A thin persistent unit (maximum thickness 13 m) of probable Cambrian age in the Chino Valley region of northwestern Arizona consists of three laterally equivalent, mutually exclusive lithofacies. These are, from west to east, lithic sandstone, pebble to boulder conglomerate, and dolomite. The unit, named the Chino Valley Formation, is younger than middle Middle Cambrian and older than Devonian in age. A Late Cambrian age is probable, although no fossil evidence supports this conclusion.
The lithic sandstone and conglomerate facies were derived from two apparently active source areas and were probably deposited in shallow marine water. Uplift to the south or southwest of the area almost reversed the regionally westward-dipping Cambrian paleoslope and exposed sedimentary rocks to erosion. Sediment derived from this terrain formed the lithic sandstone facies. Synchronous movement initiated erosion of the Mazatzal Quartzite (Precambrian) from which the conglomerate facies was derived. The dolomite facies is inferred to have accumulated on a mud flat in the supratidal zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geographical Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<677:CVFCIN>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 1975, Chino Valley formation (Cambrian?) in northwestern Arizona: GSA Bulletin, v. 86, no. 5, p. 677-682, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<677:CVFCIN>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"682","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Chino Valley region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -111.99462890625,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -111.99462890625,\n 35.33529320309328\n ],\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 35.33529320309328\n ],\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 34.52466147177172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70236971,"text":"70236971 - 1975 - Land classification of south-central Iowa from computer enhanced images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T17:36:40.388876","indexId":"70236971","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":66,"text":"Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"3","title":"Land classification of south-central Iowa from computer enhanced images","docAbstract":"The author has identified the following significant results. Two enhanced false color negatives from multispectral scanner scenes, dated 15 April 1974 and 29 August 1972, were printed at a scale of 1:125,000 to form the basis for land use interpretations in the Wapello County, Iowa test site. The use of geomorphic principles proved valuable in the interpretation of the April scene to form valuable generalizations for planning purposes on soil associations, topography, alluvial valleys, and agricultural land use. The August scene was superior in providing information on urban extent, transportation networks, forest cover, and water bodies.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Lucas, J.R., Taranik, J.V., and Billingsley, F.C., 1975, Land classification of south-central Iowa from computer enhanced images: Report 3, iv, 42 p.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19760011495/downloads/19760011495.pdf","size":"4178 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Wapello County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.1816,41.1617],[-92.1802,41.0741],[-92.1799,40.987],[-92.1798,40.8994],[-92.2959,40.8992],[-92.4096,40.8989],[-92.5251,40.8984],[-92.64,40.8979],[-92.6395,40.985],[-92.641,41.0699],[-92.6441,41.1597],[-92.527,41.1602],[-92.4116,41.1611],[-92.2981,41.1615],[-92.1816,41.1617]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Wapello\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, James R.","contributorId":149239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucas","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taranik, James V.","contributorId":67514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taranik","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Billingsley, Frederic C.","contributorId":149240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Billingsley","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232767,"text":"70232767 - 1975 - A late Holocene pollen record from Pearson's Pond, Weeks Creek landslide, San Francisco Peninsula, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T15:28:31.504358","indexId":"70232767","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T10:21:16","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A late Holocene pollen record from Pearson's Pond, Weeks Creek landslide, San Francisco Peninsula, California","docAbstract":"A 210-cm core from Pearson's Pond yielded a pollen record for the past 3 millenia. Prior to A.D. 1000 the pond biota was particularly sensitive to climatic fluctuations. Two wet intervals occur in the pollen record, between 350 B.C. and A.I). 0 and between A.D. 650 and 900. The pollen record suggests that the Weeks Creek landslide may have moved at least twice prior to 3,000 years ago and that the middle part of the glide has been stable since that time. Seasonal changes produce large annual fluctuations in the water table, and climatic changes during the past 3,000 years have produced significant changes in the timing and magnitude of the annual changes. Climatic records such as the one presented here will help us to understand and separate the effects of climate and earthquakes on the landslide history of the Holocene deposits of the San Francisco Bay area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, A late Holocene pollen record from Pearson's Pond, Weeks Creek landslide, San Francisco Peninsula, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 6, p. 721-731.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"731","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pearson's Pond, San Francisco Peninisula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.2779607772827,\n 37.326300920153855\n ],\n [\n -122.27650165557861,\n 37.326300920153855\n ],\n [\n -122.27650165557861,\n 37.32754651163429\n ],\n [\n -122.2779607772827,\n 37.32754651163429\n ],\n [\n -122.2779607772827,\n 37.326300920153855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70232762,"text":"70232762 - 1975 - Silurian and Devonian miogeosynclinal and transitional rocks of the Fish Creek Reservoir window, central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T15:09:57.608313","indexId":"70232762","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T10:00:54","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Silurian and Devonian miogeosynclinal and transitional rocks of the Fish Creek Reservoir window, central Idaho","docAbstract":"Documentation of Devonian continental-shelf shallow-water carbonate rocks in the core of the Fish Creek Reservoir window shifts the known westernmost limit of the Devonian miogeosyncline 50 km (30 mi) southwest across the structural grain from the well-known miogeosynclinal sequence in the Lost River Range. The miogeosynclinal