The Oligocene Frio and Anahuac formations were examined by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of an assessment of technically recoverable undiscovered conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources in Paleogene and Neogene strata underlying the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain and state waters. Work included the identification of structural, stratigraphic, and tectonic relations between petroleum source rocks and migration pathways to Frio and Anahuac reservoirs; preliminary evaluation of the potential for shallow (less than 3,000 ft) biogenic gas accumulations; and evaluation of the potential for deep, undiscovered gas and oil accumulations in slope and basin floor areas. All assessments were conducted using USGS methodology (http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/oilgas/noga/methodology.html). Final products from the USGS assessment of the Paleogene and Neogene were reported in USGS fact sheets (Dubiel et al., 2007; Warwick et al., 2007).
Five assessment units for the Frio Formation were defined, and three of these were based on the character of the reservoirs in relation to growth faults and other related factors: (1) the Frio stable shelf oil and gas assessment unit, which contains thin (average thickness of 34 ft) and shallow reservoirs (average depth of 4,834 ft); (2) the Frio expanded fault zone oil and gas assessment unit, which contains thick (average thickness of 56 ft) and deep reservoirs (average depth of 9,050 ft) in over-pressured intervals; and (3) the Frio slope and basin floor gas assessment unit, which has potential for deep gas (greater than 15,000 ft) and extends from the downdip boundary of the expanded fault zone to the offshore State/Federal water boundary. The fourth Frio assessment unit is the Hackberry oil and gas assessment unit. The Hackberry embayment of southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana consists of a slope facies in the middle part of the Frio Formation. The fifth unit, the Frio basin margin assessment unit, extends from the updip boundary of the Frio stable shelf oil and gas assessment unit to the outcrop of the Frio. Because the basin margin unit has no production data and little potential for biogenic gas, it was not assessed; however, a description of this unit will be included in the final assessment report. An assessment unit also was defined for the Anahuac Formation, a major transgressive unit overlying the Frio.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Paleogene of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean basins: Processes, events, and petroleum systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"27th Annual Gulf Coast Section SEPM Foundation Bob F. Perkins Research Conference","conferenceDate":"December 2-5, 2007","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.5724/gcs.07.27.0341","isbn":"978-0-9836096-3-6","usgsCitation":"Swanson, S.M., Karlsen, A.W., and Warwick, P.D., 2007, USGS assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources for the Oligocene Frio and Anahuac formations, U.S. Gulf of Mexico coastal plain and state waters: Review of assessment units, in The Paleogene of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean basins: Processes, events, and petroleum systems, v. 27, Houston, TX, December 2-5, 2007, p. 395-420, https://doi.org/10.5724/gcs.07.27.0341.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"420","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351665,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.gcssepm.org/conference/2007_conference.htm"},{"id":351587,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","volume":"27","tableOfContents":"A trace element deposition biomonitoring experiment with transplants of the fruticose lichen Evernia prunastri was developed, aimed at monitoring the effects of different exposure parameters (exposure orientation and direct rain) and to the elements Ti, V, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Rb, Cd, Sb and Pb. Accumulations were observed for most of the elements, confirming the ability of Evernia transplants for atmospheric metal deposition monitoring. The accumulation trends were mainly affected by the exposure orientation and slightly less so by the protection from rain. The zonation of the trace elements inside the thallus was also studied. It was concluded that trace element concentrations were not homogeneous in Evernia, thus imposing some cautions on the sampling approach. A nuclear microprobe analysis of an E. prunastri transplanted thallus in thin cross-sections concluded that the trace elements were mainly concentrated on the cortex of the thallus, except Zn, Ca and K which were also present in the internal layers. The size of the particles deposited or entrapped on the cortex surface averaged 7????m. A list of key parameters to ensure the comparability of surveys aiming at observing temporal or spatial deposition variation is presented. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.032","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Ayrault, S., Clochiatti, R., Carrot, F., Daudin, L., and Bennett, J.P., 2007, Factors to consider for trace element deposition biomonitoring surveys with lichen transplants: Science of the Total Environment, v. 372, no. 2-3, p. 717-727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.032.","startPage":"717","endPage":"727","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213153,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.032"}],"country":"France","otherGeospatial":"Tête Ronde, Gif-sur-Yvette","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 2.0966720581054688,\n 48.701271194791836\n ],\n [\n 2.1100616455078125,\n 48.73037931457286\n ],\n [\n 2.1261978149414062,\n 48.733323166804986\n ],\n [\n 2.1413040161132812,\n 48.72879409197766\n ],\n [\n 2.149200439453125,\n 48.71497789402255\n ],\n [\n 2.1536636352539062,\n 48.70659572802583\n ],\n [\n 2.1570968627929688,\n 48.70183766127341\n ],\n [\n 2.1646499633789062,\n 48.69549287252203\n ],\n [\n 2.1430206298828125,\n 48.671919512374565\n ],\n [\n 2.1306610107421875,\n 48.666931426110565\n ],\n [\n 2.1179580688476562,\n 48.67985408653669\n ],\n [\n 2.0966720581054688,\n 48.701271194791836\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"372","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0edce4b0c8380cd53669","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayrault, S.","contributorId":43988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayrault","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clochiatti, R.","contributorId":62028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clochiatti","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carrot, F.","contributorId":50359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrot","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daudin, L.","contributorId":21767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daudin","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033084,"text":"70033084 - 2007 - Time-independent and time-dependent seismic hazard assessment for the state of California: Uniform California earthquake rupture forecast model 1.