{"pageNumber":"235","pageRowStart":"5850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11361,"records":[{"id":70180334,"text":"70180334 - 1995 - The influence of life history trade-offs and the size of the incubation gravels on egg size variation in sockeye salmon Onchorhynchus nerka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:16:16","indexId":"70180334","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of life history trade-offs and the size of the incubation gravels on egg size variation in sockeye salmon Onchorhynchus nerka","docAbstract":"

Egg size is a critical life history trait, reflecting female investment and affecting off- spring fitness. We investigated several factors which may influence variation in egg weight for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Comparisons were based on col- lections from 18 Alaskan populations, among which adult migration distance and ju- venile rearing habitat were similar but the size composition of incubation gravels was different. Among populations, most of the variation in egg weight could be explained by a positive correlation with different measures of the size composition of incubation gravels (Pearson's r = 0.45-0.91). In contrast, egg weight was poorly correlated with female body length and with female snout length, a morphological feature used during intra-sexual competition. Within each of the Alaskan populations, however, egg weight and snout length were positively correlated with female body length and hence with each other. A positive association between snout length and egg weight was still evident even after the effects of covariance with body size were removed using resid- uals analysis: for all of the fish pooled and within 6 of the 16 populations. A signifi- cant relationship was not detected in the other populations but the trend was neverthe- less positive in 8 of the other 10. Examination of reproductive traits (gonad weight, egg weight, egg number, snout length and hump size) within another population iden- tified a trade-off between egg weight and egg number for females of a given body length. In contrast, positive correlations between reproductive traits were more com- mon, suggesting that energy-rich individuals produce large eggs and large secondary sexual characteristics rather than sacrificing one for the other.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3545987","usgsCitation":"Quinn, T.P., Hendry, A.P., and Wetzel, L.A., 1995, The influence of life history trade-offs and the size of the incubation gravels on egg size variation in sockeye salmon Onchorhynchus nerka: Oikos, v. 74, no. 3, p. 425-438, https://doi.org/10.2307/3545987.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"425","endPage":"438","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6a90e4b08c8121c90910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinn, Thomas P.","contributorId":167272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinn","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":24671,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fsiery Sciences, UW, Box 355020, Seattle, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendry, Andrew P.","contributorId":178839,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hendry","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetzel, Lisa A. 0000-0003-3178-9940 lwetzel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-9940","contributorId":3016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"Lisa","email":"lwetzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20643,"text":"ofr95338 - 1995 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to April 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T21:38:30.518871","indexId":"ofr95338","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-338","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to April 1994","docAbstract":"A dam constructed at the outlet of Bradley Lake near Homer, Alaska has blocked natural flows to the lower Bradley River. To protect salmon egg incubation habitat during the period November 2 to April 30, a fish-water bypass was incorporated into the design of the dam to ensure a minimum discharge of 40 cubic feet per second in the lower river. This minimum flow determination was based on an open-water instream flow study that did not take into account effects of ice formation. A study was begun in March 1993 to determine winter flow conditions in the lower Bradley River. As a part of this study, data were collected at sites in the lower Bradley River to measure discharge, wetted perimeter, cross-sectional area, water depth, flow velocity, and specific conductance, as well as temperature and dissolved oxygen from both surface water and intragravel water. Discharge and specific conduc- tance in the Middle Fork Bradley River below North Fork Bradley River were also measured. This report presents data collected between March 1993 and April 1994.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95338","usgsCitation":"Rickman, R.L., 1995, Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to April 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-338, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95338.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411085,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19162.