of ??DP successfully to deuterium in tissues of living organisms, e.g., feathers in migratory birds (??DF), is dependent on the existence of geographic separation of ??DP, where every geographic location has a distribution of values associated with temporal variability in ??DP. Analyses were conducted for three distinct geographic regions: North America, eastern North America (east of longitude 100??W), and Argentina. At the 80% confidence level, the minimum separation values were 12, 7, and 14?? of latitude (equivalent to 53, 31, and 32???) for North America, eastern North America, and Argentina, respectively. Hence, in eastern North America, for example, one may not be able to accurately assign individual samples to sites separated by less than about 7?? of latitude as the distributions of ??DP were not distinct at latitudes <7?? apart. Moreover, two samples that differ by less than 31??? cannot be confidently said to originate from different latitudes. These estimates of minimum separation for ??DP do not include other known sources of variation in feather deuterium (??D F) and hence are a first order approximation that may be useful, in the absence of more specific information for the system of interest, for planning and interpreting the results of new stable isotope studies. ?? 2008 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6","issn":"00298","usgsCitation":"Farmer, A., Cade, B., and Torres-Dowdall, J., 2008, Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals: Oecologia, v. 158, no. 2, p. 183-192, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6.","startPage":"183","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212025,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6"},{"id":239428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"158","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1418e4b0c8380cd548e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farmer, A.","contributorId":20957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torres-Dowdall, J.","contributorId":13433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Dowdall","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033100,"text":"70033100 - 2008 - Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical scheme for simulating advection, dispersion, and transient storage in streams and a comparison of numerical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T09:36:03","indexId":"70033100","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical scheme for simulating advection, dispersion, and transient storage in streams and a comparison of numerical methods","docAbstract":"<div class=\"NLM_sec NLM_sec_level_1 hlFld-Abstract\"><p>Past applications of one-dimensional advection, dispersion, and transient storage zone models have almost exclusively relied on a central differencing, Eulerian numerical approximation to the nonconservative form of the fundamental equation. However, there are scenarios where this approach generates unacceptable error. A new numerical scheme for this type of modeling is presented here that is based on tracking Lagrangian control volumes across a fixed (Eulerian) grid. Numerical tests are used to provide a direct comparison of the new scheme versus nonconservative Eulerian numerical methods, in terms of both accuracy and mass conservation. Key characteristics of systems for which the Lagrangian scheme performs better than the Eulerian scheme include: nonuniform flow fields, steep gradient plume fronts, and pulse and steady point source loadings in advection-dominated systems. A new analytical derivation is presented that provides insight into the loss of mass conservation in the nonconservative Eulerian scheme. This derivation shows that loss of mass conservation in the vicinity of spatial flow changes is directly proportional to the lateral inflow rate and the change in stream concentration due to the inflow. While the nonconservative Eulerian scheme has clearly worked well for past published applications, it is important for users to be aware of the scheme’s limitations.</p></div><div class=\"NLM_sec NLM_sec_level_1\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2008)134:12(996)","issn":"07339","usgsCitation":"Cox, T., and Runkel, R., 2008, Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical scheme for simulating advection, dispersion, and transient storage in streams and a comparison of numerical methods: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 134, no. 12, p. 996-1005, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2008)134:12(996).","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"996","endPage":"1005","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213388,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2008)134:12"}],"volume":"134","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bcbe4b0c8380cd5289d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, T.J.","contributorId":98121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030704,"text":"70030704 - 2008 - Families of miocene monterey crude oil, seep, and tarball samples, coastal California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030704","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Families of miocene monterey crude oil, seep, and tarball samples, coastal California","docAbstract":"Biomarker and stable carbon isotope ratios were used to infer the age, lithology, organic matter input, and depositional environment of the source rocks for 388 samples of produced crude oil, seep oil, and tarballs to better assess their origins and distributions in coastal California. These samples were used to construct a chemometric (multivariate statistical) decision tree to classify 288 additional samples. The results identify three tribes of 13C-rich oil samples inferred to originate from thermally mature equivalents of the clayey-siliceous, carbonaceous marl and lower calcareous-siliceous members of the Monterey Formation at Naples Beach near Santa Barbara. An attempt to correlate these families to rock extracts from these members in the nearby COST (continental offshore stratigraphic test) (OCS-Cal 78-164) well failed, at least in part because the rocks are thermally immature. Geochemical similarities among the oil tribes and their widespread distribution support the prograding margin model or the banktop-slope-basin model instead of the ridge-and-basin model for the deposition of the Monterey Formation. Tribe 1 contains four oil families having geochemical traits of clay-rich marine shale source rock deposited under suboxic conditions with substantial higher plant input. Tribe 2 contains four oil families with traits intermediate between tribes 1 and 3, except for abundant 28,30-bisnorhopane, indicating suboxic to anoxic marine marl source rock with hemipelagic input. Tribe 3 contains five oil families with traits of distal marine carbonate source rock deposited under anoxic conditions with pelagic but little or no higher plant input. Tribes 1 and 2 occur mainly south of Point Conception in paleogeographic settings where deep burial of the Monterey source rock favored petroleum generation from all three members or their equivalents. In this area, oil from the clayey-siliceous and carbonaceous marl members (tribes 1 and 2) may overwhelm that from the lower calcareous-siliceous member (tribe 3) because the latter is thinner and less oil-prone than the overlying members. Tribe 3 occurs mainly north of Point Conception where shallow burial caused preferential generation from the underlying lower calcareous-siliceous member or another unit with similar characteristics. In a test of the decision tree, 10 tarball samples collected from beaches in Monterey and San Mateo counties in early 2007 were found to originate from natural seeps representing different organofacies of Monterey Formation source rock instead from one anthropogenic pollution event. The seeps apparently became more active because of increased storm activity. Copyright ?? 2008. