The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CT DEP), Figure 1 - Map of Study Areahas produced detailed geologic maps of the sea floor in Long Island Sound, a major East Coast estuary surrounded by the most densely populated region of the United States. These studies have built upon cooperative research between the USGS and the State of Connecticut that was initiated in 1982. The current phase of this research program is directed toward studies of sea-floor sediment distribution, processes that control sediment distribution, nearshore environmental concerns, and the relation of benthic community structures to the sea-floor geology.
\nAnthropogenic wastes, toxic chemicals, and changes in land-use patterns resulting from residential, commercial, and recreational development have stressed the environment of the Sound, causing degradation and potential loss of benthic habitats (Koppelman and others, 1976; Long Island Sound Study, 1994). Detailed maps of the sea floor are needed to help evaluate the extent of adverse impacts and to help wisely manage resources in the future. Therefore, in a continuing effort to better understand Long Island Sound, we are constructing and interpreting sidescan sonar mosaics (complete-coverage acoustic images of the sea floor) within specific areas of special interest (Poppe and Polloni, 1998). The mosaic presented herein, which was produced during survey H11043 by NOAA 's Atlantic Hydrographic Branch, covers approximately 41.1 km2 of the sea floor in north-central Long Island Sound off Branford, Connecticut.
\nShell bed provides shelter for juvenille skate.The mosaic and its interpretation serve many purposes, including: (1) defining the geological variability of the sea floor, which is one of the primary controls of benthic habitat diversity; (2) improving our understanding of the processes that control the distribution and transport of bottom sediments and the distribution of benthic habitats and associated infaunal community structures; and (3) providing a detailed framework for future research, monitoring, and management activities. The sidescan sonar mosaic also serves as a base map for subsequent sedimentological, geochemical, and biological observations, because precise information on environmental setting is important for selection of sampling sites and for appropriate interpretation of point measurements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041003","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., Paskevich, V., Moser, M.S., DiGiacomo-Cohen, M., and Christman, E.B., 2004, Sidescan sonar imagery and surficial geologic interpretation of the sea floor off Branford, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1003, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041003.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391281,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68318.htm"},{"id":180735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5679,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Branford","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.8714,\n 41.1467\n ],\n [\n -72.7767,\n 41.1467\n ],\n [\n -72.7767,\n 41.2381\n ],\n [\n -72.8714,\n 41.2381\n ],\n [\n -72.8714,\n 41.1467\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3de9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paskevich, V.F.","contributorId":96285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskevich","given":"V.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moser, M. S.","contributorId":98391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moser","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiGiacomo-Cohen, M. L.","contributorId":55465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiGiacomo-Cohen","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christman, E. B.","contributorId":81562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":54259,"text":"sir20045017 - 2004 - Water Quality of the Snake River and Five Eastern Tributaries in the Upper Snake River Basin, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, 1998-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20045017","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5017","title":"Water Quality of the Snake River and Five Eastern Tributaries in the Upper Snake River Basin, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, 1998-2002","docAbstract":"To address water-resource management objectives of the National Park Service in Grand Teton National Park, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park Service has conducted water-quality sampling in the upper Snake River Basin. Routine sampling of the Snake River was conducted during water years 1998-2002 to monitor the water quality of the Snake River through time. A synoptic study during 2002 was conducted to supplement the routine Snake River sampling and establish baseline water-quality conditions of five of its eastern tributaries?Pilgrim Creek, Pacific Creek, Buffalo Fork, Spread Creek, and Ditch Creek. Samples from the Snake River and the five tributaries were collected at 12 sites and analyzed for field measurements, major ions and dissolved solids, nutrients, selected trace metals, pesticides, and suspended sediment. In addition, the eastern tributaries were sampled for fecal-indicator bacteria by the National Park Service during the synoptic study.\r\n\r\nMajor-ion chemistry of the Snake River varies between an upstream site above Jackson Lake near the northern boundary of Grand Teton National Park and a downstream site near the southern boundary of the Park, in part owing to the inputs from the eastern tributaries. Water type of the Snake River changes from sodium bicarbonate at the upstream site to calcium bicarbonate at the downstream site. The water type of the five eastern tributaries is calcium bicarbonate. Dissolved solids in samples collected from the Snake River were significantly higher at the upstream site (p-value<0.001), where concentrations in 43 samples ranged from 62 to 240 milligrams per liter, compared to the downstream site where concentrations in 33 samples ranged from 77 to 141 milligrams per liter. Major-ion chemistry of Pilgrim Creek, Pacific Creek, Buffalo Fork, Spread Creek, and Ditch Creek generally did not change substantially between the upstream sites near the National Park Service boundary with the National Forest and the downstream sites near the Snake River; however, variations in the major ions and dissolved solids existed between basins. Variations probably result from differences in geology between the tributary basins.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of dissolved ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate in all samples collected from the Snake River and the five eastern tributaries were less than water-quality criteria for surface waters in Wyoming. Concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in samples from the Snake River and the tributaries generally were less than median concentrations determined for undeveloped streams in the United States; however, concentrations in some samples did exceed ambient total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus criteria for forested mountain streams in the Middle Rockies ecoregion recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to address cultural eutrophication. Sources for the excess nitrogen and phosphorus probably are natural because these basins have little development and cultivation.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of trace metals and pesticides were low and less than water-quality criteria for surface waters in Wyoming in samples collected from the Snake River and the five eastern tributaries. Atrazine, dieldrin, EPTC, or tebuthiuron were detected in estimated concentrations of 0.003 microgram per liter or less in 5 of 27 samples collected from the Snake River. An estimated concentration of 0.008 microgram per liter of metolachlor was detected in one sample from the Buffalo Fork. The estimated concentrations were less than the reporting levels for the pesticide analytical method.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment concentrations in 43 samples from the upstream site on the Snake River ranged from 1 to 604 milligrams per liter and were similar to suspended-sediment concentrations in 33 samples from the downstream site, which ranged from 1 to 648 milligrams per liter. Suspended-sediment concentrations in 38 samples collected from the tributary streams ranged from 1 t","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045017","usgsCitation":"Clark, M.L., Sadler, W.J., and O’Ney, S.E., 2004, Water Quality of the Snake River and Five Eastern Tributaries in the Upper Snake River Basin, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, 1998-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5017, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045017.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5372,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045017","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Melanie L. mlclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Melanie","email":"mlclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sadler, Wilfrid J.","contributorId":19578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadler","given":"Wilfrid","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Ney, Susan E.","contributorId":81198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Ney","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55667,"text":"ofr03455 - 2004 - The Catfish Lake Scarp, Allyn, Washington: Preliminary field data and implications for earthquake hazards posed by the Tacoma fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-19T18:25:31.836531","indexId":"ofr03455","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-455","title":"The Catfish Lake Scarp, Allyn, Washington: Preliminary field data and implications for earthquake hazards posed by the Tacoma fault","docAbstract":"The Tacoma fault bounds gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies for 50 km across central Puget lowland from Tacoma to western Kitsap County. Tomography implies at least 6 km of post-Eocene uplift to the north of the fault relative to basinal sedimentary rocks to the south. \r\nCoastlines north of the Tacoma fault rose about 1100 years ago during a large earthquake. Abrupt uplift up to several meters caused tidal flats at Lynch Cove, North Bay, and Burley Lagoon to turn into forested wetlands and freshwater marshes. South of the fault at Wollochet Bay, Douglas-fir forests sank into the intertidal zone and changed into saltmarsh. Liquefaction features found beneath the marsh at Burley Lagoon point to strong ground shaking at the time of uplift. \r\nRecent lidar maps of the area southwest of Allyn, Washington revealed a 4 km long scarp, or two closely spaced en-echelon scarps, which correspond closely to the Tacoma fault gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies. The scarp, named the Catfish Lake scarp, is north-side-up, trends east-west, and clearly displace striae left by a Vashon-age glacier. A trench across the scarp exposed evidence for postglacial folding and reverse slip. No organic material for radiocarbon dating was recovered from the trench. However, relationships in the trench suggest that the folding and faulting is postglacial in age.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03455","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, B.L., Nelson, A.R., Kelsey, H.M., Brocher, T.M., Blakely, R.J., Weaver, C.S., Rountree, N.K., Rhea, B.S., and Jackson, B.S., 2004, The Catfish Lake Scarp, Allyn, Washington: Preliminary field data and implications for earthquake hazards posed by the Tacoma fault (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-455, Report: iii, 11 p.; 1 Sheet: 36.00 x 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03455.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 11 p.; 1 Sheet: 36.00 x 36.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406990,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67627.