The southern Alaska continental margin has undergone a long and complicated history of plate convergence, subduction, accretion, and margin-parallel displacements. The crustal character of this continental margin is discernible through combined analysis of aeromagnetic and gravity data with key constraints from previous seismic interpretation. Regional magnetic data are particularly useful in defining broad geophysical domains. One of these domains, the south Alaska magnetic high, is the focus of this study. It is an intense and continuous magnetic high up to 200 km wide and ∼1500 km long extending from the Canadian border in the Wrangell Mountains west and southwest through Cook Inlet to the Bering Sea shelf. Crustal thickness beneath the south Alaska magnetic high is commonly 40–50 km. Gravity analysis indicates that the south Alaska magnetic high crust is dense. The south Alaska magnetic high spatially coincides with the Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes. The thick, dense, and magnetic character of this domain requires significant amounts of mafic rocks at intermediate to deep crustal levels. In Wrangellia these mafic rocks are likely to have been emplaced during Middle and (or) Late Triassic Nikolai Greenstone volcanism. In the Peninsular terrane, the most extensive period of mafic magmatism now known was associated with the Early Jurassic Talkeetna Formation volcanic arc. Thus the thick, dense, and magnetic character of the south Alaska magnetic high crust apparently developed as the response to mafic magmatism in both extensional (Wrangellia) and subduction-related arc (Peninsular terrane) settings. The south Alaska magnetic high is therefore a composite crustal feature. At least in Wrangellia, the crust was probably of average thickness (30 km) or greater prior to Triassic mafic magmatism. Up to 20 km (40%) of its present thickness may be due to the addition of Triassic mafic magmas. Throughout the south Alaska magnetic high, significant crustal growth was caused by the addition of mafic magmas at intermediate to deep crustal levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2007.2431(01)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., Hudson, T.L., and Wilson, F.H., 2007, The geophysical character of southern Alaska - Implications for crustal evolution: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 431, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2431(01).","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215525,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2007.2431(01)"}],"volume":"431","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac81e4b08c986b32353d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, T. L.","contributorId":13992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171391,"text":"70171391 - 2007 - Eutrophication study at the Panjiakou-Daheiting Reservoir system, northern Hebei Province, People's Republic of China: Chlorophyll-a model and sources of phosphorus and nitrogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:44:10","indexId":"70171391","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":680,"text":"Agricultural Water Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eutrophication study at the Panjiakou-Daheiting Reservoir system, northern Hebei Province, People's Republic of China: Chlorophyll-a model and sources of phosphorus and nitrogen","docAbstract":"Concentrations, loads, and sources of nitrate and total phosphorus were investigated at the Panjiakou and Daheiting Reservoir system in northern Hebei Province, People's Republic of China. The Luan He River is the primary source of water to these reservoirs, and the upstream watershed has a mix of land uses including agriculture, forest, and one large urban center. The reservoirs have a primary use for storage of drinking water and partially supply Tianjin City with its annual needs. Secondary uses include flood control and aqua culture (fish cages). The response of the reservoir system from phosphorus input, with respect to chlorophyll-a production from algae, was fitted to a model of normalized phosphorus loading that regresses the average summer-time chlorophyll-a concentration to the average annual phosphorus concentration of the reservoir. Comparison of the normalized phosphorus loading and chlorophyll-a response of this system to other reservoirs throughout the world indicate a level of eutrophication that will require up to an approximate 5–10-fold decrease in annual phosphorus load to bring the system to a more acceptable level of algal productivity. Isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen in dissolved nitrate were measured from the headwater streams and at various locations along the major rivers that provide the majority of water to these reservoirs. Those isotopic measurements indicate that the sources of nitrate change from natural background in the rivers to animal manure and septic waste upstream of the reservoir. Although the isotopic measurements suggest that animal and septic wastes are a primary source of nutrients, measurements of the molar ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus are more indicative of row-cropping practices. Options for reduction of nutrient loads include changing the management practices of the aqua culture, installation of new sewage treatment systems in the large urbanized area of the upper watershed, and agricultural management practices that would reduce the loading of nutrients and soil erosion from that land use.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2007.08.002","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., Lin, C., Luo, Y., Kang, J., Wang, S., Brown, L.R., and Munn, M.D., 2007, Eutrophication study at the Panjiakou-Daheiting Reservoir system, northern Hebei Province, People's Republic of China: Chlorophyll-a model and sources of phosphorus and nitrogen: Agricultural Water Management, v. 94, no. 1-3, p. 43-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.08.002.