The application of geodetic measurements to glacial research has found a new testing ground: near a surging Alaskan glacier. A set of geodetic measurements collected adjacent to the Bagley Icefield (Figure 1) and along the Gulf of Alaska (Figure 2) are being used to estimate the effects of the Bering Glacier surge that began in the spring of 1993. When ice is removed from a glacier's reservoir during a surge, its surface lowers by tens or hundreds of meters and ice is added to the receiving area, where it thickens and advances.
The dramatic changes in a surging glacier's extent and thickness should result in elastic deformation of the solid Earth. At Bering Glacier, calculations show that ice transfer may have caused up to 17 cm of the solid Earth to subside. Although recent surges at the Bering and Variegated Glaciers have been well documented, little is known about most surges, particularly about what happens in the upper reaches of the glaciers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95EO00171","usgsCitation":"Sauber, J., Plafker, G., and Gipson, J., 1995, Geodetic measurements used to estimate ice transfer during Bering Glacier surge: Eos Science News, v. 76, no. 29, p. 289-290, https://doi.org/10.1029/95EO00171.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"290","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418813,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bagley Icefield, Bering Glacier, Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -143.85288609996468,\n 60.999272421721685\n ],\n [\n -143.85288609996468,\n 59.830103737692724\n ],\n [\n -141.29785448315255,\n 59.830103737692724\n ],\n [\n -141.29785448315255,\n 60.999272421721685\n ],\n [\n -143.85288609996468,\n 60.999272421721685\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauber, Jeanne","contributorId":243991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sauber","given":"Jeanne","affiliations":[{"id":40052,"text":"NASA Goddard","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gipson, John","contributorId":316269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gipson","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18721,"text":"ofr9561B - 1995 - 10 years of volcanic activity in Alaska; 1983 to 1992; a video","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:24","indexId":"ofr9561B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-61","chapter":"B","title":"10 years of volcanic activity in Alaska; 1983 to 1992; a video","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9561B","usgsCitation":"Doukas, M.P., McGimsey, R.G., and Dorava, J.M., 1995, 10 years of volcanic activity in Alaska; 1983 to 1992; a video: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-61, 23 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9561B.","productDescription":"23 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0061b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48079,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0061b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4907e4b0b290850eed35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doukas, Michael P. mdoukas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"Michael","email":"mdoukas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorava, Joseph M.","contributorId":87125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31878,"text":"ofr95128 - 1995 - Surficial geologic map of northern Adak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-29T18:24:53.034738","indexId":"ofr95128","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-128","title":"Surficial geologic map of northern Adak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"Surficial deposits on northern Adak Island, Alaska include a variety of volcanic, glacial, eolian, and beach sediments. These deposits are the primary water-bearing units on the island and their distri- bution is shown on the accompanying surficial geologic map. An extensive sequence of volcanic debris-flow deposits (lahars) was identified on the eastern slope of Mount Moffett. The sedimentary characteristics of the lahar deposits indicate that they are related to volcanic eruptions of Mount Moffett and are evidence for Holocene volcanic activity at this volcano. Similar lahar deposits also are present on the southern slopes of Mount Adagdak. The surficial geologic map units described in the report are a basis for island-wide assess- ments of ground-water conditions, aquifer proper- ties, and general hydrogeologic conditions, and will be useful for determining the availability of potential construction materials.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95128","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., 1995, Surficial geologic map of northern Adak Island, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-128, iv, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95128.","productDescription":"iv, 6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397786,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19158.htm"},{"id":60066,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0128/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Adak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -176.824951171875,\n 51.78483389373529\n ],\n [\n -176.50909423828125,\n 51.78483389373529\n ],\n [\n -176.50909423828125,\n 52.02376856867204\n ],\n [\n -176.824951171875,\n 52.02376856867204\n ],\n [\n -176.824951171875,\n 51.78483389373529\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6890fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18720,"text":"ofr9561A - 1995 - 10 years of volcanic activity in Alaska; 1983 to 1992; a video","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:24","indexId":"ofr9561A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-61","chapter":"A","title":"10 years of volcanic activity in Alaska; 1983 to 1992; a video","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9561A","usgsCitation":"Doukas, M.P., McGimsey, R.G., and Dorava, J.M., 1995, 10 years of volcanic activity in Alaska; 1983 to 1992; a video: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-61, 1 videocassette (28 min.) :sd., col. ;1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9561A.","productDescription":"1 videocassette (28 min.) :sd., col. ;1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4907e4b0b290850eed33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doukas, Michael P. mdoukas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"Michael","email":"mdoukas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorava, Joseph M.","contributorId":87125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6865,"text":"fs11495 - 1995 - Occurrence of the gasoline additive MTBE in shallow ground water in urban and agricultural areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-16T10:36:04","indexId":"fs11495","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"114-95","title":"Occurrence of the gasoline additive MTBE in shallow ground water in urban and agricultural areas","docAbstract":"Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a volatile organic compound (VOC) derived from natural gas that is added to gasoline either seasonally or year round in many parts of the United States to increase the octane level and to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels in the air. In 1993, production of MTBE ranked second among all organic chemicals manufactured in the United States. Currently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tentatively classifies MTBE as a possible human carcinogen. Health complaints related to MTBE in the air were first reported in Fairbanks, Alaska in November 1992 when about 200 residents reported problems such as headaches, dizziness, eye irritation, burning of the nose and throat, disorientation, and nausea. Similar health complaints have been registered in Anchorage, Alaska; Missoula, Montana; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and New Jersey.
