{"pageNumber":"2322","pageRowStart":"58025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68861,"records":[{"id":70211094,"text":"70211094 - 1977 - Interaction of meteoric waters with magmas of the Boulder Batholith, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-15T15:02:05.942726","indexId":"70211094","displayToPublicDate":"1977-07-14T12:03:18","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of meteoric waters with magmas of the Boulder Batholith, Montana","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"SPEM","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.72.5.859","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1977, Interaction of meteoric waters with magmas of the Boulder Batholith, Montana: Economic Geology, v. 72, no. 5, p. 859-864, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.72.5.859.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"859","endPage":"864","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Batholith","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.345947265625,\n              45.236217535866025\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.060791015625,\n              45.236217535866025\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.060791015625,\n              46.99524110694593\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.345947265625,\n              46.99524110694593\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.345947265625,\n              45.236217535866025\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1977-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70171038,"text":"70171038 - 1977 - Sediment sampling for deep fast currents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:35:29","indexId":"70171038","displayToPublicDate":"1977-07-13T15:15:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sediment sampling for deep fast currents","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Association for Hydraulic Research, 17th, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"17th International Association for Hydraulic Research","conferenceDate":"August 14-19, 1977","conferenceLocation":"Badan Baden, Germany","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Hydraulic Research","publisherLocation":"Badan Baden, Germany","usgsCitation":"Nordin, C., and Skinner, J.V., 1977, Sediment sampling for deep fast currents, chap. <i>of</i> International Association for Hydraulic Research, 17th, Proceedings, p. 606-609.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"606","endPage":"609","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d664ae4b07e28b6684e28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordin, C.F.","contributorId":16005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordin","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221385,"text":"5221385 - 1977 - Waterfowl exposure to lead and steel shot on selected hunting areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-18T17:17:36.826541","indexId":"5221385","displayToPublicDate":"1977-07-01T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl exposure to lead and steel shot on selected hunting areas","docAbstract":"<p>Gizzards and wingbones from immature mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>), pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>), black ducks (<i>A. rubripes</i>), and Canada geese (<i>Branta canadensis</i>) were collected from 12 national and stat hunting are.as during the hunting season of 1974-75. The gizzards were examined for the occurrence of lead and steel shot and the wingbones were analyzed for lead residues. Incidence of lead shot in gizzards ranged from 1.3 percent in mallards from Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge to 29 percent in pintails from Sauvie Island Wildlife Management Area. Lead in wingbones ranged from trace residues (&lt;0.5 ppm) to 345 ppm. The incidence of steel shot in gizzards surpassed lead shot on some refuges that have had mandatory steel shot programs. There was a significant correlation between frequency of lead shot in gizzards and lead residues in wingbones.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800518","usgsCitation":"White, D.H., and Stendell, R., 1977, Waterfowl exposure to lead and steel shot on selected hunting areas: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 41, no. 3, p. 469-475, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800518.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"475","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":97868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stendell, Rey C.","contributorId":82263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stendell","given":"Rey C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25185,"text":"25185 - 1977 - Newsletter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T09:06:10","indexId":"25185","displayToPublicDate":"1977-07-01T09:05:31","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Newsletter","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25185","issn":"0364-7064","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Newsletter, https://doi.org/10.3133/25185.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c64da3e4b0001bd514778b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185636,"text":"70185636 - 1977 - Storage of treated sewage effluent and stormwater in a saline aquifer, Pinellas Peninsula, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:16:51","indexId":"70185636","displayToPublicDate":"1977-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storage of treated sewage effluent and stormwater in a saline aquifer, Pinellas Peninsula, Florida","docAbstract":"<p>The Pinellas Peninsula, an area of 750 square kilometres (290 square miles) in coastal west-central Florida, is a small hydrogeologic replica of Florida. Most of the Peninsula's water supply is imported from well fields as much as 65 kilometres (40 miles) inland. Stresses on the hydrologic environment of the Peninsula and on adjacent water bodies, resulting from intensive water-resources development and waste discharge, have resulted in marked interest in subsurface storage of waste water (treated effluent and untreated storm water) and in future retrieval of the stored water for nonpotable use. If subsurface storage is approved by regulatory agencies, as much as 265 megalitres per day (70 million gallons a day) of waste water could be stored underground within a few years, and more than 565 megalitres per day (150 million gallons a day) could be stored in about 25 years. This storage would constitute a large resource of nearly fresh water in the saline aquifers underlying about 520 square kilometres (200 square miles) of the Peninsula.</p><p>The upper 1,060 metres (3,480 feet) of the rock column underlying four test sites on the Pinellas Peninsula have been explored. The rocks consist chiefly of limestone and dolomite. Three moderately to highly transmissive zones, separated by leaky confining beds, (low permeability limestone) from about 225 to 380 metres (740 to 1,250 feet) below mean sea level, have been identified in the lower part of the Floridan aquifer in the Avon Park Limestone. Results of withdrawal and injection tests in Pinellas County indicate that the middle transmissive zone has the highest estimated transmissivity-about 10 times other reported values. The chloride concentration of water in this zone, as well as in the two other transmissive zones in the Avon Park Limestone in Pinellas Peninsula, is about 19,000 milligrams per litre. If subsurface storage is approved and implemented, this middle zone probably would be used for storage of the waste water and the zone would become the most extensively used in Florida for this purpose.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03174.x","usgsCitation":"Rosenshein, J., and Hickey, J., 1977, Storage of treated sewage effluent and stormwater in a saline aquifer, Pinellas Peninsula, Florida: Groundwater, v. 15, no. 4, p. 284-293, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03174.