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70033084","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-independent and time-dependent seismic hazard assessment for the state of California: Uniform California earthquake rupture forecast model 1.0","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.78.1.99","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M., Cao, T., Campbell, K., and Frankel, A., 2007, Time-independent and time-dependent seismic hazard assessment for the state of California: Uniform California earthquake rupture forecast model 1.0: Seismological Research Letters, v. 78, no. 1, p. 99-109, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.1.99.","startPage":"99","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213181,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.1.99"},{"id":240780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3c3e4b08c986b325fb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, M.D.","contributorId":51319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cao, T.","contributorId":16617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cao","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, K.W.","contributorId":26309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033087,"text":"70033087 - 2007 - Mass balances of mercury and nitrogen in burned and unburned forested watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70033087","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass balances of mercury and nitrogen in burned and unburned forested watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, USA","docAbstract":"Precipitation and streamwater samples were collected from 16 November 1999 to 17 November 2000 in two watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, and analyzed for mercury (Hg) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, nitrate plus ammonium). Cadillac Brook watershed burned in a 1947 fire that destroyed vegetation and soil organic matter. We hypothesized that Hg deposition would be higher at Hadlock Brook (the reference watershed, 10.2 ??g/m2/year) than Cadillac (9.4 ??g/m2/year) because of the greater scavenging efficiency of the softwood vegetation in Hadlock. We also hypothesized the Hg and DIN export from Cadillac Brook would be lower than Hadlock Brook because of elemental volatilization during the fire, along with subsequently lower rates of atmospheric deposition in a watershed with abundant bare soil and bedrock, and regenerating vegetation. Consistent with these hypotheses, Hg export was lower from Cadillac Brook watershed (0.4 ??g/m2/year) than from Hadlock Brook watershed (1.3 ??g/m2/year). DIN export from Cadillac Brook (11.5 eq/ ha/year) was lower than Hadlock Brook (92.5 eq/ha/year). These data show that ??50 years following a wildfire there was lower atmospheric deposition due to changes in forest species composition, lower soil pools, and greater ecosystem retention for both Hg and DIN. ?? Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-006-9332-4","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S., Johnson, K., Kahl, J.S., Haines, T., and Fernandez, I., 2007, Mass balances of mercury and nitrogen in burned and unburned forested watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, USA: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 126, no. 1-3, p. 69-80, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9332-4.","startPage":"69","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213211,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9332-4"},{"id":240815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a524ae4b0c8380cd6c2df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, S.J.","contributorId":45901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, K.B.","contributorId":31208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kahl, J. S.","contributorId":77885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kahl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fernandez, I.J.","contributorId":61221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032215,"text":"70032215 - 2007 - Early marine growth in relation to marine-stage survival rates for Alaska sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T16:27:13","indexId":"70032215","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early marine growth in relation to marine-stage survival rates for Alaska sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)","docAbstract":"We tested the hypothesis that larger juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, have higher marine-stage survival rates than smaller juvenile salmon. We used scales from returning adults (33 years of data) and trawl samples of juveniles (n= 3572) collected along the eastern Bering Sea shelf during August through September 2000−02. The size of juvenile sockeye salmon mirrored indices of their marine-stage survival rate (e.g., smaller fish had lower indices of marine-stage survival rate). However, there was no relationship between the size of sockeye salmon after their first year at sea, as estimated from archived scales, and brood-year survival size was relatively uniform over the time series, possibly indicating size-selective mortality on smaller individuals during their marine residence. Variation in size, relative abundance, and marine-stage survival rate of juvenile sockeye salmon is likely related to ocean conditions affecting their early marine migratory pathways along the eastern Bering Sea shelf.