As part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, concentrations of 60 VOCs were measured in samples from 211 shallow wells in 8 urban areas and 524 shallow wells in 20 agricultural areas. Chloroform and MTBE were the two most frequently detected VOCs. MTBE was detected in 27 percent of the urban wells and 1.3 percent of the agricultural wells. Concentrations ranged from less than the detection level of 0.2 μg/L (micrograms per liter) to as high as 23,000 μg/L. When detected, the median concentration of MTBE was 0.6 μg/L. MTBE was most frequently detected in shallow ground water in Denver, Colorado and urban areas in New England. In Denver, 79 percent of the samples from shallow urban wells had detectable concentrations of MTBE and in New England, 37 percent of the samples from urban wells had detectable concentrations. Only 3 percent of the wells sampled in urban areas had concentrations of MTBE that exceeded 20 μg/L, which is the estimated lower limit of the EPA draft drinking water health advisory level. Contaminant concentrations below the health advisory are not expected to cause any adverse effects over a lifetime of exposure. MTBE is on the EPA’s Drinking Water Priority List, which means it is a possible candidate for future regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs11495","collaboration":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Squillace, P.J., Pope, D.A., and Price, C.V., 1995, Occurrence of the gasoline additive MTBE in shallow ground water in urban and agricultural areas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 114-95, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11495.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354123,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0114/fs11495.pdf","text":"Report","size":"272 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 114–95"},{"id":354122,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0114/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center, South Dakota Office
U.S. Geological Survey
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, SD 57702
Geologic mapping of Port Moller, Stevopak Bay, and Simeonof Island 1° by 2° quadrangles on the Alaska Peninsula was conducted as part of the Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP). Geologic observations was obtained by using helicopter overflights, vertical aerial photography, and enhanced and extensively processed Landsat imagery (York and others, 1984; Wilson and York, 1985). Helicopter-supported field investigations were conducted from Sand Point in 1982 and 1986 and from both Sand Point and Port Moller in 1985 and 1985. In addition, field work was conducted from the U.S. Geological Survey Research Vessel Don J. Miller II in 1983 and 1984. The mapping of Burk (1965), Kennedy and Waldron (1955), and Moore (1974) provided an excellent basis for the AMRAP mapping. The present map duplicates both Moore’s map of the outer Shumagin Islands and Kennedy and Waldron’s map of the Pavlof Volcano area with minor additions. However, important changes have been made to Burk’s pioneering work.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.3133/i2272","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., Detterman, R.L., Miller, J.W., and Case, J.E., 1995, Geologic map of Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2272, 2 Sheets: 43.29 x 33.78 and 36.36 x 28.17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2272.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 43.29 x 33.78 and 36.36 x 28.17 inches","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":107356,"rank":698,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10206.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10206"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Port Moller quadrangle, Simeonof Island quadrangle, Stepovak Bay quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162,54.75 ], [ -162,56 ], [ -158.5,56 ], [ -158.5,54.75 ], [ -162,54.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2c80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Detterman, Robert L.","contributorId":71526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, John W.","contributorId":70357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Case, James E.","contributorId":68702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":34217,"text":"b2098 - 1995 - Geology, geochemistry, and uranium favorability of Tertiary rocks in south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T20:59:14.126967","indexId":"b2098","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2098","title":"Geology, geochemistry, and uranium favorability of Tertiary rocks in south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2098","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, K.A., Campbell, J.A., and Dula, W.F., 1995, Geology, geochemistry, and uranium favorability of Tertiary rocks in south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2098, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2098.","productDescription":"84 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484383,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22400.htm","text":"Geology, geochemistry, and uranium favorability of Tertiary continental sedimentary rocks in the northwestern part of the Cook Inlet area, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":405263,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22399.htm","text":"Geology, geochemistry, and uranium favorability of the Tertiary Kenai Group in the Susitna Lowlands at the northern end of the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":62123,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163739,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2098/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.17089843749997,\n 57.75107598132104\n ],\n [\n -143.9208984375,\n 57.75107598132104\n ],\n [\n -143.9208984375,\n 61.85614879566797\n ],\n [\n -155.17089843749997,\n 61.85614879566797\n ],\n [\n -155.17089843749997,\n 57.75107598132104\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8e9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Kendell A.","contributorId":55430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Kendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, John A.","contributorId":67089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dula, William Frederick Jr.","contributorId":61478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dula","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224966,"text":"5224966 - 1995 - Contaminants and sea ducks in Alaska and the circumpolar region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-05T16:09:17.571589","indexId":"5224966","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T12:17:44","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants and sea ducks in Alaska and the circumpolar region","docAbstract":"We review nesting sea duck population declines in Alaska during recent decades and explore the possibility that contaminants may be implicated. Aerial surveys of the surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata), white-winged scoter (M. fusca), black scoter (M. nigra), oldsqaw (Clangula hyemalis), spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri), and Steller's eider (Polysticta stellei) show long-term breeding population declines, especially the latter three species. The spectacled eider was recently classified threatened under the Endangered Species Act. In addition, three other diving ducks, which commonly winter in coastal areas, have declined from unknown causes. Large die-offs of all three species of scoters during molt, a period of high energy demand, were documented in August 1990, 1991, and 1992 at coastal reefs in southeastern Alaska. There was no evidence of infectious diseases in those scoters. The die-offs may or may not be associated with the long-term declines. Many scoters had elevated renal concentrations of cadmium (high of 375 micrograms/g dry weight [dw]). Effects of cadmium in sea ducks are not well understood. Selenium concentrations in livers of nesting white-winged scoters were high; however, the eggs they laid contained less selenium than expected based on relationships for freshwater bird species. Histological evaluation found a high prevalence of hepatocellular vacuolation (49%), a degenerative change frequently associated with sublethal toxic insult. Cadmium and selenium mean liver concentrations were generally higher in those birds with more severe vacuolation; however, relationships were not statistically significant. We do not know if sea duck population declines are related to metals or other contaminants.