Geochemical exploration for uranium requires accurate and precise determinations of low-level concentrations. We have used seven different techniques and four different treatments of the fluorometric method to analyze for uranium in granitic rocks. In addition we have used four analytical techniques for thorium and three analytical techniques for potassium, two elements that are commonly present in anomalous amounts within uranium provinces. Our results show that commonly used techniques for thorium and potassium determinations are both adequately precise and accurate, but that many techniques used for uranium determinations lack the necessary precision or accuracy for complete geochemical prospecting. We suggest that a combination of delayed-neutron determinations for uranium and γ-ray spectrometric analyses for radium equivalent uranium, thorium, and potassium provides the best data base for geochemical exploration for uranium. If more detailed interpretations are desired, the combination of γ-ray spectrometry and α-spectrometry may be best. Carefully done fluorometric analyses should be adequate for water, ore, mineralized rock, and other applications where high precision and accuracy are not required.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J.S., Millard, H.T., Bunker, C., Nkomo, I.T., Rosholt, J.N., Bush, C.A., Huffman, C., and Keil, R.L., 1977, A comparison of some analytical techniques for determining uranium, thorium, and potassium in granitic rocks: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 1, p. 83-91.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"91","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403750,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403748,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue1/report.pdf","size":"29206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Millard, Hugh T. Jr.","contributorId":67502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millard","given":"Hugh","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunker, Carl M.","contributorId":45311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"Carl M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nkomo, Ignatius T.","contributorId":61044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nkomo","given":"Ignatius","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosholt, John N.","contributorId":68336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bush, Charles A. cbush@usgs.gov","contributorId":1258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Charles","email":"cbush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Huffman, Claude Jr.","contributorId":14877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"Claude","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Keil, Ronald L.","contributorId":293181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keil","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6935,"text":"Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":846604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70119851,"text":"70119851 - 1977 - Managing water resources: a summary on bureaucratic decisionmaking","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T08:55:21","indexId":"70119851","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T08:53:44","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Managing water resources: a summary on bureaucratic decisionmaking","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"Department of Political Science, Eastern Kentucky University","publisherLocation":"Richmond, KY","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., 1977, Managing water resources: a summary on bureaucratic decisionmaking, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9d8d3e4b008eaa4f3f66a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":96784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70119850,"text":"70119850 - 1977 - The utilization of coal mine and mine-mouth conversion plant waste waters for fish and wildlife habitat enhancement. Task 5: aquatic habitat enhancement/development scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T08:50:57","indexId":"70119850","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T08:50:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Contract NO. 14-16-0009-77-042","title":"The utilization of coal mine and mine-mouth conversion plant waste waters for fish and wildlife habitat enhancement. Task 5: aquatic habitat enhancement/development scenarios","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Task 5: aquatic habitat enhancement/development scenarios","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1977, The utilization of coal mine and mine-mouth conversion plant waste waters for fish and wildlife habitat enhancement. Task 5: aquatic habitat enhancement/development scenarios, 80 p.","productDescription":"80 p.","numberOfPages":"80","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9d8dae4b008eaa4f3f6ac"} ,{"id":70119849,"text":"70119849 - 1977 - Identification and critical assessment of water-related habitat and population improvement measures accompanying water resource development projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T08:44:43","indexId":"70119849","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T08:43:06","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Identification and critical assessment of water-related habitat and population improvement measures accompanying water resource development projects","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Task 2: Critical evaluation of habitat and population improvement measures","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Nelson, W., Horak, G.C., and Lewis, M., 1977, Identification and critical assessment of water-related habitat and population improvement measures accompanying water resource development projects, 63 p.","productDescription":"63 