","language":"English","publisher":"United States National Marine Fisheries Service","issn":"00900656","usgsCitation":"Farley, E.V., Murphy, J., Adkison, M.D., Eisner, L.B., Helle, J., Moss, J., and Nielsen, J.L., 2007, Early marine growth in relation to marine-stage survival rates for Alaska sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): Fishery Bulletin, v. 105, no. 1, p. 121-130.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"130","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335887,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fishbull.noaa.gov/1051/farley.pdf"}],"volume":"105","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a048be4b0c8380cd50a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farley, Edward V. Jr.","contributorId":108313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farley","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, J.M.","contributorId":84760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adkison, Milo D.","contributorId":100791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adkison","given":"Milo","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eisner, Lisa B.","contributorId":102345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisner","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Helle, J.H.","contributorId":33522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helle","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moss, J.H.","contributorId":38772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70032212,"text":"70032212 - 2007 - Simulated effects of recruitment variability, exploitation, and reduced habitat area on the muskellunge population in Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T15:14:21","indexId":"70032212","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated effects of recruitment variability, exploitation, and reduced habitat area on the muskellunge population in Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota","docAbstract":"The genetically unique population of muskellunge Esox masquinongy inhabiting Shoepack Lake in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, is potentially at risk for loss of genetic variability and long-term viability. Shoepack Lake has been subject to dramatic surface area changes from the construction of an outlet dam by beavers Castor canadensis and its subsequent failure. We simulated the long-term dynamics of this population in response to recruitment variation, increased exploitation, and reduced habitat area. We then estimated the effective population size of the simulated population and evaluated potential threats to long-term viability, based on which we recommend management actions to help preserve the long-term viability of the population. Simulations based on the population size and habitat area at the beginning of a companion study resulted in an effective population size that was generally above the threshold level for risk of loss of genetic variability, except when fishing mortality was increased. Simulations based on the reduced habitat area after the beaver dam failure and our assumption of a proportional reduction in population size resulted in an effective population size that was generally below the threshold level for risk of loss of genetic variability. Our results identified two potential threats to the long-term viability of the Shoepack Lake muskellunge population, reduction in habitat area and exploitation. Increased exploitation can be prevented through traditional fishery management approaches such as the adoption of no-kill, barbless hook, and limited entry regulations. Maintenance of the greatest possible habitat area and prevention of future habitat area reductions will require maintenance of the outlet dam built by beavers. Our study should enhance the long-term viability of the Shoepack Lake muskellunge population and illustrates a useful approach for other unique populations. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2007.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M05-143.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Frohnauer, N., Pierce, C., and Kallemeyn, L., 2007, Simulated effects of recruitment variability, exploitation, and reduced habitat area on the muskellunge population in Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 27, no. 1, p. 77-88, https://doi.org/10.1577/M05-143.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"88","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477161,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs/112","text":"External Repository"},{"id":242339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214599,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M05-143.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Shoepack Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.1264419555664,\n 47.60370355269362\n ],\n [\n -91.12326622009277,\n 47.60338525714934\n ],\n [\n -91.11974716186523,\n 47.60182268729636\n ],\n [\n -91.11644268035889,\n 47.60115713411171\n ],\n [\n -91.11571311950684,\n 47.6002600707703\n ],\n [\n -91.1162281036377,\n 47.59918936213052\n ],\n [\n -91.11348152160645,\n 47.597771362909974\n ],\n [\n -91.11365318298338,\n 47.596816362186885\n ],\n [\n -91.11824512481688,\n 47.59658484423505\n ],\n [\n -91.12009048461914,\n 47.59933405376774\n ],\n [\n -91.1257553100586,\n 47.60199630847375\n ],\n [\n -91.12730026245117,\n 47.60312483208168\n ],\n [\n -91.12742900848389,\n 47.60373248855614\n ],\n [\n -91.1264419555664,\n 47.60370355269362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f9fe4b08c986b319038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frohnauer, N.K.","contributorId":80096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frohnauer","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, C.L. 0000-0001-5088-5431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-5431","contributorId":93606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kallemeyn, L.W.","contributorId":44864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kallemeyn","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032211,"text":"70032211 - 2007 - Possible impacts of early-11th-, middle-12th-, and late-13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70032211","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Possible impacts of early-11th-, middle-12th-, and late-13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians","docAbstract":"One or more of three intense and persistent droughts impacted some Native American cultures in the early-11th, middle-12th and late-13th centuries, including the Anasazi, Fremont, Lovelock, and Mississippian (Cahokian) prehistorical cultures. Tree-ring-based reconstructions of precipitation and temperature indicate that warm drought periods occurred between AD 990 and 1060, AD 1135 and 1170, and AD 1276 and 1297. These droughts occurred during minima in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and may have been associated with positive values of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Each of the Native American cultures was supported, to a greater or lesser degree, by precipitation-dependent resources. Both the Four Corners region and Cahokia were sites of intense growth between about AD 1050 and 1130, and by AD 1150, cultures in both regions were undergoing stress. By AD 1300 the Anasazi and Fremont cultures had collapsed and their residual populations had either left their homelands or withered. In the case of Fremont populations, the AD 990-1060 drought may have had the greatest impact. This drought also may have affected the Anasazi, for it was at