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Institute of Environmental Health","doi":"10.1289/ehp.103-1519270","usgsCitation":"Henny, C., Rudis, D.D., Roffe, T.J., and Robinson-Wilson, E., 1995, Contaminants and sea ducks in Alaska and the circumpolar region: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 103, no. 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\"}}]}","volume":"103","issue":"S4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696c96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles","contributorId":41280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rudis, Deborah D.","contributorId":77406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudis","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roffe, Thomas J.","contributorId":56596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roffe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson-Wilson, Everett","contributorId":74237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson-Wilson","given":"Everett","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210086,"text":"70210086 - 1995 - Bald eagles kleptoparasitizing sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T17:13:59.60574","indexId":"70210086","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T12:05:23","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bald eagles kleptoparasitizing sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369047","usgsCitation":"Watt, J., Krausse, B., and Tinker, M., 1995, Bald eagles kleptoparasitizing sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska: Condor, v. 97, no. 2, p. 588-590, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369047.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"588","endPage":"590","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Amchitka Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 178.5992431640625,\n 51.32031367286622\n ],\n [\n 179.46441650390622,\n 51.32031367286622\n ],\n [\n 179.46441650390622,\n 51.677664778834455\n ],\n [\n 178.5992431640625,\n 51.677664778834455\n ],\n [\n 178.5992431640625,\n 51.32031367286622\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watt, Jon","contributorId":167113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watt","given":"Jon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krausse, Bernhard","contributorId":224677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krausse","given":"Bernhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim","contributorId":222880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M. Tim","affiliations":[{"id":40616,"text":"former USGS PI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209352,"text":"70209352 - 1995 - Low-grade, M1 metamorphism of the Douglas Island Volcanics, western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T14:27:22.388851","indexId":"70209352","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T13:57:59","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Low-grade, M1 metamorphism of the Douglas Island Volcanics, western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska","title":"Low-grade, M1 metamorphism of the Douglas Island Volcanics, western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska","docAbstract":"The western metamorphic belt is part of the Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex of western Canada and southeastern Alaska that developed during collision of the Alexander terrane and Gravina assemblage on the west against the Yukon Prong and Stikine terranes to the east. Deformation, metamorphism, and plutonism range from about 120 to 50 Ma. Subgreenschist to lower greenschist facies metabasalts exposed along the west end of the western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska, record the earliest metamorphic event (M1). The protolith of the M1, low-grade metamorphic mineral assemblages is mostly arc-affinity basaltic rocks of the Douglas Island Volcanics. The most common metamorphic mineral assemblages are chlorite-epidote-actinolite with or without pumpellyite and stilpnomelane. There is no systematic distribution of metamorphic mineral assemblages in the study area, and all assemblages are in the pumpellyite-actinolite facies near the transition to the lower greenschist facies. Different low variance assemblages can be attributed to minor differences in pressure (P), temperature (T), or X CO2 . Mineral chemistry and phase equilibria suggest that thermal peak metamorphism of pumpellyite-bearing assemblages occurred at about 325 °C and 2 to 4.8 kbar.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE296-p51","usgsCitation":"Himmelberg, G.R., Brew, D.A., and Ford, A., 1995, Low-grade, M1 metamorphism of the Douglas Island Volcanics, western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska: GSA Special Papers, v. 51, no. 66, p. 51-66, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE296-p51.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"66","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Juneau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 57.79794388498275\n ],\n [\n -132.802734375,\n 57.79794388498275\n ],\n [\n -132.802734375,\n 58.82511777083639\n ],\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 58.82511777083639\n ],\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 57.79794388498275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"66","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Himmelberg, Glen R.","contributorId":57921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ford, Arthur B.","contributorId":52578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"Arthur B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210157,"text":"70210157 - 1995 - Seismic refraction measurements within the Peninsular terrane, south central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T15:15:27.738989","indexId":"70210157","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-10T10:07:55","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic refraction measurements within the Peninsular terrane, south central Alaska","docAbstract":"We present an interpretation of crustal seismic refraction data from the Peninsular terrane, one of the many exotic terranes that have been accreted to the continental margin of southern Alaska in the past 200 m.y. A seismic refraction line was collected along the Glenn Highway in the Copper River Basin of south central Alaska in 1984 and 1985, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) program. P wave velocities of 2.7–3.5 km/s and thicknesses of 1–2 km characterize post‐Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks that underlie most of the seismic refraction line. An average crustal velocity structure includes the following five velocity divisions. Beneath the sedimentary rocks lie 1–2 km of 4.0–4.6 km/s materials, correlating with andesitic volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks and lava flows of the Lower Jurassic Talkeetna Formation. Below these rocks, seismic velocity increases rapidly, from 5.0 to 6.1 km/s, in 2–3 km. At 7–8 km depth, velocity jumps to 6.3 km/s and increments to 6.6 km/s by 10–12 km depth. Velocities increase from 6.8 to 7.0 km/s between 12 to 20 km depth. At about 22 km depth, a jump in velocity from 7.0 to 7.4 km/s is inferred but is poorly resolved. Depth to the Moho discontinuity could not be determined from our data. The absence of clear PmP reflections may indicate that Moho is deeper than 40 km. Data from two offset shotpoints northeast of the line and within the Wrangellia terrane constrain the deep structure transition between Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes. The 6.3–6.6 km/s material thickens to the northeast, toward the suture between Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes, but southwest of its mapped trace at the West Fork fault. Peninsular terrane crustal structure appears dissimilar to that of continental interiors. It is similar to velocity structures determined for accreted island arc fragments in California, such as the basement of the Great Valley and the Klamath Mountains.