carbonate sequence in the window has a minimum thickness of 450 m (1,500 ft). It comprises the upper Lower Devonian (Emsian) and lower Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Carey Dolomite (new), the upper Middle Devonian (Givetian) and Upper Devonian Jefferson Formation, and the Upper Devonian Picabo Formation (new). Conodont faunas precisely date the Carey. The Picabo Formation, composed of interbedded sandy dolomite-pebble conglomerate and dolomitic quartzose sandstone, is unlike any previously described formation of Late Devonian or Early Mississippian age in central Idaho. It resembles parts of the Stansbury, Beirdneau, Leatham, and Victoria Formations, which reflect areas of local Late Devonian uplift and erosion of older shelf rocks in northern Utah and southeastern Idaho. Transitional (continental-slope) rocks of the Roberts Mountains Formation representing reef and offreef facies are thrust over the Devonian shelf sequence within the Fish Creek Reservoir window. The Roberts Mountains Formation here is precisely dated as latest Silurian (Pridolian, eosteinhornensis Zone) through earliest Devonian (Lochkovian) by a sequence of conodont faunas. The easternmost known exposures of possible Devonian siliceous facies rocks assigned to the Milligen(?) Formation are present less than 4.8 km (3 mi) southwest of the shelf sequence. Structural relations and paleotectonic reconstructions suggest that they have a minimum eastward translation of 32 km (20 mi). The Devonian continent-ocean basin interface, along which the Antler orogenic belt developed at this latitude, probably was located near the east edge of the present Idaho batholith.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Skipp, B.A., and Sandberg, C., 1975, Silurian and Devonian miogeosynclinal and transitional rocks of the Fish Creek Reservoir window, central Idaho: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 6, p. 691-706.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"691","endPage":"706","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403497,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Fish Creek Reservoir window","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.86642456054688,\n 43.40118121755815\n ],\n [\n -113.79707336425781,\n 43.40118121755815\n ],\n [\n -113.79707336425781,\n 43.461641371770504\n ],\n [\n -113.86642456054688,\n 43.461641371770504\n ],\n [\n -113.86642456054688,\n 43.40118121755815\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skipp, Betty A. bskipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"Betty","email":"bskipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":846385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156614,"text":"70156614 - 1975 - Fossil fishes from the Pliocene or Pleistocene Cache Formation, Lake County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T08:50:01","indexId":"70156614","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-28T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fossil fishes from the Pliocene or Pleistocene Cache Formation, Lake County, California","docAbstract":"The remains of fossil fishes comprising three species were found in the Cache Formation in Lake County, Calif. The rocks containing the fossils are considered to be late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. The species are all freshwater and primarily quiet-water types that now live in Clear Lake and the waters of the surrounding area, suggesting continuity between the present lake and a lake represented by the rocks of the Cache Formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Casteel, R.W., and Rymer, M.J., 1975, Fossil fishes from the Pliocene or Pleistocene Cache Formation, Lake County, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 5, p. 619-622.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"622","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307374,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Lake County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.7,\n 38.8\n ],\n [\n -122.7,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 38.8\n ],\n [\n -122.7,\n 38.8\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91b4e4b0518e354dd169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casteel, Richard W.","contributorId":28241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casteel","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rymer, Michael J. mrymer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"Michael","email":"mrymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003479,"text":"1003479 - 1975 - Long-term effects of 4-aminopyridine exposure to birds and fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-26T22:20:30.546308","indexId":"1003479","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term effects of 4-aminopyridine exposure to birds and fish","docAbstract":"The avian frightening agent, 4-aminopyridine (4AP), was tested on five avian and two fish species to assess the effects of long-term 4AP exposure to nontarget vertebrates. Adult bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), and ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were fed diets containing 3 percent 4AP-treated cracked corn diluted with various ratios of untreated corn for 7 to 35 days. Minimum dilution ratios that produced more than 50 percent mortality were 1:29 for bobwhites and 1:99 for doves. Mortality caused by 4AP could not be determined for pheasants because of their inability to subsist only on corn during the test periods. LCso's were determined for doves (316 ppm) and coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) (479 ppm) fed exclusively on uniformly treated laboratory rations for 28 to 40 days. Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) treated by gavage daily for 25 days with 1.78 mg/kg 4AP showed no intoxication symptoms. Mortality in all avian species appeared to be the result of acute poisoning, and no evidence of cumulative toxicity was noted in species fed uniformly-treated rations. In 96-hour static tests, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) showed increasing sensitivity to 4AP with time in test waters ranging from very soft to very hard and from 12 to 22 C. The 96-hour LC50's for both species ranged from 2.43 to 7.56 mg/liter (ppm). Toxicity appeared to decrease with increasing water temperatures but was generally unaffected by water hardness. On the basis of the data presented, and the currently registered application rate for 4AP in agricultural crops (0.34 g/ha), long-term hazards to nontarget wildlife were judged to be minimal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800246","usgsCitation":"Schafer, E., and Marking, L.L., 1975, Long-term effects of 4-aminopyridine exposure to birds and fish: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 39, no. 4, p. 807-811, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800246.