North American populations of most goose species have remained stable or have increased in recent decades (USFWS and Canadian Wildlife Service 1986). Some populations, however, have declined or historically have had small numbers of individuals, and thus are of special concern. Individual populations of geese should be maintained to ensure that they provide aesthetic, recreational, and ecological benefits to the nation. Monitoring and management efforts for geese should focus on individual populations to ensure that genetic diversity is maintain (Anderson et al. 1992).
Alaska is the only state with viable breeding populations of arctic geese. Five species (11 subspecies) nest in Alaska, and although these species also breed in arctic regions of Canada or Russia, most geese of the Pacific Flyway originate in Alaska or use Alaskan habitats during migration. Alaskan geese are often hunted for subsistence by Alaskan natives.
While data for some areas are lacking, populations of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) and medium-sized Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in interior and northern Alaska appear stable or have increased (King and Derksen 1986). Although only a small number of lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) nest in Alaska, substantial populations occur in Canada and Russia. Populations of Pacific black brant (B. bernicla nigricans), emperor geese (C. canagica), greater white-fronted geese, and cackling Canada geese (B.c. minima) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) of western Alaska have declined from their historical numbers and are the focus of special management efforts (USFWS 1989). In addition, populations of tule white-fronted geese (A.a. gambeli), Aleutian Canada geese (B.c. leucopareia), Vancouver Canada Geese (B.c. fulva), and dusky Canada geese (B.c. occidentalis) are of special concern because of their limited geographic distributions and small numbers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hupp, J.W., Stehn, R.A., Ely, C.R., and Derksen, D.V., 1995, Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 30-34.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301195,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339870,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557c02bde4b023124e8edeff","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691755,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691756,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691757,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691758,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691759,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehn, Robert A.","contributorId":83986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006399,"text":"70006399 - 1995 - Northern Pintail (Anas acuta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T10:07:10","indexId":"70006399","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T10:04:28","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Northern Pintail (Anas acuta)","docAbstract":"The Northern Pintail is a medium-sized dabbling duck of slender, elegant lines and conservative plumage coloration. It is circumpolar in distribution and abundant in North America, with core nesting habitat in Alaska and the Prairie Pothole Region of southern Canada and the northern Great Plains. Breeders favor shallow wetlands interspersed throughout prairie grasslands or arctic tundra. An early fall migrant, the species arrives on wintering areas beginning in August, after wing molt, often forming large roosting and feeding flocks on open, shallow wetlands and flooded agricultural fields. The birds consume grains, marsh plant seeds, and aquatic invertebrates throughout the fall and winter.
\nNorthern Pintails are among the earliest nesting ducks in North America, beginning shortly after ice-out in many northern areas. Individuals form new pair bonds each winter but are highly promiscuous during the nesting season, with mated and unmated males often involved in vigorous, acrobatic Pursuit Flights. Annual nest success and productivity vary with water conditions, predation, and weather. Females build nests on the ground, often long distances from water. Only the female incubates; her mate leaves shortly after incubation begins. Ducklings hatch together in one day, follow the female to water after a day in the nest, and fledge by July or August. Adults and ducklings consume mainly aquatic invertebrates during the breeding season.
\nPredators and farming operations destroy many thousands of Northern Pintail nests annually; farming has also greatly reduced the amount of quality nesting cover available. Winter habitats are threatened by water shortages, agricultural development, contamination, and urbanization. Periods of extended drought in prairie nesting regions have caused dramatic population declines, usually followed by periods of recovery. Over the long term, however, the continental population of Northern Pintails has declined significantly from 6 million birds in the early 1970s to less than 3 million in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, new conservation measures, such as habitat restoration and enhancement of agricultural lands, as well as prudent harvest restrictions, suggest that Northern Pintails should have a secure future in North America.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Birds of North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Academy of Natural Sciences; American Ornithologists' Union","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA; Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Austin, J.E., and Miller, M.R., 1995, Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), chap. of The Birds of North America.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3d86ae4b07c5f79a7f34a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Poole, A.","contributorId":113515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508321,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, F.","contributorId":114156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508322,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Austin, J. E.","contributorId":5999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85718,"text":"85718 - 1995 - Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":85718,"text":"85718 - 1995 - Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean","indexId":"85718","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T14:40:49","indexId":"85718","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"About 250 years ago sea otters (Enhydra lutris) were distributed continuously from central Baja California, north and west along the Pacific Rim to Machatka Peninsula in Russia, and south along the Kuril Island to northern Japan (Kenyon 1969; Fig. 1a). Several hundred thousand sea otters may have occurred in the north Pacific region when commercial hunting began in the 18th century (Riedman and Estes 1990).