A reconnaissance mineralogical and geochemical survey of stream sediments in the Healy quadrangle was conducted during 1980-1982 as part of the Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP) of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). As a result of the various AMRAP investigations, a mineral resource evaluation of the quadrangle was published by Cox and others (1989). The Healy quadrangle comprises 6,700 mi2 in southern Alaska and is located 60 mi south of Fairbanks and 120 mi north of Anchorage. The quadrangle is traversed by the central Alaska Range, which forms a glacially sculptured arcuate mountain wall with a maximum elevation of 12,339 ft (Mt. Deborah). The lowest elevation is about 1,000 ft along the Nenana River. Access to the sample sites was provided by helicopters, with the exception of a few sites that were accessible by automobile from the Denali and George Park highways.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2058D","usgsCitation":"Tripp, R.B., King, H.D., and Light, T., 1995, Mineralogical maps showing the distribution of ore-related minerals in the minus-30-mesh, nonmagnetic heavy-mineral fraction of stream sediment, Healy Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2058, 2 Plates: 52.02 x 39.75 inches and 34.05 x 27.87 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2058D.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 52.02 x 39.75 inches and 34.05 x 27.87 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418182,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2058-D/sheet-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":418181,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2058-D/sheet-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180554,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2058-D/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Healy Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,63 ], [ -150,64 ], [ -147,64 ], [ -147,63 ], [ -150,63 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tripp, Richard B.","contributorId":25997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":264959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Light, Thomas D.","contributorId":46098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"Thomas D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":35613,"text":"b2072 - 1995 - Guide to the volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska; Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T22:05:17.391475","indexId":"b2072","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2072","title":"Guide to the volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska; Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2072","usgsCitation":"Richter, D.H., Rosenkrans, D.S., and Steigerwald, M.J., 1995, Guide to the volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska; Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2072, vii, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2072.","productDescription":"vii, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410075,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22370.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":167335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2072/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63499,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2072/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"western Wrangell Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141,\n 62.533\n ],\n [\n -145.5,\n 62.533\n ],\n [\n -145.5,\n 61.333\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 61.333\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 62.533\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64b058","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, Donald H.","contributorId":61021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenkrans, Danny S.","contributorId":67359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenkrans","given":"Danny","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steigerwald, Margaret J.","contributorId":46365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steigerwald","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3770,"text":"cir1117 - 1995 - The Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany geologic and mineral-resource maps of the Killik River 1°x3° quadrangle, northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T14:51:39.426131","indexId":"cir1117","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1117","title":"The Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany geologic and mineral-resource maps of the Killik River 1°x3° quadrangle, northern Alaska","docAbstract":"This report summarizes results of integrated geological, geochemical, and geophysical field and laboratory studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Killik River 1°x3° quadrangle, Brooks Range, northern Alaska. These studies were designed to provide an assessment of the mineral resources of the quadrangle.