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"284","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63043e4b05ec799131131","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenshein, J.S.","contributorId":95082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenshein","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickey, J.J.","contributorId":57010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185635,"text":"70185635 - 1977 - Disposal of saltwater during well construction--Problems and solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:19:31","indexId":"70185635","displayToPublicDate":"1977-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disposal of saltwater during well construction--Problems and solutions","docAbstract":"<p>The recent interest in the disposal of treated sewage effluent by deep-well injection into salt-water-filled aquifers has increased the need for proper disposal of salt water as more wells are drilled and tested each year.</p><p>The effects on an unconfined aquifer of the improper disposal of salt water associated with the construction of three wells in southeastern Florida emphasize this need. In two of the wells provisions to prevent and detect salt-water contamination of the unconfined aquifer were practically nonexistent, and in one well extensive provisions were made. Of the three drilling sites the one with proper provision for detection presented no serious problem, as the ground water contaminated by the salt water was easily located and removed. The provisions consisted of drilling a brine-injection well to dispose of salt water discharged in drilling and testing operations, using a closed drilling circulation system to reduce spillage, installing shallow observation wells to map the extent and depth of any salt-water contamination of the shallow aquifer, and installing a dewatering system to remove contaminated ground water.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03173.x","usgsCitation":"Pitt, W.A., Meyer, F.W., and Hull, J.E., 1977, Disposal of saltwater during well construction--Problems and solutions: Groundwater, v. 15, no. 4, p. 276-283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03173.x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"276","endPage":"283","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63043e4b05ec799131133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitt, William A. Jr.","contributorId":77944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Frederick W.","contributorId":39373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hull, John E.","contributorId":15616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hull","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70181749,"text":"70181749 - 1977 - Flowing wells in Michigan, 1974","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-13T09:38:00","indexId":"70181749","displayToPublicDate":"1977-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5292,"text":"Water Information Series Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"Flowing wells in Michigan, 1974","docAbstract":"<p>Flowing wells yielding fresh water occur in both the glacial drift and the bedrock in Michigan. Most known flowing wells are in the Lower Peninsula because the greater population in that part of the State has led to more frequent drilling. A comparison of flowing-well areas in 1900 with those in 1970 shows a probable decline in head in the glacial drift and the Marshall and Saginaw bedrock formations in the central and southern parts of the Lower Peninsula. Wells having the greatest reported flews are from the Marshall and Saginaw Formations; wells having the greatest heads are from the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian rock units. Flowing wells in Michigan are largely used for domestic water supplies, although a few are used for municipal and industrial supplies. In general, water from most flowing wells is suitable for domestic use; however, high iron, chloride, and hardness impair water quality at some locations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Michigan Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Allen, W., 1977, Flowing wells in Michigan, 1974: Water Information Series Report 2, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335222,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/GIMDL-WIS02_216294_7.PDF","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70119855,"text":"70119855 - 1977 - Water supply versus recreation and the fishery - minimum stream flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T09:19:46","indexId":"70119855","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-08T09:17:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Water supply versus recreation and the fishery - minimum stream flows","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, AWWA 97th Annual Conference","conferenceTitle":"AWWA 97th Annual Conference","conferenceDate":"1977-05-08T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Anaheim, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Works Association","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1977, Water supply versus recreation and the fishery - minimum stream flows, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291923,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9d8dbe4b008eaa4f3f6b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70233526,"text":"70233526 - 1977 - Analysis of the recharge potential of storm-water basins on Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T15:13:43.716017","indexId":"70233526","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T09:48:55","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the recharge potential of storm-water basins on Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"<p> Many of the more than 2,200 storm-water basins on Long Island, N.Y., are potential sites for infiltration of large volumes of reclaimed water (highly treated domestic and industrial sewage). By use of a finite-difference method of calculation, changes in basin storage during idealized high-intensity storms were determined for the North Massapequa basin, a typical basin on Long Island. Calculations for a 100- year storm, in which a runoff coefficient of 20 percent was used but in which infiltration rate, storm intensity, storm duration, and return period were varied, indicate that this test basin would not overflow even if the infiltration rate declined from its present 1.5 feet per hour (0.46 meter per hour) to about 0.03 ft/h (0.009 m/h). The large reserve capacity of the test basin and similar basins on Long Island demonstrates the feasibility of using storm-water basins for infiltration of a supplemental water supply (supplemental recharge). If reclaimed water were ponded to a depth of 4 ft (1.2 m) in the test basin and if water application were alternated for equal periods between the test basin and a nearby basin with similar characteristics, the volume of infiltration would be slightly more than two million gallons per day (0.09 cubic meters per second) at an infiltration rate of 1.5 ft/h (0.46 m/h). With supplemental recharge, 60 percent of available storage capacity would be used during a 10-yr storm, and 80 percent would be used during a 100-yr storm, using a runoff coefficient of 20 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Aronson, D.A., and Prill, R.C., 1977, Analysis of the recharge potential of storm-water basins on Long Island, New York: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 3, p. 307-318.