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":152248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0338/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0338/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"lower Bradley River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.00006610933335,\n 59.84487029785086\n ],\n [\n -151.00006610933335,\n 59.6471642653043\n ],\n [\n -150.46582873962421,\n 59.6471642653043\n ],\n [\n -150.46582873962421,\n 59.84487029785086\n ],\n [\n -151.00006610933335,\n 59.84487029785086\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickman, Ronald L. rrickman@usgs.gov","contributorId":5284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickman","given":"Ronald","email":"rrickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33154,"text":"b2139 - 1995 - The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-24T20:48:41.796779","indexId":"b2139","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2139","title":"The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2139","usgsCitation":"1995, The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2139, 220 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2139.","productDescription":"220 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407475,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22483.htm","text":"Lahars from the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":60972,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2139/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":163478,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":481183,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22485.htm","text":"Pyroclastic flows of the 1992 Crater Peak eruptions: distribution and origin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481184,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22486.htm","text":"The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: chronology and summary","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481185,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22487.htm","text":"Whole-rock major- and trace-element chemistry of 1992 ejecta from Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Spurr","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.25,\n 61.2\n ],\n [\n -152.167,\n 61.2\n ],\n [\n -152.167,\n 61.272\n ],\n [\n -152.25,\n 61.272\n ],\n [\n -152.25,\n 61.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"
  1. The 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak Vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: Chronology and Summary By John C. Eichelberger, Terry E.G. Keith, Thomas P. Miller, and Christopher J. Nye
  2. Real-time C-band Radar Observations of 1992 Eruption Clouds from Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By William I. Rose, Alexander B. Kostinski, and Lee Kelley
  3. Tracking of 1992 Eruption Clouds from Crater Peak Vent of Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska, Using AVHRR By David J. Schneider, William I. Rose, and Lee Kelley
  4. Explosive Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide from the 1992 Crater Peak Eruptions, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Gregg J.S. Bluth, Courtney J. Scott, lan E. Sprod, Charles C. Schnetzler, Arlin J. Krueger, and Louis S. Walter
  5. Sulfur Dioxide Scrubbing During the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Michael P. Doukas and Terrence M. Gerlach
  6. Chemistry of Crater Lake Waters Prior to the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Terry E.G. Keith, J. Michael Thompson, and Robert G. McGimsey
  7. Tephra-fall Deposits from the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: A Preliminary Report on Distribution, Stratigraphy, and Composition By Christina A. Neal, Robert G. McGimsey, Cynthia A. Gardner, Michelle L. Harbin, and Christopher J. Nye
  8. Pyroclastic Flows of the 1992 Crater Peak Eruptions: Distribution and Origin By Thomas P. Miller, Christina A. Neal, and Richard B. Waitt
  9. Ballistic Showers During Crater Peak Eruptions of Mount Spurr Volcano, Summer 1992 By Richard B. Waitt, Larry G. Mastin, and Thomas P. Miller
  10. Hybrid Wet Flows Formed by Hot Pyroclasts Interacting with Snow During the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska 7By Richard B. Waitt
  11. Whole-rock Major- and Trace-element Chemistry of 1992 Ejecta from Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Christoper J. Nye, Michelle L. Harbin, Thomas P. Miller, Samuel E. Swanson, and Christina A. Neal
  12. Use of Volcanic Glass from Ash as a Monitoring Tool: An Example from the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Samuel E. Swanson, Michelle L. Harbin, and James R. Riehle
  13. Preliminary Petrology and Chemistry of Proximal Eruptive Products: 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Michelle L. Harbin, Samuel E. Swanson, Christoper J. Nye, and Thomas P. Miller
  14. Seismicity and Forecasting of the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak Vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: An Overview By John A. Power, Arthur D. Jolly, Robert A. Page, and Stephen R. McNutt
  15. Preliminary Analyses of Volcanic Tremor Associated with 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Stephen R. McNutt, Guy C. Tytgat, and John A. Power
  16. Lightning Associated with the August 18, 1992, Eruption of Crater Peak Vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By John F. Paskievitch, Thomas L. Murray, Richard P. Hoblitt, and Christina A. Neal
  17. Lahars from the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By David F. Meyer and Dennis C. Trabant
  18. June 29, 1993, Outburst Flood from Kidazgeni Glacier, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Christopher J. Nye, William R. Hammond, Guy C. Tytgat, and Joseph M. Dorava
  19. Effects of the 1992 Crater Peak Eruptions on Airports and Aviation Operations in the United States and Canada By Thomas J. Casadevall and M. Dennis