p.","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9d8d3e4b008eaa4f3f660","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Wayne","contributorId":47296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horak, Gerry C.","contributorId":88656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horak","given":"Gerry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, M.","contributorId":37395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184441,"text":"70184441 - 1977 - Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:34:45","indexId":"70184441","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3743,"text":"Western Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"San Francisco Bay represents one of the largest estuarine areas on the Pacific Coast of North America. Its open waters, tidal flats, tidal marshes and solar evaporation ponds provide critical foraging, resting and breeding habitat for migratory and resident birds. The avifauna of San Francisco Bay has received considerable attention; however, little of it has been directed toward assessing the overall importance of the Bay as a nesting area. Works by Grinnell and Wythe (1927), Grinnell and Miller (1944) and Sibley (1952) are the only comprehensive studies of San Francisco Bay avifauna. These studies, while major contributions, are broad in scope as they relate to the breeding avifauna of the Bay's estuarine areas. Several studies by Johnston (1955, 1956a, b), Marshall (1948a, b), DeGroot (1927, 1931) and Zucca (1954) have concentrated on the breeding biology of individual species; however, much of the marsh reclamation and Bay fill has occurred since. The present breeding status of many resident and migratory birds is poorly known for San Francisco Bay. Included among these are three rare or endangered forms: California Black Rail, California Clapper Rail and California Least Tern. In addition, some species now found in the area represent recent breeding range extensions. This study, undertaken from March to September 1971 and including a few more recent data, presents a quantitative assessment of the present breeding bird populations in the South San Francisco Bay area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Western Field Ornithologists","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., 1977, Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary: Western Birds, v. 8, no. 1, p. 1-12.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernfieldornithologists.org/archive/V08/journal-08-1.php","text":"Volume 8, Number 1 on Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.30255126953126,\n 37.355967684576406\n ],\n [\n -121.90498352050781,\n 37.355967684576406\n ],\n [\n -121.90498352050781,\n 37.644684587165884\n ],\n [\n -122.30255126953126,\n 37.644684587165884\n ],\n [\n -122.30255126953126,\n 37.355967684576406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12664e4b014cc3a3d353f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010945,"text":"70010945 - 1977 - Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T11:09:46.651678","indexId":"70010945","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya","docAbstract":"New and more complete compositional data are presented for a large number of water samples from the Lake Magadi area, Kenya. These water samples range from dilute inflow (<0.1 g/kg dissolved solids) to very concentrated brines (>300 g/kg dissolved solids). Five distinct hydrologic stages can be recognized in the evolution of the water compositions: dilute streamflow, dilute ground water, saline ground water (or hot spring reservoir), saturated brines, and residual brines. Based on the assumption that chloride is conserved in the waters during evaporative concentration, these stages are related to each other by the concentration factors of about 1:28:870:7600:16,800.
Dilute streamflow is represented by perennial streams entering the Rift Valley from the west. All but one (Ewaso Ngiro) of these streams disappear in the alluvium and do not reach the valley floor. Dilute ground water was collected from shallow pits and wells dug into lake sediments and alluvial channels. Saline ground water is roughly equivalent to the hot springs reservoir postulated by Eugster (1970) and is represented by the hottest of the major springs. Saturated brines represent surficial lake brines just at the point of saturation with respect to trona (Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O), while residual brines are essentially interstitial to the evaporite deposit and have been subjected to a complex history of precipitation and re-solution.
The new data confirm the basic hydrologic model presented by Eugster (1970) which has now been refined, particularly with respect to the early stages of evaporative concentration. Budget calculations show that only bromide is conserved as completely as chloride. Sodium follows chloride closely until trona precipitation, whereas silica and sulfate are largely lost during the very first concentration' step (dilute streamflow-dilute ground water). A large fraction of potassium and all calcium plus magnesium are removed during the first two concentration steps (dilute streamflow-dilute ground water-saline ground water). Carbonate and bicarbonate are the dominant anions, and mechanisms by which they are extracted from the solution include precipitation of alkali and alkaline-earth carbonates, and degassing, as well as precipitation and re-solution of efflorescent crusts. Much sulfate is apparently lost from solution by sorption as well as subsurface reduction.
Seasonal runoff, principally from the valley floor north of Lake Magadi, is considered to be the principal recharge to the Magadi ground water system. Evaporative concentration is the overall process responsible for the chemical evolution of the brines. This includes not only simple evaporation, but also mineral precipitation as films and cements in the unsaturated zone, re-solution, and reprecipitation of efflorescent crusts, with consequent recycling of salts. In fact, a large fraction of the solutes are acquired through dissolution of efflorescent crusts.