the end of this drought that some people from Chaco migrated to the San Juan River valley and founded the Salmon Ruin great house. Detailed data do not exist on the number of Lovelock habitation sites or populations over time; however, Lovelock populations appear to have retreated from the western Great Basin to California by AD 1300 or shortly thereafter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.001","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., Berry, M., Jolie, E., Spangler, J., Stahle, D., and Hattori, E., 2007, Possible impacts of early-11th-, middle-12th-, and late-13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 26, no. 3-4, p. 336-350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.001.","startPage":"336","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214598,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.001"},{"id":242338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e27e4b0c8380cd7a396","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, M.S.","contributorId":35141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jolie, E.A.","contributorId":65649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolie","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spangler, J.D.","contributorId":67310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stahle, D.W.","contributorId":88573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stahle","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hattori, E.M.","contributorId":48371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattori","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70032210,"text":"70032210 - 2007 - Do females trade copulations for food? An experimental study on kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T15:17:51.099577","indexId":"70032210","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":981,"text":"Behavioral Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Do females trade copulations for food? An experimental study on kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla)","title":"Do females trade copulations for food? An experimental study on kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla)","docAbstract":"Females of many species copulate more frequently than necessary to fertilize their eggs despite the potential costs. Several studies, particularly on socially monogamous birds, have suggested that females obtain immediate material benefits by trading copulations for nutrients or other resources. We experimentally tested this hypothesis by manipulating the food resources available to prelaying female black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). If female kittiwakes trade copulations for courtship feeding because they need the extra resources, well-fed females (experimental group) should be less willing to copulate compared with females that are more food limited (control group). Contrary to our predictions, we found that close to the start of laying experimental females copulated more frequently with their mate than control females. We also observed that males from the experimental group fed their mate at least as often as males from the control group. In experimental pairs, we still observed a positive correlation between the rate of copulation and the rate of courtship feeding. Our results thus refute the immediate material benefits hypothesis. Currently available data are consistent with the hypothesis that prelaying courtship feeding is a form of mating effort. We suggest that the rate of courtship feeding might be a sexually selected trait, on which females base decisions about timing and frequency of copulations, but this remains to be tested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arl090","usgsCitation":"Kempenaers, B., Lanctot, R., Gill, V., Hatch, S.A., and Valcu, M., 2007, Do females trade copulations for food? An experimental study on kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla): Behavioral Ecology, v. 18, no. 2, p. 345-353, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arl090.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arl090","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.40243530273438,\n 59.39599576866911\n ],\n [\n -146.26407623291016,\n 59.39599576866911\n ],\n [\n -146.26407623291016,\n 59.47351201041221\n ],\n [\n -146.40243530273438,\n 59.47351201041221\n ],\n [\n -146.40243530273438,\n 59.39599576866911\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0360e4b0c8380cd50463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kempenaers, Bart","contributorId":54943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kempenaers","given":"Bart","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13130,"text":"Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, Austrian Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":435047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":77879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":435050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, V.A.","contributorId":35498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Valcu, M.","contributorId":63234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valcu","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032209,"text":"70032209 - 2007 - Effects of upland disturbance and instream restoration on hydrodynamics and ammonium uptake in headwater streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70032209","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of upland disturbance and instream restoration on hydrodynamics and ammonium uptake in headwater streams","docAbstract":"Delivery of water, sediments, nutrients, and organic matter to stream ecosystems is strongly influenced by the catchment of the stream and can be altered greatly by upland soil and vegetation disturbance. At the Fort Benning Military Installation (near Columbus, Georgia), spatial variability in intensity of military training results in a wide range of intensities of upland disturbance in stream catchments. A set of 8 streams in catchments spanning this upland disturbance gradient was selected for investigation of the impact of disturbance intensity on hydrodynamics and nutrient uptake. The size of transient storage zones and rates of NH4+ uptake in all study streams were among the lowest reported in the literature. Upland disturbance did not appear to influence stream hydrodynamics strongly, but it caused significant decreases in instream nutrient uptake. In October 2003, coarse woody debris (CWD) was added to 1/2 of the study streams (spanning the disturbance gradient) in an attempt to increase hydrodynamic and structural complexity, with the goals of enhancing biotic habitat and increasing nutrient uptake rates. CWD additions had positive short-term (within 1 mo) effects on hydrodynamic complexity (water velocity decreased and transient storage zone cross-sectional area, relative size of the transient storage zone, fraction of the median travel time attributable to transient storage over a standardized length of 200 m, and the hydraulic retention factor increased) and nutrient uptake (NH4+ uptake rates increased). Our results suggest that water quality in streams with intense upland disturbances can be improved by enhancing instream biotic nutrient uptake capacity through measures such as restoring stream CWD. ?? 