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/04180807113","issn":"01491","usgsCitation":"Peters, K.E., Hostettler, F., Lorenson, T., and Rosenbauer, R., 2008, Families of miocene monterey crude oil, seep, and tarball samples, coastal California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 92, no. 9, p. 1131-1152, https://doi.org/10.1306/04180807113.","startPage":"1131","endPage":"1152","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211909,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/04180807113"}],"volume":"92","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ef5e4b0c8380cd536c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, K. E.","contributorId":17295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenson, T.D.","contributorId":7715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenbauer, R.J.","contributorId":37320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70031779,"text":"70031779 - 2008 - Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T10:20:06","indexId":"70031779","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears","docAbstract":"<p>We report on 3 cases of mixed-aged litters (young born in different years) in brown bears (Ursus arctos); in 1 instance the cub-of-the-year (hereafter called cubs) died in the den. Two cases occurred in Sweden after mothers were separated from their young during the breeding season. In one, the mother was separated from the accompanying cub for at least 12.5 hours and possibly up to 3.3 days, and later possibly separated for 4 days. In the other, the mother was separated from her yearling at least 3 times for 1-14, 1-6 and 1-6 days. She was with a male during the first separation. Specific events that produced the mixed-aged litter observed in Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem were unknown and our interpretation is based on estimates of ages of accompanying young from photographs. The observation of only 2 mixed-aged litters, after den emergence, from a sample of 406 observed cub litters accompanying radiomarked females confirms the rarity of this phenomenon. The mechanism apparently includes a short separation of mother and young, and, in the case of cubs, the mother must mate while lactating. Better understanding of the physiological mechanisms that allow mixed-age litters would help us in the debate about the occurrence of sexually selected infanticide in bears.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","doi":"10.2192/07SC017R.1","usgsCitation":"Swenson, J.E., and Haroldson, M., 2008, Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears: Ursus, v. 19, no. 1, p. 73-79, https://doi.org/10.2192/07SC017R.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2192/07SC017R.1"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a98e4b0c8380cd74272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, J. E.","contributorId":45518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swenson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haroldson, M.A. 0000-0002-7457-7676","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":108047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70031795,"text":"70031795 - 2008 - Comparison of rainbow smelt age estimates from fin rays and otoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70031795","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of rainbow smelt age estimates from fin rays and otoliths","docAbstract":"Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, although nonnative, are an important component of the offshore food web in the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Lake Ontario, we estimate ages of rainbow smelt annually to study population dynamics such as year-class strength and age-specific growth and mortality. Since the early 1980s, we have used pectoral fin rays to estimate rainbow smelt ages, but the sectioning and mounting of fin rays are time and labor intensive. Our objective was to assess the feasibility of using otoliths rather than fin rays to estimate rainbow smelt ages. Three readers interpreted the ages of 172 rainbow smelt (60-198 mm total length) based on thin sections of pectoral fin rays, whole otoliths with no preparation, and whole otoliths that had been cleared for 1 month in a 70:30 ethanol : glycerin solution. Bias was lower and precision was greater for fin rays than for otoliths; these results were consistent for comparisons within readers (first and second readings by one individual; three readers were used) and between readers (one reading for each reader within a pair). Both otolith methods appeared to misclassify age-1 rainbow smelt. Fin ray ages had the highest precision and provided the best approximation of age estimates inferred from the Lake Ontario population's length frequency distribution and from our understanding of this population. ?? American Fisheries Society 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M06-292.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Walsh, M.G., Maloy, A., and O’Brien, T.P., 2008, Comparison of rainbow smelt age estimates from fin rays and otoliths: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 28, no. 1, p. 42-49, https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-292.1.","startPage":"42","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212552,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M06-292.1"},{"id":240053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f886e4b0c8380cd4d170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, M. G.","contributorId":72172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maloy, A.P.","contributorId":56850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloy","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Brien, T. P.","contributorId":22146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032975,"text":"70032975 - 2008 - Trends and spatial distribution of annual and seasonal rainfall in Ethiopia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T14:17:50","indexId":"70032975","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2032,"text":"International Journal of Climatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends and spatial distribution of annual and seasonal rainfall in Ethiopia","docAbstract":"<p><span>As a country whose economy is heavily dependent on low-productivity rainfed agriculture, rainfall trends are often cited as one of the more important factors in explaining various socio-economic problems such as food insecurity. Therefore, in order to help policymakers and developers make more informed decisions, this study investigated the temporal dynamics of rainfall and its spatial distribution within Ethiopia. Changes in rainfall were examined using data from 134 stations in 13 watersheds between 1960 and 2002. The variability and trends in seasonal and annual rainfall were analysed at the watershed scale with data (1) from all available years, and (2) excluding years that lacked observations from at least 25% of the gauges. Similar analyses were also performed at the gauge, regional, and national levels. By regressing annual watershed rainfall on time, results from the one-sample </span><i>t</i><span>-test show no significant changes in rainfall for any of the watersheds examined. However, in our regressions of seasonal rainfall averages against time, we found a significant decline in June to September rainfall (i.e. Kiremt) for the Baro-Akobo, Omo-Ghibe, Rift Valley, and Southern Blue Nile watersheds located in the southwestern and central parts of Ethiopia. While the gauge level analysis showed that certain gauge stations experienced recent changes in rainfall, these trends are not necessarily reflected at the watershed or regional levels.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1002/joc.1623","issn":"08998","usgsCitation":"Cheung, W., Senay, G., and Singh, A., 2008, Trends and spatial distribution of annual and seasonal rainfall in Ethiopia: International Journal of Climatology, v. 28, no. 13, p. 1723-1734, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1623.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1723","endPage":"1734","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213547,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1623"}],"volume":"28","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7d3e4b08c986b3274e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheung, W.H.","contributorId":23767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheung","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, G.B. 0000-0002-8810-8539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":17741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singh, A.","contributorId":61211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031811,"text":"70031811 - 2008 - Congruent population structure inferred from dispersal behaviour and intensive genetic surveys of the threatened Florida scrub-jay (<i>Aphelocoma cœrulescens</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-01T11:51:53","indexId":"70031811","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Congruent population structure inferred from dispersal behaviour and intensive genetic surveys of the threatened Florida scrub-jay (<i>Aphelocoma cœrulescens</i>)","docAbstract":"<p>The delimitation of populations, defined as groups of individuals linked by gene flow, is possible by the analysis of genetic markers and also by spatial models based on dispersal probabilities across a landscape. We combined these two complimentary methods to define the spatial pattern of genetic structure among remaining populations of the threatened Florida scrub-jay, a species for which dispersal ability is unusually well-characterized. The range-wide population was intensively censused in the 1990s, and a metapopulation model defined population boundaries based on predicted dispersal-mediated demographic connectivity. We subjected genotypes from more than 1000 individual jays screened at 20 microsatellite loci to two Bayesian clustering methods. We describe a consensus method for identifying common features across many replicated clustering runs. Ten genetically differentiated groups exist across the present-day range of the Florida scrub-jay. These groups are largely consistent with the dispersal-defined metapopulations, which assume very limited dispersal ability. Some genetic groups comprise more than one metapopulation, likely because these genetically similar metapopulations were sundered only recently by habitat alteration. The combined reconstructions of population structure based on genetics and dispersal-mediated demographic connectivity provide a robust depiction of the current genetic and demographic organization of this species, reflecting past and present levels of dispersal among occupied habitat patches. The differentiation of populations into 10 genetic groups adds urgency to management efforts aimed at preserving what remains of genetic variation in this dwindling species, by maintaining viable populations of all genetically differentiated and geographically isolated populations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Publishing","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03705.