Data were obtained for borehole brines from as deep as 297 m. They show the existence of two distinct brine bodies below the present lake, one shallow, coexistent with bedded salts, and highly concentrated (260 g/kg average dissolved solids), and the other deeper in lacustrine sediments or fractured lavas, and only half as concentrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(77)90186-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Jones, B., Eugster, H., and Rettig, S., 1977, Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 41, no. 1, p. 53-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90186-7.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220872,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3333e4b0c8380cd5edfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eugster, H.P.","contributorId":99992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rettig, S.L.","contributorId":42592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rettig","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28005,"text":"wri7792 - 1977 - Rising ground-water level in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, 1972-1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-12T13:48:54.458895","indexId":"wri7792","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-92","title":"Rising ground-water level in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, 1972-1977","docAbstract":"Ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer in Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky, are rising at a rate which could cause wet basements and possible structural damage tc buildings in the downtown area by 1982. The predicted water level for 1982 is based on the nearly linear increase which has been observed from 1972 to 1977, during which period a rise of as much as 32 feet was recorded in water-level observation wells. Foremost among the possible causes of the rise is a decrease in withdrawal of ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7792","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., and Whitesides, D.V., 1977, Rising ground-water level in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, 1972-1977: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-92, vi, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7792.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158686,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415654,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","city":"Louisville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.7746410369873,\n 38.22948303204102\n ],\n [\n -85.74451446533203,\n 38.22948303204102\n ],\n [\n -85.74451446533203,\n 38.26797155559604\n ],\n [\n -85.7746410369873,\n 38.26797155559604\n ],\n [\n -85.7746410369873,\n 38.22948303204102\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db6004ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitesides, D. V.","contributorId":34553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitesides","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1017129,"text":"1017129 - 1977 - The importance of water management to the health of continental waterfowl populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:38","indexId":"1017129","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"seriesTitle":{"id":441,"text":"Proceedings of the Association of Midwest Fish and Wildlife Commissioners","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":12}},"title":"The importance of water management to the health of continental waterfowl populations","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Association of Midwest Fish and Wildlife Commissioners","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1977, The importance of water management to the health of continental waterfowl populations: Proceedings of the Association of Midwest Fish and Wildlife Commissioners, v. 44, p. E9-E18.","productDescription":"p. E9-E18","startPage":"E9","endPage":"E18","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d5a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25514,"text":"wri7725 - 1977 - Geochemical and hydrologic data for wells and springs in thermal-spring areas of the Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-02T15:01:34.255771","indexId":"wri7725","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-25","title":"Geochemical and hydrologic data for wells and springs in thermal-spring areas of the Appalachians","docAbstract":"Current interest in geothermal potential of thermal-spring areas in the Appalachians enhances the value of data on thermal springs and wells in these areas. This report presents maps showing locations of selected springs and wells and tables of physical and chemical data pertaining to these wells and springs. The chemical tables show compositions of gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, methane, carbon dioxide, and helium), isotope contents (tritium, carbon-13, and oxygen-18), trace and minor element chemical data, and concentrations of the major chemical constituents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7725","usgsCitation":"Hobba, W., Chemerys, J., Fisher, D., and Pearson, F.J., 1977, Geochemical and hydrologic data for wells and springs in thermal-spring areas of the Appalachians: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-25, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7725.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0025/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":406141,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobba, W.A. Jr.","contributorId":77518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobba","given":"W.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chemerys, J.C.","contributorId":94293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chemerys","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, D.W.","contributorId":77519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pearson, F. J. Jr.","contributorId":7696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70190917,"text":"70190917 - 1977 - Climatologic and hydrologic data, southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado, water years 1975 and 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-17T16:43:17","indexId":"70190917","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5498,"text":"Utah Basic-Data Release","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"29","title":"Climatologic and hydrologic data, southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado, water years 1975 and 1976","docAbstract":"This report contains climatologic and hydrologic data that were collected as a part of an investigation of the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado, by the U.S. Geological Survey. The data apply mainly to water years 1975 and 1976, which includes the period from October 1974 through September 1976. Included also are some earlier ground-water data not previously published. Similar reports will be published periodically during the data-collection phase of the project, which ends September 1979.
The investigation encompasses the collection and interpretation of a variety of climatologic, hydrologic, and geologic information in and near the southeastern Uinta Basin in order to (1) define the natural hydrologic system according to the occurrence, use, quantity, and quality of water; (2) define various hydrologic characteristics such as the seasonal and areal distribution of temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and streamflow; (3) determine the water demands that might be imposed on the hydrologic system as a result of oil-shale development; and (3) develop simulation models that could be used to predict the effects of various water-use plans that would satisfy these demands .