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"811","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487151,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3800246","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":198542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Denver Wildlife Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.00791192324618,\n 39.960319366388546\n ],\n [\n -105.00791192324618,\n 39.70676592662295\n ],\n [\n -104.62158442807991,\n 39.70676592662295\n ],\n [\n -104.62158442807991,\n 39.960319366388546\n ],\n [\n -105.00791192324618,\n 39.960319366388546\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63edf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schafer, E.W.","contributorId":35848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schafer","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199714,"text":"70199714 - 1975 - New tritium data on movement of groundwater in western Fresno County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T13:48:21","indexId":"70199714","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-01T10:19:59","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New tritium data on movement of groundwater in western Fresno County, California","docAbstract":"Well waters along two traverse lines were sampled in 1963 and tested for tritium concentration. Haskell et al. [1966] estimated from the apparent thermonuclear tritium concentrations that groundwater had moved westward in the lower water‐bearing zone at a maximum velocity of 14–16.5 mi (23–27 km) in 9 yr. The maximum velocities and permeabilities estimated from the 1963 sampling were about an order of magnitude greater than the velocities and permeabilities suggested by prior hydrologic and geologic evidence. Consequently, in 1966–1970 the U.S. Geological Survey sampled and tested the tritium concentrations of well waters along the same two traverses but also extended the sampling eastward. On the basis of these analyses it is concluded that (1) thermonuclear tritium had not invaded the lower zone by 1970 within the extent of the 1963 sampling and (2) although the maximum westward movement of groundwater in the lower zone from 1955 to 1970 is indeterminate, it has been less than 4 mi (6.5 km) from the recharge area in 15 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR011i005p00716","usgsCitation":"Poland, J.F., and Stewart, G.L., 1975, New tritium data on movement of groundwater in western Fresno County, California: Water Resources Research, v. 11, no. 5, p. 716-724, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR011i005p00716.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"716","endPage":"724","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Fresno County","volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, Joseph Fairfield","contributorId":39423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"Fairfield","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, Gordon L.","contributorId":208191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014255,"text":"1014255 - 1975 - Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): Control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-07T16:21:45.424196","indexId":"1014255","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): Control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish","docAbstract":"Water contaminated by Myxosoma cerebralis was disinfected with ultraviolet irradition to control whirling disease. Irradiation at 18,000 microwatt seconds/cm2 (MWS/cm2) reduced infectivity of M. cerebralis by 31-86% and 27,650 MWS/cm3 reduced infectivity by 86-100%, even in the presence of a small amount of silt.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.505","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., 1975, Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): Control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 11, no. 4, p. 505-507, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.505.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"507","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486853,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.505","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e48fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, G. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db6101ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, L.G.","contributorId":28585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horner, R.G.","contributorId":66696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horner","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010117,"text":"70010117 - 1975 - Earthquake shaking and damage to buildings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T16:09:59.323207","indexId":"70010117","displayToPublicDate":"1975-08-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake shaking and damage to buildings","docAbstract":"Ground shaking close to the causative fault of an earthquake is more intense than it was previously believed to be. This raises the possibility that large numbers of buildings and other structures are not sufficiently resistant for the intense levels of shaking that can occur close to the fault. Many structures were built before earthquake codes were adopted; others were built according to codes formulated when less was known about the intensity of near-fault shaking. Although many building types are more resistant than conventional design analyses imply, the margin of safety is difficult to quantify. Many modern structures, such as freeways, have not been subjected to and tested by near-fault shaking in major earthquakes (magnitude 7 or greater). Damage patterns in recent moderate-sized earthquakes occurring in or adjacent to urbanized areas, however, indicate that many structures, including some modern ones designed to meet earthquake code requirements, cannot withstand the severe shaking that can occur close to a fault.
It is necessary to review the ground motion assumed and the methods utilized in the design of important existing structures and, if necessary, to strengthen or modify the use of structures that are found to be weak. New structures situated close to active faults should be designed on the basis of ground motion estimates greater than those used in the past.
The ultimate balance between risk of earthquake losses and cost for both remedial strengthening and improved earthquake-resistant construction must be decided by the public. Scientists and engineers must inform the public about earthquake shaking and its effect on structures.
The exposure to damage from seismic shaking is steadily increasing because of continuing urbanization and the increasing complexity of lifeline systems, such as power, water, transportation, and communication systems. In the near future we should expect additional painful examples of the damage potential of moderate-sized earthquakes in urban areas. Over a longer time span, however, we can significantly reduce the risk to life and property from seismic shaking through better land utilization, improved building codes and construction practices, and at least the gradual replacement of poor buildings by more resistant buildings.