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"318","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404343,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404342,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue3/report.pdf","size":"20263 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.04510498046875,\n              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        [\n              -73.795166015625,\n              40.81588791441588\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.8995361328125,\n              40.79509814519895\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.94073486328125,\n              40.77430186363723\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.97369384765625,\n              40.734770989672406\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.0643310546875,\n              40.64730356252251\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.04510498046875,\n              40.561807971278185\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aronson, David A.","contributorId":89112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aronson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prill, Robert C.","contributorId":86317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prill","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70233519,"text":"70233519 - 1977 - Derivation of solute-transport equations for a turbulent natural-channel flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T14:20:07.217634","indexId":"70233519","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T09:14:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Derivation of solute-transport equations for a turbulent natural-channel flow","docAbstract":"<p> The continuity equation of water and the convection-diffusion equation for a solute are derived by use of an orthogonal curvilinear (natural) coordinate system, which follows the meandering and irregular pattern of natural channel geometry. The solute is assumed to be neutrally buoyant, conservative, and passive. The three-, two-, and one-dimensional equations derived herein represent one of the most satisfactory descriptions of solute transport by turbulent flow in a natural channel.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Yotsukura, N., 1977, Derivation of solute-transport equations for a turbulent natural-channel flow: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 3, p. 277-284.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"284","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404329,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404328,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue3/report.pdf","size":"20263 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yotsukura, Nobuhiro","contributorId":81884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yotsukura","given":"Nobuhiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70233561,"text":"70233561 - 1977 - A new method for determining the solubility of salts in aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-25T13:59:01.479685","indexId":"70233561","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T08:47:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new method for determining the solubility of salts in aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures","docAbstract":"<p>A new method for measuring the solubility of simple salts in water at elevated temperatures involves heating assemblages of salt crystals plus solution vapor at a constant rate in a platinum-lined bomb. The dissolution of the last salt crystal is evidenced by a distinct discontinuity in the pressure-temperature curve. Studies of the solubilities of NaCl and of KC1 in water yielded equations expressing the solubility as functions of temperature, t in °C, at the vapor pressure of the solutions as follows:</p><p>weight percent NaCl=26.218+0.0072<i>t</i>+0.000106<i>t</i><sup>2</sup>±0.05 weight percent NaCl</p><p>weight percent KCl=27.839+0.0794<i>t</i>+0.000027<i>t</i><sup>2</sup>±0.10 weight percent KCl</p><p>The NaCl and KC1 data were measured over the temperature range 148° to 425°C and 148° to 371°C, respectively. However, the equation for NaCl appears to be valid over the range 0° to 800°C, and the KC1 equation appears valid over the range 100° to 450°C.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Potter, R.W., Babcock, S., and Brown, D.L., 1977, A new method for determining the solubility of salts in aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 3, p. 389-395.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"395","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404422,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue3/report.pdf","size":"20263 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, Robert W. II","contributorId":67899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Robert","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Babcock, Scott","contributorId":293606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Babcock","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, David L.","contributorId":55425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70009887,"text":"70009887 - 1977 - The age of groundwater in the Lincolnshire Limestone, England and its relevance to the flow mechanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T15:58:16.607618","indexId":"70009887","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The age of groundwater in the Lincolnshire Limestone, England and its relevance to the flow mechanism","docAbstract":"<p><span>Groundwater samples from the Lincolnshire Limestone have been analysed for tritium, radiocarbon, and the stable-isotope ratios&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>13</mn></msup><mtext>C</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>12</mn></msup><mtext>C</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>13</sup>C<sup>12</sup>C</span></span></span><span>,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>18</mn></msup><mtext>O</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>16</mn></msup><mtext>O</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>18</sup>O<sup>16</sup>O</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and D/H. The age of the water increases in a downgradient direction below overlying confining deposits and reaches a maximum age greater than 25,000 years within 15 km of the outcrop. The δ&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup><span>C ratio ultimately attains the unusually low negative values of −2‰ in a downgradient direction; this is approaching that of the aquifer matrix which is +2.35‰. The reason is believed to be exchange of carbon between the groundwater and the matrix by a continuous process of precipitation and further solution of calcium carbonate.</span></p><p><span>The δ&nbsp;<sup>18</sup>O and δ D ratios imply that recharge of the aquifer during the late Pleistocene took place in the spring and autumn rather than the winter as at present. The data are interpreted by assuming that movement of water through the saturated zone is a combination of flow in fissures and “piston flow” through the micro-fissures and pores of the rock. The mechanism of water movement in the saturated zone is dominated by relatively rapid flow in fissures, but the fissure flow includes a contribution of much older water from “intergranular” storage which enters the fissures from the rock matrix by pressure differentials in the fissure distribution system and by diffusion. The distribution of water of different ages in the aquifer is closely related to recent groundwater abstraction patterns.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(77)90035-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Downing, R., Smith, D.B., Pearson, F., Monkhouse, R., and Otlet, R., 1977, The age of groundwater in the Lincolnshire Limestone, England and its relevance to the flow mechanism: Journal of Hydrology, v. 33, no. 3-4, p. 201-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(77)90035-X.