2007 by The North American Benthological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1899/0887-3593(2007)26[38:EOUDAI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Roberts, B., Mulholland, P.J., and Houser, J., 2007, Effects of upland disturbance and instream restoration on hydrodynamics and ammonium uptake in headwater streams: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 26, no. 1, p. 38-53, https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2007)26[38:EOUDAI]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"38","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215067,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2007)26[38:EOUDAI]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":242836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a081ce4b0c8380cd519a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, B.J.","contributorId":35144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulholland, P. J.","contributorId":89081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulholland","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Houser, J.N.","contributorId":91603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032206,"text":"70032206 - 2007 - Relating low‐flow characteristics to the base flow recession time constant at partial record stream gauges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T12:03:15","indexId":"70032206","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating low‐flow characteristics to the base flow recession time constant at partial record stream gauges","docAbstract":"Base flow recession information is helpful for regional estimation of low‐flow characteristics. However, analyses that exploit such information generally require a continuous record of streamflow at the estimation site to characterize base flow recession. Here we propose a simple method for characterizing base flow recession at low‐flow partial record stream gauges (i.e., sites with very few streamflow measurements under low‐streamflow conditions), and we use that characterization as the basis for a practical new approach to low‐flow regression. In a case study the introduction of a base flow recession time constant, estimated from a single pair of strategically timed streamflow measurements, approximately halves the root‐mean‐square estimation error relative to that of a conventional drainage area regression. Additional streamflow measurements can be used to reduce the error further.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2006WR005293","usgsCitation":"Eng, K., and Milly, P., 2007, Relating low‐flow characteristics to the base flow recession time constant at partial record stream gauges: Water Resources Research, v. 43, no. 1, Article W01201; 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005293.","productDescription":"Article W01201; 8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477172,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005293","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a626e4b0e8fec6cdc0e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eng, Ken 0000-0001-6838-5849 keng@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-5849","contributorId":3580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eng","given":"Ken","email":"keng@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032204,"text":"70032204 - 2007 - Evaluation of seven aquatic sampling methods for amphibians and other aquatic fauna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70032204","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":837,"text":"Applied Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of seven aquatic sampling methods for amphibians and other aquatic fauna","docAbstract":"To design effective and efficient research and monitoring programs researchers must have a thorough understanding of the capabilities and limitations of their sampling methods. Few direct comparative studies exist for aquatic sampling methods for amphibians. The objective of this study was to simultaneously employ seven aquatic sampling methods in 10 wetlands to compare amphibian species richness and number of individuals detected with each method. Four sampling methods allowed counts of individuals (metal dipnet, D-frame dipnet, box trap, crayfish trap), whereas the other three methods allowed detection of species (visual encounter, aural, and froglogger). Amphibian species richness was greatest with froglogger, box trap, and aural samples. For anuran species, the sampling methods by which each life stage was detected was related to relative length of larval and breeding periods and tadpole size. Detection probability of amphibians varied across sampling methods. Box trap sampling resulted in the most precise amphibian count, but the precision of all four count-based methods was low (coefficient of variation > 145 for all methods). The efficacy of the four count sampling methods at sampling fish and aquatic invertebrates was also analyzed because these predatory taxa are known to be important predictors of amphibian habitat distribution. Species richness and counts were similar for fish with the four methods, whereas invertebrate species richness and counts were greatest in box traps. An effective wetland amphibian monitoring program in the southeastern United States should include multiple sampling methods to obtain the most accurate assessment of species community composition at each site. The combined use of frogloggers, crayfish traps, and dipnets may be the most efficient and effective amphibian monitoring protocol. ?? 2007 Brill Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Herpetology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1163/157075407779766750","issn":"15707539","usgsCitation":"Gunzburger, M., 2007, Evaluation of seven aquatic sampling methods for amphibians and other aquatic fauna: Applied Herpetology, v. 4, no. 1, p. 47-63, https://doi.org/10.1163/157075407779766750.","startPage":"47","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215008,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075407779766750"},{"id":242772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cbfe4b0c8380cd52c9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gunzburger, M. S.","contributorId":103999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunzburger","given":"M. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70033089,"text":"70033089 - 2007 - Linkages between nutrients and assemblages of macroinvertebrates and fish in wadeable streams: Implication to nutrient criteria development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:19:51","indexId":"70033089","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linkages between nutrients and assemblages of macroinvertebrates and fish in wadeable streams: Implication to nutrient criteria development","docAbstract":"We sampled 240 wadeable streams across Wisconsin for different forms of phosphorus and nitrogen, and assemblages of macroinvertebrates and fish to (1) examine how macroinvertebrate and fish measures correlated with the nutrients; (2) quantify relationships between key biological measures and nutrient forms to identify potential threshold levels of nutrients to support nutrient criteria development; and (3) evaluate the importance of nutrients in influencing biological assemblages relative to other physicochemical factors at different spatial scales. Twenty-three of the 35 fish and 18 of the 26 macroinvertebrate measures significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with at least one nutrient measure. Percentages of carnivorous, intolerant, and omnivorous fishes, index of biotic integrity, and salmonid abundance were fish measures correlated with the most nutrient measures and had the highest correlation coefficients. Percentages of Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera individuals and taxa, Hilsenhoff biotic index, and mean tolerance value were macroinvertebrate measures that most strongly correlated with the most nutrient measures. Selected biological measures showed clear trends toward degradation as concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen increased, and some measures showed clear thresholds where biological measures changed drastically with small changes in nutrient concentrations. Our selected environmental factors explained 54% of the variation in the fish assemblages. Of this explained variance, 46% was attributed to catchment and instream habitat, 15% to nutrients, 3% to other water quality measures, and 36% to the interactions among all the environmental variables. Selected environmental factors explained 53% of the variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages. Of this explained variance, 42% was attributed to catchment and instream habitat, 22% to nutrients, 5% to other water quality measures, and 32% to the interactions among all the environmental variables. ?? 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-006-0135-8","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Wang, L., Robertson, D.M., and Garrison, P., 2007, Linkages between nutrients and assemblages of macroinvertebrates and fish in wadeable streams: Implication to nutrient criteria development: Environmental Management, v. 39, no. 2, p. 194-212, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-006-0135-8.","startPage":"194","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213243,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-006-0135-8"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47cde4b0c8380cd679af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, L.","contributorId":76904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":439326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrison, P.J.","contributorId":86072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033091,"text":"70033091 - 2007 - Diamondoid hydrocarbons as a molecular proxy for thermal maturity and oil cracking: Geochemical models from hydrous pyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70033091","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diamondoid hydrocarbons as a molecular proxy for thermal maturity and oil cracking: Geochemical models from hydrous pyrolysis","docAbstract":"A series of isothermal hydrous pyrolysis experiments was performed on immature sedimentary rocks and peats of different lithology and organic source input to explore the generation of diamondoids during the thermal maturation of sediments. Oil generation curves indicate that peak oil yields occur between 340 and 360 ??C, followed by intense oil cracking in different samples. The biomarker maturity parameters appear to be insensitive to thermal maturation as most of the isomerization ratios of molecular biomarkers in the pyrolysates have reached their equilibrium values. Diamondoids are absent from immature peat extracts, but exist in immature sedimentary rocks in various amounts. This implies that they are not products of biosynthesis and that they may be generated during diagenesis, not just catagenesis and cracking. Most importantly, the concentrations of diamondoids are observed to increase with thermal stress, suggesting that they can be used as a molecular proxy for thermal maturity of source rocks and crude oils. Their abundance is most sensitive to thermal exposure above temperatures of 360-370 ??C (R0 = 1.3-1.5%) for the studied samples, which corresponds to the onset of intense cracking of other less stable components. Below these temperatures, diamondoids increase gradually due to competing processes of generation and dilution. Calibrations were developed between their concentrations and measured vitrinite reflectance through hydrous pyrolysis maturation of different types of rocks and peats. The geochemical models obtained from these methods may provide an alterative approach for determining thermal maturity of source rocks and crude oils, particularly in mature to highly mature Paleozoic carbonates. In addition, the extent of oil cracking was quantified using the concentrations of diamondoids in hydrous pyrolysates of rocks and peats, verifying that these hydrocarbons are valuable indicators of oil cracking in nature. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.09.011","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Wei, Z., Moldowan, J., Zhang, S., Hill, R., Jarvie, D., Wang, H., Song, F., and Fago, F., 2007, Diamondoid hydrocarbons as a molecular proxy for thermal maturity and oil cracking: Geochemical models from hydrous pyrolysis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 38, no. 2, p. 227-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.09.011.","startPage":"227","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213275,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.09.011"},{"id":240885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00a7e4b0c8380cd4f840","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wei, Z.","contributorId":12675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moldowan, J.M.","contributorId":78527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moldowan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, S.","contributorId":51064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, R.","contributorId":88936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jarvie, D.M.","contributorId":69768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvie","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wang, Hongfang","contributorId":92635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Hongfang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Song, F.","contributorId":64035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fago, F.","contributorId":14640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fago","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70033092,"text":"70033092 - 2007 - Origin of the Lyme Dome and implications for the timing of multiple Alleghanian deformational and intrusive events in southern Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70033092","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the Lyme Dome and implications for the timing of multiple Alleghanian deformational and intrusive events in southern Connecticut","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping, structural analysis, and geochronology in the area of the Lyme dome, southern Connecticut provides constraints on the origin of the rocks in the core of the dome, the absolute timing of the principal deformational and thermal events attributed to Alleghanian orogenesis, and the processes that generated the dome. Detrital zircon geochronology in combination with ages on intrusive rocks brackets the deposition of quartzite in the core of the dome sometime between ca. 925 and 620 Ma. Granite and granodiorite intruded the Neoproteorozic metasedimentary rocks in the core of the dome at ca. 620 to 610 Ma. Four major early Permian events associated with the Alleghanian orogeny affected the rocks in the Lyme dome area. Syn-tectonic migmatization and widespread penetrative deformation (D1, ca. 300 - 290 Ma) included emplacement of alaskite at 290 ?? 4 Ma during regional foliation development and aluminosilicate-orthoclase metamorphic conditions. Rocks of the Avalon terrane may have wedged between Gander cover rocks and Gander basement in the core of the Lyme during D1. Limited structural evidence for diapiric uplift of the Lyme dome indicates that diapirism started late in D1 and was completed by D2 (ca. 290 - 280 Ma) when horizontal WNW contractional stresses dominated over vertical stresses. Second sillimanite metamorphism continued and syn-tectonic D2 granite pegmatite (288 ?? 4 Ma) and the Joshua Rock Granite Gniess (284 ?? 3 Ma) intruded at this time. North-northwest extension during D3 (ca. 280 - 275 Ma) led to granitic pegmatite intrusion along S3 cleavage planes and in extensional zones in boudin necks during hydraulic failure and decompression melting. Intrusion of a Westerly Granite dike at 275 ?? 4 Ma suggests that D3 extension was active, and perhaps concluding, by ca. 275 Ma. Late randomly oriented but gently dipping pegmatite dikes record a final stage of intrusion during D4 (ca. 275 - 260 Ma), and a switch from NNW extension to vertical unloading and exhumation. Monazite and metamorphic zircon rim ages record this event at ca. 259 Ma. The evolution of the Lyme dome involved D1 mylonitization, intrusion, and migmatization during north-directed contraction, limited late D1 diapirism, D2 migmatization during WNW contraction with associated flexural flow and fold interference, D3 NNW horizontal extension and decompression melting, and final D4 vertical extension and rapid exhumation. Late regional uplift, extension, and normal faulting at higher crustal levels may have been caused by diapiric rise of the lower crust, below the structural level of the Lyme dome. The rocks record no evidence of Acadian metamorphism or deformation, suggesting that the Gander zone here was not tectonically juxtaposed with Avalon until the Alleghanian orogeny.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2475/06.2007.06","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Wintsch, R., 2007, Origin of the Lyme Dome and implications for the timing of multiple Alleghanian deformational and intrusive events in southern Connecticut: American Journal of Science, v. 307, no. 1, p. 168-215, https://doi.org/10.2475/06.2007.06.","startPage":"168","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213276,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2475/06.2007.06"},{"id":240886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"307","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70fbe4b0c8380cd763a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, G. J. 0000-0003-4264-8836","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":47409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"G. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wintsch, R. P.","contributorId":104921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wintsch","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[{"id":13366,"text":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":439342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033110,"text":"70033110 - 2007 - Performance evaluation of spectral vegetation indices using a statistical sensitivity function","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:19:24","indexId":"70033110","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance evaluation of spectral vegetation indices using a statistical sensitivity function","docAbstract":"A great number of spectral vegetation indices (VIs) have been developed to estimate biophysical parameters of vegetation. Traditional techniques for evaluating the performance of VIs are regression-based statistics, such as the coefficient of determination and root mean square error. These statistics, however, are not capable of quantifying the detailed relationship between VIs and biophysical parameters because the sensitivity of a VI is usually a function of the biophysical parameter instead of a constant. To better quantify this relationship, we developed a “sensitivity function” for measuring the sensitivity of a VI to biophysical parameters. The sensitivity function is defined as the first derivative of the regression function, divided by the standard error of the dependent variable prediction. The function elucidates the change in sensitivity over the range of the biophysical parameter. The Student's t- or z-statistic can be used to test the significance of VI sensitivity. Additionally, we developed a “relative sensitivity function” that compares the sensitivities of two VIs when the biophysical parameters are unavailable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.010","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Ji, L., and Peters, A.J., 2007, Performance evaluation of spectral vegetation indices using a statistical sensitivity function: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 106, no. 1, p. 59-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.010.