Progress toward reducing risk from seismic shaking through better building design is slowed by deficiencies in our knowledge about the nature of damaging ground motion and the failure mechanisms in structures. For example, lacking observational data, seismologists must rely on simplified theoretical and numerical models of the earthquake process to estimate near-fault ground motion, especially for earthquakes as large as magnitude 7 and 8. Because such models have not been adequately tested against data, their reliability is unknown. Engineers lack detailed information about failure processes in structures during an earthquake. Although many structures have been instrumented to measure their response to an earthquake, few records have been obtained from buildings that actually sustained significant structural damage and few structures are properly instrumented to measure all the modes of deformation that are likely to contribute to failure. Moreover, the fact that many structures have withstood ground motion more intense than that assumed in their design indicates that conventional methods of design do not take into account important contributions to earthquake resistance by nonstructural elements and by the ability of structural elements to deform inelastically without necessarily causing failure of the structure. It is fortunate when such reserve resistance exists, but better understanding of the sources of reserve strength is needed to determine how large a margin of safety they confer and how they might be affected by changes in construction practices and materials with time.
In the next few years we look forward to significant advances in knowledge and to more effective application of what is already known, largely because of substantial funding of research related to seismic engineering by the National Science Foundation . The increasing number of strong-motion seismographs operating in seismically active regions will likely provide for the first time a number of records of damaging levels of ground motion. Significant effort is being directed toward obtaining near-fault records, although many probable sites of future large earthquakes remain inadequately instrumented, especially outside the conterminous United States. New and more complete information on building response and damage mechanisms will be obtained by improved instrumentation of structures and through laboratory investigations of failure in structures and structural elements. Further developments in computer technology and in computer modeling techniques will permit more realistic simulations of the seismic response of soils and structures that take into account their inelastic behavior and their strain-dependent properties. Earthquake design codes will continually be revised to better utilize existing knowledge concerning the nature of strong ground motion and the dynamic behavior of buildings during earthquakes and to incorporate new knowledge and also experiences gained from future earthquakes. We believe that application of new knowledge, improvements in earthquake-resistant design and construction, and remedial strengthening or replacement of weak existing structures can significantly reduce our current level of exposure to earthquake hazards.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02508067508685694","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1975, The hydrological cycle: Historical evolution of the concept: Water International, v. 1, no. 1, p. 15-21, https://doi.org/10.1080/02508067508685694.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, R. L.","contributorId":11332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175789,"text":"70175789 - 1975 - Status of projects in Minnesota, fiscal years 1975-76","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:55:55","indexId":"70175789","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-17T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Status of projects in Minnesota, fiscal years 1975-76","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Reeder, H., 1975, Injection-pipe system for artificial recharge: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 501-503.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"503","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e36e4b07e28b664dbce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeder, H.O.","contributorId":108169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeder","given":"H.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232616,"text":"70232616 - 1975 - Early Ordovician gastropod opercula and epicontinental seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T18:43:19.705343","indexId":"70232616","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T13:15:29","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early Ordovician gastropod opercula and epicontinental seas","docAbstract":"Collections made for some years from Lower Ordovician rocks by many geologists have established that the heavy calcareous operculum of the gastropod Ceratopea is almost never found associated with a shell and that commonly this operculum is secondarily silicified. Ceratopea may have lived in a stressed habitat and may have been essentially the only shelled invertebrate present. Presumably these animals grazed on algal mats and mounds growing in areas of water slightly more saline than open marine water and were killed by an influx of hypersaline water. Subsequent decay of soft parts would permit the operculum to rot off and would also lighten the shell so that it could float away. Pene-contemporaneous silicification of calcareous opercula on the Ordovician sea bottom is postulated.
Some Middle Ordovician opercula of the Middle to Late Ordovician genus Maclurites serve to test this speculation. These opercula also occur in geologic settings which may be interpreted in terms of kill of animal, wafting away of shell, and secondary silicification of operculum.
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Happy Valley Creek near Sagwon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T13:55:44.726132","indexId":"70232647","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T08:31:09","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of a fuel oil spill on benthic invertebrates and water quality on the Alaskan arctic slope, Happy Valley Creek near Sagwon, Alaska","docAbstract":"Samples of aquatic organisms and water were collected upstream and downstream from leaks and spills of arctic diesel fuel oil into Happy Valley Creek near Sagwon, Alaska. All groups of benthic invertebrates were reduced in abundance at the downstream boundary of the spill area, whereas invertebrates at an upstream site were unaffected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Nauman, J.W., and Kernodle, D.R., 1975, The effect of a fuel oil spill on benthic invertebrates and water quality on the Alaskan arctic slope, Happy Valley Creek near Sagwon, Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 495-500.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"500","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic, Happy Valley Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.85710716247556,\n 69.14222972503215\n ],\n [\n -148.82037162780762,\n 69.14222972503215\n ],\n [\n -148.82037162780762,\n 69.15180817075904\n ],\n [\n -148.85710716247556,\n 69.15180817075904\n ],\n [\n -148.85710716247556,\n 69.14222972503215\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nauman, Jon W.","contributorId":56232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nauman","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, Donald R.","contributorId":63003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001205,"text":"70001205 - 1975 - Crystal structure of the heptamolybdate(VI)(paramolybdate) ion, [Mo7O24]6–, in the ammonium and potassium tetrahydrate salts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-11T15:12:24.456569","indexId":"70001205","displayToPublicDate":"1975-06-01T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2537,"text":"Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Crystal structure of the heptamolybdate(VI)(paramolybdate) ion, [Mo7O24]6–, in the ammonium and potassium tetrahydrate salts","title":"Crystal structure of the heptamolybdate(VI)(paramolybdate) ion, [Mo7O24]6–, in the ammonium and potassium tetrahydrate salts","docAbstract":"The crystal structures of the isomorphous salts MI6[Mo7O24],4H2O (M = NH4 or K) have been refined by three-dimensional X-ray diffraction methods. Unit cell dimensions of these monoclinic compounds, space group P21/C with Z= 4, are, ammonium salt: a= 8·3934 ± 0·0008, b= 36·1703 ± 0·0045, c= 10·4715 ± 0·0011 Å, β= 115·958°± 0·008°; and potassium salt: a= 8·15 ± 0·02, b= 35·68 ± 0·1, c= 10·30 ± 0·02 Å, β= 115·2°± 02°.