At least two attributes of the sea otter have influenced humans, likely for as long as they have resided together along the coast of the north Pacific Ocean. First, sea otters rely on a dense fur, among the finest in the world, for insulation in the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean. The demand for sea otter fur led to their near extinction in the 19th century. The fur harvest, begun about 1740 and halted by international treaty in 1911, left surviving colonies, each likely numbering less than a few hundred animals, in California, south-central Alaska, and the Aleutian, Medney, and Kuril Islands (Fig. 1a). These individuals provided the nucleus for the recovery of the species. Today more than 100,000 sea otters occur throughout about 75% of their original range (fig. 1b). Immigration has resulted in near-complete occupation of the Aleutian and Kuril archipelagos and the Alaska peninsula. Successful translocations have resulted in viable populations in southeast Alaska, Washington, and British Columbia. Large amounts of unoccupied habitat remain along the coasts of Russia, Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
The second potential source of conflict between sea otters and humans is that sea otters prey on and often limit some benthic invertebrate populations. Because some of these invertebrates are aso used by humans (Estes and VanBlaricom 1985), human perceptions about the effects of sea otter foraging on invertebrates sometimes differ. By limiting populations of herbivorous invertebrates (e.g., sea urchins [Echinoidea]) otters help maintain the integrity of kelp forest communities. At the same time, sea otter predation on other marine invertebrates can lead to direct competition with humans for resources. These interactions add complex dimensions to the conservation and management of sea otters, in large part because of wide-ranging social, ecological, and economic consequences of sea otter foraging.
Long-term data on abundance and distribution are available for relatively few sea otter populations. Here we summarize such data from three populations: Being Island, Russia; Prince William Sound, Alaska; and Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The Bering Island population resulted from natural emigration and represents complete recovery. Prince William Sounds represents near recovery of a remnant population, whereas the Washington population was established via translocations from Alaska and is just beginning to recover. We will compare growth rates and current status among these populations. Because of its unique status and growth characteristics, the California sea otter is not treated in this article.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Jameson, R.J., and Estes, J.A., 1995, Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 353-356.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"356","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339774,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Ocean","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0b9d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504693,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":504696,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":504694,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504695,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504692,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jameson, Ronald J.","contributorId":17938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2002017,"text":"2002017 - 1995 - ENSO events in the northern Gulf of Alaska, and effects on selected marine fisheries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:37:26","indexId":"2002017","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"36:78-96","title":"ENSO events in the northern Gulf of Alaska, and effects on selected marine fisheries","docAbstract":"The 1991-93 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event first appeared in the northern Gulf of Alaska in autumn 1991 with warm sea-surface temperatures. In winter 1992, there were pulses of increased sea level and anomalous circulation. El Nino conditions persisted at least through summer 1993. The effects of this ENSO event on major groundfish species and Pacific herring in the northern Gulf of Alaska were examined and compared with the effects of previous ENSO events. There is little evidence that the 1991-93 or 1982-83 ENSO events affected landings of walleye pollock, Pacific cod, Pacific halibut, or arrowtooth flounder. Some changes in distribution of groundfish species were observed in 1993, but the effect was similar to changes observed in non-ENSO warm years. In general, warm ocean conditions have a positive effect on recruitment of northern stocks, but ENSO events appear to have an inconsistent effect on year-class strength within species and among different species. For example, strong year classes of halibut and arrowtooth flounder sometimes, but not always, coincide with ENSO events; ENSO events are associated with moderate to weak year classes of cod and pollock. However, post-ENSO warm years often are associated with strong recruitment of many groundfish species. Major changes have occurred in the Gulf of Alaska ecosystem since 1977. The influence of the 1976 ENSO event in precipitating these changes and the role of the frequency or strength of subsequent El Nino events is presently unknown. Herring and other stocks of small pelagic fishes may be more affected by ENSO events. In particular, decreased catches, recruitment, and weight-at-age of herring are sometimes associated with ENSO events. Furthermore, a variety of seabirds which feed mostly on pelagic forage fishes or the pelagic juvenile stages of groundfish suffered widespread mortalities and breeding failures in the Gulf of Alaska during the ENSO years of 1983 and 1993. These effects on seabirds were also observed over a wider geographic range, from California to the western Bering Sea.","language":"English","publisher":"California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) ","issn":"0575-3317","usgsCitation":"Bailey, K., Macklin, S., Reed, R., Brodeur, R., Ingraham, W., Piatt, J.F., Shima, M., Francis, R., Anderson, P., Royer, T., Hollowed, A., Somerton, D., and Wooster, W., 1995, ENSO events in the northern Gulf of Alaska, and effects on selected marine fisheries, 