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"216","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219493,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"England","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -1.569367198611502,\n              55.83344865674502\n            ],\n            [\n              -4.00421712081976,\n              54.53734668289741\n            ],\n            [\n              -2.7970653838435595,\n              51.74310947717444\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.0625949000342825,\n              51.38897089027556\n            ],\n            [\n              -4.598480869790404,\n              51.135281217092206\n            ],\n            [\n              -6.286147946606356,\n              49.94852677318424\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.7972539932850147,\n              50.10098547629013\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.569367198611502,\n              50.64508635165089\n            ],\n            [\n              1.2405774951434125,\n              50.83804783552037\n            ],\n            [\n              2.008712239038232,\n              52.58363962347701\n            ],\n            [\n              0.5593430736501261,\n              54.18134611667105\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.569367198611502,\n              55.83344865674502\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9aee4b08c986b322427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Downing, R.A.","contributorId":25293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearson, F.J.","contributorId":58262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monkhouse, R.A.","contributorId":15071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monkhouse","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Otlet, R.L.","contributorId":76998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otlet","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70199453,"text":"70199453 - 1977 - Economic basis of resource information systems: The case of streamflow network design  ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:50:45","indexId":"70199453","displayToPublicDate":"1977-04-18T14:15:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economic basis of resource information systems: The case of streamflow network design  ","docAbstract":"<p><span>A general method for the economic design of natural resource information systems is presented for a certain class of natural phenomena. The system design is determined by the interaction of the technical input‐output relationship, i.e., the production function, the set of resource constraints, and an economic loss function defined in terms of parameter uncertainty. An application of the proposed method to streamflow network design is presented. Results of this analysis indicate that the method is fairly robust with respect to the assumptions. Observations are made which suggest extensions to flood measurement networks, long‐term precipitation networks, and seismic observation network design.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR013i002p00273","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Karlinger, M., 1977, Economic basis of resource information systems: The case of streamflow network design  : Water Resources Research, v. 13, no. 2, p. 273-280, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR013i002p00273.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"280","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357447,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70199583,"text":"70199583 - 1977 - Clay-mineral variability in the suspended sediments of the San Francisco Bay system, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T21:40:30","indexId":"70199583","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T21:40:11","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clay-mineral variability in the suspended sediments of the San Francisco Bay system, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Semiquantitative determinations of the clay-mineral composition have been made on nearly synoptic samples of surface suspended sediments collected seasonally throughout the San Francisco Bay system. The relative amounts of chlorite + kaolinite are generally highest in the northern reach of the system, whereas illite is dominant in the southern reach. The proportion of montmorillonite is low throughout the bay. Time-series and replicate samples collected at individual stations show that the difference in clay-mineral content between reaches is real and reflects a change in the source of clay-mineral particles within the bay. The Sacramento-San Joaquin river system supplies the northern reach, whereas most clay-mineral particles come from resuspension by waves and tidal currents in the southern reach. Analyses of bottom sediments and the spatial variability in the northern reach suggest that the relationship between the abundance and sources of clay minerals may, in turn, be a function of particle size. This study demonstrates the utility of suspended clay minerals in the interpretation of sediment-dispersal patterns in estuaries.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/212F7135-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., Conomos, T.J., and Commeau, J., 1977, Clay-mineral variability in the suspended sediments of the San Francisco Bay system, California: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 47, no. 1, p. 229-236, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7135-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"236","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conomos, T. J.","contributorId":77515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conomos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Commeau, J.A.","contributorId":21549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Commeau","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70233097,"text":"70233097 - 1977 - Phytoplankton distribution and primary productivity in Donner Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T17:19:27.972374","indexId":"70233097","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T12:08:53","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoplankton distribution and primary productivity in Donner Lake, California","docAbstract":"<p>Donner Lake is an unenriched system in the Lake Tahoe basin of the Sierra Nevada of California. The lake has a surface area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 square kilometres) and a drainage area of 14 mi<sup>2</sup> (36 km<sup>2</sup>). The maximum depth is about 200 feet (60 metres). Between May and December 1973, the phytoplankton in Donner Lake was represented by 6 classes and at least 25 genera. The dominant green alga was the desmid <i>Cosmarium staurastroides</i>, which comprised about 25 percent of the total phytoplankton collected. The dominant diatom was <i>Asterionella formosa</i>, which comprised about 13 percent of the total phytoplankton. Blue-green algae were represented by <i>Chroococcus</i> sp., but were never abundant and constituted only 1.5 percent of the total organisms sampled. The depth of the euphotic zone from May through September ranged from 35 to 93 feet (11 to 28 metres). Thermal stratification was strong throughout the summer with a maximum temperature difference between the surface and bottom water of 17° Celsius in July. Average phytoplankton concentrations were often greater below the euphotic zone than in the euphotic zone. This pattern of phytoplankton distribution is similar to nearby Lake Tahoe and other oligotrophic lakes. Three primary productivity measurements were made during the study using the carbon-14 method. The primary productivity values were 93, 64, and 56 milligrams of carbon per cubic metre per day for May 17, August 13, and October 16, respectively. The productivity profile in May was shallow and unimodal, whereas the August and October profiles were deeper and biomodal. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were maximum at the same depths as maximum primary productivity. On the basis of phytoplankton types and their vertical distribution patterns, and upon primary productivity measurements, Donner Lake is considered oligotrophic.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Dong, A.E., and Averett, R.C., 1977, Phytoplankton distribution and primary productivity in Donner Lake, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 2, p. 265-276.