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"53","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321872,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574eb5c6e4b0ee97d51a83b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, Chao","contributorId":169724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"Chao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luo, Yang","contributorId":89585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Yang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kang, Jie","contributorId":72265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kang","given":"Jie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wang, Shaoming","contributorId":38745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Shaoming","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Munn, Mark D. 0000-0002-7154-7252 mdmunn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-7252","contributorId":976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"Mark","email":"mdmunn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70030748,"text":"70030748 - 2007 - The instantaneous rate dependence in low temperature laboratory rock friction and rock deformation experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-01T12:11:33.968611","indexId":"70030748","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The instantaneous rate dependence in low temperature laboratory rock friction and rock deformation experiments","docAbstract":"[1] Earthquake occurrence probabilities that account for stress transfer and time-dependent failure depend on the product of the effective normal stress and a lab-derived dimensionless coefficient a. This coefficient describes the instantaneous dependence of fault strength on deformation rate, and determines the duration of precursory slip. Although an instantaneous rate dependence is observed for fracture, friction, crack growth, and low temperature plasticity in laboratory experiments, the physical origin of this effect during earthquake faulting is obscure. We examine this rate dependence in laboratory experiments on different rock types using a normalization scheme modified from one proposed by Tullis and Weeks [1987]. We compare the instantaneous rate dependence in rock friction with rate dependence measurements from higher temperature dislocation glide experiments. The same normalization scheme is used to compare rate dependence in friction to rock fracture and to low-temperature crack growth tests. For particular weak phyllosilicate minerals, the instantaneous friction rate dependence is consistent with dislocation glide. In intact rock failure tests, for each rock type considered, the instantaneous rate dependence is the same size as for friction, suggesting a common physical origin. During subcritical crack growth in strong quartzofeldspathic and carbonate rock where glide is not possible, the instantaneous rate dependence measured during failure or creep tests at high stress has long been thought to be due to crack growth; however, direct comparison between crack growth and friction tests shows poor agreement. The crack growth rate dependence appears to be higher than the rate dependence of friction and fracture by a factor of two to three for all rock types considered.
Dissolved carbon monoxide (CO) is present in ground water produced from a variety of aquifer systems at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20 nanomoles per liter (0.0056 to 0.56 μg/L). In two shallow aquifers, one an unconsolidated coastal plain aquifer in Kings Bay, Georgia, and the other a fractured‐bedrock aquifer in West Trenton, New Jersey, long‐term monitoring showed that CO concentrations varied over time by as much as a factor of 10. Field and laboratory evidence suggests that the delivery of dissolved oxygen to the soil zone and underlying aquifers by periodic recharge events stimulates oxic metabolism and produces transiently high CO concentrations. In between recharge events, the aquifers become anoxic and more substrate limited, CO is consumed as a carbon source, and CO concentrations decrease. According to this model, CO concentrations provide a transient record of oxic metabolism affecting ground water systems after dissolved oxygen has been fully consumed. Because the delivery of oxygen affects the fate and transport of natural and anthropogenic contaminants in ground water, CO concentration changes may be useful for identifying predominantly anoxic ground water systems subject to periodic oxic or microaerophilic conditions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00284.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., and Bradley, P.M., 2007, Hydrologic significance of carbon monoxide concentrations in ground water: Ground Water, v. 45, no. 3, p. 272-280, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00284.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"272","endPage":"280","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00284.x"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a368ae4b0c8380cd607c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029745,"text":"70029745 - 2007 - Duration of a large Mafic intrusion and heat transfer in the lower crust: A SHRIMP U-Pb zircon Study in the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (Western Alps, Italy)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70029745","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Duration of a large Mafic intrusion and heat transfer in the lower crust: A SHRIMP U-Pb zircon Study in the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (Western Alps, Italy)","docAbstract":"The Ivrea-Verbano Zone in the western Italian Alps contains one of the world's classic examples of ponding of mantle-derived, mafic magma in the deep crust. Within it, a voluminous, composite mafic pluton, the Mafic Complex, intruded lower-crustal, high-grade paragneiss of the Kinzigite Formation during Permian-Carboniferous time, and is now exposed in cross-section as a result of Alpine uplift. The age of the intrusion is still debated because the results of geochronological studies in the last three decades on different rock types and with various dating techniques range from 250 to about 300 Ma. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon age determinations on 12 samples from several locations within the Mafic Complex were performed to better constrain the age of the igneous event. The results indicate a long history of magma emplacement and cooling, which reconciles the spread in previously published ages. The main intrusive phase took place at 288 ?? 