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Coulon, A., Fitzpatrick, J., Bowman, R., Stith, B., Makarewich, C., Stenzler, L., and Lovette, I., 2008, Congruent population structure inferred from dispersal behaviour and intensive genetic surveys of the threatened Florida scrub-jay (<i>Aphelocoma cœrulescens</i>): Molecular Ecology, v. 17, no. 7, p. 1685-1701, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03705.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1685","endPage":"1701","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212284,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03705.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","volume":"17","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9c6e4b0c8380cd4d78d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coulon, A.","contributorId":20973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coulon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.W.","contributorId":33012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowman, R.","contributorId":12012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stith, B.M.","contributorId":53741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Makarewich, C.A.","contributorId":66065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Makarewich","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stenzler, L.M.","contributorId":93699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenzler","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lovette, I.J.","contributorId":19252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovette","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70031850,"text":"70031850 - 2008 - Studies on geological background and source of fluorine in drinking water in the North China Plate fluorosis areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70031850","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3609,"text":"Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies on geological background and source of fluorine in drinking water in the North China Plate fluorosis areas","docAbstract":"Endemic fluorosis in northern China is usually produced by high fluorine (F) content in drinking water. Thirty-one samples of drinking waters, mainly well waters and nearly 200 samples of rocks, loess, and coal were analyzed for F content using the combustion hydrolysis-fluoride-ion selective electrode (ISE) method. The geologic cross sections of two well-known fluorosis basins were studied. The solubility of F in different rock types collected from fluorosis areas was determined. Results showed that areas of endemic fluorosis in northern China are located in coal-bearing basins which are comprised of three stratagraphic portions. The lowest portion is Precambrian granitic rocks or Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates. The middle portion consists of Permo-Carboniferous or Jurassic coal-bearing sequences. The upper portion is 0-400 m Pleistocene loess. Flourine content in the Precambrian granite-gneiss contained (a) 1090-1460 ppm, in the Cambrian-Ordovician limestone and dolomite, (b) 52-133 ppm, in black shales and coal gob of Permo-Carboniferous coal-bearing strata, (c) 200-700 ppm, and (d) Pleistocene loess 454-542 ppm. The solubility of F in black shales of coal-bearing sequences was higher than in Precambrian granitic rocks, and both were more soluble than loess. F solubility from Precambrian granitic rocks was moderate, but Precambrian granitic rocks have high F content and thus contribute an appreciable amount of ion to the shallow groundwater (well water). Varying F content in shallow groundwater is controlled by geological conditions. The sources of F in the shallow groundwater from fluorosis areas in northern China are mainly derived from black shales of coal-bearing sequences and Precambrian granitic basement in the basins of northern China. ?? 2008 Taylor & Francis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02772240701456091","issn":"02772248","usgsCitation":"Luo, K., Feng, F., Li, H., Chou, C.L., Feng, Z., and Yunshe, D., 2008, Studies on geological background and source of fluorine in drinking water in the North China Plate fluorosis areas: Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, v. 90, no. 2, p. 237-246, https://doi.org/10.1080/02772240701456091.","startPage":"237","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214769,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772240701456091"},{"id":242519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cbae4b08c986b31d49e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luo, K.","contributorId":9057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feng, F.","contributorId":107515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, H.","contributorId":44338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chou, C. L.","contributorId":32655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Feng, Z.","contributorId":84991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yunshe, D.","contributorId":76563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yunshe","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70031889,"text":"70031889 - 2008 - Modeling unobserved sources of heterogeneity in animal abundance using a Dirichlet process prior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70031889","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling unobserved sources of heterogeneity in animal abundance using a Dirichlet process prior","docAbstract":"In surveys of natural populations of animals, a sampling protocol is often spatially replicated to collect a representative sample of the population. In these surveys, differences in abundance of animals among sample locations may induce spatial heterogeneity in the counts associated with a particular sampling protocol. For some species, the sources of heterogeneity in abundance may be unknown or unmeasurable, leading one to specify the variation in abundance among sample locations stochastically. However, choosing a parametric model for the distribution of unmeasured heterogeneity is potentially subject to error and can have profound effects on predictions of abundance at unsampled locations. In this article, we develop an alternative approach wherein a Dirichlet process prior is assumed for the distribution of latent abundances. This approach allows for uncertainty in model specification and for natural clustering in the distribution of abundances in a data-adaptive way. We apply this approach in an analysis of counts based on removal samples of an endangered fish species, the Okaloosa darter. Results of our data analysis and simulation studies suggest that our implementation of the Dirichlet process prior has several attractive features not shared by conventional, fully parametric alternatives. ?? 2008, The International Biometric Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biometrics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00873.x","issn":"0006341X","usgsCitation":"Dorazio, R., Mukherjee, B., Zhang, L., Ghosh, M., Jelks, H., and Jordan, F., 2008, Modeling unobserved sources of heterogeneity in animal abundance using a Dirichlet process prior: Biometrics, v. 64, no. 2, p. 635-644, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00873.x.","startPage":"635","endPage":"644","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214804,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00873.x"}],"volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c59e4b0c8380cd6fc09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mukherjee, B.","contributorId":106330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mukherjee","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, L.","contributorId":41543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ghosh, M.","contributorId":34342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghosh","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jelks, H.L. 0000-0002-0672-6297","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0672-6297","contributorId":12000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jelks","given":"H.