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"276","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue2/report.pdf","size":"18181 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Donner Lake, Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.28861999511717,\n           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   39.321218029948106\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.29334068298341,\n              39.320089236118676\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.29402732849121,\n              39.319159627523035\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.28947830200195,\n              39.31942523123949\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.28861999511717,\n              39.31710116452751\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dong, Alex E.","contributorId":27476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dong","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Averett, Robert C.","contributorId":27500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averett","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70170909,"text":"70170909 - 1977 - Geology and water-supply potential of the Anoka Sand Plain aquifer, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:56:02","indexId":"70170909","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":293,"text":"Technical Paper","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Geology and water-supply potential of the Anoka Sand Plain aquifer, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Intensified land development on the Anoka sand plain necessitates a better understanding of the hydrogeology of the surficial outwash deposits of the area. The Anoka sand-plain aquifer consists of outwash attributable to two different ice lobes. Predominant grain size of the upper outwash decreases and sorting coefficient increases from west to east. Till or lake deposits underlie most of the surficial outwash. In some areas, these deposits are absent and the aquifer is directly underlain by bedrock, mainly sandstone. Preliminary study indicates that parts of the aquifer may yield several hundred to more than 1,000 gallons of water per minute to properly developed large-diameter wells. Storage in the aquifer is estimated to be 2,000 billion gallons and annual withdrawals approaching 250 billion gallons may be sustained. More detailed analysis is essential for proper management and optimum use of the resource.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","collaboration":"Prepared cooperatively by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Helgesen, J.O., and Lindholm, G.F., 1977, Geology and water-supply potential of the Anoka Sand Plain aquifer, Minnesota: Technical Paper 6, 17 p.","productDescription":"17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332588,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.leg.state.mn.us/edocs/edocs?oclcnumber=05392091"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Anoka Sand Plain aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57330630e4b0dae0d5dcd1c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindholm, G. F.","contributorId":88763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70233084,"text":"70233084 - 1977 - Effects of dredged channels on trace-metal migration in an estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T16:40:07.685295","indexId":"70233084","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T11:33:22","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dredged channels on trace-metal migration in an estuary","docAbstract":"<p>Determination of trace-metal levels in the sediments of the Matagorda Bay system revealed anomalously high mercury values. The distribution of the mercury-rich sediment deposits is the result of the sedimentological regime of the bay system produced by the tidal currents in the dredged channel. According to this model, the oxygenated open gulf water pushed into the bay by tidal currents activates the mercury and reintroduces it into the sediment regime of the bay in an area where the turbidity maximum is most prevalent. Within this region, the absorption sites are at a maximum, tying up the mercury. The mercury-enriched suspended material is then transported and deposited according to the hydraulic regime within the bay system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Holmes, C.W., 1977, Effects of dredged channels on trace-metal migration in an estuary: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 2, p. 243-251.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"251","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue2/report.pdf","size":"18181 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, Matagorda Bay, Matagorda Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.8939208984375,\n              28.023500048883022\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.592041015625,\n              28.023500048883022\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.592041015625,\n              28.827831607445855\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8939208984375,\n              28.827831607445855\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8939208984375,\n              28.023500048883022\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Charles W.","contributorId":31071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":846694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70233080,"text":"70233080 - 1977 - Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T16:32:56.038882","indexId":"70233080","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T11:25:32","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH","docAbstract":"<p>One-gram samples of hectorite were treated with 40 millilitres each of hydrochloric acid (6 <i>N</i>), acetic acid (4.5 <i>N</i>), distilled water, natural seawater, sodium chloride (0.6 <i>N</i>), and sodium hydroxide (2.5 <i>N</i>) for 10 days in stoppered plastic centrifuge tubes. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the structure was virtually destroyed by the hydrochloric and acetic acids. Analyses of the supernatant liquids were made to determine amounts of the elements removed by the various treatments. All treatments removed at least some SiO<sub>2</sub>, MgO, CaO, Li<sub>2</sub>O, and F. The acids removed most of the lithium and magnesium after 3 days. The fluorine and the magnesium released by the acetic acid began to form sellaite (MgF<sub>2</sub> ). After 5 days, sufficient sellaite was produced to be discernible by X-ray diffraction. The loss of silica from the sample when it was treated with sodium hydroxide amounted to about 10 percent of the total sample. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Starkey, H., Mountjoy, W., and Gardner, J.M., 1977, Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 2, p. 235-242.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"242","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue2/report.pdf","size":"18181 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starkey, Harry C.","contributorId":102074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starkey","given":"Harry C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mountjoy, Wayne","contributorId":21973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mountjoy","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, Johnnie M.","contributorId":293201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Johnnie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70233055,"text":"70233055 - 1977 - Electrical soundings near Yellow Creek, Rio Blanco County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T15:24:19.929894","indexId":"70233055","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T10:15:21","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrical soundings near Yellow Creek, Rio Blanco County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>Ten vertical electrical soundings were made in the Piceance Creek Basin in October 1974-5 along Yellow Creek, 2 in Big Duck Creek, and 1 each along Corral Gulch, on the hill in sec. 20, 1 kilometre northwest of 84 Ranch, and along the White River between the mouths of Yellow and Piceance Creeks. Interpretations of these soundings indicate that the anisotropy of the upper oil shales decreases from 2 in the basin center to 1 at a location on its flank. This decrease could result from a greater number of vertical water-filled fractures in the upper shales near the edge of the basin. On the other hand, the anisotropy coefficient for the lower shales increases from 2 to around 9 along the same section, indicating the presence of an increasing number of isolated horizontal aquifers in the lower shales on the basin flank. It is speculated that this trend for the lower shales reverses nearer the basin edge in the area of recharge of these splintered horizontal aquifers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.L., 1977, Electrical soundings near Yellow Creek, Rio Blanco County, Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 2, p. 193-205.