4 Ma, causing a perturbation of the deep-crustal geotherm, which relaxed to the Sm-Nd closure temperature in garnet-free mafic rocks after about 15-20 Myr of sub-solidus cooling at c. 270 Ma. These results suggest that large, deep crustal plutons, such as those identified geophysically at depths of 10-20 km within extended continental crust (e.g. Yellowstone, Rio Grande Rift, Basin and Range) may have formed rapidly but induced a prolonged thermal perturbation. In addition, the data indicate that a significant thermal event affected the country rock of the Mafic Complex at about 310 Ma. The occurrence of an upper amphibolite- to granulite-facies thermal event in the Kinzigite Formation prior to the main intrusive phase of the Mafic Complex has been postulated by several workers, and is corroborated by other geochronological investigations. However, it remains uncertain whether this event (1) was part of a prolonged perturbation of the deep-crustal geotherm, which started long before the onset of intrusion of the Mafic Complex, or (2) corresponded to the intrusion of the first sills of the Mafic Complex, or (3) was related to an earlier, independent thermal pulse. ?? The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egm014","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Peressini, G., Quick, J.E., Sinigoi, S., Hofmann, A., and Fanning, M., 2007, Duration of a large Mafic intrusion and heat transfer in the lower crust: A SHRIMP U-Pb zircon Study in the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (Western Alps, Italy): Journal of Petrology, v. 48, no. 6, p. 1185-1218, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egm014.","startPage":"1185","endPage":"1218","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477242,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egm014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":212972,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egm014"},{"id":240545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0419e4b0c8380cd507a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peressini, G.","contributorId":49876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peressini","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quick, J. E.","contributorId":48563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sinigoi, S.","contributorId":77245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinigoi","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hofmann, A.W.","contributorId":100198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmann","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fanning, M.","contributorId":10624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanning","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029734,"text":"70029734 - 2007 - A simple daily soil-water balance model for estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in temperate humid areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70029734","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple daily soil-water balance model for estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in temperate humid areas","docAbstract":"Quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of natural groundwater recharge is usually a prerequisite for effective groundwater modeling and management. As flow models become increasingly utilized for management decisions, there is an increased need for simple, practical methods to delineate recharge zones and quantify recharge rates. Existing models for estimating recharge distributions are data intensive, require extensive parameterization, and take a significant investment of time in order to establish. The Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey (WGNHS) has developed a simple daily soil-water balance (SWB) model that uses readily available soil, land cover, topographic, and climatic data in conjunction with a geographic information system (GIS) to estimate the temporal and spatial distribution of groundwater recharge at the watershed scale for temperate humid areas. To demonstrate the methodology and the applicability and performance of the model, two case studies are presented: one for the forested Trout Lake watershed of north central Wisconsin, USA and the other for the urban-agricultural Pheasant Branch Creek watershed of south central Wisconsin, USA. Overall, the SWB model performs well and presents modelers and planners with a practical tool for providing recharge estimates for modeling and water resource planning purposes in humid areas. ?? Springer-Verlag 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-007-0160-6","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Dripps, W.R., and Bradbury, K.R., 2007, A simple daily soil-water balance model for estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in temperate humid areas: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 15, no. 3, p. 433-444, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0160-6.","startPage":"433","endPage":"444","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212832,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0160-6"},{"id":240380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e58de4b0c8380cd46e06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dripps, W. R.","contributorId":27978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dripps","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, K. R.","contributorId":86070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156000,"text":"70156000 - 2007 - A project for monitoring trends in burn severity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:22:30","indexId":"70156000","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1636,"text":"Fire Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A project for monitoring trends in burn severity","docAbstract":"Jeff Eidenshink, Brian Schwind, Ken Brewer, Zhi-Liang Zhu, Brad Quayle, and Elected officials and leaders of environmental agencies need information about the effects of large wildfires in order to set policy and make management decisions. Recently, the Wildland Fire Leadership Council (WFLC), which implements and coordinates the National Fire Plan (NFP) and Federal Wildland Fire Management Policies (National Fire Plan 2004), adopted a strategy to monitor the effectiveness of the National Fire Plan