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5431,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-455/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Allyn","otherGeospatial":"Catfish Lake scarp","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.9,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.8592,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.8592,\n 47.3814\n ],\n [\n -122.9,\n 47.3814\n ],\n [\n -122.9,\n 47.36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db681b67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, Brian L.","contributorId":16874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Alan R. 0000-0001-7117-7098 anelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Alan","email":"anelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelsey, Harvey M.","contributorId":101713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelsey","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weaver, Craig S. craig@usgs.gov","contributorId":2690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Craig","email":"craig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rountree, Nancy K.","contributorId":67960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rountree","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rhea, B. Susan","contributorId":98775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jackson, Bernard S.","contributorId":29503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":56956,"text":"wri034327 - 2004 - Reconnaissance of chemical and biological quality in the Owyhee River from the Oregon State line to the Owyhee Reservoir, Oregon, 2001–02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:19:45","indexId":"wri034327","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4327","title":"Reconnaissance of chemical and biological quality in the Owyhee River from the Oregon State line to the Owyhee Reservoir, Oregon, 2001–02","docAbstract":"The Owyhee River drains an extremely rugged and sparsely populated landscape in northern Nevada, southwestern Idaho, and eastern Oregon. Most of the segment between the Oregon State line and Lake Owyhee is part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, and few water-quality data exist for evaluating environmental impacts. As a result, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, assessed this river segment to characterize chemical and biological quality of the river, identify where designated beneficial uses are met and where changes in stream quality occur, and provide data needed to address activities related to environmental impact assessments and Total Maximum Daily Loads. Water-quality issues identified at one or more sites were water temperature, suspended sediment, dissolved oxygen, pH, nutrients, trace elements, fecal bacteria, benthic invertebrate communities, and periphyton communities. \n\nGenerally, summer water temperatures routinely exceeded Oregon's maximum 7-day average criteria of 17.8 degrees Celsius. The presence of few coldwater taxa in benthic invertebrate communities supports this observation. Suspended-sediment concentrations during summer base flow were less than 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Dissolved solids concentrations ranged from 46 to 222 mg/L, were highest during base flow, and tended to increase in a downstream direction. Chemical compositions of water samples indicated that large proportions of upland-derived water extend to the lower reaches of the study area during spring runoff. Dissolved fluoride and arsenic concentrations were highest during base flow and may be a result of geothermal springs discharging to the river. No dissolved selenium was detected. \n\nUpstream from the Rome area, spring runoff concentrations of suspended sediment ranged from 0 to 52 mg/L, and all except at the Three Forks site were typically below 20 mg/L. Stream-bottom materials from the North Fork Owyhee River, an area with no mines, were enriched with nine trace elements, which indicates that this basin may be a natural source of these elements.\n\nNear Rome, the part of the study area not included in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, land-use impacts resulted in elevated populations of Escherichia coli bacteria (E. coli) during base flow and elevated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus during spring runoff. Sites in this area had the highest numbers of benthic invertebrates; the fewest Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa; and the highest Hilsenhoff Biotic Index scores. These results suggest degraded stream quality. Periphyton communities at sites in this area approached nuisance levels and could cause significant dissolved oxygen depletions and pH values that exceed Oregon's recommended criteria. Stream-bottom materials from Jordan Creek were enriched with mercury and manganese, which probably were ultimately caused by past mining in that basin.\n\nBelow Crooked Creek, elevated suspended sediment concentrations (142 mg/L), phosphorus concentrations (0.23 mg/L), and E. coli populations (370 most probable number per 100 milliliters) during the largest spring runoff event could be the result of inputs at the lower end of Jordan Valley and (or) inputs from Crooked Creek. The New Zealand Mud Snail, a highly competitive gastropod introduced to the Snake River in the 1980s, was collected just downstream from the Crooked Creek confluence.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034327","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, Vale District Office, Vale, Oregon","usgsCitation":"Hardy, M.A., Maret, T.R., and George, D.L., 2004, Reconnaissance of chemical and biological quality in the Owyhee River from the Oregon State line to the Owyhee Reservoir, Oregon, 2001–02 (Revised December 7, 2004): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4327, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034327.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"58","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262392,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4327/report.pdf"},{"id":262393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4327/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Nevada;Oregon","county":"Malheur","city":"Rome","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.1072,40.9902 ], [ -118.1072,43.9911 ], [ -115.8438,43.9911 ], [ -115.8438,40.9902 ], [ -118.1072,40.9902 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised December 7, 2004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e853","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardy, Mark A.","contributorId":50902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"George, David L. 0000-0002-5726-0255 dgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-0255","contributorId":3120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"David","email":"dgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57980,"text":"ofr20041009 - 2004 - Geology of the Ugashik-Mount Peulik Volcanic Center, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-24T08:29:03","indexId":"ofr20041009","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1009","title":"Geology of the Ugashik-Mount Peulik Volcanic Center, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Ugashik-Mount Peulik volcanic center, 550 km southwest of Anchorage on the Alaska Peninsula, consists of the late Quaternary 5-km-wide Ugashik caldera and the stratovolcano Mount Peulik built on the north flank of Ugashik. The center has been the site of explosive volcanism including a caldera-forming eruption and post-caldera dome-destructive activity. Mount Peulik has been formed entirely in Holocene time and erupted in 1814 and 1845. A large lava dome occupies the summit crater, which is breached to the west. A smaller dome is perched high on the southeast flank of the cone. Pyroclastic-flow deposits form aprons below both domes. One or more sector-collapse events occurred early in the formation of Mount Peulik volcano resulting in a large area of debris-avalanche deposits on the volcano's northwest flank. \r\n\r\nThe Ugashik-Mount Peulik center is a calcalkaline suite of basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite, ranging in SiO2 content from 51 to 72 percent. The Ugashik-Mount Peulik magmas appear to be co-genetic in a broad sense and their compositional variation has probably resulted from a combination of fractional crystallization and magma-mixing. \r\n\r\nThe most likely scenario for a future eruption is that one or more of the summit domes on Mount Peulik are destroyed as new magma rises to the surface. Debris avalanches and pyroclastic flows may then move down the west and, less likely, east flanks of the volcano for distances of 10 km or more. A new lava dome or series of domes would be expected to form either during or within some few years after the explosive disruption of the previous dome. This cycle of dome disruption, pyroclastic flow generation, and new dome formation could be repeated several times in a single eruption. \r\n\r\nThe volcano poses little direct threat to human population as the area is sparsely populated. The most serious hazard is the effect of airborne volcanic ash on aircraft since Mount Peulik sits astride heavily traveled air routes connecting the U.S. and Europe to Asia. Activity of the type described could produce eruption columns to heights of 15 km and result in significant amounts of ash 250-300 km downwind.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041009","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., 2004, Geology of the Ugashik-Mount Peulik Volcanic Center, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1009, 26 p.; 2 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041009.","productDescription":"26 p.; 2 plates","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5940,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1009/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110494,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68269.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68269"}],"scale":"48","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -184.04296875,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 57.70414723434193\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 63.78248603116502\n ],\n [\n -184.04296875,\n 55.178867663281984\n ],\n [\n -184.04296875,\n 48.69096039092549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67ca63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210584,"text":"70210584 - 2004 - Geophysical data reveal the crustal structure of the Alaska range orogen within the aftershock zone of the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-10T19:07:12.569482","indexId":"70210584","displayToPublicDate":"2004-06-10T13:49:06","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical data reveal the crustal structure of the Alaska range orogen within the aftershock zone of the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","docAbstract":"Geophysical information, including deep-crustal seismic reflection, magnetotelluric (mt), gravity, and magnetic data, cross the aftershock zone of the 3 November 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake. These data and aftershock seismicity, jointly interpreted, reveal the crustal structure of the right-lateral-slip Denali fault and the eastern Alaska Range orogen, as well as the relationship between this structure and seismicity. North of the Denali fault, strong seismic reflections from within the Alaska Range orogen show features that dip as steeply as 25° north and extend downward to depths between 20 and 25 km. These reflections reveal crustal structures, probably ductile shear zones, that most likely formed during the Late Cretaceous, but these structures appear to be inactive, having produced little seismicity during the past 20 years. Furthermore, seismic reflections mainly dip north, whereas alignments in aftershock hypocenters dip south. The Denali fault is nonreflective, but modeling of mt, gravity, and magnetic data suggests that the Denali fault dips steeply to vertically. However, in an alternative structural model, the Denali fault is defined by one of the reflection bands that dips to the north and flattens into the middle crust of the Alaska Range orogen. Modeling of mt data indicates a rock body, having low electrical resistivity (>10 Ω·m), that lies mainly at depths greater than 10 km, directly beneath aftershocks of the Denali fault earthquake. The maximum depth of aftershocks along the Denali fault is 10 km. This shallow depth may arise from a higher-than-normal geothermal gradient. Alternatively, the low electrical resistivity of deep rocks along the Denali fault may be associated with fluids that have weakened the lower crust and helped determine the depth extent of the aftershock zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"SSA","doi":"10.1785/0120040613","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., Ratchkovski, N., Nokleberg, W., Pellerin, L., and Glen, J.M., 2004, Geophysical data reveal the crustal structure of the Alaska range orogen within the aftershock zone of the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S107-S131, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040613.