{"pageNumber":"2363","pageRowStart":"59050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185106,"records":[{"id":70035304,"text":"70035304 - 2007 - Late Cretaceous to Paleocene metamorphism and magmatism in the Funeral Mountains metamorphic core complex, Death Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:55","indexId":"70035304","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Late Cretaceous to Paleocene metamorphism and magmatism in the Funeral Mountains metamorphic core complex, Death Valley, California","docAbstract":"Amphibolite-facies Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks below the low-angle Ceno-zoic Boundary Canyon Detachment record deep crustal processes related to Meso-zoic crustal thickening and subsequent extension. A 91.5 ?? 1.4 Ma Th-Pb SHRIMP-RG (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe-reverse geometry) monazite age from garnet-kyanite-staurolite schist constrains the age of prograde metamorphism in the lower plate. Between the Boundary Canyon Detachment and the structurally deeper, subparallel Monarch Spring fault, prograde metamorphic fabrics are overprinted by a pervasive greenschist-facies retrogression, high-strain subhorizontal mylonitic foliation, and a prominent WNW-ESE stretching lineation parallel to corrugations on the Boundary Canyon Detachment. Granitic pegmatite dikes are deformed, rotated into parallelism, and boudinaged within the mylonitic foliation. High-U zircons from one muscovite granite dike yield an 85.8 ?? 1.4 Ma age. Below the Monarch Spring fault, retrogression is minor, and amphibolite-facies mineral elongation lineations plunge gently north to northeast. Multiple generations of variably deformed dikes, sills, and leucosomal segregations indicate a more complex history of partial melting and intrusion compared to that above the Monarch Spring fault, but thermobarometry on garnet amphibolites above and below the Monarch Spring fault record similar peak conditions of 620-680 ??C and 7-9 kbar, indicating minor (<3-5 km) structural omission across the Monarch Spring fault. Discordant SHRIMP-RG U-Pb zircon ages and 75-88 Ma Th-Pb monazite ages from leucosomal segregations in paragneisses suggest that partial melting of Proterozoic sedimentary protoliths was a source for the structurally higher 86 Ma pegmatites. Two weakly deformed two-mica leucogranite dikes that cut the high-grademetamorphic fabrics below the Monarch Spring fault yield 62.3 ?? 2.6 and 61.7 ?? 4.7 Ma U-Pb zircon ages, and contain 1.5-1.7 Ga cores. The similarity of metamorphic, leuco-some, and pegmatite ages to the period of Sevier belt thrusting and the period of most voluminous Sierran arc magmatism suggests that both burial by thrusting and regional magmatic heating contributed to metamorphism and subsequent partial melting. ??2007 Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2006.2419(11)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Mattinson, C., Colgan, J., Metcalf, J., Miller, E.L., and Wooden, J.L., 2007, Late Cretaceous to Paleocene metamorphism and magmatism in the Funeral Mountains metamorphic core complex, Death Valley, California, <i>in</i> Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 419, p. 205-223, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2419(11).","startPage":"205","endPage":"223","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215280,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2006.2419(11)"},{"id":243072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"419","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44dce4b0c8380cd66e51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattinson, C.G.","contributorId":11391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattinson","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colgan, J.P.","contributorId":71678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colgan","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metcalf, J.R.","contributorId":91320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metcalf","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, E. L.","contributorId":75583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70031222,"text":"70031222 - 2007 - Effect of in ovo exposure to an organochlorine mixture extracted from double crested cormorant eggs (Phalacrocorax auritus) and PCB 126 on immune function of juvenile chickens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T15:36:42","indexId":"70031222","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of in ovo exposure to an organochlorine mixture extracted from double crested cormorant eggs (Phalacrocorax auritus) and PCB 126 on immune function of juvenile chickens","docAbstract":"<p>Organochlorine (OC) contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p, p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) have been associated with immune modulation in wild fish-eating birds from the Great Lakes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune function of juvenile chickens after in ovo exposure to PCB 126 or an environmentally relevant OC mixture extracted from eggs of double crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from Green Bay, Lake Michigan, USA. Fertile white leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs were injected before incubation with 0.55-1.79 ng TCDD equivalents (TEQ)/egg PCB 126 and 1.2-4.9 ng TEQs/egg of cormorant egg extract into the air cell in two separate experiments. After hatching, the immune function was tested using in vivo phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin response in 11-day-old chicks, antibody titers to immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in 28-day-old chicks, and, at necropsy, thymus and bursal mass and cellularity. PCB 126 decreased antibody titers at all doses and decreased the thymus and bursa index but not cellularity at 1.79 ng TEQ/egg. The cormorant egg extract caused no significant alterations in immune function even though it has been demonstrated as immunotoxic in chicken embryos. However, twofold to threefold increases in total anti-SRBC titers in 28-day-old chicks exposed to 1.2 or 2.4 ng TEQ/egg of cormorant extract were similar to elevations in anti-SRBC titer observed in Caspian tern (Sterna caspia) chicks from a highly OC-contaminated site in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. Posthatch exposure to OC through fish consumption in addition to in ovo OC exposure might be associated with the immune modulation reported in wild birds. Chicks in this study might have begun to compensate for embryonic immunotoxicity by the ages at which we studied them. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s00244-006-0150-z","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Lavoie, E., Wiley, F., Grasman, K., Tillitt, D.E., Sikarskie, J., and Bowerman, W., 2007, Effect of in ovo exposure to an organochlorine mixture extracted from double crested cormorant eggs (Phalacrocorax auritus) and PCB 126 on immune function of juvenile chickens: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 53, no. 4, p. 655-661, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-006-0150-z.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"655","endPage":"661","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211709,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-006-0150-z"}],"volume":"53","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05ece4b0c8380cd51020","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lavoie, E.T.","contributorId":94767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lavoie","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiley, F.","contributorId":71382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grasman, K.A.","contributorId":6249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grasman","given":"K.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":83462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sikarskie, J.G.","contributorId":94096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sikarskie","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bowerman, W.W.","contributorId":69098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowerman","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70030844,"text":"70030844 - 2007 - Mid-Pliocene planktic foraminifer assemblage of the North Atlantic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-27T15:26:37","indexId":"70030844","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-Pliocene planktic foraminifer assemblage of the North Atlantic Ocean","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) North Atlantic faunal data set provides a unique, temporally constrained perspective to document and evaluate the quantitative geographic distribution of key mid-Pliocene taxa. Planktic foraminifer census data from within the PRISM time slab (3.29 to 2.97 Ma) at thirteen sites in the North Atlantic Ocean have been analyzed. We have compiled Scanning Electron Micrographs for an atlas of mid-Pliocene assemblages from the North Atlantic with descriptions of each taxon to document the taxonomic concepts that accompany the PRISM data. In mid-Pliocene assemblages, the geographic distributions of extant taxa are similar to their present day distributions, although some are extended to the north. We use the distribution of extinct taxa to assess previous assumptions regarding environmental preferences.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsmicropal.53.1-2.105","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Dowsett, H., and Robinson, M., 2007, Mid-Pliocene planktic foraminifer assemblage of the North Atlantic Ocean: Micropaleontology, v. 53, no. 1-2, p. 105-126, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsmicropal.53.1-2.105.","startPage":"105","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268485,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsmicropal.53.1-2.105"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56c1e4b0c8380cd6d7de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, M.M.","contributorId":56263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035203,"text":"70035203 - 2007 - Neogene transpressional foreland basin development on the north side of the central alaska range, usibelli group and nenana gravel, tanana basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035203","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neogene transpressional foreland basin development on the north side of the central alaska range, usibelli group and nenana gravel, tanana basin","docAbstract":"Neogene strata of the Tanana basin provide a long-term record of a northwardpropagating, transpressional foreland-basin system related to regional shortening of the central Alaska Range and strike-slip displacement on the Denali fault system. These strata are ???2 km thick and have been deformed and exhumed in thrust faults that form the foothills on the north side of the Alaska Range. The lower part of the sedimentary package, the Usibelli Group, consists of 800 m of mainly Miocene strata that were deposited in fluvial, lacustrine, and peat bog environments of the foredeep depozone of the foreland-basin system. Compositional data from conglomerate and sandstone, as well as recycled Upper Cretaceous palynomorphs, indicate that the Miocene foreland-basin system was supplied increasing amounts of sediment from lithologies currently exposed in thrust sheets located south of the basin. The upper part of the sedimentary package, the Nenana Gravel, consists of 1200 m of mainly Pliocene strata that were deposited in alluvial-fan and braidplain environments in the wedge-top depozone of the foreland-basin system. Compositional data from conglomerate and sandstone, as well as <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating of detrital feldspars in sandstone and from granitic clasts in conglomerate, indicate that lithologies exposed in the central Alaska Range provided most of the detritus to the Pliocene foreland-basin system. 