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jordan, F.","contributorId":80622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70031905,"text":"70031905 - 2008 - Biomarkers of mercury exposure at a mercury recycling facility in Ukraine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T10:00:42","indexId":"70031905","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2404,"text":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biomarkers of mercury exposure at a mercury recycling facility in Ukraine","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract test\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>This study evaluates biomarkers of occupational mercury exposure among workers at a mercury recycling operation in Gorlovka, Ukraine. The 29 study participants were divided into three occupational categories for analysis: (1) those who worked in the mercury recycling operation (Group A, n = 8), (2) those who worked at the facility but not in the yard where the recycling was done (Group B, n = 14), and (3) those who did not work at the facility (Group C, n = 7). Urine, blood, hair, and nail samples were collected from the participants, and a questionnaire was administered to obtain data on age, gender, occupational history, smoking, alcohol consumption, fish consumption, tattoos, dental amalgams, home heating system, education, source of drinking water, and family employment in the former mercury mine/smelter located on the site of the recycling facility. Each factor was tested in a univariate regression with total mercury in urine, blood, hair, and nails. Median biomarker concentrations were 4.04 μg/g-Cr (urine), 2.58 μg/L (blood), 3.95 μg/g (hair), and 1.16 μg/g (nails). Occupational category was significantly correlated (p &lt; 0.001) with both blood and urinary mercury concentrations but not with hair or nail mercury. Four individuals had urinary mercury concentrations in a range previously found to be associated with subtle neurological and subjective symptoms (e.g., fatigue, loss of appetite, irritability), and one worker had a urinary mercury concentration in a range associated with a high probability of neurological effects and proteinuria. Comparison of results by occupational category found that workers directly involved with the recycling operation had the highest blood and urinary mercury levels. Those who worked at the facility but were not directly involved with the recycling operation had higher levels than those who did not work at the facility.</p></div></div><div class=\"abstractKeywords\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15459620802174432","issn":"15459624","usgsCitation":"Gibb, H., Kozlov, K., Buckley, J., Centeno, J., Jurgenson, V., Kolker, A., Conko, K., Landa, E., Panov, B., Panov, Y., and Xu, H., 2008, Biomarkers of mercury exposure at a mercury recycling facility in Ukraine: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, v. 5, no. 8, p. 483-489, https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620802174432.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"483","endPage":"489","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459620802174432"}],"volume":"5","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f189e4b0c8380cd4acae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibb, H.J.","contributorId":41666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibb","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kozlov, K.","contributorId":56877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozlov","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckley, J.P.","contributorId":105548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Centeno, J.","contributorId":103481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Centeno","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jurgenson, V.","contributorId":88968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgenson","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kolker, A. 0000-0002-5768-4533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":10947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Conko, K. 0000-0001-6361-4921","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-4921","contributorId":67313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conko","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Landa, E.","contributorId":49200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Panov, B.","contributorId":16669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panov","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Panov, Y.","contributorId":30470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panov","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Xu, H.","contributorId":83331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70031906,"text":"70031906 - 2008 - Terrace aggradation during the 1978 flood on Powder River, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70031906","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrace aggradation during the 1978 flood on Powder River, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"Flood processes no longer actively increase the planform area of terraces. Instead, lateral erosion decreases the area. However, infrequent extreme floods continue episodic aggradation of terraces surfaces. We quantify this type of evolution of terraces by an extreme flood in May 1978 on Powder River in southeastern Montana. Within an 89-km study reach of the river, we (1) determine a sediment budget for each geomorphic feature, (2) interpret the stratigraphy of the newly deposited sediment, and (3) discuss the essential role of vegetation in the depositional processes. Peak flood discharge was about 930??m3 s- 1, which lasted about eight??days. During this time, the flood transported 8.2??million tons of sediment into and 4.5??million tons out of the study reach. The masses of sediment transferred between features or eroded from one feature and redeposited on the same feature exceeded the mass transported out of the reach. The flood inundated the floodplain and some of the remnants of two terraces along the river. Lateral erosion decreased the planform area of the lower of the two terraces (~ 2.7??m above the riverbed) by 3.2% and that of the higher terrace (~ 3.5??m above the riverbed) by 4.1%. However, overbank aggradation, on average, raised the lower terrace by 0.16??m and the higher terrace by 0.063??m. Vegetation controlled the type, thickness, and stratigraphy of the aggradation on terrace surfaces. Two characteristic overbank deposits were common: coarsening-upward sequences and lee dunes. Grass caused the deposition of the coarsening-upward sequences, which had 0.02 to 0.07??m of mud at the base, and in some cases, the deposits coarsened upwards to coarse sand on the top. Lee dunes, composed of fine and very fine sand, were deposited in the wake zone downstream from the trees. The characteristic morphology of the dunes can be used to estimate some flood variables such as suspended-sediment particle size, minimum depth, and critical shear velocity. Information about depositional processes during extreme floods is rare, and therefore, the results from this study aid in interpreting the record of terrace stratigraphy along other rivers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.002","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Meade, R., 2008, Terrace aggradation during the 1978 flood on Powder River, Montana, USA: Geomorphology, v. 99, no. 1-4, p. 387-403, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.002.","startPage":"387","endPage":"403","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215022,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.002"},{"id":242787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba54ee4b08c986b320969","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032867,"text":"70032867 - 2008 - Sprint swimming performance of wild bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:20","indexId":"70032867","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sprint swimming performance of wild bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the sprint swimming performance of wild juvenile and adult bull trout Salvelinus confluentus. Sprint swimming speeds were estimated using high-speed digital video analysis. Thirty two bull trout were tested in sizes ranging from about 10 to 31 cm. Of these, 14 fish showed at least one motivated, vigorous sprint. When plotted as a function of time, velocity of fish increased rapidly with the relation linear or slightly curvilinear. Their maximum velocity, or Vmax, ranged from 1.3 to 2.3 m/s, was usually achieved within 0.8 to 1.0 s, and was independent of fish size. Distances covered during these sprints ranged from 1.4 to 2.4 m. Our estimates of the sprint swimming performance are the first reported for this species and may be useful for producing or modifying fish passage structures that allow safe and effective passage of fish without overly exhausting them. ?? 2008 by the Northwest Scientific Association. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M., Phelps, J., and Weiland, L., 2008, Sprint swimming performance of wild bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus): Northwest Science, v. 82, no. 1, p. 1-6.