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"S107","endPage":"S131","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375501,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.798828125,\n 62.14497603754045\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 62.14497603754045\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 64.54844014422517\n ],\n [\n -148.798828125,\n 64.54844014422517\n ],\n [\n -148.798828125,\n 62.14497603754045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratchkovski, N.","contributorId":89316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratchkovski","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":204786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pellerin, Louise","contributorId":20824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Glen, Jonathan M.G. 0000-0002-3502-3355 jglen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-3355","contributorId":176530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"Jonathan","email":"jglen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.G.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70239860,"text":"70239860 - 2004 - Interdisciplinary discussion of volcanic processes beneath the Long Valley Caldera-Mono Craters Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T18:10:15.595967","indexId":"70239860","displayToPublicDate":"2004-06-01T12:02:39","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interdisciplinary discussion of volcanic processes beneath the Long Valley Caldera-Mono Craters Area","docAbstract":"Volcanism in the Long Valley Caldera-Mono Craters (LVCMC) volcanic field in eastern California over the past 4 Ma is dominated by the 0.76 Ma caldera-forming eruption of 600 km3 of rhyolite to form the Bishop Tuff. Over the last 150 k.y., volcanism has concentrated along the Mono-Inyo chain, which extends 45 km north from Mammoth Mountain to Mono Lake (Figure 1, below). Recent eruptions along this chain have occurred from multiple vents 650±50 yr B.P. and from a vent in the middle of Mono Lake ∼300 yr B.P. An earthquake swarm in May 1980, including four M6 earthquakes accompanied by uplift of the resurgent dome in the center of the caldera, called attention to the restless nature of Long Valley caldera. Subsequent activity has included recurring swarms of earthquakes (M≤5.8), episodic uplift of the resurgent dome, diffuse outgassing of magmatic CO2, and mid-crustal (10- to 25- km deep), long period (LP) volcanic earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004EO230005","usgsCitation":"Hill, D.P., and Segall, P., 2004, Interdisciplinary discussion of volcanic processes beneath the Long Valley Caldera-Mono Craters Area: Eos Science News, v. 85, no. 23, p. 228-230, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004EO230005.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"228","endPage":"230","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004eo230005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":412221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley, Mono Craters","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.23649758839697,\n 38.32502830627854\n ],\n [\n -119.30525387805034,\n 38.27322770865979\n ],\n [\n -119.36025890977305,\n 38.176001936454924\n ],\n [\n -119.39326192880674,\n 38.1392383908923\n ],\n [\n -119.30525387805034,\n 38.134912049426646\n ],\n [\n -119.23924783998297,\n 38.056994053386205\n ],\n [\n -119.17599205350191,\n 38.00500258290651\n ],\n [\n -119.12923777653756,\n 37.942130335658476\n ],\n [\n -119.15123978922657,\n 37.855321661186466\n ],\n [\n -119.09898500909021,\n 37.766236556452895\n ],\n [\n -119.0632317384702,\n 37.76188819257996\n ],\n [\n -119.0467302289535,\n 37.68575045091809\n ],\n [\n -118.98622469405848,\n 37.626962161637465\n ],\n [\n -118.8487121147517,\n 37.585564728113255\n ],\n [\n -118.74695280606466,\n 37.53542122654635\n ],\n [\n -118.6836970195836,\n 37.50488257532501\n ],\n [\n -118.67819651641148,\n 37.40445332163641\n ],\n [\n -118.63694274261945,\n 37.36730404405546\n ],\n [\n -118.61769098151643,\n 37.23166254409088\n ],\n [\n -118.50218041489869,\n 37.323575451103295\n ],\n [\n -118.44442513158965,\n 37.26669021811128\n ],\n [\n -118.24915726897419,\n 37.29951387167142\n ],\n [\n -118.20515324359584,\n 37.33450998669913\n ],\n [\n -118.20790349518217,\n 37.52887828209252\n ],\n [\n -118.28491053959388,\n 37.69880819318749\n ],\n [\n -118.36741808717792,\n 37.848806883868306\n ],\n [\n -119.1732418019156,\n 38.41865106846589\n ],\n [\n -119.23649758839697,\n 38.32502830627854\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, David P. 0000-0002-1619-2006 dhill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-2006","contributorId":206752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"David","email":"dhill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segall, Paul","contributorId":241093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":862189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54135,"text":"ofr20041215 - 2004 - Magnetotelluric survey to locate the Archean/Proterozoic suture zone in north eastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T19:39:54.651517","indexId":"ofr20041215","displayToPublicDate":"2004-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1215","title":"Magnetotelluric survey to locate the Archean/Proterozoic suture zone in north eastern Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041215","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.M., and Rodriguez, B., 2004, Magnetotelluric survey to locate the Archean/Proterozoic suture zone in north eastern Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1215, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041215.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403432,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67547.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5582,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1215/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Archean/Proterozoic suture zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.5,\n 38.8667\n ],\n [\n -114.0414,\n 38.8667\n ],\n [\n -114.0414,\n 41.2111\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 41.2111\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 38.8667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Jackie M.","contributorId":11217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Jackie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian","contributorId":77592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53703,"text":"ofr20041004 - 2004 - Radiochemical and Chemical Constituents in Water from Selected Wells and Springs from the Southern Boundary of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory to the Hagerman Area, Idaho, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-12T08:41:11","indexId":"ofr20041004","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1004","title":"Radiochemical and Chemical Constituents in Water from Selected Wells and Springs from the Southern Boundary of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory to the Hagerman Area, Idaho, 2002","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Department of Water Resources, and the State of Idaho INEEL Oversight Program, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, sampled water from 17 sites as part of the sixth round of a long-term project to monitor water quality of the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer from the southern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory to the Hagerman area. The samples were collected from eight irrigation wells, three domestic wells, one stock well, one dairy well, one commercial well, one observation well, and two springs and analyzed for selected radiochemical and chemical constituents. One quality-assurance sample, a sequential replicate, also was collected and analyzed.\r\n\r\nMany of the radionuclide and inorganic-constituent concentrations were greater than the reporting levels and most of the organic-constituent concentrations were less than the reporting levels. However, none of the reported radiochemical- or chemical-constituent concentrations exceeded the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Statistical evaluation of the replicate sample pair indicated that, with 95 percent confidence, 132 of the 135 constituent concentrations of the replicate pair were equivalent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Idaho Falls, Idaho","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy and Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Rattray, G.W., and Campbell, L.J., 2004, Radiochemical and Chemical Constituents in Water from Selected Wells and Springs from the Southern Boundary of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory to the Hagerman Area, Idaho, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1004, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041004.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5028,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":373167,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1004/pdf/ofr20041004.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 42.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634baa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattray, Gordon W. 0000-0002-1690-3218 grattray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-3218","contributorId":2521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattray","given":"Gordon","email":"grattray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Linford J.","contributorId":77174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Linford","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53956,"text":"wri034242 - 2004 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and distribution and sources of salinity in the Floridan aquifer system, Martin and St. Lucie Counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T22:27:50.254958","indexId":"wri034242","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4242","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and distribution and sources of salinity in the Floridan aquifer system, Martin and St. Lucie Counties, Florida","docAbstract":"The Floridan aquifer system is considered to be a valuable source for agricultural and municipal water supply in Martin and St. Lucie Counties, despite its brackish water. Increased withdrawals, however, could increase salinity and threaten the quality of withdrawn water. The Floridan aquifer system consists of limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite and is divided into three hydrogeologic units: the Upper Floridan aquifer, a middle confining unit, and the Lower Floridan aquifer. An informal geologic unit at the top of the Upper Floridan aquifer, referred to as the basal Hawthorn/Suwannee unit, is bound above by a marker unit in the Hawthorn Group and at its base by the Ocala Limestone; a map of this unit shows an area where substantial eastward thickening begins near the coast. This change in thickness is used to divide the study area into inland and coastal areas.