40Ar/39Ar dates from detrital feldspar grains also show that two main suites of plutons contributed sediment to the Nenana Gravel. Detrital feldspars with an average age of 56 Ma are interpreted to have been derived from the McKinley sequence of plutons located south of the Denali fault. Detrital feldspars with an average age of 34 Ma are interpreted to have been derived from plutons located north of the Denali fault. Plutons located south of the Denali fault provided detritus for the lower part of the Nenana Gravel, whereas plutons located north of the Denali fault began to contribute sediment during deposition of the upper part of the Nenana Gravel. This age distribution documented in detrital feldspars of the Nenana Gravel is interpreted as representing a progressive northward exhumation of plutons that were located south of the Pliocene Tanana basin. In contrast to previous studies, we interpret the Usibelli Group and Nenana Gravel to represent a continuum in the evolution of a transpressional foreland basin that began during Miocene time on the north side of the Alaska Range. Copyright ?? 2007 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2007.2431(20)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Ridgway, K., Thoms, E., Layer, P., Lesh, M., White, J.M., and Smith, S.V., 2007, Neogene transpressional foreland basin development on the north side of the central alaska range, usibelli group and nenana gravel, tanana basin: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 431, p. 507-547, https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2431(20).","startPage":"507","endPage":"547","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215244,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2007.2431(20)"},{"id":243034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"431","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6454e4b0c8380cd7298c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ridgway, K.D.","contributorId":62792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgway","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thoms, E.E.","contributorId":88969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thoms","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Layer, P.W.","contributorId":42398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layer","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lesh, M.E.","contributorId":53619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesh","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, J. M.","contributorId":40268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, S. V.","contributorId":89284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70031295,"text":"70031295 - 2007 - Nesting habitat relationships of sympatric Crested Caracaras, Red-tailed Hawks, and White-tailed Hawks in South Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70031295","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nesting habitat relationships of sympatric Crested Caracaras, Red-tailed Hawks, and White-tailed Hawks in South Texas","docAbstract":"We quantified nesting-site habitats for sympatric White-tailed Hawks (Buteo albicaudatus) (n = 40), Red-tailed Hawks (B. jamaicensis) (n = 39), and Crested Caracaras (Caracara cheriway) (n = 24) in the Coastal Sand Plain of south Texas. White-tailed Hawks and Crested Caracara nest sites occurred in savannas, whereas Red-tailed Hawk nest sites occurred in woodlands on the edge of savannas. White-tailed Hawk nest sites were in shrubs and trees that were shorter (3.5 ?? 1.0 m) and had smaller canopy diameters (5.5 ?? 2.1 m) than those of Red-tailed Hawks (10.1 ?? 2.0 m, 13.7 ?? 5.8 m) and Crested Caracaras (5.6 ?? 1.7 m, 8.5 ?? 3.5 m). Red-tailed Hawk nest sites had higher woody densities (15.7 ?? 9.6 plants) and more woody cover (84 ?? 19%) than those of White-tailed Hawks (5.6 ?? 5.8 plants, 20 ?? 21%) and Crested Caracaras (9.9 ?? 6.7 plants, 55 ?? 34%). Crested Caracara nest sites were in dense, multi-branched shrubs composed of more living material (97 ?? 3%) than those of White-tailed (88 ?? 18%) and Red-tailed hawks (88 ?? 18%). Nest sites of White-tailed Hawks, Red-tailed Hawks, and Crested Caracaras were similar to random samples from the surrounding habitat indicating that preferred nesting habitat was available for each of these species at least within 60 m of active nest sites. Nest tree height, along with woody plant and native grass cover best discriminated nest sites among the three raptor species. There was no overlap at Red-tailed and White-tailed hawk nest sites in vegetation structure, while Crested Caracara nests were in habitat intermediate between the two other species. Partitioning of nesting habitat may be how these raptor species co-exist at the broader landscape scale of our study area in the Coastal Sand Plain of Texas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1676/06-083.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"Actkinson, M., Kuvlesky, W., Boal, C.W., Brennan, L., and Hernandez, F., 2007, Nesting habitat relationships of sympatric Crested Caracaras, Red-tailed Hawks, and White-tailed Hawks in South Texas: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 119, no. 4, p. 570-578, https://doi.org/10.1676/06-083.1.","startPage":"570","endPage":"578","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212256,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/06-083.1"},{"id":239716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64c9e4b0c8380cd72a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Actkinson, M.A.","contributorId":44352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Actkinson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuvlesky, W.P. Jr.","contributorId":71674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuvlesky","given":"W.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boal, C. W.","contributorId":102614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boal","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brennan, L.A.","contributorId":78490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hernandez, F.","contributorId":101082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hernandez","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030915,"text":"70030915 - 2007 - Hazard assessment of the Tidal Inlet landslide and potential subsequent tsunami, Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-26T12:08:19.693004","indexId":"70030915","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2604,"text":"Landslides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard assessment of the Tidal Inlet landslide and potential subsequent tsunami, Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Abs1-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\"><p>An unstable rock slump, estimated at 5 to 10 × 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>, lies perched above the northern shore of Tidal Inlet in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. This landslide mass has the potential to rapidly move into Tidal Inlet and generate large, long-period-impulse tsunami waves. Field and photographic examination revealed that the landslide moved between 1892 and 1919 after the retreat of the Little Ice Age glaciers from Tidal Inlet in 1890. Global positioning system measurements over a 2-year period show that the perched mass is presently moving at 3–4&nbsp;cm annually indicating the landslide remains unstable. Numerical simulations of landslide-generated waves suggest that in the western arm of Glacier Bay, wave amplitudes would be greatest near the mouth of Tidal Inlet and slightly decrease with water depth according to Green’s law. As a function of time, wave amplitude would be greatest within approximately 40&nbsp;min of the landslide entering water, with significant wave activity continuing for potentially several hours.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10346-007-0084-1","issn":"1612510X","usgsCitation":"Wieczorek, G.F., Geist, E., Motyka, R., and Jakob, M., 2007, Hazard assessment of the Tidal Inlet landslide and potential subsequent tsunami, Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska: Landslides, v. 4, no. 3, p. 205-215, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-007-0084-1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238964,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -138.2661646509066,\n              60.084483896083896\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.2661646509066,\n              57.37268391158136\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.48983440780475,\n              57.37268391158136\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.48983440780475,\n              60.084483896083896\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.2661646509066,\n              60.084483896083896\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fc4e4b0c8380cd5d080","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Motyka, R.J.","contributorId":49594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motyka","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jakob, M.","contributorId":26513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakob","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70194852,"text":"70194852 - 2007 - Historical and modern disturbance regimes of pinyon-juniper vegetation in the western U.S","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T15:33:50","indexId":"70194852","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Historical and modern disturbance regimes of pinyon-juniper vegetation in the western U.S","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Nature Conservancy and Colorado Forest Restoration Institute","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Romme, W.H., Allen, C.D., Bailey, J., Baker, W., Bestelmeyer, B.T., Brown, P., Eisenhart, K., Huffman, D., Floyd-Hanna, L., Jacobs, B., Miller, R., Muldavin, E., Swetnam, T.W., Tausch, R., and Weisberg, P., 2007, Historical and modern disturbance regimes of pinyon-juniper vegetation in the western U.S, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6857dfe4b06e28e9c65e5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romme, William H.","contributorId":108215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romme","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, J.","contributorId":11981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baker, W.","contributorId":103604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.","contributorId":26180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bestelmeyer","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6973,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada Basin LTER, Las Cruces, NM; New Mexico State University, Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Las