The data collection during water years 1975 and 1976 was carried out in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and the U. S. Environmental Protect:ion Agency.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota Geological Survey; North Dakota State Water Commission","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, D.J., 1977, Ground-water basic data for Morton County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 72, 592 p.","productDescription":"592 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 27, pt. II, and North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 72, pt. II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff5003e4b0da30c1bfdc68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, D. J.","contributorId":53380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176027,"text":"70176027 - 1977 - Ground-water discharge from the Edwards and associated limestones, San Antonio area, Texas, 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T16:24:15","indexId":"70176027","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5177,"text":"Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Ground-water discharge from the Edwards and associated limestones, San Antonio area, Texas, 1976","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Rappmund, R.A., 1977, Ground-water discharge from the Edwards and associated limestones, San Antonio area, Texas, 1976: Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin 36, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73dde4b03fd6b7df2d05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rappmund, R. A.","contributorId":173985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rappmund","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174724,"text":"70174724 - 1977 - Suspended particle transport and circulation in San Francisco Bay - an overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-28T15:10:38","indexId":"70174724","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Suspended particle transport and circulation in San Francisco Bay - an overview","docAbstract":"Differences in the relative magnitude and timing of wind stress and river inflow in the northern and southern reaches of San Francisco Bay create different sedimentary conditions. The northern reach is a partially to well mixed estuary receiving most of the total annual fresh-water input (840 m3 sec−1) and suspended sediment input (4 × 106metric tons) into the bay; more than 80% of the sediment is received during winter. Density-driven nontidal estuarine circulation (~5 cm sec−1) maintains a turbidity maximum which changes seasonally in particle concentration (40 to 80 mg litre−1). Strong tidal currents (≤225 cm sec−1) and wind-generated waves resuspend sediment from the shallow bay floor: some of the riverborne sediment deposited during winter is resuspended during summer and transported landward to the turbidity maximum. Long-term sediment data (extrapolated from bathymetrie charts) indicate that the northern reach is an effective sediment trap. In contrast, long-term sediment data suggest that the southern reach is experiencing net erosion. The southern reach receives little river inflow or riverborne suspended sediment, and the average nontidal circulation is weak (≤2 cm sec−1). The principal source of suspended sediment (25 mg litre−1) in the southern reach is the shallow bay floor (average depth 6 m).
","largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine processes: circulation, sediments, and transfer of material in the estuary","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-751802-2.50014-X","usgsCitation":"Conomos, T.J., and Peterson, D.H., 1977, Suspended particle transport and circulation in San Francisco Bay - an overview, chap. of Estuarine processes: circulation, sediments, and transfer of material in the estuary, p. 82-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-751802-2.50014-X.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"82","endPage":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7bde4b0d27deb387031","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conomos, T. J.","contributorId":77515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conomos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009920,"text":"70009920 - 1977 - Radioactive springs geochemical data related to uranium exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-05T18:01:19.814909","indexId":"70009920","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radioactive springs geochemical data related to uranium exploration","docAbstract":"Sexual behavior of the North American Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), as summarized by Johnsgard (1965: 323-327), includes a display variously referred to as the ringing rush (Johnsgard 1965: 325; 1967), ring rush (Johnsgard 1966), and/or display flight (Johnsgard 1966, 1967), which males perform as a short rush across the water surface, generally toward females. Differences of opinion exist concerning the description of the sound emitted during the display and the exact mechanics of sound production. Bailey (1919) described \"a noise suggesting castanets\" accompanying what probably was the display flight. Johnsgard described the noise as ringing (1965: 325) and rattling (1967). Buzzing has been used to characterize the sound produced during the display flight of the Australian Blue-billed Duck (O. australis), a display \"which appears to correspond exactly\" to the ring rush of O. jamaicensis (Johnsgard 1966). We prefer to describe the sound as popping. Wetmore (1920: 247), without naming the display, described \"a great boiling in the water with wings and feet.\" Johnsgard attributed the noise to the wings alone (1965: 325) and, later \"wings and/or feet striking the water\" (1967), while Palmer (1975: 513) assigned the sound to the feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., McLandress, R., and Gray, B., 1977, The display flight of The North American Ruddy Duck: The Auk, v. 94, no. 1, p. 140-142.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341289,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4084899"},{"id":130173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6683c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLandress, R.M.","contributorId":25029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLandress","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, B.J.","contributorId":100331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013632,"text":"1013632 - 1977 - Ultraviolet treatment of water for destruction of five gram-negative bacteria pathogenic to fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-03T16:38:05.31662","indexId":"1013632","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ultraviolet treatment of water for destruction of five gram-negative bacteria pathogenic to fishes","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/f77-183","usgsCitation":"Bullock, G.L., and Stuckey, H.M., 1977, Ultraviolet treatment of water for destruction of five gram-negative bacteria pathogenic to fishes: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 34, no. 8, p. 1244-1249, https://doi.org/10.1139/f77-183.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1244","endPage":"1249","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132297,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullock, G. L.","contributorId":69498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuckey, H. M.","contributorId":60157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckey","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009769,"text":"70009769 - 1977 - Fluoride content of clay minerals and argillaceous earth materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T15:11:14","indexId":"70009769","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluoride content of clay minerals and argillaceous earth materials","docAbstract":"A reliable method, utilizing a fluoride ion-selective electrode, is described for the determination of fluoride in clays and shales. Interference by aluminum and iron is minimal. The reproducibility of the method is about ±5% at different levels of fluoride concentration.