and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act (HFRA). One component of this strategy is to assess the environmental impacts of large wildland fires and identify the trends of burn severity on all lands across the United States. To that end, WFLC has sponsored a six-year project, Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS), which requires the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDA-FS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to map and assess the burn severity for all large current and historical fires. Using Landsat data and the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) algorithm, the USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) and USDA-FS Remote Sensing Applications Center will map burn severity of all fires since 1984 greater than 202 ha (500ac) in the east, and 404 ha (1,000 ac) in the west. The number of historical fires from this period combined with current fires occurring during the course of the project will exceed 9,000. The MTBS project will generate burn severity data, maps, and reports, which will be available for use at local, state, and national levels to evaluate trends in burn severity and help develop and assess the effectiveness of land management decisions. Additionally, the information developed will provide a baseline from which to monitor the recovery and health of fire-affected landscapes over time. Spatial and tabular data quantifying burn severity will augment existing information used to estimate risk associated with a range of current and future resource threats. The annual report of 2004 fires has been completed. All data and results will be distributed to the public on a Web site. A Project for Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for Fire Ecology","doi":"10.4996/fireecology.0301003","usgsCitation":"Eidenshink, J.C., Schwind, B., Brewer, K., Zhu, Z., Quayle, B., and Howard, S.M., 2007, A project for monitoring trends in burn severity: Fire Ecology, v. 3, no. 1, p. 3-21, https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0301003.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0301003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb2fe4b08400b1fdb6e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eidenshink, Jeffery C. eidenshink@usgs.gov","contributorId":1352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eidenshink","given":"Jeffery","email":"eidenshink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":567606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwind, Brian","contributorId":146378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwind","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brewer, Ken","contributorId":146379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brewer","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhu, Zhu-Liang","contributorId":146380,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhu-Liang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Quayle, Brad","contributorId":146381,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quayle","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howard, Stephen M. 0000-0001-5255-5882 smhoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-5882","contributorId":3483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Stephen","email":"smhoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70029724,"text":"70029724 - 2007 - Genetic diversity of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus from Feather River and Lake Oroville, California, and virulence of selected isolates for Chinook salmon and rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70029724","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic diversity of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus from Feather River and Lake Oroville, California, and virulence of selected isolates for Chinook salmon and rainbow trout","docAbstract":"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a significant pathogen of young salmonid fishes worldwide but particularly within the historical range of the Pacific Northwest and California. In the Sacramento and San Joaquin River drainages of California, IHNV outbreaks in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have been observed regularly at large production hatcheries, including Coleman National Fish Hatchery (established in 1941) and Feather River State Fish Hatchery (FRH; established in 1967), since facility operations began. Recent severe epidemics at the FRH in 1998 and 2000-2002 prompted investigations into the characteristics and potential sources of virus at this facility. Both phylogenetic analyses of a variable portion of the glycoprotein gene and serologic comparisons based on neutralization with three polyclonal rabbit sera were used to characterize 82 IHNV isolates from the Feather River watershed between 1969 and 2004. All isolates examined were in the L genogroup and belonged to one of three serologic groups typical of IHNV from California. The IHNV isolates from the Feather River area demonstrated a maximum nucleotide sequence divergence of 4.0%, and new isolates appeared to emerge from previous isolates rather than by the introduction of more diverse subgroups from exogenous sources. The earliest isolates examined from the watershed formed the subgroup LI, which disappeared coincidently with a temporal shift to new genetic and serologic types of the larger subgroup LII. Experimental challenges demonstrated no significant differences in the virulence for juvenile Chinook salmon and rainbow trout O. mykiss from selected isolates representing the principal types of IHNV found historically and from recent epidemics at FRH. While most isolates were equally virulent for both host species, one isolate was found to be more virulent for Chinook salmon than for rainbow trout. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/H07-003.1","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Bendorf, C., Kelley, G., Yun, S., Kurath, G., Andree, K., and Hedrick, R., 2007, Genetic diversity of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus from Feather River and Lake Oroville, California, and virulence of selected isolates for Chinook salmon and rainbow trout: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 19, no. 4, p. 254-269, https://doi.org/10.1577/H07-003.1.","startPage":"254","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212709,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H07-003.1"},{"id":240236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1574e4b0c8380cd54e0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bendorf, C.M.","contributorId":41215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bendorf","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelley, G.O.","contributorId":47156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"G.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yun, S.C.","contributorId":69778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yun","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":100522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andree, K.B.","contributorId":48759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andree","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hedrick, R.P.","contributorId":76431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030127,"text":"70030127 - 2007 - Winter behavior and ecology of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) in Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70030127","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2967,"text":"Ornitologia Neotropical","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter behavior and ecology of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) in Peru","docAbstract":"The winter ecology and behavior of Alder Flycatchers (Empidonax alnorum) were studied along the Manu, a white-water meander river in Manu National Park, Madre de Dios, Peru?? during October and November, 1993 to 1997. The birds occupied territories in primary-succession habitats on growing point bars. They were most common in mixed stands of Tessaria integrifolia (Asteraceae) and Gynerium sagittatum (Gramineaceae) interspersed with bare sand areas. The uneven height of the Tessaria canopy, which resulted in openings in the vegetation large enough for the birds to flycatch, was an important habitat feature. Birds obtained insects, which formed about 96% of the diet, by aerial hawking (91%), perch gleaning (6%), and hover gleaning (3%). They also fed on fruit. Territory sizes ranged from 0.04 to 0.25 ha. Of nine territories that we observed closely, six were occupied by two birds each, two by one bird each, and one by three birds. Every territory had one dominant individual who was primarily responsible for territory defense; the other birds were associates. Vocalizations given included the fee-bee-o song, a two-syllable song, nd the pit note, which are also given on the breeding grounds. A series of pits given increasingly rapidly signaled a territorial interaction. In aggressive encounters, the birds (1) interacted vocally, remaining on their territories and counter calling or exchanging agitated calls; (2) moved toward a common territorial boundary and engaged in a vocal duel; or (3) the dominant chased intruders out of the territory. Chases were most common when a wave of new birds entered the area. Dominant birds, which sang the full song, were probably adult males. Immature males do not sing a full song, and females are not known to sing in nature. Associate individuals were likely females or young males. ?? The Neotropical Ornithological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ornitologia Neotropical","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10754377","usgsCitation":"Foster, M., 2007, Winter behavior and ecology of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) in Peru: Ornitologia Neotropical, v. 18, no. 2, p. 171-186.","startPage":"171","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd138e4b08c986b32f2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030123,"text":"70030123 - 2007 - Using drill cutting separates to estimate the strength of narrow shear zones at SAFOD","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-03T11:51:36.683083","indexId":"70030123","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using drill cutting separates to estimate the strength of narrow shear zones at SAFOD","docAbstract":"[1] A technique is presented for estimating frictional strength of narrow shear zones based on hand selection of drillhole cuttings separates. Tests were conducted on cuttings from the SAFOD scientific drillhole near Parkfield, California. Since cuttings are mixed with adjacent material as they travel up the drillhole, these fault-derived separates give a better representation of the frictional properties of narrow features than measurements from the bulk material alone. Cuttings from two shear zones (one an active trace of the San Andreas fault) contain a significant weight percent of clay-rich grains that exhibit deformation-induced slickensides. In addition, cuttings from the active SAF trace contain around 1% serpentine. Coefficients of friction for clay-rich and serpentine grains were 0.3–0.5 and 0.4–0.45, respectively. These values are around 0.12 lower than the friction coefficient of the corresponding bulk cuttings, providing an improved estimate of the frictional strength of the San Andreas fault.
We provide the first description of the nest, eggs, and breeding behavior of the Mérida Tapaculo (Scytalopus meridanus). Data are from one pair in the moist cloud forest of Yacambu National Park, Venezuela during April–May 2004. Two nests, constructed by the same pair, were globular in structure and consisted of mossy material placed in a rock crevice of a muddy rock wall. The eggs were cream colored with an average mass of 4.19 g. Clutch sizes were one in the first nest and two in the second. The species showed bi-parental care in nest building and incubation. Nest attentiveness (percent time spent on the nest incubating) averaged 83.4 ± 14% (SD). Average on and off bouts were 33.24 and 6.34 min, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/05-159.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"Decker, K.L., Niklison, A.M., and Martin, T.E., 2007, First description of the nest, eggs, and breeding behavior of the Mérida Tapaculo (Scytalopus meridanus): Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 119, no. 1, p. 121-124, https://doi.org/10.1676/05-159.