By use of multiple Weissenberg patterns, 8197 intensity data (Mo-Kα radiation) for the ammonium compound and 2178 (Cu-Kα radiation) for the potassium compound were estimated visually and used to test and refine Lindqvist's proposed structure in the space group P21/c. Lindqvist's structure was confirmed and the full matrix least-squares isotropic refinement led to R 0·076 (ammonium) 0·120 (potassium), with direct unambiguous location of the cations and water molecules in the potassium compound.
","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/DT9750000505","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., Gatehouse, B.M., and Leverett, P., 1975, Crystal structure of the heptamolybdate(VI)(paramolybdate) ion, [Mo7O24]6–, in the ammonium and potassium tetrahydrate salts: Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 6, p. 505-514, https://doi.org/10.1039/DT9750000505.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203532,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ed37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, Howard T. Jr.","contributorId":70852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Howard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gatehouse, B. M.","contributorId":95599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gatehouse","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leverett, P.","contributorId":21671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leverett","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70227168,"text":"70227168 - 1975 - Application of ERTS images and image processing to regional geologic problems and geologic mapping in northern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T18:00:39.939625","indexId":"70227168","displayToPublicDate":"1975-05-15T11:30:55","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":222,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"32-1597","title":"Application of ERTS images and image processing to regional geologic problems and geologic mapping in northern Arizona","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study was to apply the techniques of computer image processing to ERTS images as an aid to the solution of some regional geologic problems of significant interest.
ERTS-1 images were applied to studies in the Shivwits Plateau, Coconino Plateau, and north-central Arizona regions. Unprocessed ERTS images revealed a wealth of new structural information and enabled a broad regional study to be made of the tectonic history of the southwestern Colorado Plateau.
Spectral information from ERTS-1 was shown to be compatible with ground spectral reflectance measurements made with a portable field instrument developed during this investigation, provided that allowance was made for atmospheric effects.
Computer image processing yielded lithologic boundary information within the Coconino Plateau region not obtainable from unprocessed images. Various enhancement techniques were compared in the three areas of study, and some simple rules were developed to guide the processing of images in unknown areas.
A new hypothesis was developed for the history of the Colorado River. An ancestral and relatively old Upper Colorado Drainage followed approximately its present course as far as the western side of the Kaibab Uplift, where it diverged from the present course by following a strike valley trending north-northwest. This drainage was captured relatively recently by a much younger Lower Colorado Drainage, which developed by headward erosion after the opening of the Gulf of California.
A byproduct of the regional studies in each of the three areas was the identification of areas favorable for the localization of shallow and deep ground waters. On the Shivwits Plateau water trapped in the axis of the old strike valley underlying the Shivwits lavas is a potential source. On the Coconino Plateau sandstone lenses, underlain by clays, within the otherwise permeable Kaibab Limestone are potential perched aquifers. These can be identified on computer-enhanced images. Lineaments detected first on ERTS-1 frames and later verified on aerial photographs were used south of Flagstaff, Arizona, to identify maximum fracturing along the Oak Creek fault in the Woody Mountain well field; a site for a new deep well has been selected and is being drilled by the city of Flagstaff.