In the Upper Floridan aquifer, an area of elevated chloride concentration greater than 1,000 milligrams per liter and water temperature greater than 28 degrees Celsius exists in the inland area and trends northwest through north-central Martin County and western St. Lucie County. A structural feature coincides with this area of greater salinity and water temperature; this feature is marked by a previously mapped northwest-trending basement fault and, based on detailed mapping in this study of the structure at the top of the basal Hawthorn/Suwannee unit, an apparent southeast-trending trough. Higher hydraulic head also has been mapped in this northwest-trending area. Another area of high chloride concentration in the Upper Floridan aquifer occurs in the southern part of the coastal area (in eastern Martin County and northeastern Palm Beach County); chloride concentration in this area is more than 2,000 milligrams per liter and is as great as 8,000 milligrams per liter.
A dissolved-solids concentration of less than 10,000 milligrams per liter defines the brackish-water zone in the Floridan aquifer system; the top and base of this zone are present at the top of the aquifer system and within the Lower Floridan aquifer, respectively. The base of the brackish-water zone, which can approximate a brackish-water/saltwater interface, was determined in 13 wells, mostly using resistivity geophysical logs. The depth to the saltwater interface was calculated using the Ghyben-Herzberg approximation and estimated predevelopment hydraulic heads in the Upper Floridan aquifer. In five of six inland area wells, the depth to the base of the brackish-water zone was substantially shallower than the estimated predevelopment interface (260 feet or greater), whereas in five of seven coastal area wells, the difference was not large (less than about 140 feet). Confining units in the inland area, such as dense dolomite, may prevent an interface from forming at its equilibrium position. Because of head decline, the calculated interface using recent (May 2001) water levels is as much as 640 ft above the base of the brackish water zone (in the northern part of the coastal area).
Isotopic data collected during this study, including deuterium and oxygen-18 (18O/16O), the ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86, and carbon-13 (13C/12C) and carbon-14, provide evidence for differences in the Floridan aquifer system ground-water geochemistry and its evolution between inland and coastal areas. Ground water from the inland area tends to be older than water from the coastal area, particularly where inland area water temperature is elevated. Isotopic data together with an anomalous vertical distribution of salinity in the coastal area indicate that the coastal area was invaded with seawater in relatively recent geologic time, and this water has not been completely flushed out by the modern-day flow system.
Upward leakage from the Lower to Upper Floridan aquifer of high salinity water occurs through structural deformities, such as faults or fracture zones or associated dissolution features in the inland area. An upward trend in salinity is indicated in 16 monitoring wells in the inland area, and agricultural withdrawals are probably causing these increases. Most of these wells are located in areas of elevated Upper Floridan aquifer ground-water temperature. Areas of higher water temperature could represent areas of greater potential for increases in salinity. More detailed mapping of the structure of the uppermost geologic units in the aquifer system could better define areas of deformation. Additionally, high potential exists in much of the study area for upward or lateral movement of the saltwater interface because of large declines in hydraulic head since predevelopment. The northern part of the coastal area has the greatest potential for movement; however, upward movement of the interface in the coastal area could be retarded by low vertical permeability. The potential for upward or lateral movement of the interface in the southern part of the coastal area seems to be low, but structural deformation could be present in northeastern Palm Beach County, allowing for localized upward leakage of saltwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034242","usgsCitation":"Reese, R.S., 2004, Hydrogeology, water quality, and distribution and sources of salinity in the Floridan aquifer system, Martin and St. Lucie Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4242, vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034242.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173859,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4869,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034242/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":411815,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_65980.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Martin County, St. Lucia County","otherGeospatial":"Floridan aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.94612253012512,\n 27.70508757772393\n ],\n [\n -80.94612253012512,\n 26.96735155553246\n ],\n [\n -80.08150625819235,\n 26.96735155553246\n ],\n [\n -80.08150625819235,\n 27.70508757772393\n ],\n [\n -80.94612253012512,\n 27.70508757772393\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6983c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54136,"text":"wri034330 - 2004 - Evaluation of strategies for balancing water use and streamflow reductions in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-11T13:35:41.500896","indexId":"wri034330","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4330","title":"Evaluation of strategies for balancing water use and streamflow reductions in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The upper Charles River basin, located 30 miles southwest of Boston, Massachusetts, is experiencing water shortages during the summer. Towns in the basin have instituted water-conservation programs and water-use bans to reduce summertime water use. During July through October, streamflow in the Charles River and its tributaries regularly falls below 0.50 cubic foot per second per square mile, the minimum streamflow used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as its Aquatic Base Flow standard for maintaining healthy freshwater ecosystems.\r\n\r\nTo examine how human water use could be changed to mitigate these water shortages, a numerical ground-water flow model was modified and used in conjunction with response coefficients and optimization techniques. Streamflows at 10 locations on the Charles River and its tributaries were determined under various water-use scenarios and climatic conditions. A variety of engineered solutions to the water shortages were examined for their ability to increase water supplies and summertime streamflows.\r\n\r\nResults indicate that although human water use contributes to the problem of low summertime streamflows, human water use is not the only, or even the primary, cause of low flows in the basin. The lowest summertime streamflows increase by 12 percent but remain below the Aquatic Base Flow standard when all public water-supply pumpage and wastewater flows in the basin are eliminated in a simulation under average climatic conditions. Under dry climatic conditions, the same measures increase the lowest average monthly streamflow by 95 percent but do not increase it above the Aquatic Base Flow standard.\r\n\r\nThe most promising water-management strategies to increase streamflows and water supplies, based on the study results, include wastewater recharge to the aquifer, altered management of pumping well schedules, regional water-supply sharing, and water conservation. In a scenario that simulated towns sharing water supplies, streamflow in the Charles River as it exits the basin increased by 18 percent during July through September and an excess water-supply capacity of 13.4 cubic feet per second, above and beyond average use, would be available to all towns in the basin. These study results could help water suppliers and regulators evaluate strategies for balancing ground-water development and streamflow reductions in the basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034330","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J.R., 2004, Evaluation of strategies for balancing water use and streamflow reductions in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4330, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034330.","productDescription":"85 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5583,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034330/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"upper Charles River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.667,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.667,\n 41.9\n ],\n [\n -71.1958,\n 41.9\n ],\n [\n -71.1958,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.667,\n 42.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleston, Jack R.","contributorId":20011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54128,"text":"ofr20041094 - 2004 - Map showing fossil localities of the Rattlesnake Creek, western and eastern Hayfork, and North Fork Terranes of the Klamath Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-01T21:43:46.824904","indexId":"ofr20041094","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1094","title":"Map showing fossil localities of the Rattlesnake Creek, western and eastern Hayfork, and North Fork Terranes of the Klamath Mountains","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041094","usgsCitation":"Irwin, W., and Blome, C.D., 2004, Map showing fossil localities of the Rattlesnake Creek, western and eastern Hayfork, and North Fork Terranes of the Klamath Mountains (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1094, Report: 50 p.; Map: 22.00 × 32.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041094.","productDescription":"Report: 50 p.; Map: 22.00 × 32.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110516,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68867.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68867"},{"id":5575,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1094/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124,\n 40.1667\n ],\n [\n -121.8333,\n 40.1667\n ],\n [\n -121.8333,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 40.1667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae1db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, William P.","contributorId":12889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"William P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blome, Charles D. 0000-0002-3449-9378 cblome@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-9378","contributorId":1246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"Charles","email":"cblome@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53737,"text":"cir1264 - 2004 - Geology of the National Capital Region: Field trip guidebook","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-26T16:48:02.375981","indexId":"cir1264","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1264","title":"Geology of the National Capital Region: Field trip guidebook","docAbstract":"The 2004 Joint Northeast-Southeast Section Meeting of the Geological Society of America is the fourth such meeting and the third to be held in or near Washington, D.C. This guidebook and the field trips presented herein are intended to provide meeting participants, as well as other interested readers, a means to understand and enjoy the rich geological and historical legacy of the National Capital Region.