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6835f5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693062,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33584,"text":"b2135 - 1995 - Stratigraphic notes, 1994: Three short papers propose changes in stratigraphic nomenclature in Virginia, Kentucky, and Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-05T21:49:29.581341","indexId":"b2135","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2135","title":"Stratigraphic notes, 1994: Three short papers propose changes in stratigraphic nomenclature in Virginia, Kentucky, and Alaska","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2135","usgsCitation":"Epstein, J.B., Orndorff, R.C., Rader, E.K., Rice, C., Brew, D.A., Ford, A., Himmelberg, G.R., and Drinkwater, J.L., 1995, Stratigraphic notes, 1994: Three short papers propose changes in stratigraphic nomenclature in Virginia, Kentucky, and Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2135, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2135.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371300,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163485,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401800,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22416.htm","text":"Middle Pennsylvanian Arnett Member (new name) of the Breathitt Formation, eastern Kentucky","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482931,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22449.htm","text":"Middle Ordovician Stickley Run Member (new name) of the Martinsburg Formation, Shenandoah Valley, northern Virginia","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482932,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93315.htm","text":"The Coast Mountains Complex of southeastern Alaska and adjacent regions","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Kentucky, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.234375,\n 58.81374171570782\n ],\n [\n -142.03125,\n 58.81374171570782\n ],\n [\n -142.03125,\n 71.18775391813158\n ],\n [\n -165.234375,\n 71.18775391813158\n ],\n [\n -165.234375,\n 58.81374171570782\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.296875,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 36.63316209558658\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orndorff, Randall C. 0000-0002-8956-5803 rorndorf@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8956-5803","contributorId":2739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orndorff","given":"Randall","email":"rorndorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rader, Eugene K.","contributorId":58228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rader","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rice, Charles L.","contributorId":61801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Charles L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":779576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ford, Arthur B.","contributorId":52578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"Arthur B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Himmelberg, Glen R.","contributorId":57921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Drinkwater, James L.","contributorId":221666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drinkwater","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":16863,"text":"ofr95509 - 1995 - Analytical results and sample locality maps of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate, and rock samples from the Gulkana Quadrangle, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:12","indexId":"ofr95509","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-509","title":"Analytical results and sample locality maps of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate, and rock samples from the Gulkana Quadrangle, south-central Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95509","usgsCitation":"Folger, H., Koch, R.D., Hopkins, R., Cieutat, B., Goldfarb, R., Nokleberg, W., and Hoffman, J.D., 1995, Analytical results and sample locality maps of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate, and rock samples from the Gulkana Quadrangle, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-509, 105 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95509.","productDescription":"105 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0509/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19326,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0509/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19327,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0509/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45970,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0509/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acae4b07f02db67cda9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Folger, H.A.","contributorId":57088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koch, R. D.","contributorId":106487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopkins, R.T.","contributorId":80264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cieutat, B.A.","contributorId":94323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cieutat","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hoffman, J. 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The largest accumulations on Earth of natural gas are in the form of gas hydrate, found mainly offshore in outer continental margin sediment and, to a lesser extent, in polar regions commonly associated with permafrost. Measurements of hydrocarbon gas compositions and of carbon-isotopic compositions of methane from natural gas hydrate samples, collected in subaquatic settings from around the world, suggest that methane guest molecules in the water clathrate structures are mainly derived by the microbial reduction of CO2 from sedimentary organic matter. Typically, these hydrocarbon gases are composed of > 99% methane, with carbon-isotopic compositions (δ13CPDB) ranging from − 57 to − 73‰. In only two regions, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caspian Sea, has mainly thermogenic methane been found in gas hydrate. There, hydrocarbon gases have methane contents ranging from 21 to 97%, with δ13C values ranging from − 29 to − 57‰. At a few locations, where the gas hydrate contains a mixture of microbial and thermal methane, microbial methane is always dominant. Continental gas hydrate, identified in Alaska and Russia, also has hydrocarbon gases composed of > 99% methane, with carbon-isotopic compositions ranging from − 41 to − 49‰. These gas hydrate deposits also contain a mixture of microbial and thermal methane, with thermal methane likely to be dominant. 

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