The geological and geochemical data were the primary sources of information used to assess the mineral-resource potential of the quadrangle. The presence of permissive host rocks and favorable geochemical signatures in stream- and lake-sediment and (or) heavy-mineral-concentrate samples were used to infer the potential for undiscovered resources of minerals in deposits of different types. The Killik River quadrangle may contain undiscovered resources of preciousand base-metals (principally lead, silver, and zinc) in veins and breccias hosted by Devonian and Mississippian clastic sedimentary rocks or in stratiform massive sulfide deposits hosted primarily by Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks. Resources of barium, phosphate, and manganese may be present in Mississippian to Jurassic sedimentary rocks. Cretaceous fluvial sedimentary rocks in the northern part of the quadrangle are permissive hosts for uranium deposits, as well as for placer deposits of heavy minerals such as gold and chromite; however, geochemical data suggest that the potential for deposits of this type is low. Numerous coal beds are present in the Cretaceous rocks throughout the northern part of the quadrangle, but the limited thickness and lateral extent of most of the beds reduce their resource potential. Although the southern third of the quadrangle has no potential for petroleum resources, there is potential in the northern two-thirds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1117","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K., and Mull, C.G., 1995, The Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany geologic and mineral-resource maps of the Killik River 1°x3° quadrangle, northern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1117, iii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1117.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403747,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24128.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30837,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1117/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Killik River 1°x3° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4888e4b07f02db51ad60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":57817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mull, Charles G.","contributorId":49343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mull","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208290,"text":"70208290 - 1995 - Ubiquitous tar balls with a California-source signature on the shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T10:36:21","indexId":"70208290","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-03T10:25:10","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ubiquitous tar balls with a California-source signature on the shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"Although the shorelines of Prince William Sound still bear traces of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, most of the flattened tar balls that can be found today on these shorelines are not residues of Exxon Valdez oil. Instead, the carbon-isotopic and hydrocarbonbiomarker signatures of 61 tar ball samples, collected from shorelines throughout the northern and western parts of the sound, are all remarkably similar and have characteristics consistent with those of oil products that originated from the Monterey Formation source rocks of California. The carbonisotopic compositions of the tar balls are all closely grouped (<513Cpdb = -23.7 ± 0.2%o), within the range found in crude oils from those rocks, but are distinct from isotopic compositions of 28 samples of residues from the Exxon ValdezoW spill (<513Cpdb = -29.4 ± 0.1%o). Likewise, values for selected biomarker ratios in the tar balls are all similar but distinct from values of residues from the 1989 oil spill. Carbon-isotopic and biomarker signatures generally relate the tar balls to oil products used in Alaska before ~1970 for construction and pavements. How these tar balls with such similar geochemical characteristics became so widely dispersed throughout the northern and western parts of the sound is not known with certainty, but the great 1964 Alaska earthquake was undoubtedly an important trigger, causing spills from ruptured storage facilities of California-sourced asphalt and fuel oil into Prince William Sound.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00010a033","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Hostettler, F.D., Carlson, P., Rapp, J., Threlkeld, C.N., and Warden, A., 1995, Ubiquitous tar balls with a California-source signature on the shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 10, p. 2684-2694, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00010a033.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2684","endPage":"2694","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.6337890625,\n 59.734253447591364\n ],\n [\n -144.9755859375,\n 59.734253447591364\n ],\n [\n -144.9755859375,\n 61.63772622120811\n ],\n [\n -149.6337890625,\n 61.63772622120811\n ],\n [\n -149.6337890625,\n 59.734253447591364\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":781278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Threlkeld, C. N.","contributorId":80271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Threlkeld","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Warden, Augusta awarden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"Augusta","email":"awarden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":781282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":34553,"text":"b2084 - 1995 - Geochemical survey of the Valdez 1° x 3° quadrangle, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-19T20:54:51.929599","indexId":"b2084","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2084","title":"Geochemical survey of the Valdez 1° x 3° quadrangle, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2084","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R., Borden, J.C., and Winkler, G., 1995, Geochemical survey of the Valdez 1° x 3° quadrangle, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2084, Report: v, 77 p.; 1 Plate: 39.00 × 24.19 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2084.","productDescription":"Report: v, 77 p.; 1 Plate: 39.00 × 24.19 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109829,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22388.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22388"},{"id":62451,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62450,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2084/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2084/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Valdez 1° x 3° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 61\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6ab9d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borden, J. Carter","contributorId":64307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winkler, Gary R.","contributorId":75513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkler","given":"Gary R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208096,"text":"70208096 - 1995 - Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of the North Pacific coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-27T14:24:50","indexId":"70208096","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-27T14:18:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of the North Pacific coast","docAbstract":"Unlike the North Atlantic, the North Pacific Ocean probably remained free of sea ice during the last glacial maximum (LGM), 22,000 to 17,000 BP. Following a eustatic low in sea level of ca. −120 m at 19,000 BP, a marine transgression had flooded the Bering and Chukchi shelves by 10,000 BP. Post-glacial sea-level history varied widely in other parts of the North Pacific coastline according to the magnitude and timing of local tectonism and glacio-isostatic rebound. Glaciers covered much of the continental shelf between the Alaska Peninsula and British Columbia during the LGM. Maximum glacier extent during the LGM was out of phase between southern Alaska and southern British Columbia with northern glaciers reaching their outer limits earlier, between 23,000 and 16,000 BP, compared to 15,000–14,000 BP in the south. Glacier retreat was also time-transgressive, with glaciers retreating from the continental shelf of southern Alaska before 16,000 BP but not until 14,000–13,000 BP in southwestern British Columbia. Major climatic transitions occurred in the North Pacific at 24,000–22,000, 15,000–13,000 and 11,000–9000 BP. Rapid climate changes occurred within these intervals, including a possible Younger Dryas episode. An interval of climate warmer and drier than today occurred in the early Holocene. Cooler and wetter conditions accompanied widespread Neoglaciation, beginning in some mountain ranges as early as the middle Holocene, but reaching full development after 3000 BP.