78-96.","productDescription":"78-96","startPage":"78","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c302","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, K.M.","contributorId":80781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macklin, S.A.","contributorId":31493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macklin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, R.K.","contributorId":27582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brodeur, R.D.","contributorId":18873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brodeur","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingraham, W.J.","contributorId":13339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingraham","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shima, M.","contributorId":57564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shima","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Francis, R.C.","contributorId":62709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francis","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Anderson, P.J.","contributorId":83058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Royer, T.C.","contributorId":107817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royer","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hollowed, A.","contributorId":99663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollowed","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Somerton, D.A.","contributorId":20859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Somerton","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wooster, W.S.","contributorId":80379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooster","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":1012966,"text":"1012966 - 1995 - Estimating populations of nesting brant using aerial videography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:03","indexId":"1012966","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating populations of nesting brant using aerial videography","docAbstract":"We mounted a video camcorder in a single-engine aircraft to estimate \r\n nesting density along 10-m wide strip transects in black brant \r\n colonies on the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska during \r\n 1990-1992. A global positioning system (GPS) receiver was connected \r\n to the video recorder and a laptop computer to locate transects and \r\n annotate video tape with time and latitude-longitude at 1-second \r\n intervals. About 4-5 hours of flight time were required to record \r\n 30-40 minutes of video tape needed to survey large (>5,000 nests in > \r\n 10 km2)colonies. We conducted ground searches along transects to \r\n locate and identify nests for determining detection rates of nests in \r\n video images. Counts of nests from video transects were correlated \r\n with actual numbers of nests. Resolution of images was sufficient to \r\n detect 81% of known nests (with and without incubating females). Of \r\n these, 68% were correctly identified as brant nests. The most common \r\n misidentification of known nests was failure of viewers to see the \r\n nest that the detected bird was incubating. Unattended nests with \r\n exposed eggs, down-covered nests, and nesting brant, cackling Canada \r\n geese, and emperor geese were identified in video images. Flushing of \r\n incubating geese by survey aircraft was not significant. About 10% of \r\n known nests were unoccupied in video images compared to 16% unoccupied \r\n nests observed from tower blinds during periods without aircraft \r\n disturbance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Anthony, R.M., Anderson, W., Sedinger, J., and McDonald, L., 1995, Estimating populations of nesting brant using aerial videography: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 23, no. 1, p. 80-87.","productDescription":"pp. 80-87","startPage":"80","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":54535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, W.H.","contributorId":93420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sedinger, J.S.","contributorId":75471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedinger","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDonald, L.L.","contributorId":19906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019244,"text":"70019244 - 1995 - Block rotation in east-central Alaska: A framework for evaluating earthquake potential?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:31:29.349206","indexId":"70019244","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Block rotation in east-central Alaska: A framework for evaluating earthquake potential?","docAbstract":"Geologic and seismic data reveal a set of parallel, active, strike-slip faults in east-central Alaska between the Denali and Tintina fault systems. The faults strike northeast to north-northeast, at a high angle to the bounding dextral fault systems, and exhibit sinistral slip. We hypothesize that this set of faults divides the crust into long blocks that are rotating clockwise in response to northerly compression resulting from Pacific–North American plate convergence. We suggest that these faults have produced most of the large historical earthquakes in east-central Alaska between the Alaska Range and the Yukon River.
An integrated set of seismic reflection and refraction data collected across the Brooks Range, Arctic Alaska, in 1990, has yielded a composite image of this Mesozoic and Cenozoic fold-and-thrust belt that reveals duplexing to lower-crustal depths. Interpretations from this image are as follows. (1) Many terranes and subterranes that were amalgamated in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous extend no deeper than the upper crust (3–10 km). (2) In contrast, crustal duplexing, extending to nearly 30 km depth above a south-dipping basal decollement, has produced latest Cretaceous to Cenozoic antiforms, including the Doonerak antiform in the central Brooks Range and anticlinoria near the northern range front. (3) The duplexing occurs in basement rocks of the North Slope subterrane, which core the antiforms. (4) North-dipping structures in the middle crust of the Yukon-Koyukuk basin and southern Brooks Range may postdate Mesozoic terrane amalgamation and predate or coincide with the duplexing. (5) The thickest crust, 50 km, occurs beneath the north-central Brooks Range, north of the root zone of the basal decollement. The position of the thickest crust may indicate that either the duplexed crust above the decollement was thrust onto and depressed the plate beneath the North Slope or the protracted tectonic history of the Brooks Range has left structures not simply explainable in terms of a single collisional event.