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9635e4b08c986b31b370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phelps, J.","contributorId":47591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weiland, L.K.","contributorId":37493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"L.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031949,"text":"70031949 - 2008 - Ecological community integration increases with added trophic complexity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T12:38:56","indexId":"70031949","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1452,"text":"Ecological Complexity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological community integration increases with added trophic complexity","docAbstract":"<p><span>The existence of functional biological organization at the level of multi-species communities has long been contested in ecology and evolutionary biology. I found that adding a trophic level to simulated ecological communities enhanced their ability to compete at the community level, increasing the likelihood of one community forcing all or most species in a second community to extinction. Community-level identity emerged within systems of interacting ecological networks, while competitive ability at the community level was enhanced by intense within-community selection pressure. These results suggest a reassessment of the nature of biological organization above the level of species, indicating that the drive toward biological integration, so prominent throughout the history of life, might extend to multi-species communities.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.10.004","issn":"1476945X","usgsCitation":"Wright, C.K., 2008, Ecological community integration increases with added trophic complexity: Ecological Complexity, v. 5, no. 2, p. 140-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.10.004.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214709,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.10.004"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a054ae4b0c8380cd50d32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Christopher K.","contributorId":45566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70031953,"text":"70031953 - 2008 - Application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers for investigation of recharge, salinization, and residence time of water in the Souss-Massa aquifer, southwest of Morocco","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70031953","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers for investigation of recharge, salinization, and residence time of water in the Souss-Massa aquifer, southwest of Morocco","docAbstract":"Groundwater and surface water in Souss-Massa basin in the west-southern part of Morocco is characterized by a large variation in salinity, up to levels of 37 g L-1. The high salinity coupled with groundwater level decline pose serious problems for current irrigation and domestic water supplies as well as future exploitation. A combined hydrogeologic and isotopic investigation using several chemical and isotopic tracers such as Br/Cl, ??18O, ??2H, 3H, 87Sr/86Sr, ??11B, and 14C was carried out in order to determine the sources of water recharge to the aquifer, the origin of salinity, and the residence time of water. Stable isotope, 3H and 14C data indicate that the high Atlas mountains in the northern margin of the Souss-Massa basin with high rainfall and low ??18O and ??2H values (-6 to -8??? and -36 to -50???) is currently constitute the major source of recharge to the Souss-Massa shallow aquifer, particularly along the eastern part of the basin. Localized stable isotope enrichments offset meteoric isotopic signature and are associated with high nitrate concentrations, which infer water recycling via water agricultural return flows. The 3H and 14C data suggest that the residence time of water in the western part of the basin is in the order of several thousands of years; hence old water is mined, particularly in the coastal areas. The multiple isotope analyses and chemical tracing of groundwater from the basin reveal that seawater intrusion is just one of multiple salinity sources that affect the quality of groundwater in the Souss-Massa aquifer. We differentiate between modern seawater intrusion, salinization by remnants of seawater entrapped in the middle Souss plains, recharge of nitrate-rich agricultural return flow, and dissolution of evaporate rocks (gypsum and halite minerals) along the outcrops of the high Atlas mountains. The data generated in this study provide the framework for a comprehensive management plan in which water exploitation should shift toward the eastern part of the basin where current recharge occurs with young and high quality groundwater. In contrast, we argued that the heavily exploited aquifer along the coastal areas is more vulnerable given the relatively longer residence time of the water and salinization processes in this part of the aquifer. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.022","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Bouchaou, L., Michelot, J., Vengosh, A., Hsissou, Y., Qurtobi, M., Gaye, C., Bullen, T., and Zuppi, G., 2008, Application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers for investigation of recharge, salinization, and residence time of water in the Souss-Massa aquifer, southwest of Morocco: Journal of Hydrology, v. 352, no. 3-4, p. 267-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.022.","startPage":"267","endPage":"287","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.022"},{"id":242525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"352","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca8e4b0c8380cd493fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bouchaou, L.","contributorId":51556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouchaou","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michelot, J.L.","contributorId":58483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michelot","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vengosh, A.","contributorId":88925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vengosh","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hsissou, Y.","contributorId":22596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsissou","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Qurtobi, M.","contributorId":78957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qurtobi","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gaye, C.B.","contributorId":56017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaye","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zuppi, G.M.","contributorId":66079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuppi","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70031999,"text":"70031999 - 2008 - The 8 October 2006 Md 4.5 Cowlitz chimneys earthquake in Mount Rainier National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-20T08:11:51","indexId":"70031999","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 8 October 2006 Md 4.5 Cowlitz chimneys earthquake in Mount Rainier National Park","docAbstract":"<p>An<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>d</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>4.5 earthquake located ∼12 km east of Mount Rainier occurred on 8 October 2006 at 02:48 UTC (<a class=\"link link-reveal link-table xref-fig\" data-open=\"FIG1\">figure 1</a>). Although not large enough to be damaging or of major tectonic significance, a summary description of the earthquake is warranted because of its proximity to Mount Rainier, and because earthquakes of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>d</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>≥ 4.5 are relatively rare in this region. Previous events of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>d</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>≥ 4.5 have occurred approximately once a decade within a radius of ∼60 km from this mainshock, with the closest and most recent prior earthquake being an<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>d</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>4.9 event located 46 km to the southwest in 1989. Magnitudes in this paper refer to the coda duration magnitude determined by the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"ref2\">Crosson 1972</a>). We refer to the 2006 event as the “Cowlitz Chimneys” earthquake because it occurred beneath the Cowlitz Chimneys, a prominent ridge in Mount Rainier National Park.