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(95)00016-I","usgsCitation":"Mann, D., and Hamilton, T.D., 1995, Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of the North Pacific coast: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 14, no. 5, p. 449-471, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00016-I.","productDescription":"23","startPage":"449","endPage":"471","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371594,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -216.9140625,\n 54.16243396806779\n ],\n [\n -215.15624999999997,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -207.42187499999997,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -138.1640625,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -134.6484375,\n 51.17934297928927\n ],\n [\n -144.4921875,\n 59.355596110016315\n ],\n [\n -155.0390625,\n 55.3791104480105\n ],\n [\n -166.640625,\n 52.26815737376817\n ],\n [\n -176.48437499999997,\n 50.28933925329178\n ],\n [\n -178.9453125,\n 54.97761367069628\n ],\n [\n -162.421875,\n 57.70414723434193\n ],\n [\n -170.5078125,\n 61.938950426660604\n ],\n [\n -185.2734375,\n 60.930432202923335\n ],\n [\n -193.0078125,\n 55.7765730186677\n ],\n [\n -200.0390625,\n 49.15296965617042\n ],\n [\n -205.3125,\n 50.958426723359935\n ],\n [\n -204.2578125,\n 58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -211.28906249999997,\n 58.63121664342478\n ],\n [\n -220.78125,\n 56.559482483762245\n ],\n [\n -216.9140625,\n 54.16243396806779\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mann, D.H.","contributorId":23282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, T. D.","contributorId":36921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207424,"text":"70207424 - 1995 - Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T10:02:43","indexId":"70207424","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T09:59:21","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2389,"text":"Journal of Metamorphic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Ruby terrane is an elongate fragment of continental crustal rocks that is structurally overlain by thrust slices of oceanic crust. Our results from the Kokrines Hills, in the south‐central part of the Ruby terrane, demonstrate that the low‐angle schistose fabric formed under high‐P/low‐T conditions, at peak conditions of 10.8‐13.2 kbar and 425‐550° C, consistent with the rare occurrence of glaucophane. White mica 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from these blueschists indicate that the metamorphism occurred prior to 144 ± 1 Ma. The blueschist facies assemblages are partially replaced by greenschist facies assemblages in the eastern Kokrines Hills. In contrast, in the central and western Kokrines Hills, upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism associated with extensive late Early Cretaceous plutonism has completely overprinted any evidence of an earlier high‐P/T metamorphic history. Deformation accompanying the plutonism produced recumbent isoclinal folds in the plutonic rocks and pelitic gneisses of the wallrock; decompression reactions in the pelitic gneisses suggest that the deformation occurred during exhumation. Thermochronological data bracket the time of intrusion and cooling below 500° C between 118 ± 3 and 109 ± 1 Ma.
Our data from the schists of the Ruby terrane support the general assumption of many authors that the Ruby terrane was subducted beneath an oceanic island arc. This tectonic history is similar to that described for other large continental crustal blocks in northern and central Alaska, in the Brooks Range, Seward Peninsula and Yukon‐Tanana Upland. The current orientation of the Ruby terrane at an oblique angle to these other crustal blocks and to the Cordilleran trend is due to post‐collisional tectonic processes that have greatly modified the original continental margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x","usgsCitation":"Roeske, S.M., Dusel-Bacon, C., Aleinikoff, J.N., Snee, L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1995, Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":777968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5222732,"text":"5222732 - 1995 - Response of northern pintail breeding populations to drought, 1961-1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T15:36:43.273317","indexId":"5222732","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of northern pintail breeding populations to drought, 1961-1992","docAbstract":"According to data from the 1960s, northern pintails (Anas acuta) fly north of the Alberta and Saskatchewan prairies during drought resulting in decreasing pintail annual production. Reanalysis of overflight and reduced-production hypotheses using data from 1961-92 indicated that, although the same basic relationships were present, these relationships changed over time. The number of pintails counted in northern survey areas from Alaska through northern Alberta divided by the number in southern areas of Alberta and Saskatchewan was used as an index of overflight (North-South ratio). Variation in total May ponds in southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan accounted for variation in the North-South ratio during the 1960s (r2 = 0.779, P = 0.004) and 1980s (r2 = 0.251, P = 0.08), but not during the 1970s (r2 = 0.001, P = 0.94), generally a period of high total May ponds. Variation in the North-South ratio accounted for variation in pintail production, measured as the age ratio from hunter harvest (harvest-age ratios), during the 1960s (r2 = 0.688, P = 0.01) but not during the 1970s (r2 = 0.226, P = 0.14) and 1980s (r2 = 0.103, P = 0.29). The lack of a relationship between harvest-age and North-South ratios during the 1980s resulted from lower average age ratios during years when large numbers of pintails were in the southern region. Pintail production in prairie-parkland areas may have declined and, in the 1990s, may be equal to production in the northern regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809109","usgsCitation":"Hestbeck, J.B., 1995, Response of northern pintail breeding populations to drought, 1961-1992: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 1, p. 9-15, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809109.