The field trips cover all of the major physiographic and geologic provinces of the central Appalachians in the Mid-Atlantic region. Trip 1 outlines the tectonic history of northern Virginia along an east-to-west transect from the Coastal Plain province to the Blue Ridge province, whereas the other field trips each focus on a specific province. From west to east, these excursions investigate the paleoclimate controls on the stratigraphy of the Paleozoic rocks of the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge province in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland (Trip 3); Eocene volcanic rocks that intrude Paleozoic rocks in the westernmost Valley and Ridge province in Virginia and West Virginia (Trip 4); age, petrology, and structure of Mesoproterozoic gneisses and granitoids located in the Blue Ridge province within and near Shenandoah National Park, Virginia (Trip 2); the use of argon data to unravel the complex structural and thermal history of the metamorphic rocks of the eastern Piedmont province in Maryland and Virginia (Trip 5); the use of cosmogenic isotopes to understand the timing of bedrock incision and formation of terraces along the Potomac River in the eastern Piedmont province near Great Falls, Virginia and Maryland (Trip 6); the nature of the boundary between rocks of the Goochland and Chopawamsic terranes in the eastern Piedmont of Virginia (Trip 7); the role of bluffs and fluvial terraces of the Coastal Plain in the Civil War Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia (Trip 8); and the Tertiary lithology and paleontology of Coastal Plain strata around the Chesapeake Bay of Virginia and Maryland (Trip 9).
Some of the field trips present new geochronological research that uses isotopic techniques to unravel Earth history and processes, including U-Pb dating to determine the timing of metamorphism and igneous activity associated with the Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogeny (Trip 2); argon (4DAr/39Ar) analysis to understand the complex Paleozoic history of deformation and metamorphism in the Piedmont (Trip 5); and cosmogenic beryllium-10 data to derive exposure ages of landforms and deposits of the Potomac River valley (Trip 6).
Several trips shed insight on significant or enigmatic geologic features of the region. Trip 3 presents evidence for global paleoclimate controls on the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Appalachian basin, including evidence for Late Devonian glacial deposits. Trip 4 investigates unusual Eocene igneous rocks in the Eastern United States, and Trip 2 visits several local ductile high-strain zones, offering geologists opportunities to consider the importance of such structures relative to the poorly understood Rockfish Valley fault zone in the Blue Ridge province. In the Piedmont province, Trip 7 focuses on a controversial terrane boundary, whereas Trip 5 crosses several lithologic belts with distinct thermotectonic histories that suggest terrane boundaries. Trip 6 sheds new light on the erosional history of a major river gorge cut into crystalline rocks in the Fall Zone.
Four trips are recommended for Earth science teachers and are cosponsored by the National Association of Geologic Teachers (NAGT). These trips focus on the tectonic history of northern Virginia (Trip 1), terraces of the Potomac River at Great Falls and cosmogenic isotope analysis to date the terraces and the incision history (Trip 6), and Tertiary lithology and paleontology of the Chesapeake Bay region (Trip 9). Trip 8 takes advantage of the rich Civil War history of this region to look at the role that geology played in the strategies and outcome of the Battle of Fredericksburg.
This guidebook is the result of much hard work by many individuals. The editors wish to thank the field trip leaders and authors, the technical reviewers, and Nancy Stamm of ths USGS Geologic Names Committee. We also owe a very special thanks to Linda Gundersen, Chief Scientist, Geologic Discipline, USGS, who provided funding for the guidebook.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1264","usgsCitation":"Burton, W., and Southworth, S., 2004, Geology of the National Capital Region: Field trip guidebook: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1264, vi, 298 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1264.","productDescription":"vi, 298 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":87546,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5099,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/1264/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402874,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67449.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1264/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia, Washington DC","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 38.565347844885466\n ],\n [\n -76.57470703125,\n 38.565347844885466\n ],\n [\n -76.57470703125,\n 39.07890809706475\n ],\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 39.07890809706475\n ],\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 38.565347844885466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e930","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, William","contributorId":33775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Southworth, Scott","contributorId":93933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53678,"text":"ofr20041044 - 2004 - Coastal classification atlas: Eastern panhandle of Florida coastal classification maps— Lighthouse Point to St. Andrew Bay entrance channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T23:00:27.576538","indexId":"ofr20041044","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1044","title":"Coastal classification atlas: Eastern panhandle of Florida coastal classification maps— Lighthouse Point to St. Andrew Bay entrance channel","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041044","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., and Peterson, R.L., 2004, Coastal classification atlas: Eastern panhandle of Florida coastal classification maps— Lighthouse Point to St. Andrew Bay entrance channel: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1044, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041044.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4997,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":391498,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_63323.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.7408,\n 29.5872\n ],\n [\n -84.3333,\n 29.5872\n ],\n [\n -84.3333,\n 30.12\n ],\n [\n -85.7408,\n 30.12\n ],\n [\n -85.7408,\n 29.5872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db6285d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Russell L.","contributorId":55045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53396,"text":"ofr20041075 - 2004 - Bedrock geology and mineral resources of the Knoxville 1° x 2° quadrangle, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T21:24:25.958608","indexId":"ofr20041075","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1075","title":"Bedrock geology and mineral resources of the Knoxville 1° x 2° quadrangle, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina","docAbstract":"The Knoxville 1°x 2° quadrangle spans the Southern Blue Ridge physiographic province at its widest point from eastern Tennessee across western North Carolina to the northwest corner of South Carolina. The quadrangle also contains small parts of the Valley and Ridge province in Tennessee and the Piedmont province in North and South Carolina. Bedrock in the Valley and Ridge consists of unmetamorphosed, folded and thrust-faulted Paleozoic miogeoclinal sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Cambrian to Mississippian. The Blue Ridge is a complex of stacked thrust sheets divided into three parts: (1) a west flank underlain by rocks of the Late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian Chilhowee Group and slightly metamorphosed Late Proterozoic Ocoee Supergroup west of the Greenbrier fault; (2) a central part containing crystalline basement of Middle Proterozoic age (Grenville), Ocoee Supergroup rocks east of the Greenbrier fault, and rocks of the Murphy belt; and (3) an east flank containing the Helen, Tallulah Falls, and Richard Russell thrust sheets and the amphibolitic basement complex. All of the east flank thrust sheets contain polydeformed and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks of mostly Proterozoic age. The Blue Ridge is separated by the Brevard fault zone from a large area of rocks of the Inner Piedmont to the east, which contains the Six Mile thrust sheet and the ChaugaWalhalla thrust complex. All of these rocks are also polydeformed and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks. The Inner Piedmont rocks in this area occupy both the Piedmont and part of the Blue Ridge physiographic provinces.