</p><p>This paper describes the mainshock's focal mechanism and its aftershock distribution. The inferred source mechanism, its ordinary aftershock sequence, and the lack of significant triggered seismicity near the volcanic edifice lead us to conclude that this was a regular tectonic crustal earthquake rather than one related to volcanic processes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.79.2.186","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Hartog, J.R., Gomberg, J.S., Moran, S.C., Wright, A.K., and Meagher, K.L., 2008, The 8 October 2006 Md 4.5 Cowlitz chimneys earthquake in Mount Rainier National Park: Seismological Research Letters, v. 79, no. 2, p. 186-193, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.79.2.186.","startPage":"186","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214961,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.79.2.186"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba658e4b08c986b32108b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartog, J. Renate","contributorId":171724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hartog","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Renate","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":759552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, Joan S. 0000-0002-0134-2606 gomberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-2606","contributorId":1269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","email":"gomberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":759553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moran, Seth C. 0000-0001-7308-9649 smoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Seth","email":"smoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":759554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, Amy K.","contributorId":20632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":759555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meagher, Karen L.","contributorId":49436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meagher","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":759556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032777,"text":"70032777 - 2008 - Recent extreme avalanches: Triggered by climate change?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-19T17:03:24","indexId":"70032777","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent extreme avalanches: Triggered by climate change?","docAbstract":"<p>On 25 September 2008, seismo meters operated by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) registered strong ground shaking. On the basis of previous experience with such large seismic signals, AVO personnel were able to rapidly identify the seismic event as an avalanche. Two days later, an AVO overflight of Iliamna volcano, near Alaska's Cook Inlet, confirmed that a massive chunk of glacial ice and rock had broken free from its position on the upper flanks of the volcano, generating a massive avalanche that could have buried an entire town had it occurred in a more populated area.</p><p>Rapidly moving rock, ice, or debris avalanches, such as the one that occurred on Iliamna, can be highly destructive and deadly. Similar events have caused the deaths of hundreds to thousands of people [<i>Keefer and Larsen,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>2007]. In general, avalanches that move more than 1 million cubic meters of material are rare. However, a remarkable series of large avalanches recently occurred in Alaska and the Caucasus, providing a new opportunity to better understand this type of hazard. All events initiated in steep mountain slopes, involved rock and significant amounts of ice, and traveled for 10–35 kilometers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2008EO470001","issn":"00963","usgsCitation":"Huggel, C., Caplan-Auerbach, J., and Wessels, R., 2008, Recent extreme avalanches: Triggered by climate change?: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 89, no. 47, p. 469-470, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008EO470001.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"470","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487703,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008eo470001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214017,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008EO470001"},{"id":241702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9618e4b0c8380cd81dd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huggel, C.","contributorId":89347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggel","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caplan-Auerbach, J.","contributorId":7057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caplan-Auerbach","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wessels, Rick 0000-0001-9711-6402 rwessels@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-6402","contributorId":198602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessels","given":"Rick","email":"rwessels@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032018,"text":"70032018 - 2008 - Comparison and assessment of aerial and ground estimates of waterbird colonies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70032018","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison and assessment of aerial and ground estimates of waterbird colonies","docAbstract":"Aerial surveys are often used to quantify sizes of waterbird colonies; however, these surveys would benefit from a better understanding of associated biases. We compared estimates of breeding pairs of waterbirds, in colonies across southern Louisiana, USA, made from the ground, fixed-wing aircraft, and a helicopter. We used a marked-subsample method for ground-counting colonies to obtain estimates of error and visibility bias. We made comparisons over 2 sampling periods: 1) surveys conducted on the same colonies using all 3 methods during 3-11 May 2005 and 2) an expanded fixed-wing and ground-survey comparison conducted over 4 periods (May and Jun, 2004-2005). Estimates from fixed-wing aircraft were approximately 65% higher than those from ground counts for overall estimated number of breeding pairs and for both dark and white-plumaged species. The coefficient of determination between estimates based on ground and fixed-wing aircraft was ???0.40 for most species, and based on the assumption that estimates from the ground were closer to the true count, fixed-wing aerial surveys appeared to overestimate numbers of nesting birds of some species; this bias often increased with the size of the colony. Unlike estimates from fixed-wing aircraft, numbers of nesting pairs made from ground and helicopter surveys were very similar for all species we observed. Ground counts by one observer resulted in underestimated number of breeding pairs by 20% on average. The marked-subsample method provided an estimate of the number of missed nests as well as an estimate of precision. These estimates represent a major advantage of marked-subsample ground counts over aerial methods; however, ground counts are difficult in large or remote colonies. Helicopter surveys and ground counts provide less biased, more precise estimates of breeding pairs than do surveys made from fixed-wing aircraft. We recommend managers employ ground counts using double observers for surveying waterbird colonies when feasible. Fixed-wing aerial surveys may be suitable to determine colony activity and composition of common waterbird species. The most appropriate combination of survey approaches will be based on the need for precise and unbiased estimates, balanced with financial and logistical constraints.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2006-391","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Green, M., Luent, M., Michot, T., Jeske, C., and Leberg, P., 2008, Comparison and assessment of aerial and ground estimates of waterbird colonies: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 3, p. 697-706, https://doi.org/10.2193/2006-391.","startPage":"697","endPage":"706","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214714,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-391"},{"id":242463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f83ce4b0c8380cd4cf74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, M.C.","contributorId":37974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luent, M.C.","contributorId":107953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luent","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michot, T.C. 0000-0002-7044-987X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-987X","contributorId":43426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michot","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jeske, C.W.","contributorId":35557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeske","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leberg, P.L.","contributorId":42048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leberg","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032065,"text":"70032065 - 2008 - Hawaiian cultural influences on support for lava flow hazard mitigation measures during the January 1960 eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Kapoho, Hawai‘i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-03T18:23:36","indexId":"70032065","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hawaiian cultural influences on support for lava flow hazard mitigation measures during the January 1960 eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Kapoho, Hawai‘i","docAbstract":"<p id=\"\">In 1960, Kīlauea volcano in Hawaii erupted, destroying most of the village of Kapoho and forcing evacuation of its approximately 300 residents. A large and unprecedented social science survey was undertaken during the eruption to develop an understanding of human behavior, beliefs, and coping strategies among the adult evacuees (<i>n</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;160). Identical studies were also performed in three control towns located at varying distances from the eruption site (<i>n</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;478). During these studies data were collected that characterized ethnic grouping and attitudes toward Hawaiian cultural issues such as belief in Pele and two lava flow mitigation measures&mdash;use of barriers and bombs to influence the flow of lava, but the data were never published. Using these forgotten data, we examined the relationship between Hawaiian cultural issues and attitudes toward the use of barriers and bombs as mitigation strategies to protect Kapoho.