Cruces, NM","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":725657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, P.","contributorId":198021,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Eisenhart, K.","contributorId":58278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenhart","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Huffman, D.","contributorId":77106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Floyd-Hanna, Lisa","contributorId":198186,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Floyd-Hanna","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jacobs, B.","contributorId":27583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobs","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Miller, R.","contributorId":19118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Muldavin, Esteban","contributorId":197977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muldavin","given":"Esteban","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Swetnam, Thomas W.","contributorId":191872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swetnam","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tausch, R.","contributorId":19558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tausch","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Weisberg, P.","contributorId":46626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weisberg","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70029956,"text":"70029956 - 2007 - Restoring coastal wetlands that were ditched for mosquito control: a preliminary assessment of hydro-leveling as a restoration technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-16T15:37:40","indexId":"70029956","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2219,"text":"Journal of Coastal Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoring coastal wetlands that were ditched for mosquito control: a preliminary assessment of hydro-leveling as a restoration technique","docAbstract":"The wetlands surrounding Tampa Bay, Florida were extensively ditched for mosquito control in the 1950s. Spoil from ditch construction was placed adjacent to the wetlands ditches creating mound-like features (spoil-mounds). These mounds represent a loss of 14% of the wetland area in Tampa Bay. Spoil mounds interfere with tidal flow and are locations for non-native plants to colonize (e.g., <i>Schinus terebinthifolius</i>). Removal of the spoil mounds to eliminate exotic plants, restore native vegetation, and re-establish natural hydrology is a restoration priority for environmental managers. Hydro-leveling, a new technique, was tested in a mangrove forest restoration project in 2004. Hydro-leveling uses a high pressure stream of water to wash sediment from the spoil mound into the adjacent wetland and ditch. To assess the effectiveness of this technique, we conducted vegetation surveys in areas that were hydro-leveled and in non-hydro-leveled areas 3 years post-project. Adult Schinus were reduced but not eliminated from hydro-leveled mounds. Schinus seedlings however were absent from hydro-leveled sites. Colonization by native species was sparse. Mangrove seedlings were essentially absent (≈2 m<sup>−2</sup>) from the centers of hydro-leveled mounds and were in low density on their edges (17 m<sup>−2</sup>) in comparison to surrounding mangrove forests (105 m<sup>−2</sup>). Hydro-leveling resulted in mortality of mangroves adjacent to the mounds being leveled. This was probably caused by burial of pneumatophores during the hydro-leveling process. For hydro-leveling to be a useful and successful restoration technique several requirements must be met. Spoil mounds must be lowered to the level of the surrounding wetlands. Spoil must be distributed further into the adjacent wetland to prevent burial of nearby native vegetation. Finally, native species may need to be planted on hydro-leveled areas to speed up the re-vegetation process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11852-007-0007-2","issn":"14000350","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.J., Tiling, G., and Leasure, P.S., 2007, Restoring coastal wetlands that were ditched for mosquito control: a preliminary assessment of hydro-leveling as a restoration technique: Journal of Coastal Conservation, v. 11, no. 1, p. 67-74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-007-0007-2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":213044,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11852-007-0007-2"},{"id":240624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-09-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaadce4b0c8380cd86586","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Thomas J. III tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","suffix":"III","email":"tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":425059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tiling, Ginger","contributorId":82787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiling","given":"Ginger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leasure, Pamela S.","contributorId":50732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leasure","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030096,"text":"70030096 - 2007 - Land cover variation and West Nile virus prevalence: Patterns, processes, and implications for disease control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70030096","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3675,"text":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land cover variation and West Nile virus prevalence: Patterns, processes, and implications for disease control","docAbstract":"Identifying links between environmental variables and infectious disease risk is essential to understanding how human-induced environmental changes will effect the dynamics of human and wildlife diseases. Although land cover change has often been tied to spatial variation in disease occurrence, the underlying factors driving the correlations are often unknown, limiting the applicability of these results for disease prevention and control. In this study, we described associations between land cover composition and West Nile virus (WNV) infection prevalence, and investigated three potential processes accounting for observed patterns: (1) variation in vector density; (2) variation in amplification host abundance; and (3) variation in host community composition. Interestingly, we found that WNV infection rates among Culex mosquitoes declined with increasing wetland cover, but wetland area was not significantly associated with either vector density or amplification host abundance. By contrast, wetland area was strongly correlated with host community composition, and model comparisons suggested that this factor accounted, at least partially, for the observed effect of wetland area on WNV infection risk. Our results suggest that preserving large wetland areas, and by extension, intact wetland bird communities, may represent a valuable ecosystem-based approach for controlling WNV outbreaks. ?? Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2006.0584","issn":"15303667","usgsCitation":"Ezenwa, V., Milheim, L., Coffey, M., Godsey, M., King, R., and Guptill, S., 2007, Land cover variation and West Nile virus prevalence: Patterns, processes, and implications for disease control: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 7, no. 2, p. 173-180, https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2006.0584.","startPage":"173","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213106,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2006.0584"},{"id":240697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a41a8e4b0c8380cd656c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ezenwa, V.O.","contributorId":80047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ezenwa","given":"V.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milheim, L.E.","contributorId":106320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milheim","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coffey, M.F.","contributorId":28078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffey","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Godsey, M.S.","contributorId":105912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsey","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, R.J.","contributorId":19268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Guptill, S.C.","contributorId":84417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guptill","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70030095,"text":"70030095 - 2007 - Using simulated historical time series to prioritize fuel treatments on landscapes across the United States: The LANDFIRE prototype project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:29:32","indexId":"70030095","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using simulated historical time series to prioritize fuel treatments on landscapes across the United States: The LANDFIRE prototype project","docAbstract":"<p><span>Canopy and surface fuels in many fire-prone forests of the United States have increased over the last 70 years as a result of modern fire exclusion policies, grazing, and other land management activities. The Healthy Forest Restoration Act and National Fire Plan establish a national commitment to reduce fire hazard and restore fire-adapted ecosystems across the USA. The primary index used to prioritize treatment areas across the nation is Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC) computed as departures of current conditions from the historical fire and landscape conditions. This paper describes a process that uses an extensive set of ecological models to map FRCC from a departure statistic computed from simulated time series of historical landscape composition. This mapping process uses a data-driven, biophysical approach where georeferenced field data, biogeochemical simulation models, and spatial data libraries are integrated using spatial statistical modeling to map environmental gradients that are then used to predict vegetation and fuels characteristics over space. These characteristics are then fed into a landscape fire and succession simulation model to simulate a time series of historical landscape compositions that are then compared to the composition of current landscapes to compute departure, and the FRCC values. Intermediate products from this process are then used to create ancillary vegetation, fuels, and fire regime layers that are useful in the eventual planning and implementation of fuel and restoration treatments at local scales. The complex integration of varied ecological models at different scales is described and problems encountered during the implementation of this process in the LANDFIRE prototype project are addressed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.02.005","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Keane, R.E., Rollins, M., and Zhu, Z., 2007, Using simulated historical time series to prioritize fuel treatments on landscapes across the United States: The LANDFIRE prototype project: Ecological Modelling, v. 204, no. 3-4, p. 485-502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.02.005.