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213526,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.010"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7683e4b0c8380cd78159","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":139587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":439415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, Albert J.","contributorId":92517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032183,"text":"70032183 - 2007 - Plio-Pleistocene climatic transition and the lifting of the Teton Range, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70032183","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plio-Pleistocene climatic transition and the lifting of the Teton Range, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Fine-grained lacustrine, riverine and ash-fall sediments of the Shooting Iron Formation, whose late Pliocene age is established by Blancan gastropods and vertebrates, yield a pollen flora that is essentially similar in composition to the modern pollen rain in the Jackson Hole area. The Pliocene assemblage suggests a climate like that of the Jackson valley and foothills today. These spectra also resemble a Pliocene pollen flora from Yellowstone Park dated at ??? 2.02??Ma. However, the underlying Miocene Teewinot sediments differ by containing pollen of four exotic deciduous hardwoods (Tertiary relicts) that suggest a summer-moist climate, unlike that of today. The Shooting Iron sediments lie with an angular unconformity on and above the Miocene lake sediments of the Teewinot Formation. Both of these deposits probably preceded the main uplift of the Teton Range based on the absence of Precambrian clasts in the Tertiary valley deposits. Because the Pliocene floras were modern in aspect, a Plio-Pleistocene transition would be floristically imperceptible here. The sequence denotes a protracted period of relative stability of climate during Teewinot time, and a shift in vegetational state (summer-wet trees drop out) sometime between the latest Miocene and latest Pliocene. The Pliocene spectra suggest a dry, cooler climate toward the end of Shooting Iron time. ?? 2006 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2006.10.006","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Leopold, E.B., Liu, G., Love, J.D., and Love, D., 2007, Plio-Pleistocene climatic transition and the lifting of the Teton Range, Wyoming: Quaternary Research, v. 67, no. 1, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.10.006.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214661,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.10.006"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c5be4b0c8380cd7993c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, E. B.","contributorId":81162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Gaisheng","contributorId":15158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Gaisheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Love, J. D.","contributorId":64620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Love, D.W.","contributorId":52176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032182,"text":"70032182 - 2007 - Variability of kokanee and rainbow trout food habits, distribution, and population dynamics, in an ultraoligotrophic lake with no manipulative management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T09:53:25","indexId":"70032182","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of kokanee and rainbow trout food habits, distribution, and population dynamics, in an ultraoligotrophic lake with no manipulative management","docAbstract":"Crater Lake is a unique environment to evaluate the ecology of introduced kokanee and rainbow trout because of its otherwise pristine state, low productivity, absence of manipulative management, and lack of lotic systems for fish spawning. Between 1986 and 2004, kokanee displayed a great deal of variation in population demographics with a pattern that reoccurred in about 10 years. We believe that the reoccurring pattern resulted from density dependent growth, and associated changes in reproduction and abundance, driven by prey resource limitation that resulted from low lake productivity exacerbated by prey consumption when kokanee were abundant. Kokanee fed primarily on small-bodied prey from the mid-water column; whereas rainbow trout fed on large-bodied prey from the benthos and lake surface. Cladoceran zooplankton abundance may be regulated by kokanee. And kokanee growth and reproductive success may be influenced by the availability of Daphnia pulicaria, which was absent in zooplankton samples collected annually from 1990 to 1995, and after 1999. Distribution and diel migration of kokanee varied over the duration of the study and appeared to be most closely associated with prey availability, maximization of bioenergetic efficiency, and fish density. Rainbow trout were less abundant than were kokanee and exhibited less variation in population demographics, distribution, and food habits. There is some evidence that the population dynamics of rainbow trout were in-part related to the availability of kokanee as prey. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10750-006-0355-1","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Buktenica, M., Girdner, S., Larson, G., and McIntire, C.D., 2007, Variability of kokanee and rainbow trout food habits, distribution, and population dynamics, in an ultraoligotrophic lake with no manipulative management: Hydrobiologia, v. 574, no. 1, p. 235-264, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0355-1.","startPage":"235","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214660,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0355-1"}],"volume":"574","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc139e4b08c986b32a4b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buktenica, M.W.","contributorId":68263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buktenica","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Girdner, S.F.","contributorId":71773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girdner","given":"S.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, G.L.","contributorId":103021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McIntire, C. D.","contributorId":35274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McIntire","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}