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"124","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477158,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676/05-159.1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":242403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214659,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/05-159.1"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Yacambu National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.0323486328125,\n 9.481572085088517\n ],\n [\n -70.0323486328125,\n 9.83492007320997\n ],\n [\n -69.45556640625,\n 9.83492007320997\n ],\n [\n -69.45556640625,\n 9.481572085088517\n ],\n [\n -70.0323486328125,\n 9.481572085088517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1052e4b0c8380cd53c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decker, Karie L.","contributorId":51094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"Karie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niklison, Alina M.","contributorId":21760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niklison","given":"Alina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Thomas E. 0000-0002-4028-4867 tmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-4867","contributorId":1208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Thomas","email":"tmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":434746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030122,"text":"70030122 - 2007 - Quasi-horizontal circulation cells in 3D seawater intrusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T10:29:57","indexId":"70030122","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quasi-horizontal circulation cells in 3D seawater intrusion","docAbstract":"The seawater intrusion process is characterized by the difference in freshwater and seawater density that causes freshwater to float on seawater. Many confined aquifers have a large horizontal extension with respect to thickness. In these cases, while buoyancy acts in the vertical direction, flow is confined between the upper and bottom boundaries and the effect of gravity is controlled by variations of aquifer elevation. Therefore, the effective gravity is controlled by the slope and the shape of the aquifer boundaries. Variability in the topography of the aquifer boundaries is one case where 3D analysis is necessary. In this work, density-dependent flow processes caused by 3D aquifer geometry are studied numerically and specifically, considering a lateral slope of the aquifer boundaries. Sub-horizontal circulation cells are formed in the saltwater entering the aquifer. The penetration of the saltwater can be quantified by a dimensionless buoyancy number that measures the lateral slope of the aquifer relative to freshwater flux. The penetration of the seawater intrusion wedge is controlled more by this slope than by the aquifer thickness and dispersivity. Thus, the slope must be taken into account in order to accurately evaluate seawater intrusion.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.017","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Abarca, E., Carrera, J., Sanchez-Vila, X., and Voss, C.I., 2007, Quasi-horizontal circulation cells in 3D seawater intrusion: Journal of Hydrology, v. 339, no. 3-4, p. 118-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.017.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477026,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.scipedia.com/public/Abarca_et_al_2007b","text":"External Repository"},{"id":213020,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.017"},{"id":240600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"339","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9279e4b0c8380cd80894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abarca, E.","contributorId":28077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abarca","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carrera, J.","contributorId":68536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrera","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanchez-Vila, X.","contributorId":106716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez-Vila","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":425808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030121,"text":"70030121 - 2007 - Dust deposition on the Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (Pancam) calibration targets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:08","indexId":"70030121","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dust deposition on the Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (Pancam) calibration targets","docAbstract":"The Panoramic Camera (Pancam) on the Mars Exploration Rover mission has acquired in excess of 20,000 images of the Pancam calibration targets on the rovers. Analysis of this data set allows estimates of the rate of deposition and removal of aeolian dust on both rovers. During the first 150-170 sols there was gradual dust accumulation on the rovers but no evidence for dust removal. After that time there is ample evidence for both dust removal and dust deposition on both rover decks. We analyze data from early in both rover missions using a diffusive reflectance mixing model. Assuming a dust settling rate proportional to the atmospheric optical depth, we derive spectra of optically thick layers of airfall dust that are consistent with spectra from dusty regions on the Martian surface. Airfall dust reflectance at the Opportunity site appears greater than at the Spirit site, consistent with other observations. We estimate the optical depth of dust deposited on the Spirit calibration target by sol 150 to be 0.44 ?? 0.13. For Opportunity the value was 0.39 ?? 0.12. Assuming 80% pore space, we estimate that the dust layer grew at a rate of one grain diameter per ???100 sols on the Spirit calibration target. On Opportunity the rate was one grain diameter per ???125 sols. These numbers are consistent with dust deposition rates observed by Mars Pathfinder taking into account the lower atmospheric dust optical depth during the Mars Pathfinder mission. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2006JE002807","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kinch, K., Sohl-Dickstein, J., Bell, J., Johnson, J.R., Goetz, W., and Landis, G.A., 2007, Dust deposition on the Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (Pancam) calibration targets: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 112, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002807.