","language":"English","publisher":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Goetz, A.F., Billingsley, F.C., Gillespie, A.R., Abrams, M.J., Squires, R.L., Shoemaker, E.M., Lucchitta, I., and Elston, D.P., 1975, Application of ERTS images and image processing to regional geologic problems and geologic mapping in northern Arizona: Technical Report 32-1597, xiv, 188 p.","productDescription":"xiv, 188 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393729,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19750019447/downloads/19750019447.pdf","size":"123 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Bright Angel fault system, Coconino Plateau, Mesa Butte fault system, Shivwits Plateau, Verde Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 35.33977430038646\n ],\n [\n -111.258544921875,\n 35.33977430038646\n ],\n [\n -111.258544921875,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 35.33977430038646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.39837646484375,\n 33.47039910425851\n ],\n [\n -110.59661865234375,\n 33.47039910425851\n ],\n [\n -110.59661865234375,\n 34.84536693184101\n ],\n [\n -112.39837646484375,\n 34.84536693184101\n ],\n [\n -112.39837646484375,\n 33.47039910425851\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goetz, Alexander F.H.","contributorId":43747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Alexander","middleInitial":"F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Billingsley, Frederic C.","contributorId":149240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Billingsley","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gillespie, A. R","contributorId":118218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abrams, M. J.","contributorId":29859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Squires, R. 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P.","contributorId":96334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elston","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70232589,"text":"70232589 - 1975 - The influence of late Cenozoic stratigraphy on distribution of impoundment-related seismicity at Lake Mead, Nevada-Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T17:04:40.345225","indexId":"70232589","displayToPublicDate":"1975-05-01T11:35:38","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of late Cenozoic stratigraphy on distribution of impoundment-related seismicity at Lake Mead, Nevada-Arizona","docAbstract":"At Lake Mead, contrasts in permeability of upper Cenozoic sediments show a better correlation with irregularly distributed impoundment-related seismicity than do contrasts in structure. An evaluation of structures developed during the late Cenozoic fails to explain the erratic distribution of seismicity. An evaluation of the late Cenozoic stratigraphy, however, shows a concentration of relatively impermeable evaporite beds and fine-grained clastic strata in the less seismic part of the lake basin; therefore, the authors conclude that a hydraulic connection between the lake water and the deep aquifer system that includes buried faults is needed in the Lake Mead area to cause the release of seismic energy. Where hydraulic connection is prevented by continuous or quasi-continuous upper Cenozoic basin-fill strata of low permeability, as in the eastern basin area, seismicity does not occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R.E., and Laney, R., 1975, The influence of late Cenozoic stratigraphy on distribution of impoundment-related seismicity at Lake Mead, Nevada-Arizona: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 3, p. 337-343.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"343","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403182,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue3/report.pdf","size":"22359 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mead","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.82292175292969,\n 36.05520550221327\n ],\n [\n 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Ernest","contributorId":104484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ernest","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laney, R. L.","contributorId":83889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laney","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232541,"text":"70232541 - 1975 - Applications of remote sensing to structural interpretations in the southern Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-06T16:42:01.466852","indexId":"70232541","displayToPublicDate":"1975-05-01T11:01:46","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of remote sensing to structural interpretations in the southern Appalachians","docAbstract":"Remote sensing is the technology of studying distant objects by measuring and recording energy from one or more segments of the electromagnetic spectrum. Imaging sensors which operate from medium- and high-altitude aircraft or from spacecraft can provide a synoptic view of large areas and of surface phenomena not evident in the field. Image-acquiring systems and instruments have been designed to partially automate data collection and to reduce the time devoted to analysis, information extraction, and detection of changes of surface phenomena. Among these phenomena are the surface distribution of heat, moisture, snow, water, vegetation, and cultural features. When coupled with ancillary data, including field surveys, sensor data provide useful information for the recognition and mapping of regional structure, jointing patterns, drainage patterns, fault and fracture traces, and rock types. The recognition of several major linear surface features, two of which proved to be traces of previously unrecognized faults (the Canebrake and the Coeburn faults) in the Appalachian Plateaus, demonstrates the pragmatic application of aircraft and spacecraft remote sensing to geological investigations in the Appalachians.
The study of ice in the upper Great Lakes, both from the operational and the scientific points of view, is receiving continued attention. Quantitative and qualitative field work is being conducted to provide the needed background for accurate interpretation of remotely sensed data. The data under discussion in this paper were obtained by a side-looking multiplexed airborne radar (SLAR) supplemented with ground-truth data.
Because of its ability to penetrate adverse weather, radar is an especially important instrument for monitoring ice in the upper Great Lakes. It has previously been shown that imaging radars can provide maps of ice cover in these areas. However, questions concerning both the nature of the surfaces reflecting radar energy and the interpretation of the radar imagery continually arise.
Our analysis of ice in Whitefish Bay (Lake Superior) indicates that the combination of the ice/water interlace and the ice/air interface is the major contributor to the radar backscatter as seen on the imagery At these frequencies the ice has a very low relative dielectric permittivity (< 3.0) and a low loss tangent Thus, this ice is somewhat transparent to the energy used by the imaging SLAR system. The ice types studied include newly formed black ice, pancake ice, and frozen and consolidated pack and brash ice.
Although ice thickness cannot be measured directly from the received signals, it is suspected that by combining the information pertaining to radar backscatter with data on the meteorological and sea-state history of the area, together with some basic ground truth, better estimates of the ice thickness may be provided. In addition, certain ice features (e.g. ridges, ice-foot formation, areas of brash ice) may be identified with reasonable confidence. There is a continued need for additional ground work to verify the validity of imaging radars for these types of interpretations.