</p>\n<p id=\"\">On average, 72% of respondents favored the construction of earthen barriers to hold back or divert lava and protect Kapoho, but far fewer agreed with the military's use of bombs (14%) to protect Kapoho. In contrast, about one-third of respondents conditionally agreed with the use of bombs. It is suggested that local participation in the bombing strategy may explain the increased conditional acceptance of bombs as a mitigation tool, although this can not be conclusively demonstrated. Belief in Pele and being of Hawaiian ethnicity did not reduce support for the use of barriers, but did reduce support for bombs in both bombing scenarios. The disparity in levels of acceptance of barriers versus bombing and of one bombing strategy versus another suggests that historically public attitudes toward lava flow hazard mitigation strategies were complex. A modern comparative study is needed before the next damaging eruption to inform debates and decisions about whether or not to interfere with the flow of lava. Recent changes in the current eruption of Kīlauea make this a timely topic.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.12.025","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Gregg, C., Houghton, B.F., Paton, D., Swanson, D.A., Lachman, R., and Bonk, W., 2008, Hawaiian cultural influences on support for lava flow hazard mitigation measures during the January 1960 eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Kapoho, Hawai‘i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 172, no. 3-4, p. 300-307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.12.025.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"307","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214934,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.12.025"},{"id":242695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","city":"Kapoho","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.86450958251953,\n              20.754508665169574\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.86450958251953,\n              20.789177398935124\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.8181610107422,\n              20.789177398935124\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.8181610107422,\n              20.754508665169574\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.86450958251953,\n              20.754508665169574\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"172","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fb6e4b0c8380cd5cfff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, Chris E.","contributorId":40397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Chris E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":434379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paton, Douglas","contributorId":64861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paton","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, D. A.","contributorId":34102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lachman, R.","contributorId":86581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bonk, W.J.","contributorId":93721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonk","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70032066,"text":"70032066 - 2008 - Integrating remotely acquired and field data to assess effects of setback levees on riparian and aquatic habitat in glacial-melt water rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-31T10:12:45","indexId":"70032066","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating remotely acquired and field data to assess effects of setback levees on riparian and aquatic habitat in glacial-melt water rivers","docAbstract":"<p>Setback levees, in which levees are reconstructed at a greater distance from a river channel, are a promising restoration technique particularly for alluvial rivers with broad floodplains where river-floodplain connectivity is essential to ecological processes. Documenting the ecological outcomes of restoration activities is essential for assessing the comparative benefits of different restoration approaches and for justifying new restoration projects. Remote sensing of aquatic habitats offers one approach for comprehensive, objective documentation of river and floodplain habitats, but is difficult in glacial rivers because of high suspended-sediment concentrations, braiding and a lack of large, well-differentiated channel forms such as riffles and pools. Remote imagery and field surveys were used to assess the effects of recent and planned setback levees along the Puyallup River and, more generally, the application of multispectral imagery for classifying aquatic and riparian habitats in glacial-melt water rivers. Airborne images were acquired with a horizontal ground resolution of 0.5 m in three spectral bands (0.545-0.555, 0.665-0.675 and 0.790-0.810 ??m) spanning from green to near infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Field surveys identified river and floodplain habitat features and provided the basis for a comparative hydraulic analysis. Broad categories of aquatic habitat (smooth and rough water surface), exposed sediment (sand and boulder) and vegetated surfaces (herbaceous and deciduous shrub/forest) were classified accurately using the airborne images. Other categories [e.g. conifers, boulder, large woody debtis (LWD)] and subdivisions of broad categories (e.g. riffles and runs) were not successfully classified either because these features did not form large patches that could be identified on the imagery or their spectral reflectances were not distinct from those of other habitat types. Airborne imagery was critical for assessing fine-scale aquatic habitat heterogeneity including shallow, low-velocity regions that were not feasible or practical to map in the field in many cases due to their widespread distribution, small size and poorly defined boundaries with other habitat types. At the reach-scale, the setback levee affected the amount and distribution of riparian and aquatic habitats: (1) the area of all habitats was greater where levees had been set back and with relatively more vegetated floodplain habitat and relatively less exposed sediment and aquatic habitat, (2) where levees confine the river, less low-velocity aquatic habitat is present over a range of flows with a higher degree of bed instability during high flows. As river restoration proceeds in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere, remotely acquired imagery will be important for documenting its effects on the amount and distribution of aquatic and floodplain habitats, complimenting field data as a quantitative basis for evaluating project efficacy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.1070","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C., Black, R.W., Voss, F., and Neale, C.M., 2008, Integrating remotely acquired and field data to assess effects of setback levees on riparian and aquatic habitat in glacial-melt water rivers: River Research and Applications, v. 24, no. 4, p. 355-372, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1070.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"372","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214966,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1070"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c80e4b0c8380cd62db1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, C.P.","contributorId":39027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Black, R. W.","contributorId":81943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voss, F.","contributorId":22167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neale, C. M. U.","contributorId":26523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neale","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. U.