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487770,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/129781","text":"External Repository"},{"id":240599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213019,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002807"}],"volume":"112","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a041ce4b0c8380cd507bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinch, K.M.","contributorId":9041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinch","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohl-Dickstein, J.","contributorId":8295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl-Dickstein","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bell, J.F. III","contributorId":97612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goetz, W.","contributorId":104258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Landis, G. A.","contributorId":76536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70031350,"text":"70031350 - 2007 - The distribution, occurrence and environmental effect of mercury in Chinese coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:13","indexId":"70031350","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution, occurrence and environmental effect of mercury in Chinese coals","docAbstract":"Mercury (Hg) is a toxic, persistent, and globally distributed pollutant due to its characteristic properties such as low melting and boiling points, conversion between chemical forms and participation in biological cycles. During combustion mercury in coal is almost totally emitted to the atmosphere. With a huge amount of coal consumed, coal combustion is one of the main anthropogenic sources of this element in the environment. In this study, Hg data of 1699 coal samples of China has been compiled, and the concentration, distribution, modes of occurrence, and the impact of Hg emissions on the environment are investigated. Most Chinese coals have Hg content in the range of 0.1 to 0.3??ppm, with an average of 0.19??ppm, which is slightly higher than the average Hg content of world coals and is close to that of the U.S. coals. The Hg content in coals varies in different coal basins, geological ages and coal ranks. The most likely mode of occurrences of Hg in high-sulfur and high Hg content coals is as solid solution in pyrite. But in low-sulfur coals, modes of occurrence of Hg are variable, and the organic-bound and sulfide-bound Hg may dominate. Silicate-bound Hg may be the main form in some coals because of magmatic intrusion. Mercury emissions during coal combustion have resulted in serious environmental contamination in China, particularly in the northeastern and southwestern China, where a high Hg content in the atmosphere occurs. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.037","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Zheng, L., Liu, G., and Chou, C.L., 2007, The distribution, occurrence and environmental effect of mercury in Chinese coals: Science of the Total Environment, v. 384, no. 1-3, p. 374-383, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.037.","startPage":"374","endPage":"383","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212525,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.037"},{"id":240022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"384","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baae1e4b08c986b322a8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zheng, Lingyun","contributorId":68495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"Lingyun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Gaisheng","contributorId":15158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Gaisheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chou, C. L.","contributorId":32655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031330,"text":"70031330 - 2007 - Diets of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in continuous and fragmented prairie in Northwestern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:10","indexId":"70031330","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diets of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in continuous and fragmented prairie in Northwestern Texas","docAbstract":"Distribution of the swift fox (Vulpes velox) has declined dramatically since the 1800s, and suggested causes of this decline are habitat fragmentation and transformation due to agricultural expansion. However, impacts of fragmentation and human-altered habitats on swift foxes still are not well understood. To better understand what effects these factors have on diets of swift foxes, scats were collected in northwestern Texas at two study sites, one of continuous native prairie and one representing fragmented native prairie interspersed with agricultural and fields in the Conservation Reserve Program. Leporids, a potential food source, were surveyed seasonally on both sites. Diets of swift foxes differed between sites; insects were consumed more on continuous prairie, whereas mammals, birds, and crops were consumed more on fragmented prairie. Size of populations of leporids were 2-3 times higher on fragmented prairie, and swift foxes responded by consuming more leporids on fragmented (11.1% frequency occurrence) than continuous (3.8%) prairie. Dietary diversity was greater on fragmented prairie during both years of the study. Differences in diets between sites suggested that the swift fox is an adaptable and opportunistic feeder, able to exploit a variety of food resources, probably in relation to availability of food. We suggest that compared to continuous native prairie, fragmented prairie can offer swift foxes a more diverse prey base, at least within the mosaic of native prairie, agricultural, and fields that are in the Conservation Reserve Program.