Data are presented for various clay minerals and for the <2-µm fractions of marine and nonmarine clays and shales. Fluoride values range from 44 ppm (0.0044%) for nontronite from Colfax, WA, to 51,800 ppm (5.18%) for hectorite from Hector, CA. In general, clays formed under hydrothermal conditions are relatively high in fluoride content, provided the hydrothermal waters are high in fluoride content. Besides hectorite, dickite from Ouray, CO, was found to contain more than 50 times as much fluoride (6700 ppm) as highly crystalline geode kaolinite (125 ppm). The clay stratum immediately overlying a fluorite mineralized zone in southern Illinois was found to have a higher fluoride content than the same stratum in a nonmineralized zone approximately 1 mile away. Nonmarine shales in contact with Australian coals were found to be lower in fluoride content than were marine shales in contact with Illinois coals.
It is believed that, in certain instances, peak shifts on DTA curves of similar clay minerals are the result of significant differences in their fluoride content.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250405","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J., Glass, H., White, W., and Trandel, R., 1977, Fluoride content of clay minerals and argillaceous earth materials: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 25, no. 4, p. 278-284, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250405.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"278","endPage":"284","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1287e4b0c8380cd5433e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Josephus Jr.","contributorId":11755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Josephus","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glass, H.D.","contributorId":85322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trandel, R.M.","contributorId":26431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trandel","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011115,"text":"70011115 - 1977 - Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments in intact and pre-fractured rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T13:30:27","indexId":"70011115","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments in intact and pre-fractured rock","docAbstract":"Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted to investigate two factors which could influence the use of the hydrofrac technique for in-situ stress determinations; the possible dependence of the breakdown pressure upon the rate of borehole pressurization, and the influence of pre-existing cracks on the orientation of generated fractures. The experiments have shown that while the rate of borehole pressurization has a marked effect on breakdown pressures, the pressure at which hydraulic fractures initiate (and thus tensile strength) is independent of the rate of borehole pressurization when the effect of fluid penetration is negligible. Thus, the experiments indicate that use of breakdown pressures rather than fracture initiation pressures may lead to an erroneous estimate of tectonic stresses. A conceptual model is proposed to explain anomalously high breakdown pressures observed when fracturing with high viscosity fluids. In this model, initial fracture propagation is presumed to be stable due to large differences between the borehole pressure and that within the fracture. In samples which contained pre-existing fractures which were 'leaky' to water, we found it possible to generate hydraulic fractures oriented parallel to the direction of maximum compression if high viscosity drilling mud was used as the fracturing fluid. ?? 1977.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(77)90196-6","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M.D., Rummel, F., Jung, R., and Raleigh, C., 1977, Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments in intact and pre-fractured rock: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 14, no. 2, p. 49-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(77)90196-6.","productDescription":"p.49-58","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":265951,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(77)90196-6"},{"id":221646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a410be4b0c8380cd65262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rummel, F.","contributorId":25432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rummel","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jung, R.","contributorId":21839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raleigh, C.B.","contributorId":40219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70009903,"text":"70009903 - 1977 - Automated atomic absorption spectrometric determination of total arsenic in water and streambed materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:57:38.203541","indexId":"70009903","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automated atomic absorption spectrometric determination of total arsenic in water and streambed materials","docAbstract":"An automated method to determine both inorganic and organic forms of arsenic In water, water-suspended mixtures, and streambed materials Is described. Organic arsenic-containing compounds are decomposed by either ultraviolet radiation or by suHurlc acid-potassium persulfate digestion. The arsenic liberated, with Inorganic arsenic originally present, is reduced to arsine with sodium borohydrlde. The arable Is stripped from the solution with the aid of nitrogen and Is then decomposed In a tube furnace heated to 800 0176C which Is placed in the optical path of an atomic absorption spectrometer. Thirty samples per hour can be analyzed to levels of 1 μg arsenic per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac50019a035","usgsCitation":"Fishman, M., and Spencer, R., 1977, Automated atomic absorption spectrometric determination of total arsenic in water and streambed materials: Analytical Chemistry, v. 49, no. 11, p. 1599-1602, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50019a035.