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"205","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403803,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue2/report.pdf","size":"18181 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Rio Blanco County","otherGeospatial":"Yellow Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.74542236328125,\n              39.6437675734185\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.18923950195312,\n              39.6437675734185\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.18923950195312,\n              40.23026664265011\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.74542236328125,\n              40.23026664265011\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.74542236328125,\n              39.6437675734185\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, David L.","contributorId":95447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207858,"text":"70207858 - 1977 - The effects of the α‐β phase transformation on the creep properties of hydrolytically‐weakened synthetic quartz","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T15:39:11.310576","indexId":"70207858","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-15T16:53:38","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of the α‐β phase transformation on the creep properties of hydrolytically‐weakened synthetic quartz","docAbstract":"<p>Nine rectangular prisms of hydro‐thermally‐grown synthetic quartz crystals with 900 atomic ppm H<sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>were loaded in compression at 1400 bars stress and temperatures between 403 and 764°C. The<span>&nbsp;</span><span>a</span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span>c</span><span>&nbsp;</span>directions were at 45° to the compression direction, and the slip system<span>&nbsp;</span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/c98da4d3-4ef0-4f5a-b811-6af47325a68f/grl497-math-0001.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl497:grl497-math-0001\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/c98da4d3-4ef0-4f5a-b811-6af47325a68f/grl497-math-0001.gif\"><span>&nbsp;</span>appears to operate over the entire range of temperatures. The strain vs. time curves were sigmoidal in shape; an incubation stage of accelerating creep rates was followed by a hardening stage in which creep rates decreased with time. The creep rate (⋵) vs. temperature (T) data were found to fit very well an Arrehenius law of the form</p><div id=\"grl497-disp-0001\" class=\"inline-equation\"><span class=\"inline-equation__construct\"><img class=\"\" title=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl497:grl497-math-0002\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/6dc60836-8174-4751-bb22-63671a79377b/grl497-math-0002.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl497:grl497-math-0002\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/6dc60836-8174-4751-bb22-63671a79377b/grl497-math-0002.gif\"></span></div><p><span>where E* is the activation energy for creep. E* is 38.9 ± 2.1 kcal/mole in the α field and 14.3 ± 4.7 kcal/mole in the β field. An offset in the maximum strain rates occurs at the transition temperature, with the β phase creeping at less than half the rate of the α phase. It is suggested that the changes in creep parameters are due to the effects of the inversion on the rates of oxygen diffusion associated with the dissolved water, which hydrolytically weakens the crystals. The α‐β transformation involves rather subtle structural changes. No bond breaking occurs and the change in density is rather small. The transformations responsible for the transition zone of the mantle are reconstructive (involving extensive bond breaking and complete atomic reorganization) and the density changes are large. Thus the potential for large effects of these transformations on creep properties is even greater.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL004i003p00097","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., 1977, The effects of the α‐β phase transformation on the creep properties of hydrolytically‐weakened synthetic quartz: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 4, no. 3, p. 97-100, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL004i003p00097.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70198917,"text":"70198917 - 1977 - Geology of the Waynesboro East and Waynesboro West Quadrangles, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T10:43:21","indexId":"70198917","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-03T15:27:31","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Geology of the Waynesboro East and Waynesboro West Quadrangles, Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>The Waynesboro East and Waynesboro West Quadrangles comprise an area of approximately 117 square miles (304 sq km) in portions of Albemarle, Augusta, and Nelson counties in north-central Virginia. Included in the quadrangles are portions of the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces and two major regional structures - the Blue Ridge anticlinoriurm and the Massanutten synclinorium.</p><p>The rocks of the Blue Ridge anticlorium are complexly folded and faulted and consist of five sequences, the oldest being the Precambrian gneisses that include the Lovingston and Pedlar formations. Unconformably overlying these rocks or in fault contact with them is a sequence of Precambrian(?) stratified rock units including the metamorphosed, fluvial, sedimentary, and basic volcanic strata of the Swift Run and Catoctin formations. These are overlain by a sequence of Cambrian clastic rocks that include the Weverton, Harpers, and Antietarn formations. The Massanutten synclinorium within the study area is formed from the overlying Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate sequence that includes the Shady, Waynesboro, Elbrook, Conococheague, Chepultepec, Beekmantown, New Market, and Lincolnshire formations. These carbonate rocks are overlain by the Ordovician clastic sequence of the Martinsburg Formation. Many of these rock units are locally intruded by diabase dikes of Triassic age and are IocalIy covered by alluvial Quaternary sediments.</p><p>The intensity of deformation increases from northwest to southeast with recumbent folds, thrust faults, and zones of cataclastic rocks present in the southeastern half of the area. All of the rocks are altered with the metamorphic rank being somewhat greater to the southeast.</p><p>Sources of agricultural limestone, limestone aggregate, and in limited quantities high-calcium Iimestone are present. Ceramic clay, crushed stone. sand and gravel, and iron and manganese have been produced in small quantities.</p><p>Fourteen environmental geologic units having similar geologic factors - bedrock, residuum, and soil properties - affecting land modification have been delineated. Each is briefly evaluated with respect to slope stability, erodibility, and response to excavation or other types of land modification. Rockfall, karst. cave areas, and floodprone regions have been delineated.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication","publisher":"Commonwealth of Virginia, Dept. of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Mineral Resources","publisherLocation":"Charlottesville, VA","usgsCitation":"Gathright, T.M., Henika, W.S., and Sullivan, J.L., 1977, Geology of the Waynesboro East and Waynesboro West Quadrangles, Virginia, v. 3, 53 p.