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"502","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":213105,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.02.005"},{"id":240696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"204","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0a0e4b08c986b32a229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keane, Robert E.","contributorId":73930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rollins, Matthew","contributorId":72347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rollins","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhu, Zhi-Liang zzhu@usgs.gov","contributorId":3636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhi-Liang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":425696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030097,"text":"70030097 - 2007 - Effects of management and climate on elk brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-04T06:34:15","indexId":"70030097","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of management and climate on elk brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Every winter, government agencies feed ∼6000 metric tons (6 × 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>kg) of hay to elk in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) to limit transmission of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Brucella abortus,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>the causative agent of brucellosis, from elk to cattle. Supplemental feeding, however, is likely to increase the transmission of brucellosis in elk, and may be affected by climatic factors, such as snowpack. We assessed these possibilities using snowpack and feeding data from 1952 to 2006 and disease testing data from 1993 to 2006. Brucellosis seroprevalence was strongly correlated with the timing of the feeding season. Longer feeding seasons were associated with higher seroprevalence, but elk population size and density had only minor effects. In other words, the duration of host aggregation and whether it coincided with peak transmission periods was more important than just the host population size. Accurate modeling of disease transmission depends upon incorporating information on how host contact rates fluctuate over time relative to peak transmission periods. We also found that supplemental feeding seasons lasted longer during years with deeper snowpack. Therefore, milder winters and/or management strategies that reduce the length of the feeding season may reduce the seroprevalence of brucellosis in the elk populations of the southern GYE.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/06-1603","usgsCitation":"Cross, P., Edwards, W., Scurlock, B., Maichak, E., and Rogerson, J., 2007, Effects of management and climate on elk brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Ecological Applications, v. 17, no. 4, p. 957-964, https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1603.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"964","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212670,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-1603"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yelllowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.03857421875,\n              42.309815415686664\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.30322265624999,\n              42.309815415686664\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.30322265624999,\n              45.321254361171476\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.03857421875,\n              45.321254361171476\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.03857421875,\n              42.309815415686664\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a074ee4b0c8380cd51639","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cross, P.C.","contributorId":48141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, W.H.","contributorId":43718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"W.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scurlock, B.M.","contributorId":44742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scurlock","given":"B.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maichak, E.J.","contributorId":56032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maichak","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rogerson, J.D.","contributorId":66917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogerson","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030066,"text":"70030066 - 2007 - Influence of dissolved oxygen convection on well sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030066","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of dissolved oxygen convection on well sampling","docAbstract":"Convective transport of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) from shallow to deeper parts of wells was observed as the shallow water in wells in South Carolina became cooler than the deeper water in the wells due to seasonal changes. Wells having a relatively small depth to water were more susceptible to thermally induced convection than wells where the depth to water was greater because the shallower water levels were more influenced by air temperature. The potential for convective transport of D.O. to maintain oxygenated conditions in a well screened in an anaerobic aquifer was diminished as ground water exchange through the well screen increased and as oxygen demand increased. Transport of D.O. to the screened interval can adversely affect the ability of passive samplers to produce accurate concentrations of oxygen-sensitive solutes such as iron, other redox indicators, and microbiological data. A comparison of passive sampling to low-flow sampling in a well undergoing convection, however, showed general agreement of volatile organic compound concentrations. During low-flow sampling, the pumped water may be a mixture of convecting water from within the well casing and aquifer water moving inward through the screen. This mixing of water during low-flow sampling can substantially increase equilibration times, can cause false stabilization of indicator parameters, can give false indications of the redox state, and can provide microbiological data that are not representative of the aquifer conditions. Data from this investigation show that simple in-well devices can effectively mitigate convective transport of oxygen. The devices can range from inflatable packers to simple, inexpensive baffle systems. ?? 2007 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00156.x","issn":"10693629","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., Casey, C., and Lowery, M., 2007, Influence of dissolved oxygen convection on well sampling: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 27, no. 3, p. 49-58, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00156.x.","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212669,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00156.x"},{"id":240192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-08-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b2ae4b0c8380cd622aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casey, C.C.","contributorId":10206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowery, M.A.","contributorId":56754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowery","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030062,"text":"70030062 - 2007 - Effect of river sediment on phosphorus chemistry of similarly aged natural and created wetlands in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70030062","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of river sediment on phosphorus chemistry of similarly aged natural and created wetlands in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana, USA","docAbstract":"The goal of wetland creation is to produce an artificial wetland that functions as a natural wetland. Studies comparing created wetlands to similarly aged natural wetlands provide important information about creation techniques and their improvement so as to attain that goal. We hypothesized that differences in sediment phosphorus accretion, deposition, and chemistry between created and natural wetlands in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana, USA were a function of creation technique and natural river processes. Sediment deposition was determined with feldspar marker horizons located in created and natural wetlands belonging to three age classes (<3, 5-10, and 15-20 yr old). Phosphorus fractions were measured in these deposited sediments and in suspended and bedload sediment from the Atchafalaya River. Bedload sediment had significantly lower iron- and aluminum-bound, reductant-soluble, and total phosphorus than suspended sediment due to its high sand percentage. This result indicates that wetlands artificially created in the Atchafalaya Delta using bedload sediment will initially differ from natural wetlands of the same age. Even so, similarities between the mudflat stratum of the <1- to 3-yr-old created wetland and the mudflat stratum of the 15- to 20-yr-old natural wetland support the contention that created wetlands in the Atchafalaya Delta can develop natural characteristics through the deposition of river suspended sediment. Differences between three created wetland strata, the 15- to 20-yr-old willow stratum and the < 1- to 3-yr-old willow and mixed marsh strata, and their natural counterparts were linked to design elements of the created wetlands that prevented the direct deposition of the river's suspended sediment. ?? ASA, CSSA, SSSA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2134/jeq2005.0220","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Poach, M., and Faulkner, S., 2007, Effect of river sediment on phosphorus chemistry of similarly aged natural and created wetlands in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana, USA: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 36, no. 4, p. 1217-1223, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0220.","startPage":"1217","endPage":"1223","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213075,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0220"},{"id":240660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0602e4b0c8380cd51090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poach, M.E.","contributorId":75338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poach","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faulkner, S.P.","contributorId":55190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70195055,"text":"70195055 - 2007 - USGS assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Paleogene strata of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coastal plain and state waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T11:39:39","indexId":"70195055","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"USGS assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Paleogene strata of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coastal plain and state waters","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents a review of the U.S. Geological Survey (<strong>USGS</strong>) 2007 assessment of the undiscovered oil and gas resources in Paleogene strata underlying the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain and state waters. Geochemical, geologic, geophysical, thermal maturation, burial history, and paleontologic studies have been combined with regional cross sections and data from previous USGS petroleum assessments have helped to define the major petroleum systems and assessment units. Accumulations of both conventional oil and gas and continuous coal-bed gas within these petroleum systems have been digitally mapped and evaluated, and undiscovered resources have been assessed following USGS methodology.</p><p>The primary source intervals for oil and gas in Paleogene (and Cenozoic) reservoirs are coal and shale rich in organic matter within the Wilcox Group (Paleocene-Eocene) and Sparta Formation of the Claiborne Group (Eocene); in addition, Cretaceous and Jurassic source rocks probably have contributed substantial petroleum to Paleogene (and Cenozoic) reservoirs.