The effects of vegetation management on Mazama pocket gopher activity and damage to ponderosa pine seedlings were studied using atrazine herbicide to alter the habitat. Atrazine treatments were applied to a large treatment unit and observed effects were compared to an untreated control unit. The greatly reduced forb and grass cover on the treated unit was associated with a corresponding decrease in pocket gopher activity. Times until seedlings first incurred gopher damage and overall survival of two cohorts of seedlings were greatly increased on the treated unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0261-2194(95)00034-J","usgsCitation":"Engeman, R., Barnes, V.G., Anthony, R.M., and Krupa, H.W., 1995, Vegetation management for reducing mortality of ponderosa pine seedlings from Thomomys spp: Crop Protection, v. 14, no. 6, p. 505-508, https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(95)00034-J.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"508","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6025c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engeman, Richard M.","contributorId":39301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engeman","given":"Richard M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":884134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Victor G. Jr.","contributorId":95113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Victor","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35655,"text":"Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Westcliffe, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anthony, Richard M.","contributorId":181903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krupa, Heather W.","contributorId":181901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krupa","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12749,"text":"USDA APHIS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":884135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1012968,"text":"1012968 - 1995 - Black bear damage to lodgepole pine in central Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:25","indexId":"1012968","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2901,"text":"Northwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Black bear damage to lodgepole pine in central Oregon","docAbstract":"Black bear damage to 108 lodgepole pine trees was found in mixed \r\n conifer habitat in central Oregon. No trees of three other conifer \r\n species were injured. Eighty-nine percent of the damage occurred in \r\n the same year. Nearly 20% of the freshly damaged trees had bark \r\n removed from more than 75% of the circumference and, judging from the \r\n fate of trees damaged in prior years, probably succumbed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Barnes, V., and Engeman, R., 1995, Black bear damage to lodgepole pine in central Oregon: Northwestern Naturalist, v. 76, p. 127-129.","productDescription":"pp. 127-129","startPage":"127","endPage":"129","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db60850c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, V.G. Jr.","contributorId":55765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"V.G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engeman, R.M.","contributorId":79428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engeman","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1012894,"text":"1012894 - 1995 - Caribou calf mortality in Denali National Park, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T10:51:12","indexId":"1012894","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Caribou calf mortality in Denali National Park, Alaska","docAbstract":"Calf mortality is a major component of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) population dynamics, but little is known about the timing or causes of calf losses, or of characteristics that predispose calves to mortality. During 1984-87, we radiocollared 226 calves (≤3 days old) in the Denali Caribou Herd (DCH), an unhunted population utilized by a natural complement of predators, to determine the extent, timing, and causes of calf mortality and to evaluate influences of year, sex, birthdate, and birth mass on those losses. Overall, 39% of radio-collared calves died as neonates (≤15 days old), and 98% of those deaths were attributed to predation. Most neonatal deaths (85%) occurred within 8 days of birth. Few deaths occurred after the neonatal period (5, 10, and 0% of calves instrumented died during 16-30, 31-150, and >150 days of age, respectively). Survival of neonates was lower (P = 0.038) in 1985, following a severe winter, than during the other 3 years. In years other than 1985, calves born during the peak of calving (approx 50% of the total, born 5-8 days after calving onset) experienced higher (P < 0.001) neonatal survival than did other calves. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), wolves (Canis lupus), and unknown large predators (i.e., grizzly bears or wolves) accounted for 49, 29, and 16% of the neonatal deaths, respectively. The rate of bear-caused mortalities declined (P < 0.001) with calf age, and bears killed few calves >10 days old. Wolf predation was not related (P > 0.05) to calf age and peaked 10 days after onset of calving. Grizzly bear and wolf predation on neonates during the calving season was a limiting factor for the Denali Caribou Herd.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802467","usgsCitation":"Adams, L., Singer, F.J., and Dale, B.W., 1995, Caribou calf mortality in Denali National Park, Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 3, p. 584-594, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802467.