Suspended matter collected in the Middle Atlantic Bight (the coastal segment of the United States between Cape Cod and Cape Hatteras) in September 1969 was predominantly organic: an average of 80% combustible organic matter in surface waters and 40)% near bottom. Total suspended concentrations decreased between the inner shelf and the shelf break by an order of magnitude in both near-surface and near-bottom waters. The noncombustible (ash) fraction of the suspended matter decreased over the same distance by one order of magnitude in the near-bottom waters and two orders of magnitude in surface waters. Recently contributed river sediment is not a significant constituent of the suspended matter in the waters of the shelf, particularly the outer shelf. Most of the inorganic material in suspension represents resuspended bottom sediments (at least some of which are relict) whose suspended concentrations are increased noticeably by storms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","doi":"10.1306/212F6CFD-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Meade, R.H., Sachs, P.L., Manheim, F.T., Hathaway, J., and Spencer, D., 1975, Sources of suspended matter in waters of the Middle Atlantic Bight: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 78, no. 4, p. 171-188, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F6CFD-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"188","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370515,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mid-Atlantic Bight","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -71.91650390625,\n 41.27780646738183\n ],\n [\n -73.54248046875,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -74.86083984375,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -75.89355468749999,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -75.60791015625,\n 35.62158189955968\n ],\n [\n -76.2451171875,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -75.34423828125,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -72.88330078125,\n 33.925129700072\n ],\n [\n -69.67529296875,\n 38.87392853923629\n ],\n [\n -68.88427734374999,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 41.60722821271717\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, Robert H. 0000-0002-4965-3040 rhmeade@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3040","contributorId":2744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"Robert","email":"rhmeade@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sachs, Peter L.","contributorId":221422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sachs","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hathaway, J.C.","contributorId":94280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spencer, Derek","contributorId":221423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spencer","given":"Derek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70232437,"text":"70232437 - 1975 - Geologic setting and chemical characteristics of hot springs in west-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T14:26:40.599507","indexId":"70232437","displayToPublicDate":"1975-03-01T09:17:06","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting and chemical characteristics of hot springs in west-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Numerous hot springs occur in a variety of geologic provinces in west-central Alaska. Granitic plutons are common to all the provinces, and the hot springs are spatially associated with the contacts of these plutons. Of 23 hot springs whose bedrock geology is known, all are within 4.8 km (3 mi) of a granitic pluton. The occurrence of hot springs, however, appears to be independent of the age, composition, or magmatic history of the pluton. Most of the analyzed hot springs appear to have chemical and isotopic compositions indicating that they were derived from deeply circulating meteoric water. About 25 percent of the analyzed hot springs show a distinct saline character with high concentrations of chloride, sodium, potassium, and calcium indicating either much more complex water-rock reactions than in the other hot springs or the addition of another type of water. Chemical geothermometers suggest subsurface temperatures in the general range of 70° to 160°C. If the hot spring waters have derived their heat solely from deep circulation, they must have reached depths of 2 to 5 km (6,000-15,000 ft), assuming geothermal gradients of 30° to 50°C/km. If a shallow igneous heat source exists in the area or if dilution or mixing has occurred, these depths may be shallower. The geologic and chemical data, although preliminary, suggest that most of the hot springs of west-central Alaska have relatively low subsurface temperatures and limited reservoir capacities in comparison with geothermal areas presently being utilized for electrical power generation. :The springs may, however, have some potential for limited power generation locally, if and when heat-exchange technology becomes available, as well as for space heating and agricultural uses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Miller, T., Barnes, I., and Patton, W.W., 1975, Geologic setting and chemical characteristics of hot springs in west-central Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 2, p. 149-162.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"162","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402826,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue2/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 64.39693778132846\n ],\n [\n -149.94140625,\n 65.94647177615738\n ],\n [\n -152.75390624999997,\n 68.26938680456564\n ],\n [\n -167.34375,\n 66.16051056018838\n ],\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 64.39693778132846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Thomas tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":146825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":845539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Ivan","contributorId":56619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patton, William Wallace Jr.","contributorId":72346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wallace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185637,"text":"70185637 - 1975 - Monitoring regional effects of high pressure injection of wastewater in a limestone aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-24T18:10:44","indexId":"70185637","displayToPublicDate":"1975-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring regional effects of high pressure injection of wastewater in a limestone aquifer","docAbstract":"More than 10 billion gallons (38 × 106 m3) of acid industrial liquid waste has been injected in about 11 years under high pressure into a saline-water-filled part of a limestone aquifer of low transmissivity between 1,400 and 1,700 feet (430 and 520 m) below land surface near Pensacola, Florida. A similar waste disposal system is planned for the same zone at a site about 8.5 miles (13.7 km) to the east. The injection zone is the lower limestone of the Floridan aquifer. The lower limestone is overlain by a confining layer of plastic clay about 220 feet (67 m) thick at the active injection site and underlain by another confining layer of shale and clay. The upper confining layer is overlain by the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer.