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1599","endPage":"1602","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef2e4b0c8380cd4a05c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishman, M.","contributorId":52323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spencer, Roberto","contributorId":303001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Roberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009936,"text":"70009936 - 1977 - Importance of neutron energy distribution in borehole activation analysis in relatively dry, low-porosity rocks","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17108,"text":"ofr76418 - 1976 - Field experiments to test neutron interaction techniques in boreholes in relatively dry, low porosity rock","indexId":"ofr76418","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Field experiments to test neutron interaction techniques in boreholes in relatively dry, low porosity rock"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70009936,"text":"70009936 - 1977 - Importance of neutron energy distribution in borehole activation analysis in relatively dry, low-porosity rocks","indexId":"70009936","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Importance of neutron energy distribution in borehole activation analysis in relatively dry, low-porosity rocks"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-18T13:53:47","indexId":"70009936","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1761,"text":"Geoexploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of neutron energy distribution in borehole activation analysis in relatively dry, low-porosity rocks","docAbstract":"To evaluate the importance of variations in the neutron energy distribution in borehole activation analysis, capture gamma-ray measurements were made in relatively dry, low-porosity gabbro of the Duluth Complex. Although sections of over a meter of solid rock were encountered in the borehole, there was significant fracturing with interstitial water leading to a substantial variation of water with depth in the borehole. The linear-correlation coefficients calculated for the peak intensities of several elements compared to the chemical core analyses were generally poor throughout the depth investigated. The data suggest and arguments are given which indicate that the variation of the thermal-to-intermediate-to-fast neutron flux density as a function of borehole depth is a serious source of error and is a major cause of the changes observed in the capture gamma-ray peak intensities. These variations in neutron energy may also cause a shift in the observed capture gamma-ray energy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoexploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0016-7142(77)90018-7","issn":"00167142","usgsCitation":"Senftle, F.E., Moxham, R., Tanner, A., Philbin, P.W., Boynton, G.R., and Wager, R., 1977, Importance of neutron energy distribution in borehole activation analysis in relatively dry, low-porosity rocks: Geoexploration, v. 15, no. 2, p. 121-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7142(77)90018-7.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265703,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7142(77)90018-7"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a393ee4b0c8380cd61866","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moxham, R.M.","contributorId":42234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moxham","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Philbin, P. W.","contributorId":25915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philbin","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boynton, G. R.","contributorId":82276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boynton","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wager, R.E.","contributorId":106515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wager","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70196006,"text":"70196006 - 1977 - Classification of the hydrologic settings of lakes in the north central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T12:08:14","indexId":"70196006","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of the hydrologic settings of lakes in the north central United States","docAbstract":"The hydrologic settings of 150 lakes in the north central United States were investigated by principal component analysis as a first attempt to develop a general classification of the hydrologic settings of lakes. Precipitation-evaporation balance and the water quality variables have high loadings on the first principal component. Highest loadings on component 2 are for streamflow in and out of the lakes. Components 3 and 4 are characterized by geologic and groundwater flow variables. The drainage basin area/lake area ratio, the overland runoff variable, has the highest loading on component 5. The stability of the principal components was tested by randomly splitting the data and comparing a principal component analysis of each subsample. This showed the first two principal components to be the most stable. The components described by the groundwater variables are less stable, but there is justification for using them with caution. Of the variables examined in this study the distribution of dissolved solids of groundwater is most closely related to the distribution of lake types as determined by other limnological typologies in the north central United States. The study indicates that the following are the most important variables to be considered in classifying the hydrologic settings of lakes: dissolved solids concentration of groundwater, precipitation-evaporation balance, streamflow inlet and outlet, the ratio of drainage basin area to lake area, and lake depth. Of the groundwater variables, local relief and regional slope are more important than is regional position. Texture of the drift and bedrock, which is related to hydraulic conductivity of the rocks, is very important.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/WR013i004p00753","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 1977, Classification of the hydrologic settings of lakes in the north central United States: Water Resources Research, v. 13, no. 4, p. 753-767, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR013i004p00753.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"753","endPage":"767","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff5002e4b0da30c1bfdc66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70190918,"text":"70190918 - 1977 - Selected hydrologic data, Parowan Valley and Cedar City Valley drainage basins, Iron County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-17T16:51:12","indexId":"70190918","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5498,"text":"Utah Basic-Data Release","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"28","title":"Selected hydrologic data, Parowan Valley and Cedar City Valley drainage basins, Iron County, Utah","docAbstract":"This report presents selected basic data from a study of the ground- water resources of the Parowan Valley and Cedar City Valley drainage basins, Iron County, Utah. The study was made during 1973-75 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights. This report is intended to make the data conveniently available and to supplement an interpretive report, which will be published separately.