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":356747,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/PUB_3.pdf","text":"Document"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Albemarle County, Augusta County, Nelson County","city":"Waynesboro","otherGeospatial":"Waynesboro East quadrangle, Waynesboro West Quadrangle","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gathright, Thomas M. II","contributorId":207266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gathright","given":"Thomas","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henika, William S.","contributorId":178188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henika","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, John L.","contributorId":207277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30043,"text":"wri7761 - 1977 - The effect of the Faka Union Canal system on water levels in the Fakahatchee Strand, Collier County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T16:35:14.160273","indexId":"wri7761","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T21:30:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-61","title":"The effect of the Faka Union Canal system on water levels in the Fakahatchee Strand, Collier County, Florida","docAbstract":"<p>The Faka Union Canal system, constructed in the western Big Cypress Swamp, Fla., in the early 1970's, lies about 3.5 miles west of the centerline of the Fakahatchee Strand, a forested water course which the State of Florida has designated as an Area of Critical State Concern in order to conserve natural resources. Between 1970 and 1975 the canal system annually discharged to the Gulf of Mexico from 143,200 to 275,600 acre-feet of freshwater. Discharge lowered ground-water levels as much as 4 feet near the eastern canal and created a water-level gradient that indicates water flowed from the Fakahatchee Strand west toward the canal during most of the year. In June 1975, water from early summer rains was impounded in the eastern canal upstream of the control structure at Janes Scenic Drive, and, as water levels rose in this reach, water flowed from the canal into the aquifer and around the control structure.</p><p>The annual low-water level in the center of the Fakahatchee Strand declined from nearly 3 feet above mean sea level in 1972 to 1 foot above mean sea level in 1974. (Woodard-USGS)</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7761","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Swayze, L.J., and McPherson, B.F., 1977, The effect of the Faka Union Canal system on water levels in the Fakahatchee Strand, Collier County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-61, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7761.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2477,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0061/wri7761.pdf","text":"Report","size":"885 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":159292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0061/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Collier County","otherGeospatial":"Fakahatchee Strand, Faka Union Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.25326538085938,\n              25.75413552707459\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.20407104492188,\n              25.75413552707459\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.20407104492188,\n              26.606946521203206\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.25326538085938,\n              26.606946521203206\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.25326538085938,\n              25.75413552707459\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62f633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swayze, Leo J.","contributorId":55437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Leo","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McPherson, Benjamin F.","contributorId":17965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26246,"text":"wri7733 - 1977 - Saline-water intrusion related to well construction in Lee County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T19:02:45.909337","indexId":"wri7733","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T21:30:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-33","title":"Saline-water intrusion related to well construction in Lee County, Florida","docAbstract":"<p>Ground water is the principle source of water supply in Lee County, Florida where an estimated 30,000 wells have been drilled since 1990. These wells ranges in depth from about 10 to 1,240 feet and tap the water table aquifer or one or more of the artesian water-bearing units or zones in the Tamiami Formation, the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation, the lower part of the Hawthorn Formation and the Tampa Limestone and the Suwannee Limestone. Before 1968, nearly all wells were constructed with galvanized or black iron pipe. Many of these wells are sources of saline-water intrusion into freshwater-bearing zones.</p><p>The water-bearing zones in the lower part of the Hawthorn Formation, Tampa Limestone, and Suwannee Limestone are artesian-they have higher water levels and usually contain water with a higher concentration of dissolved solids than do the aquifers occurring at shallower depths. The water from these deeper aquifers generally range in dissolved solids concentration from about 1,500 to 2,400 mg/L, and in chloride from about 500 to 1,00 mg/L. A maximum chloride concentration of 15,200 mg/L has been determined. Few of the 3,00 wells estimated to have been drilled to these zones contain sufficient casing to prevent upward flow into overlaying water-bearing zones. Because of water-level differentials, upward movement and lateral intrusion of saline water occurs principally into the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation where the chloride concentrations in water unaffected by saline-water intrusion ranges from about 80 to 150 mg/L. Where intrusion from deep artesian zones has occurred, the chloride concentration in water from the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation ranges from about 300 to more than 2,100 mg/L.</p><p>Surface discharges of the saline water from wells tapping the lower part of the Hawthorn Formation and the Suwannee Limestone also had affected the water-table aquifer which normally contains water with 10 to 50 mg/L of chloride. In one area, the chloride concentration in water from the water table aquifer ranged from 200 to 590 mg/L as a result of intrusion.</p><p>In areas adjacent to tidal-water bodies, the water table aquifer contains water that is very saline, Where the wells in such areas have been constructed with metal casings, the metal corrodes when exposed to the saline water, and many ultimately develop holes. This permits saline water to leak into the well where the water level in the well is lower than the water table. The intrusion of saline water from the water-table aquifer into the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation is a major problem in parts of Cape Coral. Withdrawal of water from the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation has caused water levels to decline below the lowest annual position of the water table, so that downward leakage is perennial. In some coastal areas, wells that tap the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation contain water whose chloride concentration is as much as 9,500 mg/L.</p><p>Upward leakage of saline water from the deep artesian aquifers and downward leakage of saline water from the water-table aquifer can be prevented by proper well construction.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7733","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Board of County Commissioners of Lee County","usgsCitation":"Boggess, D.H., Missimer, T., and O’Donnell, T., 1977, Saline-water intrusion related to well construction in Lee County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-33, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7733.