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.57624588388762,\n 70.03660125376717\n ],\n [\n -179.57624588388762,\n 48.64428607341597\n ],\n [\n -94.64034350238421,\n 48.64428607341597\n ],\n [\n -94.64034350238421,\n 70.03660125376717\n ],\n [\n -179.57624588388762,\n 70.03660125376717\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db628393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hestbeck, Jay B. jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hestbeck","given":"Jay","email":"jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":336997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198726,"text":"70198726 - 1995 - Geochemical evaluation of coal from the Tertiary Usibelli Group, Usibelli mine, Alaska, one of the lowest sulfur coals mined in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T15:28:19","indexId":"70198726","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T15:28:09","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geochemical evaluation of coal from the Tertiary Usibelli Group, Usibelli mine, Alaska, one of the lowest sulfur coals mined in the United States","docAbstract":"The Nenana coal basin extends 240 km in length and 1.5-50 krn in width along the northern foothills of the Alaska Range in central Alaska. Located at the western end of the Nenana basin is the Usibelli Coal Mine, approximately 120 km southwest of Fairbanks. The Tertiary Usibelli Group consists of coal-bearing fluvial and lacustrine sedimentary deposits that were derived from the Yukon-Tanana Upland area located northeast of the present mine site. To evaluate changes in major-, minor-, and trace-element distributions, we collected 65 samples from the No. 3 bed from 5 different locations and 128 samples from the No. 4 bed from 6 different locations
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Focus on Alaska Coal 1993: Mineral Industry Research Laboratory Report 94","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Mineral Industry Research Laboratory, University of Alaska Fairbanks","usgsCitation":"Affolter, R.H., Stricker, G.D., and Stanley, R.G., 1995, Geochemical evaluation of coal from the Tertiary Usibelli Group, Usibelli mine, Alaska, one of the lowest sulfur coals mined in the United States, in Proceedings, Focus on Alaska Coal 1993: Mineral Industry Research Laboratory Report 94, p. 167-182.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"182","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":356534,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/mirl/report_no/text/mirl_n94.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110fa1e4b034bf6a811716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Affolter, Ronald H. affolter@usgs.gov","contributorId":659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Affolter","given":"Ronald","email":"affolter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":742743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stricker, Gary D. gstricker@usgs.gov","contributorId":87163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Gary","email":"gstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":742744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148559,"text":"70148559 - 1995 - Decline of northern pintails","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148559,"text":"70148559 - 1995 - Decline of northern pintails","indexId":"70148559","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Decline of northern pintails"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:28:27","indexId":"70148559","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Decline of northern pintails","docAbstract":"The size of the continental breeding population of northern pintail (Anas acuta) has greatly varied since 1955, with numbers in surveyed areas ranging from a high of 9.9 million to a low of 1.8 million in 1991. This variation results primarily from differences in the numbers of breeding pintails in the prairie region of Canada and the United States; these numbers ranged from 8.6 million in 1956 to 0.5 million in 1991; numbers in the northern regions from Alaska to northern Alberta and northern Manitoba varied primarily between 1 and 2 million.
\nBreeding pintails prefer seasonal shallow-water habitats without tall emergent aquatic vegetation (Smith 1968). The proportions and distribution of breeding pintails on the prairies vary annually depending on the amount of annual precipitation and the resulting increase or decrease in the availability of suitable breeding habitat (Smith 1970; Johnson and Grier 1988).
\nChanges in the size of the continental pintail population result from changes in production, survival, or both. Consequently, understanding population changes involves detecting variation in survival and production over time and relating that variation to changes in population size. Once the cause of the decline is determined, appropriate management strategies can be developed to reverse it.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":11,"text":"Bibliography"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hestback, J.B., 1995, Decline of northern pintails, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 38-39.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":301197,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339878,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557c02c6e4b023124e8edf0d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691792,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691793,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691794,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691795,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691796,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hestback, Jay B.","contributorId":141166,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hestback","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70244770,"text":"70244770 - 1995 - Subduction cycles under western North America during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T18:49:04.08649","indexId":"70244770","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:35:07","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Subduction cycles under western North America during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras","docAbstract":"An extensive review of geologic and tectonic features of western North America suggests that the interaction of oceanic plates with the continent follows a broad cyclical pattern. In a typical cycle, periods of rapid subduction (7–15 cm/yr), andesitic volcanism, and trench-normal contraction are followed by a shift to trench-normal extension, the onset of voluminous silicic volcanism, formation of large calderas, and the creation of major batholiths. Extension becomes pervasive in metamorphic core complexes, and there is a shift to fundamentally basaltic volcanism, formation of flood basalts, widespread rifting, rotation of terranes, and extensive circulation of fluids throughout the plate margin. Strike-slip faulting becomes widespread with the creation of new tectonostratigraphic terranes. A new subduction zone forms and the cycle repeats. Each cycle is 50–80 m.y. long; cycles since the Triassic have ended and begun at approximately 225, 152, 92, 44, and 15 Ma. The youngest two cycles are diachronous, one from Oregon to Alaska, the other from central Mexico to California. The transitions from one cycle to the next cycle are characterized by rapid and pervasive changes termed, in this chapter, “major chaotic tectonic events.” These events appear to be related to the necking or breaking apart of the formerly subducted slab at shallow depth, the resulting delamination of the plate margin, and the onset of a new subduction cycle. These are times of the most rapid apparent and true polar wander of the North American plate, when the plate appears most free to move relative to surrounding plates and relative to the mantle below the asthenosphere. In western North America, magmatism and tectonics during the Jurassic period are quite similar to magmatism and tectonics since mid-Cretaceous time except strike-slip faulting shifted in sense from left lateral to right lateral.