The active injection system consists of two injection wells about a quarter of a mile (0.4 km) apart and three monitor wells. Two of the monitor wells (deep monitors) are used to observe hydraulic and geochemical effects of waste injection in the injection zone at locations about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south and 1.9 miles (3.1 km) north of the center of the injection site. The third well (shallow monitor), used to observe any effects in the upper limestone, is about 100 feet (30 m) from one of the injection wells. Since 1972 the injection zone has also been monitored at a test well at the planned new injection site. Three more monitor wells in the injection zone were activated in early 1974 at sites 17 miles (27 km) northeast, 22 miles (35 km) east and 33 miles (53 km) northeast of the injection site. The six deep monitors provide a system for evaluating the regional effects of injecting wastes. No change in pressure or water quality due to injection was, by mid-1974, evident in the upper limestone at the injection site, but static pressures in the lower limestone at the site had increased 8 fold since injection began in 1963. Chemical analyses indicated probable arrival of the diluted waste at the south monitor well in 1973. By mid-1974 waste evidently had not reached the north monitor well.
Calculations indicate that by mid-1974 pressure effects from waste injection extended radially more than 40 miles (64 km) from the injection site. By mid-1974 pressure effects of injection were evident from water-level measurements made at the five deep monitor wells nearest the active injection site. No effects were recognized at the well 33 miles (53 km) away. Less than 20 miles (32 km) northeast of the active injection site, the lower limestone contains fresh water. Changes in the pressure regime due to injection indicate a tendency for northeastward movement of the fresh-water/salt-water interface in the lower limestone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03077.x","usgsCitation":"Faulkner, G.L., and Pascale, C.A., 1975, Monitoring regional effects of high pressure injection of wastewater in a limestone aquifer: Groundwater, v. 13, no. 2, p. 197-208, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03077.x.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"197","endPage":"208","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63043e4b05ec799131135","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faulkner, Glen L.","contributorId":58302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascale, Charles A.","contributorId":99978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascale","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162248,"text":"70162248 - 1975 - Detection and transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-19T14:52:07","indexId":"70162248","displayToPublicDate":"1975-02-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection and transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout","docAbstract":"Detection and transmission of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied at a commercial trout hatchery. Transmission of virus was demonstrated via water, feed and contaminated eggs. If eggs from carrier females were incubated several weeks in virus-free water, the resulting fry did not become infected. However, if fry subsequently became infected they were lifetime carriers. Infectious virus was readily detectable in most tissues of moribund fish; in carriers it was detected in sex products of spawning fish, and in samples from the intestine of post-spawning fish, but not in samples from blood, feces, kidney, or liver. The carrier rate was not significantly different between sexes. It was concluded that adult carriers are the reservoir of infection and that transmission occurs primarily when carriers shed virus and expose susceptible fish or eggs.
","language":"English","publisher":"BIoOne","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.471","usgsCitation":"Amend, D.F., 1975, Detection and transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 11, no. 4, p. 471-478, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.471.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"478","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569f6c42e4b0961cf27fd196","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amend, Donald F.","contributorId":106543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amend","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156563,"text":"70156563 - 1975 - The distribution of seepage within lakebeds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-01T14:55:26.578013","indexId":"70156563","displayToPublicDate":"1975-02-03T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution of seepage within lakebeds","docAbstract":"The mutual exchange of water between lakes and contiguous permeable ground-water bodies, which are thin relative to the diameter of the lakes, was modeled digitally. A significant rate of seepage was found to extend only a relatively short distance from shore, thus forming a narrow band around the lake's perimeter. This near-shore concentration of seepage is an effect only of the geometry of the ground-water flow system, which is governed by the geometry of the body of permeable material, the spatial distribution of permeability within it, and the form of the water table. Near-shore seepage occurs independently of the presence of fine-grained, lowpermeability sedimentary bottom materials in the central part of the lake. Digital modeling indicates that the velocity of seepage generally decreases at an exponential rate as a function of distance from shore. Field measurements of seepage rates through the bottom of Lake Sallie, west-central Minnesota, confirm the model results by demonstrating that both the near-shore seepage band and the exponential decrease in seepage velocity actually exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"McBride, M., and Pfannkuch, H., 1975, The distribution of seepage within lakebeds: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 5, p. 505-512.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"512","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307313,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Sallie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -455.9039497375488,\n 46.78431077995156\n ],\n [\n -455.89433670043945,\n 46.786779159121984\n ],\n [\n -455.88815689086914,\n 46.78736685176575\n ],\n [\n -455.8818054199218,\n 46.78454586855852\n ],\n [\n -455.87682723999023,\n 46.77455369740659\n ],\n [\n -455.8799171447754,\n 46.765853120825106\n ],\n [\n -455.88558197021484,\n 46.76032634911647\n ],\n [\n -455.89485168457026,\n 46.75703353476754\n ],\n [\n -455.9039497375488,\n 46.755269444304595\n ],\n [\n -455.91270446777344,\n 46.759620762981854\n ],\n [\n -455.9173393249511,\n 46.76538277934874\n ],\n [\n -455.91527938842773,\n 46.77161447063216\n ],\n [\n -455.9125328063965,\n 46.77431856516784\n ],\n [\n -455.9084129333496,\n 46.774436131415555\n ],\n [\n -455.9063529968262,\n 46.778198115825795\n ],\n [\n -455.9039497375488,\n 46.78431077995156\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4032e4b0518e354d112c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McBride, M.S.","contributorId":21928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pfannkuch, H.O.","contributorId":79228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfannkuch","given":"H.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}