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[504:DOSFVV]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Kamler, J., Ballard, W., Wallace, M., and Gipson, P.S., 2007, Diets of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in continuous and fragmented prairie in Northwestern Texas: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 52, no. 4, p. 504-510, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[504:DOSFVV]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"504","endPage":"510","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212199,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[504:DOSFVV]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":239649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00e7e4b0c8380cd4f9aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamler, J.F.","contributorId":71762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamler","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballard, W.B.","contributorId":101235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, M.C.","contributorId":59162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gipson, P. S.","contributorId":70136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gipson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031329,"text":"70031329 - 2007 - Distinguishing wild vs. stocked lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Ontario: Evidence from carbon and oxygen stable isotope values of otoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-28T13:38:13","indexId":"70031329","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distinguishing wild vs. stocked lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Ontario: Evidence from carbon and oxygen stable isotope values of otoliths","docAbstract":"We investigated the potential for using carbon and oxygen isotope values of otolith carbonate as a method to distinguish naturally produced (wild) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from hatchery-reared lake trout in Lake Ontario. We determined δ 13C(CaCO3) and δ 18O(CaCO3) values of otoliths from juvenile fish taken from two hatcheries, and of otoliths from wild yearlings. Clear differences in isotope values were observed between the three groups. Subsequently we examined otoliths from large marked and unmarked fish captured in the lake, determining isotope values for regions of the otolith corresponding to the first year of life. Marked (i.e., stocked) fish showed isotope ratios similar to one of the hatchery groups, whereas unmarked fish, (wild fish or stocked fish that lost the mark) showed isotope ratios similar either to one of the hatchery groups or to the wild group. We interpret these data to suggest that carbon and oxygen isotope values can be used to determine the origin of lake trout in Lake Ontario, if a catalogue of characteristic isotope values from all candidate years and hatcheries is compiled.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","doi":"10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[912:DWVSLT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Schaner, T., Patterson, W., Lantry, B., and O'Gorman, R., 2007, Distinguishing wild vs. stocked lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Ontario: Evidence from carbon and oxygen stable isotope values of otoliths: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 33, no. 4, p. 912-916, https://doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[912:DWVSLT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"912","endPage":"916","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212198,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[912:DWVSLT]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0253e4b0c8380cd4ffe1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaner, T.","contributorId":12821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaner","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patterson, W.P.","contributorId":94858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lantry, B.F.","contributorId":19105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O'Gorman, R.","contributorId":48896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Gorman","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031233,"text":"70031233 - 2007 - ADCP measurements of gravity currents in the Chicago River, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70031233","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"ADCP measurements of gravity currents in the Chicago River, Illinois","docAbstract":"A unique set of observations of stratified flow phenomena in the Chicago River was made using an upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) during the period November 20, 2003 to February 1, 2004. Water density differences between the Chicago River and its North Branch (NB) seem to be responsible for the development of gravity currents. With the objective of characterizing the occurrence, frequency, and evolution of such currents, the ADCP was configured to continuously collect high-resolution water velocity and echo intensity profiles in the Chicago River at Columbus Drive. During the observation period, 28 gravity current events were identified, lasting a total of 77% of the time. Sixteen of these events were generated by underflows from the NB and 12 of these events were generated by overflows from the NB. On average, the duration of the underflow and overflow events was 52.3 and 42.1 h, respectively. A detailed analysis of one underflow event, which started on January 7, 2004, and lasted about 65h, was performed. This is the first time that ADCP technology has been used to continuously monitor gravity currents in a river. ?? 2007 ASCE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:12(1356)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Garcia, C., Oberg, K., and Garcia, M., 2007, ADCP measurements of gravity currents in the Chicago River, Illinois: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 133, no. 12, p. 1356-1366, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:12(1356).","startPage":"1356","endPage":"1366","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211314,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:12(1356)"},{"id":238583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e626e4b0c8380cd471bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, C.M.","contributorId":84159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oberg, K.","contributorId":60376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberg","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garcia, M.H.","contributorId":45079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}