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE299-p1","usgsCitation":"Ward, P.L., 1995, Subduction cycles under western North America during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, chap. of Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 299, p. 1-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE299-p1.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States","otherGeospatial":"North America, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -177.78699286055368,\n 52.25188137647572\n ],\n [\n -179.82176347779043,\n 51.83879790762251\n ],\n [\n -177.594296299463,\n 49.45767874399317\n ],\n [\n -152.02114168165667,\n 50.414520527671954\n ],\n [\n -139.75964848008385,\n 47.114152954180554\n ],\n [\n -133.272375608714,\n 39.839320520355585\n ],\n [\n -122.64953990333328,\n 29.810528161543857\n ],\n [\n -112.0261150855668,\n 18.567934573385998\n ],\n [\n -107.04539958056142,\n 16.487000578293845\n ],\n [\n -87.9812223506957,\n 7.364465547113994\n ],\n [\n -79.74841548731554,\n 4.1488071426910125\n ],\n [\n -77.19604503024772,\n 8.0594833416243\n ],\n [\n -79.36492820584874,\n 9.395767803687605\n ],\n [\n -80.68016778989231,\n 8.61338815739316\n ],\n [\n -82.45159886739621,\n 9.133824658347933\n ],\n [\n -84.33511589805352,\n 11.26315675863286\n ],\n [\n -87.10405943458215,\n 14.385764648657442\n ],\n [\n -91.43377150909859,\n 17.436666367013885\n ],\n [\n -94.6652530938623,\n 17.419885222842098\n ],\n [\n -99.15189202715379,\n 19.884973470357096\n ],\n [\n -102.00094310286613,\n 21.611641762239202\n ],\n [\n -104.18419320270493,\n 24.799918491303686\n ],\n [\n -107.91799154540757,\n 30.37395169266442\n ],\n [\n -111.96111479801684,\n 31.314380395734688\n ],\n [\n -115.0809761340904,\n 32.76834122511366\n ],\n [\n -117.28966950685972,\n 36.267551892180876\n ],\n [\n -119.77550738589503,\n 39.188931810322515\n ],\n [\n -120.73401263309813,\n 42.0637266135798\n ],\n [\n -119.84597741848228,\n 45.86482481763423\n ],\n [\n -119.11811024741314,\n 50.10367018811692\n ],\n [\n -124.60387080410644,\n 53.30814435527196\n ],\n [\n -127.93325973105868,\n 57.534796165347075\n ],\n [\n -136.49254932907186,\n 62.87678396020135\n ],\n [\n -149.2818009152614,\n 65.24427857496096\n ],\n [\n -156.39777981418695,\n 62.11720193249451\n ],\n [\n -158.9963384527772,\n 57.53698834847688\n ],\n [\n -170.1022920626318,\n 53.34777828764027\n ],\n [\n -177.78699286055368,\n 52.25188137647572\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"299","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875413,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, Cathy","contributorId":113649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875414,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Peter L.","contributorId":86324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148572,"text":"70148572 - 1995 - Seabirds in Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148572,"text":"70148572 - 1995 - Seabirds in Alaska","indexId":"70148572","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Seabirds in Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:35:21","indexId":"70148572","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seabirds in Alaska","docAbstract":"About 100 million seabirds reside in marine waters of Alaska during some part of the year. Perhaps half this population is composed of 50 species of nonbreeding residents, visitors, and breeding species that use marine habitats only seasonally (Gould et al. 1982). Another 30 species include 40-60 million individuals that breed in Alaska and spend most of their lives in U.S. territorial waters (Sowls et al. 1978). Alaskan populations account for more than 95% of the breeding seabirds in the continental United States, and eight species nest nowhere else in North America (USFWS 1992).
\nSeabird nest sites include rock ledges, open ground, underground burrows, and crevices in cliffs or talus. Seabirds take a variety of prey from the ocean, including krill, small fish, and squid. Suitable nest sites and oceanic prey are the most important factors controlling the natural distribution and abundance of seabirds.
\nThe impetus for seabird monitoring is based partly on public concern for the welfare of these birds, which are affected by a variety of human activities like oil pollution and commercial fishing. Equally important is the role seabirds serve as indicators of ecological change in the marine environment. Seabirds are long-lived and slow to mature, so parameters such as breeding success, diet, or survival rates often give earlier signals of changing environmental conditions that population size itself. Seabird survival data are of interest because they reflect conditions affecting seabirds in the nonbreeding season, when most annual mortality occurs.
\nTechniques for monitoring seabird populations vary according to habitat types and the breeding behavior of individual species (Hatch and Hatch 1978, 1989; Byrd et al. 1983). An affordable monitoring program can include but a few of the 1,300 seabird colonies identified in Alaska, and since the mid-1970's, monitoring effotrts have emphasized a small selection of surface-feeding and diving species, primarily kittiwakes (Rissa spp.) and murres (Uria spp.). Little or no information on trends is available for other seabirds (Hatch 1993a). The existing monitoring program occurs largely on sites within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, which was established primarily for the conservation of marine birds. Data are collected by refuge staff, other state and federal agencies, private organizations, university faculty, and students.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., and Piatt, J.F., 1995, Seabirds in Alaska, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 49-52.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":301224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339880,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557ff73ce4b023124e8ef98d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691797,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691798,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691799,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691800,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691801,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148557,"text":"70148557 - 1995 - North American ducks","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148557,"text":"70148557 - 1995 - North American ducks","indexId":"70148557","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"North American ducks"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:21:56","indexId":"70148557","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"North American ducks","docAbstract":"Increased predation and habitat degradation and destruction coupled with drought, especially on breeding grounds, have caused the declines of some duck populations. More than 30 species of fucks breed in North America, in areas as diverse as the Arctic tundra and the subtropics of Florida and Mexico. For many of these species, however, the Prairie Pothole region of the north-central United States and south-central Canada is the most important breeding area, although migratory behavior and the life histories of different species lead them to use many wetland habitats.
\nNumerous sources of information are available on the status of duck populations in North America. The two most comprehensive and reliable sources are the Breeding Population and Habitat Survey, conducted since 1955 and encompassing the Prairie Pothole region, boreal forests, and tundra habitats from South Dakota to Alaska (Caithammer et al. 1993), and the Midwinter Survey, encompassing the United States and portions of Canada and Mexico at regular intervals. Results from these surveys are the basis for this article.
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