The Wilderness Study Area consists of about 322,300 hectares (1,250 square miles or 796,400 acres) on the southwest side of the Coast Range in southeastern Alaska about 72 km (45 miles) southeast of Juneau, Alaska (fig. 1). An additional 142,800 hectares (550 square miles or 352,900 acres) lying in part between the study area and the International Boundary and in part contiguous to the southwest of the study area were studied because of their importance to the evaluation of the study area itself. Unless otherwise specified, the term Study Area as used in this report includes both the formally designated study area and these contiguous areas. The general area is one of spectacular scenery, with fiords, forests, glacier-covered peaks to 2,470 m (8,095 feet) high, tidewater glaciers, icebergs, and some broad river valleys. No roads or maintained trails or permanent residents are present, and access is only by specially arranged water or air transport. Present human use of the area is related to recreation or mineral-resource exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77649","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., Grybeck, D., Johnson, B.R., Jachens, R.C., Nutt, C., Barnes, D., Kimball, A., Still, J., and Rataj, J., 1977, Mineral resources of the Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-649, Report: xviii, 282 p.; 4 Plates: 35.54 x 48.45 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77649.","productDescription":"Report: xviii, 282 p.; 4 Plates: 35.54 x 48.45 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":428204,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0649/plate-1-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428203,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0649/plate-1-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428202,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0649/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428201,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0649/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428200,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0649/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0649/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414252,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14491.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness Study Area and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -132.583,\n 58.5\n ],\n [\n -134,\n 58.5\n ],\n [\n -134,\n 57.417\n ],\n [\n -132.583,\n 57.417\n ],\n [\n -132.583,\n 58.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":203646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grybeck, Donald","contributorId":8066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grybeck","given":"Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Bruce R.","contributorId":100009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C.","contributorId":52881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nutt, C.J.","contributorId":52577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nutt","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kimball, A.L.","contributorId":68301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Still, J.C.","contributorId":32156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Still","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rataj, J.L.","contributorId":20600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rataj","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70010852,"text":"70010852 - 1977 - Fluorite solubility equilibria in selected geothermal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:09:55.293207","indexId":"70010852","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorite solubility equilibria in selected geothermal waters","docAbstract":"Calculation of chemical equilibria in 351 hot springs and surface waters from selected geothermal areas in the western United States indicate that the solubility of the mineral fluorite, CaF2, provides an equilibrium control on dissolved fluoride activity. Waters that are undersaturated have undergone dilution by non-thermal waters as shown by decreased conductivity and temperature values, and only 2% of the samples are supersaturated by more than the expected error. Calculations also demonstrate that simultaneous chemical equilibria between the thermal waters and calcite as well as fluorite minerals exist under a variety of conditions.
Testing for fluorite solubility required a critical review of the thermodynamic data for fluorite. By applying multiple regression of a mathematical model to selected published data we have obtained revised estimates of the pK (10,96), ΔGof (−280.08 kcal/mole), ΔHof (−292.59 kcal/mole), S° (16.39 cal/deg/mole) and CoP (16.16 cal/deg/mole) for CaF2 at 25°C and 1 atm. Association constants and reaction enthalpies for fluoride complexes with boron, calcium and iron are included in this review. The excellent agreement between the computer-based activity products and the revised pK suggests that the chemistry of geothermal waters may also be a guide to evaluating mineral solubility data where major discrepancies are evident.