\nThe intensity of deformation and metamorphism increases from west to east in the Blue Ridge. The west flank is mostly chlorite grade or relatively unmetamorphosed, and the central part of the Blue Ridge is mostly staurolite, garnet, or biotite grade, although sillimanite grade rocks occur along the eastern part of the central Blue Ridge in the vicinity of the leading edge of the Hayesvil Ie fault. The east flank of the Blue Ridge and much of the Inner Piedmont are at kyanite or silli manite grade of Manuscript approved for publication February 22, 1991. regional metamorphism except for a zone of retrograde rocks in the Brevard fault zone and a small area of biotite-grade rocks in the extreme southwest part of the Grandfather Mountain window in the northeast corner of the quadrangle.
\nThe major mineral resources in the Knoxville 1°x2° quadrangle are construction materials and a variety of industrial minerals mostly related to either granite and pegmatite or ultramafic rocks. Past production in the quadrangle of metals, which are of secondary importance relative to construction materials and industrial minerals, include copper in massive sulfides of the Besshi type, gold-bearing quartz veins, and residual iron and manganese deposits. Resources are discussed in relation to the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont provinces. The following resources are the most important:
\nA. Construction materials:
\nB. Industrial minerals:
\nC. Metals:
\nD. Organic fuels:
\nNo abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041016","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., Horton, J., and Gohn, G., 2004, ICDP-USGS workshop on deep drilling in the central Crater of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA: Proceedings volume (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1016, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041016.","productDescription":"85 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402344,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62981.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5262,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1016/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay impact structure","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.33026123046874,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -75.98831176757812,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -75.98831176757812,\n 37.304644804751106\n ],\n [\n -76.33026123046874,\n 37.304644804751106\n ],\n [\n -76.33026123046874,\n 36.94989178681327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb86f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gohn, Gregory S.","contributorId":50155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Gregory S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53444,"text":"ofr20041026 - 2004 - Chemistry of Stream Sediments and Surface Waters in New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:23:43","indexId":"ofr20041026","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1026","title":"Chemistry of Stream Sediments and Surface Waters in New England","docAbstract":"Summary -- This online publication portrays regional data for pH, alkalinity, and specific conductance for stream waters and a multi-element geochemical dataset for stream sediments collected in the New England states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. A series of interpolation grid maps portray the chemistry of the stream waters and sediments in relation to bedrock geology, lithology, drainage basins, and urban areas. A series of box plots portray the statistical variation of the chemical data grouped by lithology and other features.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041026","usgsCitation":"Robinson, G.R., Kapo, K.E., and Grossman, J.N., 2004, Chemistry of Stream Sediments and Surface Waters in New England (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1026, online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041026.","productDescription":"online only","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5266,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1026","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b69e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kapo, Katherine E.","contributorId":59867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapo","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grossman, Jeffrey N. 0000-0001-9099-9628","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9099-9628","contributorId":37317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209655,"text":"70209655 - 2004 - Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-09T14:29:22.327878","indexId":"70209655","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-28T12:15:44","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"During the late Wisconsin, glacial flour from alpine glaciers along the east side of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon was deposited in Upper Klamath Lake. Quantitative interpretation of magnetic properties and grain-size data of cored sediments from Caledonia Marsh on the west side of the lake provides a continuous record of the flux of glacial flour spanning the last ≈37 000 calendar years. For modeling purposes, the lake sediments from the 13-m core were divided into three sedimentary components defined from magnetic, geochemical, petrographic, and grain-size data. The components are (1) strongly magnetic, glacial flour made up of extremely fine-grained, fresh volcanic rock particles, (2) less magnetic lithic material made up of coarser, weathered volcanic detritus, and (3) non-magnetic biogenic material (largely biogenic silica). Quantitative interpretation is possible because there has been no significant postdepositional destruction or formation of magnetic minerals, nor alteration affecting grain-size distributions. Major steps involved in the interpretation include: (1) computation of biogenic and lithic components; (2) determination of magnetic properties and grain-size distributions of the non-glacial and glacial flour end-members; (3) computation of the contents of weathered and glacial flour components for each sample; (4) development of an age model based on the mass accumulation of the non-glacial lithic component; and (5) use of the age model and glacial flour contents to compute the flux of glacial flour. Comparison of the glacial flour record from Upper Klamath Lake to mapped glacial features suggests a nearly linear relation between flux of glacial flour and the extent of nearby glaciers. At ≈22 ka, following an extended period during which glaciers of limited size waxed and waned, late Wisconsin (Waban) glaciers began to grow, reaching their maximum extent at ≈19 ka. Glaciers remained near their maximum extent for ≈1000 years. During this period, lake sediments were made up of ≈80% glacial flour. The content of glacial flour decreased as the glaciers receded, and reached undetectable levels by 14 ka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019229.75336.7a","usgsCitation":"Rosenbaum, J.G., and Reynolds, R.L., 2004, Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 235-252, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019229.75336.7a.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"252","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14874267578125,\n 42.216313604344776\n ],\n [\n -121.75598144531251,\n 42.216313604344776\n ],\n [\n -121.75598144531251,\n 42.595554553719204\n ],\n [\n -122.14874267578125,\n 42.595554553719204\n ],\n [\n -122.14874267578125,\n 42.216313604344776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenbaum, Joseph G. jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","contributorId":1524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"Joseph","email":"jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53643,"text":"wri034298 - 2004 - Status of ground-water levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2000-January 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T22:56:16.477211","indexId":"wri034298","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4298","title":"Status of ground-water levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2000-January 2003","docAbstract":"The Equus Beds aquifer northwest of Wichita, Kansas, was developed to supply water to Wichita residents and for irrigation in south-central Kansas beginning on September 1, 1940. Ground-water pumping for city and agricultural use from the aquifer caused water levels to decline in a large part of the area. Irrigation pumpage in the area increased substantially during the 1970s and 1980s and accelerated water-level declines. A period of water-level rises associated with greater-than-average precipitation and decreased city pumpage from the study area began in 1993. An important factor in the decreased city pumpage was increased use of Cheney Reservoir as a water-supply source by the city of Wichita; as a result, city pumpage from the Equus Beds aquifer during 1993-2002 went from being greater than one-half to slightly less than one-third of Wichita's water usage. Since 1995, the city also has been investigating the use of artificial recharge in the study area to meet future water-supply needs and to protect the aquifer from the intrusion of saltwater from natural and human-related sources to the west.\r\n\r\nDuring January 2003, the direction of ground-water flow in the Equus Beds aquifer in the area was generally from west to east similar to predevelopment of the aquifer. The maximum water-level decline since 1940 for the period January 2000 to January 2003 was 29.54 feet in July 2002 at well 3 in the northern part of the area. Cumulative water-level changes from January 2000 to January 2003 typically were less than 4 feet with rises of less than 4 feet common in the central part of the area; however, declines of more than 4 feet occurred in the northwestern and southern parts of the area. \r\n\r\nThe recovery of water levels and aquifer storage volumes from record low levels in October 1992 generally continued to April 2000. The recovery of about 182,000 acre-feet of storage volume in the area from October 1992 to April 2000 represents about a 64-percent recovery of the storage depletion that occurred from August 1940 to October 1992. About 47 percent of this recovery was lost from April 2000 to October 2002 when storage volume in the area decreased by about 86,000 acre-feet. Major contributors to the decreases in water levels and storage volumes were reduced recharge associated with precipitation that was less than in the preceding 5 years and increased irrigation pumpage. The loss of storage probably would have been larger if the continued decrease in city pumpage, which is closely associated with the water-level rises in the central part of the study area, and increased city use of water from Cheney Reservoir had not occurred. The effect of artificial recharge on water levels and storage volume probably was masked by the generally larger decreases in city pumpage in the area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034298","usgsCitation":"Hansen, C.V., and Aucott, W.R., 2004, Status of ground-water levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2000-January 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4298, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034298.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4942,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034298/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":410602,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67625.