</p><p>For the purposes of the assessment, Paleogene strata have divided into the following four stratigraphic study intervals: (1) Wilcox Group (including the Midway Group and the basal Carrizo Sand of the Claiborne Group; Paleocene-Eocene); (2) Claiborne Group (Eocene); (3) Jackson and Vicksburg Groups (Eocene-Oligocene); and (4) the Frio-Anahuac Formations (Oligocene). Recent discoveries of coal-bed gas in Paleocene strata confirm a new petroleum system that was not recognized in previous USGS assessments. In total, 26 conventional Paleogene assessment units are defined. In addition, four Cretaceous-Paleogene continuous (coal-bed gas) assessment units are included in this report. Initial results of the assessment will be released as USGS Fact Sheets (not available at the time of this writing).</p><p>Comprehensive reports for each assessment unit are planned to be released via the internet and distributed on CD-ROMs within the next year.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Paleogene of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean basins: Processes, events, and petroleum systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"27th Annual Gulf Coast Section SEPM Foundation Bob F. Perkins Research Conference","conferenceDate":"December 2-5, 2007","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.5724/gcs.07.27.0002","isbn":"978-0-9836096-3-6","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., Coleman, J.L., Hackley, P.C., Hayba, D.O., Karlsen, A.W., Rowan, E.L., and Swanson, S.M., 2007, USGS assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Paleogene strata of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coastal plain and state waters, <i>in</i> The Paleogene of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean basins: Processes, events, and petroleum systems, v. 27, Houston, TX, December 2-5, 2007, p. 2-44, https://doi.org/10.5724/gcs.07.27.0002.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"44","ipdsId":"IP-006895","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Gulf Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.052734375,\n              24.327076540018634\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.541015625,\n              24.327076540018634\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.541015625,\n              33.797408767572485\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.052734375,\n              33.797408767572485\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.052734375,\n              24.327076540018634\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  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pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, James L. jlcoleman@usgs.gov","contributorId":141060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"James","email":"jlcoleman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayba, Daniel O. 0000-0003-4092-1894 dhayba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-1894","contributorId":396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayba","given":"Daniel","email":"dhayba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Karlsen, Alexander W.","contributorId":105382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rowan, Elisabeth L. 0000-0001-5753-6189 erowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":2075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Elisabeth","email":"erowan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Swanson, Sharon M. 0000-0002-4235-1736 smswanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-1736","contributorId":590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Sharon","email":"smswanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70030119,"text":"70030119 - 2007 - Visible and near-infrared multispectral analysis of rocks at Meridiani Planum, Mars, by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:08","indexId":"70030119","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Visible and near-infrared multispectral analysis of rocks at Meridiani Planum, Mars, by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity","docAbstract":"Multispectral measurements in the visible and near infrared of rocks at Meridiani Planum by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's Pancam are described. The Pancam multispectral data show that the outcrops of the Burns formation consist of two main spectral units which in stretched 673, 535, 432 nm color composites appear buff- and purple-colored. These units are referred to as the HFS and LFS spectral units based on higher and lower values of 482 to 535 nm slope. Spectral characteristics are consistent with the LFS outcrop consisting of less oxidized, and the HFS outcrop consisting of more oxidized, iron-bearing minerals. The LFS surfaces are not as common and appear, primarily, at the distal ends of outcrop layers and on steep, more massive surfaces, locations that are subject to greater eolian erosion. Consequently, the HFS surfaces are interpreted as a weathering rind. Further inherent spectral differences between layer's and between different outcrop map units, both untouched and patches abraded by the rover's Rock Abrasion Tool, are also described. Comparisons of the spectral parameters of the Meridiani outcrop with a set of laboratory reflectance measurements of Fe3+-bearing minerals show that the field of outcrop measurements plots near the fields of hematite, ferrihydrite, poorly crystalline goethite, and schwertmannite. Rind and fracture fill materials, observed intermittently at outcrop exposures, are intermediate in their spectral character between both the HFS and LFS spectral classes and other, less oxidized, surface materials (basaltic sands, spherules, and cobbles). Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2006JE002773","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Farrand, W.H., Bell, J., Johnson, J.R., Jolliff, B., Knoll, A., McLennan, S.M., Squyres, S.W., Calvin, W.M., Grotzinger, J., Morris, R., Soderblom, J., Thompson, S., Watters, W., and Yen, A.S., 2007, Visible and near-infrared multispectral analysis of rocks at Meridiani Planum, Mars, by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 112, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002773.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476980,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006je002773","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":212992,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002773"},{"id":240568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc289e4b08c986b32abda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrand, W. H.","contributorId":64372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, J.F. III","contributorId":97612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jolliff, B.L.","contributorId":21268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolliff","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knoll, A.H.","contributorId":84885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knoll","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McLennan, S. M.","contributorId":96733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLennan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Squyres, S. W.","contributorId":31836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grotzinger, J.P.","contributorId":76053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grotzinger","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morris, R.V.","contributorId":6978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Soderblom, J.","contributorId":52699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Soderblom","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thompson, S.D.","contributorId":63511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Watters, W.A.","contributorId":86542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watters","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Yen, A. S.","contributorId":35860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70030061,"text":"70030061 - 2007 - A multiple-approach radiometric age estimate for the Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat eruptions, New Zealand, with implications for the MIS 4/3 boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-02T11:10:15.786658","indexId":"70030061","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multiple-approach radiometric age estimate for the Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat eruptions, New Zealand, with implications for the MIS 4/3 boundary","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id12\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id13\"><p>Pyroclastic fall deposits of the paired Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat eruptions from the Taupo Volcanic Zone (New Zealand) combine to form a widespread isochronous horizon over much of northern New Zealand and the southwest Pacific. This horizon is important for correlating climatic and environmental changes during the Last Glacial period, but has been the subject of numerous disparate age estimates between 35.1±2.8 and 71±6&nbsp;ka (all errors are 1&nbsp;s.d.), obtained by a variety of techniques. A potassium–argon (K–Ar) age of 64±4&nbsp;ka was previously determined on bracketing lavas at Mayor Island volcano, offshore from the Taupo Volcanic Zone. We present a new, more-precise<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age determination on a lava flow on Mayor Island, that shortly post-dates the Rotoiti/Earthquake Flat fall deposits, of 58.5±1.1&nbsp;ka. This value, coupled with existing ages from underlying lavas, yield a new estimate for the age of the combined eruptions of 61.0±1.4&nbsp;ka, which is consistent with U–Th disequilibrium model-age data for zircons from the Rotoiti deposits. Direct<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age determinations of plagioclase and biotite from the Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat eruption products yield variable values between 49.6±2.8 and 125.3±10.0&nbsp;ka, with the scatter attributed to low radiogenic Ar yields, and/or alteration, and/or inheritance of xenocrystic material with inherited Ar. Rotoiti/Earthquake Flat fall deposits occur in New Zealand in association with palynological indicators of mild climate, attributed to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and thus used to suggest an age that is post-59&nbsp;ka. The natures of the criteria used to define the MIS 4/3 boundary in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, however, imply that the new 61&nbsp;ka age for the Rotoiti/Earthquake Flat eruption deposits will provide the inverse, namely, a more accurate isochronous marker for correlating diverse changes across the MIS 4/3 boundary in the southwest Pacific.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.017","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Wilson, C.J., Rhoades, D., Lanphere, M.A., Calvert, A., Houghton, B.F., Weaver, S., and Cole, J.W., 2007, A multiple-approach radiometric age estimate for the Rotoiti and Earthquake Flat eruptions, New Zealand, with implications for the MIS 4/3 boundary: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 26, no. 13-14, p. 1861-1870, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.017.