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0033/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":1961,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0033/wri7733.pdf","text":"Report","size":"980 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Lee 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href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c9a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boggess, Durward Hoye","contributorId":13243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boggess","given":"Durward","email":"","middleInitial":"Hoye","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Missimer, T.M.","contributorId":41839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Missimer","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Donnell, T.H.","contributorId":69970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70168651,"text":"70168651 - 1977 - Geohydrology of Muscatine Island, Muscatine County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T13:42:57.763237","indexId":"70168651","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":148,"text":"Water Supply Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Geohydrology of Muscatine Island, Muscatine County, Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>Muscatine Island is a wide segment of the west bank of the Mississippi River flood plain that covers about 50 square miles in Muscatine and Louisa Counties; the project area encompasses the 30 square miles in Muscatine County. The flood plain is underlain by thick, permeable alluvial deposits that comprise a water-table aquifer that is developed extensively for water supplies in the area. The aquifer consists principally of sand and gravel, interbedded with lenses of silt and clay. Its saturated thickness ranges from about 40 to 140 feet. The transmissivity and storage coefficients of the aquifer range from about 20,000 ft.<sup>2</sup>/day and 0.15. respectively, in the western part of the Island to about 39,500 ft.2/day and 0.24 in the eastern part. The amount of water stored in the aquifer, under normal conditions, is about 100 billion gallons.</p>\n<p>Discharge from the aquifer is principally by pumpage, which has increased from about 1 mgd (million gallons per day) in 1906 to about 37 mgd in 1970. About 2.5 mgd is normally lost to seepage and evapotranspiration along a 9-mile reach of Muscatine Slough in Muscatine County. About 0.9 mgd is discharged by evaporation from gravel pits.</p>\n<p>Recharge to the aquifer is by induced infiltration from the Mississippi River, seepage from the river during major flood events, precipitation, and seepage from the underlying limestone bedrock. Induced infiltration provides about 80 to 85 percent of the water withdrawn from the principal pumping centers along the river and also replaces about 70 to 80 percent of the water that is evaporated from the gravel pits; this amounted to about 30 mgd in 1971. Additional significant recharge from the river occurs during major floods, when prolonged high stages provide the head for considerable underflow to the aquifer. Recharge from precipitation on the Island was calculated to average about 6inches per year or about 0.3 mgd per square mile. Seepage from bedrock is significant and is attributed to the increased head differential between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the areas of major pumping.</p>\n<p>The chemical constituents of water from the aquifer are generally within the recommended limits established by the U. S. Public Health Service for drinking water.</p>\n<p>Stresses on the hydrologic system have affected the position and configuration of the water table and the chemical quality of the ground water. The large-scale withdrawals, which began at the principal pumping centers in 1946, have caused the water table to decline from about 1 foot in the interior of the Island to about 5 feet near the edges of the main pumping centers; the decline was more than 8 feet under the pumping centers. A slight increase in hardness of water from riverward wells in the pumping centers is attributed to the induced infiltration of slightly harder river water; a noticeable increase in hardness and iron content in water from landward wells is attributed to seepage of water from the bedrock. In the central irrigated area, which is underlain by very permeable, highly drained soils that are mulched with organic fertilizers, the nitrate content of the ground water is as high as 46 mg/l (milligrams per liter). Land-use practices have had, and probably will continue to have, an impact on the quality and quantity of water available in the system.</p>\n<p>The hydrologic system in 1971 was in dynamic equilibrium or in near-equilibrium with the stresses imposed on it to that date. This equilibrium would be disturbed by any additional stresses on the system and water levels would change until a new equilibrium was established. The effects of future stresses can be reasonably predicted by developing a digital model of the system. The data to develop such a model are available in this report. Continued and expanded monitoring of water levels would provide data for better model verification. Periodic monitoring of nitrate and other chemical constituents would permit early detection of changes in concentration before the concentrations reached excessive levels.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Des Moines, IA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey, the United States Geological Survey, and the Board of Water and Light Trustees of the City of Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Hansen, R., and Steinhilber, W.L., 1977, Geohydrology of Muscatine Island, Muscatine County, Iowa: Water Supply Bulletin 11, viii, 60 p.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70168651.JPG"},{"id":493177,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70168651/IGS_wsb_11.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.95","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Muscatine","otherGeospatial":"Muscatine Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.23252868652344,\n              41.22773259388589\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.23252868652344,\n              41.45199070565348\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.98533630371094,\n              41.45199070565348\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.98533630371094,\n              41.22773259388589\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.23252868652344,\n              41.22773259388589\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc3fdce4b059daa47e45a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, R.E.","contributorId":57109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinhilber, W. L.","contributorId":79456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhilber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32542,"text":"32542 - 1977 - Natural gas movement by pipelines, 1974","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-01T16:22:29","indexId":"32542","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T16:19:41","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Natural gas movement by pipelines, 1974","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National atlas of the United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/32542","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Natural gas movement by pipelines, 1974, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/32542.","productDescription":"1 map","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291547,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"7500000","projection":"Albers Equal Area projection","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.4,18.9 ], [ 172.4,71.4 ], [ -66.9,71.4 ], [ -66.9,18.9 ], [ 172.4,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dca9c9e4b0761578637748","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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