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":434385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032112,"text":"70032112 - 2008 - Comparison of visual survey and seining methods for estimating abundance of an endangered, benthic stream fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70032112","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of visual survey and seining methods for estimating abundance of an endangered, benthic stream fish","docAbstract":"We compared visual survey and seining methods for estimating abundance of endangered Okaloosa darters, Etheostoma okaloosae, in 12 replicate stream reaches during August 2001. For each 20-m stream reach, two divers systematically located and marked the position of darters and then a second crew of three to five people came through with a small-mesh seine and exhaustively sampled the same area. Visual surveys required little extra time to complete. Visual counts (24.2 ?? 12.0; mean ?? one SD) considerably exceeded seine captures (7.4 ?? 4.8), and counts from the two methods were uncorrelated. Visual surveys, but not seines, detected the presence of Okaloosa darters at one site with low population densities. In 2003, we performed a depletion removal study in 10 replicate stream reaches to assess the accuracy of the visual survey method. Visual surveys detected 59% of Okaloosa darters present, and visual counts and removal estimates were positively correlated. Taken together, our comparisons indicate that visual surveys more accurately and precisely estimate abundance of Okaloosa darters than seining and more reliably detect presence at low population densities. We recommend evaluation of visual survey methods when designing programs to monitor abundance of benthic fishes in clear streams, especially for threatened and endangered species that may be sensitive to handling and habitat disturbance. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10641-007-9202-0","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Jordan, F., Jelks, H., Bortone, S., and Dorazio, R., 2008, Comparison of visual survey and seining methods for estimating abundance of an endangered, benthic stream fish: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 81, no. 3, p. 313-319, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-007-9202-0.","startPage":"313","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214593,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-007-9202-0"},{"id":242332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8bce4b0c8380cd4d274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jordan, F.","contributorId":80622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jelks, H.L. 0000-0002-0672-6297","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0672-6297","contributorId":12000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jelks","given":"H.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bortone, S.A.","contributorId":73028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bortone","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032162,"text":"70032162 - 2008 - Analysis of trade-offs between threats of invasion by nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and intentional isolation for native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T11:35:08","indexId":"70032162","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of trade-offs between threats of invasion by nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and intentional isolation for native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi)","docAbstract":"Native salmonid fishes often face simultaneous threats from habitat fragmentation and invasion by nonnative trout species. Unfortunately, management actions to address one may create or exacerbate the other. A consistent decision process would include a systematic analysis of when and where intentional use or removal of barriers is the most appropriate action. We developed a Bayesian belief network as a tool for such analyses. We focused on native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) and nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and considered the environmental factors influencing both species, their potential interactions, and the effects of isolation on the persistence of local cutthroat trout populations. The trade-offs between isolation and invasion were strongly influenced by size and habitat quality of the stream network to be isolated and existing demographic linkages within and among populations. An application of the model in several sites in western Montana (USA) showed the process could help clarify management objectives and options and prioritize conservation actions among streams. The approach can also facilitate communication among parties concerned with native salmonids, nonnative fish invasions, barriers and intentional isolation, and management of the associated habitats and populations. ?? 2008 NRC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F07-184","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D., Rieman, B., Dunham, J., Fausch, K., and Young, M., 2008, Analysis of trade-offs between threats of invasion by nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and intentional isolation for native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 65, no. 4, p. 557-573, https://doi.org/10.1139/F07-184.","startPage":"557","endPage":"573","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214856,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F07-184"}],"volume":"65","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb44e4b0c8380cd48d0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D.P.","contributorId":30061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rieman, B.E.","contributorId":67283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieman","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunham, J. B. 0000-0002-6268-0633","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-0633","contributorId":96637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fausch, K.D. 0000-0001-5825-7560","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-7560","contributorId":84097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fausch","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Young, M.K.","contributorId":62038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032488,"text":"70032488 - 2008 - Decreased mortality of lake michigan chinook salmon after bacterial kidney disease challenge: Evidence for pathogen-driven selection?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:22","indexId":"70032488","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decreased mortality of lake michigan chinook salmon after bacterial kidney disease challenge: Evidence for pathogen-driven selection?","docAbstract":"In the late 1960s, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Green River, Washington, were successfully introduced into Lake Michigan. During spring from1988 to 1992, large fish die-offs affecting Chinook salmon occurred in the lake. Multiple ecological factors probably contributed to the severity of the fish kills, but the only disease agent found regularly was Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease. in this study, survival after challenge by R. salmoninarum was compared between two Chinook salmon stocks: a Lake Michigan stock from Wisconsin (WI) and the progenitor stock from the Green River. We found that the WI stock had significantly greater survival than the Green River stock. Next, the WI and Green River stocks were exposed to the marine pathogen Listonella anguillarum (formerly Vibrio anguillarum), one of the causative agents of vibriosis; survival after this challenge was significantly poorer for the WI stock than for the Green River stock. A close genetic relationship between the Green River and WI stocks was confirmed by analyzing 13 microsatellite loci. These results collectively suggest that disease susceptibility of Lake Michigan Chinook salmon has diverged from that of the source population, possibly in response to pathogen-driven selection. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/H08-028.1","issn":"08997","usgsCitation":"Purcell, M.K., Murray, A., Elz, A., Park, L., Marcquenski, S., Winton, J., Alcorn, S., Pascho, R., and Elliott, D., 2008, Decreased mortality of lake michigan chinook salmon after bacterial kidney disease challenge: Evidence for pathogen-driven selection?: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 20, no. 4, p. 225-235, https://doi.org/10.1577/H08-028.1.","startPage":"225","endPage":"235","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213851,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H08-028.1"},{"id":241514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe18e4b0c8380cd4eb02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purcell, M. K.","contributorId":78464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, A.L.","contributorId":70151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elz, A.","contributorId":15843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Park, L.K.","contributorId":25739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marcquenski, S.V.","contributorId":11984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcquenski","given":"S.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Alcorn, S.W.","contributorId":37499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alcorn","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
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