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1861","endPage":"1870","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[173.02037,-40.91905],[173.24723,-41.332],[173.95841,-40.9267],[174.24759,-41.34916],[174.24852,-41.77001],[173.87645,-42.23318],[173.22274,-42.97004],[172.71125,-43.37229],[173.08011,-43.85334],[172.30858,-43.86569],[171.45293,-44.24252],[171.18514,-44.8971],[170.6167,-45.90893],[169.83142,-46.35577],[169.33233,-46.64124],[168.41135,-46.61994],[167.76374,-46.2902],[166.67689,-46.21992],[166.50914,-45.8527],[167.04642,-45.11094],[168.30376,-44.12397],[168.94941,-43.93582],[169.66781,-43.55533],[170.52492,-43.03169],[171.12509,-42.51275],[171.56971,-41.76742],[171.94871,-41.51442],[172.09723,-40.9561],[172.79858,-40.49396],[173.02037,-40.91905]]],[[[174.61201,-36.1564],[175.33662,-37.2091],[175.3576,-36.52619],[175.80889,-36.79894],[175.95849,-37.55538],[176.7632,-37.88125],[177.43881,-37.96125],[178.01035,-37.57982],[178.51709,-37.69537],[178.27473,-38.58281],[177.97046,-39.16634],[177.20699,-39.14578],[176.93998,-39.44974],[177.03295,-39.87994],[176.88582,-40.06598],[176.50802,-40.60481],[176.01244,-41.28962],[175.23957,-41.68831],[175.0679,-41.42589],[174.65097,-41.28182],[175.22763,-40.45924],[174.90016,-39.90893],[173.82405,-39.50885],[173.85226,-39.1466],[174.5748,-38.79768],[174.74347,-38.02781],[174.69702,-37.38113],[174.29203,-36.71109],[174.319,-36.53482],[173.841,-36.12198],[173.05417,-35.23713],[172.63601,-34.52911],[173.00704,-34.45066],[173.5513,-35.00618],[174.32939,-35.2655],[174.61201,-36.1564]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"New Zealand\"}}]}","volume":"26","issue":"13-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48ee4b0c8380cd4670b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhoades, D.A.","contributorId":45121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhoades","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Calvert, A.T.","contributorId":49969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":425558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weaver, S.D.","contributorId":20914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cole, J. W.","contributorId":81315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70030060,"text":"70030060 - 2007 - New 40Ar/39Ar age determinations and paleomagnetic results bearing on the tectonic and magmatic history of the northern Madison Range and Madison Valley region, southwestern Montana, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T07:02:28","indexId":"70030060","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3310,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New 40Ar/39Ar age determinations and paleomagnetic results bearing on the tectonic and magmatic history of the northern Madison Range and Madison Valley region, southwestern Montana, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Detailed 40Ar/39Ar dating and paleomagnetic analysis of dacite porphyry sills and dikes that intrude Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in the northern Madison Range in southwestern Montana show that Laramide shortening was essentially complete by ???69 Ma. A negative paleomagnetic fold test indicates that Laramide folding occurred before cooling of the dacite sills and dikes at ???69 Ma. Laramide deformation began synchronous with deposition of the Livingston Formation rocks at ???79 Ma. These results are consistent with previous observations in the region that show the onset of Laramide deformation in the northern Rocky Mountains becoming progressively younger toward the east. 40Ar/39Ar dating of additional igneous rocks in the northern Madison Valley and around Norris, Montana better define post-Laramide tectonomagmatic events in the region, including Eocene-Oligocene volcanism and Basin and Range crustal extension. Dates from three rhyolitic intrusions near Red Mountain are between 48.71 ?? 0.18 Ma and 49.42 ?? 0.18 Ma, similar to the dates from basal silicic flows of the Virginia City volcanic field (part of the southwest Montana volcanic province), suggesting that the Red Mountain intrusions may have been the sources for some of the early extrusive rocks. Magmatism in the Virginia City volcanic field became generally more mafic with time, and a ???30-Ma basalt flow near Norris is considered a late, outlying member of the volcanic field. A tuff along the east side of the Madison Valley half graben yielded a early middle Miocene date (16.2 ?? 0.19 Ma), suggesting that accelerated crustal extension and associated rapid basin sedimentation probably began in the early Miocene, slightly earlier than previous estimates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rocky Mountain Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsrocky.42.2.157","issn":"15557332","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K., and Harlan, S.S., 2007, New 40Ar/39Ar age determinations and paleomagnetic results bearing on the tectonic and magmatic history of the northern Madison Range and Madison Valley region, southwestern Montana, U.S.A: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 42, no. 2, p. 157-174, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsrocky.42.2.157.","startPage":"157","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268084,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsrocky.42.2.157"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6510e4b0c8380cd72aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, K.S.","contributorId":99145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030118,"text":"70030118 - 2007 - Impact of hurricanes storm surges on the groundwater resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:09","indexId":"70030118","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of hurricanes storm surges on the groundwater resources","docAbstract":"Ocean surges onto coastal lowlands caused by tropical and extra tropical storms, tsunamis, and sea level rise affect all coastal lowlands and present a threat to drinking water resources of many coastal residents. In 2005, two such storms, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita struck the Gulf Coast of the US. Since September 2005, water samples have been collected from water wells impacted by the hurricanes' storm surges along the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in southeastern Louisiana. The private and public water wells tested were submerged by 0.6-4.5 m of surging saltwater for several hours. The wells' casing and/or the associated plumbing were severely damaged. Water samples were collected to determine if storm surge water inundated the well casing and, if so, its effect on water quality within the shallow aquifers of the Southern Hills Aquifer System. In addition, the samples were used to determine if the impact on water quality may have long-term implication for public health. Laboratory testing for several indicator parameters (Ca/Mg, Cl/Si, chloride, boron, specific conductance and bacteria) indicates that surge water entered water wells' casing and the screened aquifer. Analysis of the groundwater shows a decrease in the Ca/Mg ratio right after the storm and then a return toward pre-Katrina values. Chloride concentrations were elevated right after Katrina and Rita, and then decreased downward toward pre-Katrina values. From September 2005 to June 2006, the wells showed improvement in all the saltwater intrusion indicators. ?? 2007 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00254-007-0694-x","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Van Biersel, T.P., Carlson, D., and Milner, L., 2007, Impact of hurricanes storm surges on the groundwater resources: Environmental Geology, v. 53, no. 4, p. 813-826, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0694-x.","startPage":"813","endPage":"826","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212966,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0694-x"}],"volume":"53","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38bee4b0c8380cd61693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Biersel, T. P.","contributorId":98083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Biersel","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, D.A.","contributorId":56856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milner, L.R.","contributorId":84565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milner","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030116,"text":"70030116 - 2007 - A model for estimating passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag antenna efficiencies for interval-specific emigration rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:09","indexId":"70030116","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for estimating passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag antenna efficiencies for interval-specific emigration rates","docAbstract":"Our goal was to understand movement and its interaction with survival for populations of stream salmonids at long-term study sites in the northeastern United States by employing passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and associated technology. Although our PIT tag antenna arrays spanned the stream channel (at most flows) and were continuously operated, we are aware that aspects of fish behavior, environmental characteristics, and electronic limitations influenced our ability to detect 100% of the emigration from our stream site. Therefore, we required antenna efficiency estimates to adjust observed emigration rates. We obtained such estimates by testing a full-scale physical model of our PIT tag antenna array in a laboratory setting. From the physical model, we developed a statistical model that we used to predict efficiency in the field. The factors most important for predicting efficiency were external radio frequency signal and tag type. For most sampling intervals, there was concordance between the predicted and observed efficiencies, which allowed us to estimate the true emigration rate for our field populations of tagged salmonids. One caveat is that the model's utility may depend on its ability to characterize external radio frequency signals accurately. Another important consideration is the trade-off between the volume of data necessary to model efficiency accurately and the difficulty of storing and manipulating large amounts of data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T06-053.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Horton, G., Dubreuil, T., and Letcher, B., 2007, A model for estimating passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag antenna efficiencies for interval-specific emigration rates: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 136, no. 5, p. 1165-1176, https://doi.org/10.1577/T06-053.1.","startPage":"1165","endPage":"1176","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212938,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T06-053.1"},{"id":240506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"136","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e469e4b0c8380cd46643","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, G.E.","contributorId":8594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dubreuil, T.L.","contributorId":106697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubreuil","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Letcher, B. H. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":48132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":425771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030111,"text":"70030111 - 2007 - Structure of the California Coast Ranges and San Andreas Fault at SAFOD from seismic waveform inversion and reflection imaging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T11:15:47.64567","indexId":"70030111","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the California Coast Ranges and San Andreas Fault at SAFOD from seismic waveform inversion and reflection imaging","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p><span class=\"paraNumber\">[1]<span>&nbsp;</span></span>A seismic reflection and refraction survey across the San Andreas Fault (SAF) near Parkfield provides a detailed characterization of crustal structure across the location of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). Steep-dip prestack migration and frequency domain acoustic waveform tomography were applied to obtain highly resolved images of the upper 5 km of the crust for 15 km on either side of the SAF. The resulting velocity model constrains the top of the Salinian granite with great detail. Steep-dip reflection seismic images show several strong-amplitude vertical reflectors in the uppermost crust near SAFOD that define an ∼2-km-wide zone comprising the main SAF and two or more local faults. Another prominent subvertical reflector at 2–4 km depth ∼9 km to the northeast of the SAF marks the boundary between the Franciscan terrane and the Great Valley Sequence. A deep seismic section of low resolution shows several reflectors in the Salinian crust west of the SAF. Two horizontal reflectors around 10 km depth correlate with strains of seismicity observed along-strike of the SAF. They represent midcrustal shear zones partially decoupling the ductile lower crust from the brittle upper crust. The deepest reflections from ∼25 km depth are interpreted as crust-mantle boundary.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2006JB004611","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bleibinhaus, F., Hole, J., Ryberg, T., and Fuis, G., 2007, Structure of the California Coast Ranges and San Andreas Fault at SAFOD from seismic waveform inversion and reflection imaging: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 112, no. 6, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004611.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477056,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jb004611","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240437,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c5be4b08c986b31d3c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bleibinhaus, F.","contributorId":77736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleibinhaus","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hole, J.A.","contributorId":103422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryberg, T.","contributorId":91643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2001145,"text":"2001145 - 2007 - Bacteriological water quality in and around Lake Pontchartrain following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T14:57:32.499999","indexId":"2001145","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1306","chapter":"7H","title":"Bacteriological water quality in and around Lake Pontchartrain following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita","docAbstract":"Following the Louisiana landfalls of Katrina on August 29 and Rita on September 24, 2005, the local population and the American public were concerned about the effects the hurricanes might have on water quality in Lake Pontchartrain. The lake is a major recreational resource for the region and an important fishery. Contamination carried by the storm surge—along with runoff and water pumped from flooded areas of New Orleans—was considered a serious threat to the water body. The USGS, in collaboration with the LDEQ, monitored the sanitary quality of water at 22 sites in and around Lake Pontchartrain, La., for 3 consecutive weeks from September 13 to 29, 2005 (fig. 1). A subsequent multipleagency survey of 30 sites within Lake Pontchartrain was undertaken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the USGS, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration during the week of October 11–14, 2005, to evaluate the effects of the hurricanes and overall levels of fecal contamination on the water quality of the lake (see Heitmuller and Perez, this volume). In addition, the EPA monitored fecal-indicator concentrations at a variety of sites in New Orleans, surrounding areas, and the Mississippi River between September 3 and October 22, 2005 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006). This article describes fecal-indicator bacteria concentration results collected by USGS in the context of other existing data.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005 (Circular 1306)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/2001145","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 7H in <i>Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005</i>.  See <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1306\" target=\"_blank\">Circular 1306</a> for more information and other chapters.","usgsCitation":"Demcheck, D.K., Stoeckel, D.M., Bushon, R.N., Blehert, D., and Hippe, D.J., 2007, Bacteriological water quality in and around Lake Pontchartrain following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1306, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2001145.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"244","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265541,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1306/"},{"id":15584,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1306/pdf/c1306_ch7_h.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"3796.000000000000000"},{"id":198480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1306_7h.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Lake Pontchartrain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.62,29.9 ], [ -90.62,30.54 ], [ -89.64,30.54 ], [ -89.64,29.9 ], [ -90.62,29.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ab0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demcheck, Dennis K. 0000-0003-2981-078X ddemchec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-078X","contributorId":3273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demcheck","given":"Dennis","email":"ddemchec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":325464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoeckel, Donald M.","contributorId":78384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeckel","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bushon, Rebecca N. rnbushon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bushon","given":"Rebecca","email":"rnbushon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blehert, David S. 0000-0002-1065-9760 dblehert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-9760","contributorId":1816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blehert","given":"David S.","email":"dblehert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":325461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hippe, Daniel J. djhippe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hippe","given":"Daniel","email":"djhippe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":325462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030021,"text":"70030021 - 2007 - Declustering of clustered preferential sampling for histogram and semivariogram inference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:08","indexId":"70030021","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Declustering of clustered preferential sampling for histogram and semivariogram inference","docAbstract":"Measurements of attributes obtained more as a consequence of business ventures than sampling design frequently result in samplings that are preferential both in location and value, typically in the form of clusters along the pay. Preferential sampling requires preprocessing for the purpose of properly inferring characteristics of the parent population, such as the cumulative distribution and the semivariogram. Consideration of the distance to the nearest neighbor allows preparation of resampled sets that produce comparable results to those from previously proposed methods. Clustered sampling of size 140, taken from an exhaustive sampling, is employed to illustrate this approach. ?? International Association for Mathematical Geology 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11004-007-9108-6","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., 2007, Declustering of clustered preferential sampling for histogram and semivariogram inference: Mathematical Geology, v. 39, no. 5, p. 453-467, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-007-9108-6.","startPage":"453","endPage":"467","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212961,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11004-007-9108-6"},{"id":240532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe12e4b0c8380cd4eada","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":425367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70030020,"text":"70030020 - 2007 - Courtship and mating in free-living spotted hyenas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:08","indexId":"70030020","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":986,"text":"Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Courtship and mating in free-living spotted hyenas","docAbstract":"Female spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are larger and more aggressive than males, and their genitalia are heavily 'masculinized'. These odd traits in females pose unusual challenges for males during courtship and copulation. Here our goals were to describe and quantify the behavior patterns involved in courtship and copulation in Crocuta, and determine whether rates of affiliative behavior directed toward females by males vary with female age, social rank, or time to conception. We also inquired whether consort formation with a particular female was necessary for a male to sire that female's cubs. Behavioral observations and paternity data based on 12 microsatellite loci were collected over 11 years from free-ranging hyenas in Kenya. Several of the courtship displays exhibited by male hyenas differed from those found in other carnivores, and appeared to reflect intense motivational conflict between tendencies to approach and flee from females. Most male advances were either ignored by females or elicited aggression from females toward males. Rates of male affiliative behavior toward females peaked around the time of conception. Although males behaved similarly toward young and old females in the highest social rank category, males directed more affiliative behavior toward older than younger females that were mid- and low-ranking. Multiple short mounts usually preceded a long mount, but intromission and ejaculation appeared to occur only during long mounts. Female receptivity was indicated by inhibited aggression toward the male and assumption of a distinctive receptive stance. The only behavior indicative of female proceptivity was following of the male by the female in mating contexts. Some males who sired cubs formed consortships with females whereas others did not, suggesting that individual male hyenas may adopt alternative reproductive tactics to attract and acquire mates. Our results also suggest that low fertility may be an important cost of female virilization in this species. ?? 2007 Brill Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1163/156853907781476418","issn":"00057959","usgsCitation":"Szykman, M., Van Horn, R.C., Engh, A., Boydston, E., and Holekamp, K., 2007, Courtship and mating in free-living spotted hyenas: Behaviour, v. 144, no. 7, p. 815-846, https://doi.org/10.1163/156853907781476418.","startPage":"815","endPage":"846","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212960,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781476418"},{"id":240531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc8ee4b0c8380cd4e301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szykman, M.","contributorId":50858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szykman","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Horn, R. C.","contributorId":53745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Horn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engh, A.L.","contributorId":50860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engh","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boydston, E. E.","contributorId":106045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boydston","given":"E. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holekamp, K.E.","contributorId":34077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holekamp","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030019,"text":"70030019 - 2007 - Communication using eye roll reflective signalling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:08","indexId":"70030019","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Communication using eye roll reflective signalling","docAbstract":"Body reflections in the ultraviolet (UV) are a common occurrence in nature. Despite the abundance of such signals and the presence of UV cones in the retinas of many vertebrates, the function of UV cones in the majority of taxa remains unclear. Here, we report on an unusual communication system in the razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus, that involves flash signals produced by quick eye rolls. Behavioural experiments and field observations indicate that this form of communication is used to signal territorial presence between males. The flash signal shows highest contrast in the UV region of fhe visual spectrum (??max???380 nm), corresponding to the maximum wavelength of absorption of the UV cone mechanism in suckers. Furthermore, these cones are restricted to the dorsal retina of the animal and the upwelling light background is such that their relative sensitivity would be enhanced by chromatic adaptation of the other cone mechanisms. Thus, the UV cones in the sucker have optimal characteristics (both in terms of absorbance and retinal topography) to constitute the main detectors of the flash signal. Our findings provide the first ecological evidence for restricted distribution of UV cones in the retina of a vertebrate. ?? 2007 The Royal Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2006.0246","issn":"09628436","usgsCitation":"Flamarique, I., Mueller, G., Cheng, C., and Figiel, C., 2007, Communication using eye roll reflective signalling: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 274, no. 1611, p. 877-882, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0246.","startPage":"877","endPage":"882","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476970,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0246","text":"External Repository"},{"id":212932,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0246"},{"id":240500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"274","issue":"1611","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f806e4b0c8380cd4ce2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flamarique, I.N.","contributorId":18981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flamarique","given":"I.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, G.A.","contributorId":9205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cheng, C.L.","contributorId":84983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Figiel, C.R.","contributorId":53167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figiel","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030017,"text":"70030017 - 2007 - The colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. A: current distribution, basic biology and potential threat to marine communities of the northeast and west coasts of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T14:41:43","indexId":"70030017","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2277,"text":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The colonial ascidian <i>Didemnum</i> sp. A: current distribution, basic biology and potential threat to marine communities of the northeast and west coasts of North America","title":"The colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. A: current distribution, basic biology and potential threat to marine communities of the northeast and west coasts of North America","docAbstract":"<p><i>Didemnum</i> sp. A is a colonial ascidian with rapidly expanding populations on the east and west coasts of North America. The origin of <i>Didemum</i> sp. A is unknown. Populations were first observed on the northeast coast of the U.S. in the late 1980s and on the west coast during the 1990s. It is currently undergoing a massive population explosion and is now a dominant member of many subtidal communities on both coasts. To determine <i>Didemnum</i> sp. A's current distribution, we conducted surveys from Maine to Virginia on the east coast and from British Columbia to southern California on the west coast of the U.S. between 1998 and 2005. In nearshore locations <i>Didemnum</i> sp. A currently ranges from Eastport, Maine to Shinnecock Bay, New York on the east coast. On the west coast it has been recorded from Humboldt Bay to Port San Luis in California, several sites in Puget Sound, Washington, including a heavily fouled mussel culture facility, and several sites in southwestern British Columbia on and adjacent to oyster and mussel farms. The species also occurs at deeper subtidal sites (up to 81 m) off New England, including Georges, Stellwagen and Tillies Banks. On Georges Bank numerous sites within a 230 km2 area are 50–90% covered by <i>Didemnum</i> sp. A; large colonies cement the pebble gravel into nearly solid mats that may smother infaunal organisms. These observations suggest that <i>Didemnum</i> sp. A has the potential to alter marine communities and affect economically important activities such as fishing and aquaculture.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.020","issn":"00220981","usgsCitation":"Bullard, S., Lambert, G., Carman, M., Byrnes, J., Whitlatch, R., Ruiz, G., Miller, R.J., Harris, L., Valentine, P.C., Collie, J., Pederson, J., McNaught, D., Cohen, A., Asch, R.G., Dijkstra, J., and Heinonen, K., 2007, The colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. A: current distribution, basic biology and potential threat to marine communities of the northeast and west coasts of North America: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 342, no. 1, p. 99-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.020.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477099,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/663","text":"External Repository"},{"id":240465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, California, Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, Vermont, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.5667,34.053452],[-119.795938,33.962929],[-119.916216,34.058351],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.573522,32.969183],[-118.369984,32.839273],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.32446,33.348782],[-118.593969,33.467198],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.999168,41.99454],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.139534,34.295844],[-114.401352,34.111652],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.701732,33.408388],[-114.707896,33.097432],[-114.502871,33.011153],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.612697,32.734516],[-117.118868,32.534706],[-117.50565,33.334063],[-118.088896,33.729817],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-119.159554,34.119653],[-119.616862,34.420995],[-120.441975,34.451512],[-120.608355,34.556656],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.873046,35.225688],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-121.851967,36.277831],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.880167,36.950151],[-122.140578,36.97495],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.511983,37.77113],[-122.425942,37.810979],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.144396,37.581866],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.301804,38.105142],[-122.484411,38.11496],[-122.492474,37.82484],[-122.972378,38.020247],[-123.103706,38.415541],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.536073,42.814175],[-124.150267,43.91085],[-123.962887,45.280218],[-123.996766,46.20399],[-123.548194,46.248245],[-124.029924,46.308312],[-124.06842,46.601397],[-123.97083,46.47537],[-123.84621,46.716795],[-124.022413,46.708973],[-124.108078,46.836388],[-123.86018,46.948556],[-124.138035,46.970959],[-124.425195,47.738434],[-124.672427,47.964414],[-124.727022,48.371101],[-123.981032,48.164761],[-122.748911,48.117026],[-122.637425,47.889945],[-123.15598,47.355745],[-122.527593,47.905882],[-122.578211,47.254804],[-122.725738,47.33047],[-122.691771,47.141958],[-122.796646,47.341654],[-122.863732,47.270221],[-122.67813,47.103866],[-122.364168,47.335953],[-122.429841,47.658919],[-122.230046,47.970917],[-122.425572,48.232887],[-122.358375,48.056133],[-122.512031,48.133931],[-122.424102,48.334346],[-122.689121,48.476849],[-122.425271,48.599522],[-122.796887,48.975026],[-117.032351,48.999188],[-117.046915,46.379577],[-116.875706,45.945008],[-116.487894,45.649769],[-117.235117,44.373853],[-116.902752,44.179467],[-117.026651,43.733935],[-117.026222,42.000252],[-119.999168,41.99454]]],[[[-71.860513,41.320248],[-72.983751,41.235364],[-73.643478,41.002171],[-73.785964,40.800862],[-72.245348,41.161217],[-72.273657,41.051533],[-72.116368,40.999796],[-71.869558,41.075046],[-72.39585,40.86666],[-73.23914,40.6251],[-74.206731,40.594569],[-74.209788,40.447407],[-73.995683,40.468707],[-73.971381,40.371709],[-74.090945,39.799978],[-74.850748,38.954538],[-74.933571,38.928519],[-74.905181,39.174945],[-75.165979,39.201842],[-75.542894,39.470447],[-75.481242,39.829112],[-75.736489,39.775759],[-75.693521,38.460128],[-75.053483,38.451274],[-75.87767,37.135604],[-76.023664,37.268971],[-75.712065,37.936082],[-75.846621,37.925785],[-75.938577,38.272329],[-76.188644,38.267434],[-76.320843,38.459862],[-76.190902,38.621092],[-76.308922,38.813346],[-76.205063,38.892726],[-76.333703,38.984607],[-76.168332,38.996546],[-76.27566,39.160304],[-75.986298,39.510398],[-76.497977,39.204697],[-76.438845,39.0529],[-76.559697,38.767443],[-76.329433,38.073986],[-77.040638,38.444618],[-77.256412,38.396755],[-77.175969,38.604113],[-77.26443,38.582845],[-77.286202,38.347025],[-77.024866,38.386791],[-76.910832,38.197073],[-76.265998,37.91138],[-76.339892,37.655966],[-76.722156,37.83668],[-76.252415,37.447274],[-76.475927,37.250543],[-76.300352,37.00885],[-76.780532,37.209336],[-76.482407,36.917364],[-76.058154,36.916947],[-75.867044,36.550754],[-83.645586,36.600002],[-82.895445,36.882145],[-82.722097,37.120168],[-81.968297,37.537798],[-81.695113,37.21357],[-80.475601,37.422949],[-80.226017,37.620059],[-80.257411,37.756084],[-79.649075,38.591515],[-79.291813,38.419627],[-79.023053,38.798613],[-78.869276,38.762991],[-78.439429,39.132146],[-78.346718,39.427618],[-77.828157,39.132329],[-77.77485,39.427845],[-78.143478,39.690412],[-78.468639,39.516789],[-78.774281,39.597328],[-79.452685,39.211719],[-79.476662,39.721078],[-80.519342,39.721403],[-80.519345,41.929168],[-78.868556,42.770258],[-79.061388,43.251349],[-78.370221,43.376505],[-76.952174,43.270692],[-76.235834,43.529256],[-76.133697,43.940356],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-74.946686,44.984665],[-71.502487,45.013367],[-71.443882,45.235462],[-70.898482,45.244088],[-70.684614,45.395071],[-70.688214,45.563981],[-70.259117,45.890755],[-70.290896,46.185838],[-70.057061,46.415036],[-69.997086,46.69523],[-69.22442,47.459686],[-69.066715,47.43024],[-69.0402,47.2451],[-68.893204,47.182974],[-68.292679,47.359476],[-67.991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