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","city":"Wichita","otherGeospatial":"Equus Beds aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.375,\n 37.825\n ],\n [\n -97.375,\n 38.0733\n ],\n [\n -97.6956,\n 38.0733\n ],\n [\n -97.6956,\n 37.825\n ],\n [\n -97.375,\n 37.825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4812e4b07f02db4d9cc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Cristi V. chansen@usgs.gov","contributorId":435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Cristi","email":"chansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aucott, Walter R.","contributorId":90275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aucott","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53718,"text":"ofr03381 - 2004 - Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":53718,"text":"ofr03381 - 2004 - Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina","indexId":"ofr03381","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70040740,"text":"sim2997 - 2012 - Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina","indexId":"sim2997","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70040740,"text":"sim2997 - 2012 - Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina","indexId":"sim2997","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T12:20:58","indexId":"ofr03381","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-381","title":"Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Surficial Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina was mapped from 1993 to 2003 under a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Park Service (NPS). This 1:100,000-scale digital geologic map was compiled from 2002 to 2003 from unpublished field investigations maps at 1:24,000-scale. The preliminary surficial geologic data and map support cooperative investigations with NPS, the U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service, and the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (http://www.dlia.org/) (Southworth, 2001). Although the focus of our work was within the Park, the geology of the surrounding area is provided for regional context. Surficial deposits document the most recent part of the geologic history of this part of the western Blue Ridge and eastern Tennessee Valley of the Valley and Ridge of the Southern Appalachians. Additionally, there is great variety of surficial materials, which directly affect the different types of soil and associated flora and fauna. The surficial deposits accumulated over tens of millions of years under varied climatic conditions during the Cenozoic era and resulted from a composite of geologic processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03381","usgsCitation":"Southworth, S., Schultz, A., Denenny, D., and Triplett, J., 2004, Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-381, Report: 44 p.; Map: 54 x 30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03381.","productDescription":"Report: 44 p.; Map: 54 x 30 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110469,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62489.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"62489"},{"id":5060,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-381/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84,\n 35.3\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 35.88\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 35.88\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 35.3\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 35.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a36b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southworth, Scott","contributorId":93933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Art","contributorId":44982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Art","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denenny, Danielle","contributorId":78804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denenny","given":"Danielle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triplett, James","contributorId":93565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triplett","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208064,"text":"70208064 - 2004 - Limits of mountain and continental glaciations east of the Continental Divide in northern Montana and north-western North Dakota, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-27T11:10:09","indexId":"70208064","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-27T10:49:26","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5919,"text":"Developments in Quaternary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limits of mountain and continental glaciations east of the Continental Divide in northern Montana and north-western North Dakota, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"This chapter provides an overview of the limits of glaciations and glacial history in, and east and south-east of, Glacier National Park, Montana, and on the Northern Plains further east in Montana and north-western North Dakota. The term “Laurentide glacier” was applied to a continental ice sheet east of the Rocky Mountains in North America. It describes Laurentide Ice Sheet as any Quaternary continental ice sheet east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. Laurentide till refers to till deposited by a Laurentide Ice Sheet. A Laurentide continental ice sheet is distinguished from a Cordilleran continental ice sheet in the Cordilleran region in parts of Washington, Idaho, and Montana in the United States and in adjacent Canada. Clague indicated that Cordilleran Ice Sheets formed several times during the Pleistocene. The chapter also reviews that the base for the digital map is simplified. Selected hydrographic features, selected towns and cities, selected physiographic features, and a grid of 1° × 2° topographic quadrangles are included to aid the reader in location of the glacial limits and other features depicted here on other maps at different scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80194-5","usgsCitation":"Fullerton, D.S., Colton, R.B., and Bush, C.A., 2004, Limits of mountain and continental glaciations east of the Continental Divide in northern Montana and north-western North Dakota, U.S.A.: Developments in Quaternary Sciences, v. 2, no. B, p. 131-150, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80194-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota ","otherGeospatial":"Northern Montana and north-western North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.5546875,\n 49.937079756975294\n ],\n [\n -113.66455078125,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -104.17236328125,\n 47.234489635299184\n ],\n [\n -104.17236328125,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -101.77734374999999,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -102.12890625,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n -113.5546875,\n 49.937079756975294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fullerton, David S. fullerton@usgs.gov","contributorId":448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"David","email":"fullerton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colton, R. B.","contributorId":40186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208042,"text":"70208042 - 2004 - Chapter 4 The meade peak member of the phosphoria formation: Temporal and spatial variations in sediment geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-24T15:49:58","indexId":"70208042","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-24T15:44:17","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3872,"text":"Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 4 The meade peak member of the phosphoria formation: Temporal and spatial variations in sediment geochemistry","docAbstract":"Variations in the geochemistry of rocks from the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation were examined using ratios of elements associated with either the +terrigenous or marine sediment fractions. Inter-element relationships in the terrigenous fraction appear useful for chemo-stratigraphic correlation. A sharp decrease upsection in K2O/AI2O3 ratios occurs in the lower half of all but the most northeasterly section, wherein an offset is still evident in average and minimum values. These offsets correspond closely to the lower Guadalupian Series boundary as defined by conodont zonations, coincident with a change from major low-stand to transgressive conditions. The offsets are possibly the result of increased transport distances or flooding of source areas related to transgres- sion of the Phosphoria sea on the Wyoming shelf. A series of intervals displaying high Fe2O3/Al2O3, Ba/Al2O3 and Sc/Al2O3 ratios occur in the upper beds of the easternmost sections. The intervals do not appear to reflect amplified marine signals, but rather the introduction of terrigenous sediment from a secondary source, or, simply, reworking of sediments under higher energy conditions. The westernmost section, presumably repre- senting the deepest parts of the Phosphoria basin, contains intervals with high Ba/Al2O3. We suggest these horizons represent periods of low sediment accumulation during maxi- mum flooding and high-stand conditions.
Inter-element relationships in the marine-derived sediment fraction indicate that bottom waters of the Phosphoria basin were dominantly denitrifying (suboxic). Ratios of Cd and Mo to Zn and Cu closely approach those in modern plankton in most of the sections, implying a major biogenic source for these elements. Exceptions occur through- out the westernmost (distal) section, possibly due to changes in the dominant plankton populations and relative nutrient uptakes, and in the upper part of the most northeasterly (shoreward, ramp) section, which we suggest is due to increased oxygen levels.
Relatively thick phosphatic layers occur in basinal areas due largely to lack of terrig- enous dilution during deposition. These basinal deposits appear to have lower concentra- tions of many trace elements than more shoreward deposits. This may reflect deposition away from areas of peak primary production. Alternatively, biogenic detritus in these areas may have been derived from differing populations of primary producers with differing nutrient requirements. Both mid-shelf (middle ramp) and marginal environments were sites of accumulation of rich phosphatic units with high concentrations of trace elements. Deposits from marginal areas have the most varied geochemistry, largely because they experienced greater variability in terrigenous sediment influx. Even moderate changes in sea level may have dramatically altered energy levels, sediment mixing, and the amount of organic detritus reaching the sediment surface in these shallower marginal areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80006-8","usgsCitation":"Perkins, R., and Piper, D.Z., 2004, Chapter 4 The meade peak member of the phosphoria formation: Temporal and spatial variations in sediment geochemistry: Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry, v. 8, p. 73-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80006-8.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Northwest United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 46.86019101567027\n ],\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 46.86019101567027\n ],\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 40.04443758460856\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, R.B.","contributorId":49501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70145563,"text":"70145563 - 2004 - Tertiary thrust systems and fluid flow beneath the Beaufort coastal plain (1002 area), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T14:06:45.185507","indexId":"70145563","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Tertiary thrust systems and fluid flow beneath the Beaufort coastal plain (1002 area), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Beneath the Arctic coastal plain (commonly referred to as \"the 1002 area\") in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, northeastern Alaska, United States, seismic reflection data show that the northernmost and youngest part of the Brookian orogen is preserved as a Paleogene to Neogene system of blind and buried thrust-related structures. These structures involve Proterozoic to Miocene (and younger?) rocks that contain several potential petroleum reservoir facies. Thermal maturity data indicate that the deformed rocks are mature to overmature with respect to hydrocarbon generation. Oil seeps and stains in outcrops and shows in nearby wells indicate that oil has migrated through the region; geochemical studies have identified three potential petroleum systems. Hydrocarbons that were generated from Mesozoic source rocks in the deformed belt were apparently expelled and migrated northward in the Paleogene, before much of the deformation in this part of the orogen. It is also possible that Neogene petroleum, which was generated in Tertiary rocks offshore in the Arctic Ocean, migrated southward into Neogene structural traps at the thrust front. However, the hydrocarbon resource potential of this largely unexplored region of Alaska's North Slope remains poorly known.
\nIn the western part of the 1002 area, the dominant style of thin-skinned thrusting is that of a passive-roof duplex, bounded below by a detachment (floor thrust) near the base of Lower Cretaceous and younger foreland basin deposits and bounded above by a north-dipping roof thrust near the base of the Eocene. East-west-trending, basement-involved thrusts produced the Sadlerochit Mountains to the south, and buried, basement-involved thrusts are also present north of the Sadlerochit Mountains, where they appear to feed displacement into the thin-skinned system. Locally, late basement-involved thrusts postdate the thin-skinned thrusting. Both the basement-involved thrusts and the thin-skinned passive-roof duplex were principally active in the Miocene.
\nIn the eastern part of the 1002 area, a northward-younging pattern of thin-skinned deformation is apparent. Converging patterns of Paleocene reflectors on the north flank of the Sabbath syncline indicate that the Aichilik high and the Sabbath syncline formed as a passive-roof duplex and piggyback basin, respectively, just behind the Paleocene deformation front. During the Eocene and possibly the Oligocene, thin-skinned thrusting advanced northward over the present location of the Niguanak high. A passive-roof duplex occupied the frontal part of this system. The Kingak and Hue shales exposed above the Niguanak high were transported into their present structural position during the Eocene to Oligocene motion on the long thrust ramps above the present south flank of the Niguanak high. Broad, basement-cored subsurface domes (Niguanak high and Aurora dome) formed near the deformation front in the Oligocene, deforming the overlying thin-skinned structures and feeding a new increment of displacement into thin-skinned structures directly to the north. Deformation continued through the Miocene above a detachment in the basement. Offshore seismicity and Holocene shortening documented by previous workers may indicate that contractional deformation continues to the present day.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/1025691H13117","usgsCitation":"Potter, C.J., Grow, J.A., Perry, W.J., Moore, T.E., O'Sullivan, P., Phillips, J.D., and Saltus, R.W., 2004, Tertiary thrust systems and fluid flow beneath the Beaufort coastal plain (1002 area), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, U.S.A., chap. of Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts, v. 1, p. 187-214, https://doi.org/10.1306/1025691H13117.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"214","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":386729,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1282/chapter/107112078/Tertiary-Thrust-Systems-and-Fluid-Flow-beneath-the?redirectedFrom=PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.568359375,\n 67.13156029436401\n ],\n [\n -140.96557617187497,\n 67.13156029436401\n ],\n [\n -140.96557617187497,\n 70.1925497583889\n ],\n [\n -147.568359375,\n 70.1925497583889\n ],\n [\n -147.568359375,\n 67.13156029436401\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb4e4b027f0aee3d48c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grow, John A.","contributorId":41763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, William J. Jr.","contributorId":32498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O'Sullivan, Paul B.","contributorId":36627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Sullivan","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey D. 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":1572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70145216,"text":"70145216 - 2004 - Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T11:19:18","indexId":"70145216","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","docAbstract":"Geochemical analyses of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the western Brooks Range reveal a complex evolutionary history for strata surrounding the large Zn-Pb-Ag deposits of the Red Dog district. Data for major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements (REE) were obtained on 220 samples of unaltered and unmineralized siliciclastic rocks from the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Endicott Group (Hunt Fork Shale, Noatak Sandstone, Kanayut Conglomerate, Kayak Shale), the overlying Carboniferous Lisburne Group (Kuna Formation, unnamed drowned shelf facies), and the Pennsylvanian-Permian Siksikpuk Formation. Major base metal sulfide deposits of the region are present only in the Kuna Formation, which in the Red Dog district comprises siliceous black shale and black chert, minor limestone (calcareous radiolarite), and sparse lithic turbidite and bedded siliceous rock. Gray and rare black shales of the Kayak Shale and common black shales of the Kuna Formation are anomalously low in iron (avg Fe/Ti = 6.25 and 6.34, respectively) relative to other Paleozoic shales in the region (9.58-10.6) and to average shales worldwide (10.1-10.5). In contrast, the bedded siliceous rocks contain appreciable hematite (avg Fe/Ti = 35.0) and high U/Ti and REE/Ti ratios that are interpreted to reflect low amounts of detrital material and a major Fe-rich eolian component.
\nGeochemical data (e.g., MnO <0.01 wt %; avg Cr = 317 ppm), sizes of framboidal pyrite grains, and limited bioturbation suggest anoxic and denitrifying depositional conditions for most black shales of the Kuna Formation; low Mo/Ti ratios argue against euxinic (sulfate-reducing) conditions. Organic-rich black shales of the Kuna Formation with up to 8.4 wt percent Corganic and gray to black shales of the Kayak Shale with up to 4.1 wt percent Corganic typically have only sparse pyrite (<1 wt % S) and very low iron-limited S/C ratios (mostly <0.2). Immobile element plots (e.g., Th-Zr/10-Sc) suggest that source terranes for all of the formations were dominated by one or more felsic-rich continental arcs; a small proportion of recycled sediments is present locally. A minor mafic igneous component also occurs in several shales of the Kuna and Siksikpuk Formations. High average values for the chemical index of alteration [Al2O3/(Al2O3 + CaO + Na2O + K2O)] ∞ 100 for shales of the Endicott Group (76.4-81.5) imply moderate to intense chemical weathering in source areas of these sediments. A lower average for black shales of the Kuna Formation (73.7) does not require such weathering.
\nTextural and geochemical data record the effects of diagenetic and/or hydrothermal fluid flow in some of the Paleozoic rocks. Mobility of P, F, U, and light REE is documented in black shales of the Kuna Formation by phosphate replacements of carbonate clasts and of matrix material surrounding the clasts. A relatively low average Ce/Ce* value of 0.73 for P-poor black shales of the Kuna Formation (<0.05 wt % P2O5) and a similar Ce/Ce* value of 0.78 for a siderite concretion in Kayak Shale suggest that these diagenetic fluids were oxidizing. Many shales of the Kuna Formation have high (K2O ∞ 100)/(K2O + Al2O3) ratios of 21.0 to 23.0, which contrast with low ratios of generally <18.0 for shales of the underlying Endicott Group. The high ratios in shales of the Kuna Formation reflect preferential reaction of smectite to illite during the Jurassic-Cretaceous Brookian orogeny, owing to high silica activities in pore fluids that were generated by the dissolution of abundant biogenic silica.
\nThe distribution and composition of Paleozoic strata in the western Brooks Range may have played a fundamental role in Zn-Pb mineralization of the Red Dog district. In our model, deposition and early lithification of biogenic chert and bedded siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Kuna Formation served as a regional hydrologic seal, acting as a cap rock to heat and hydrothermal fluids during Late Mississippian base-metal mineralization. Equally important was the iron-poor composition of black shales of the Kuna Formation (i.e., low Fe/Ti ratios), which limited synsedimentary pyrite formation in precursor sediments, resulting in significant H2S production in pore waters through the interaction of aqueous sulfate with abundant organic matter. This H2S may have been critical to the subsurface deposition of the huge quantities of Zn and Pb in the district. On the basis of this model, we propose that low Fe/Ti and S/C ratios in black shale sequences are potential basin-scale exploration guides for giant sediment-hosted, stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Dumoulin, J.A., Schmidt, J., Young, L.E., and Rombach, C., 2004, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1385-1414, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1385","endPage":"1414","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae40e4b027f0aee3d146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, J.M.","contributorId":97916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, L. E.","contributorId":105288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}