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"594","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, Francis J.","contributorId":67026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dale, Bruce W.","contributorId":6769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1012876,"text":"1012876 - 1995 - Some tests of the \"migration hypothesis\" for anadromous Dolly Varden (southern form)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T12:08:47","indexId":"1012876","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some tests of the \"migration hypothesis\" for anadromous Dolly Varden (southern form)","docAbstract":"Some aspects of a previously described migratory paradigm for the southern form of anadromous Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma were investigated with seven 3‐year mark–recapture experiments on fish that used lakes in eight watersheds as their winter residence. Weirs on Kodiak Island, around Prince William Sound, and near Juneau, Alaska, were used to capture Dolly Varden as they emigrated to the sea each spring. Dolly Varden (≥200 mm fork length) were individually marked during the first year of each experiment (1989 or 1990), and log‐linear models of their capture histories were used to estimate probabilities of capture during the second year (1990 or 1991). Our observations on timing of spring emigration and dispersal of Dolly Varden at sea confirm observations from earlier studies. Our results support the paradigm that Dolly Varden home to the same lacustrine watershed when overwintering in fresh water, as more than 98% of the recaptured fish did so. Our results contradicted the paradigm that Dolly Varden return to lakes each fall, for across study populations, 14–58% failed to return. The most probable explanation for this anomalous behavior is that some Dolly Varden spend the winter at sea. Differences in maturity, size, and growth of Dolly Varden and timing of their entrance into salt water during spring emigration were excluded as causes of this anomalous behavior.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0297:STOTMH>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bernard, D.R., Hepler, K.R., Jones, J.D., Whalen, M.E., and McBride, D.N., 1995, Some tests of the \"migration hypothesis\" for anadromous Dolly Varden (southern form): Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 124, no. 3, p. 297-307, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0297:STOTMH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"307","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e591","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernard, David R.","contributorId":53333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernard","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hepler, Kelley R.","contributorId":23882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hepler","given":"Kelley","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, J. Douglas","contributorId":65037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whalen, Mary E. 0000-0003-2820-5158 mwhalen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2820-5158","contributorId":203717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whalen","given":"Mary","email":"mwhalen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McBride, Douglas N.","contributorId":21109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McBride","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1007935,"text":"1007935 - 1995 - Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-10T21:58:34.604286","indexId":"1007935","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm","docAbstract":"Multiscale patterns of spatial and temporal variation in density and population structure were used to evaluate the generality of a three—trophic—level cascade among sea otters (Enhydra lutris), invertebrate herbivores, and macroalgae in Alaska. The paradigm holds that where sea otters occur herbivores are rare and plants are abundant, whereas when sea otters are absent herbivores are relatively common and plants are rare. Spatial patterns were based on 20 randomly placed quadrats at 153 randomly selected sites distributed among five locations with and four locations without sea otters. Both sea urchin and kelp abundance differed significantly among locations with vs. without sea otters in the Aleutian Islands and southeast Alaska. There was little (Aleutian Islands) or no (southeast Alaska) overlap between sites with and without sea otters, in plots of kelp density against urchin biomass. Despite intersite variation in the abundance of kelps and herbivores, these analyses demonstrate that sea otter predation has a predictable and broadly generalizable influence on the structure of Alaskan kelp forests. The percent cover of algal turf and suspension feeder assemblages also differed significantly (although less dramatically) between locations with and without sea otters. Temporal variation in community structure was assessed over periods of from 3 to 15 yr at sites in the Aleutian Islands and southeast Alaska where sea otters were 1) continuously present, 2) continuously absent, or 3) becoming reestablished because of natural range expansion. Kelp and sea urchin abundance remained largely unchanged at most sites where sea otters were continuously present or absent, the one exception being at Torch Bay (southeast Alaska), where kelp abundance varied significantly through time and urchin abundance varied significantly among sites because of episodic and patchy disturbances. In contrast, kelp and sea urchin abundances changed significantly, and in the expected directions, at sites that were being recolonized by sea otters. Sea urchin biomass declined by 50% in the Aleutian Islands and by nearly 100% in southeast Alaska following the spread of sea otters into previously unoccupied habitats. In response to these different rates and magnitudes of urchin reduction by sea otter predation, increases in kelp abundance were abrupt and highly significant in southeast Alaska but much smaller and slower over similar time periods in the Aleutian Islands. The different kelp colonization rates between southeast Alaska and the Aleutian Islands appear to be caused by large—scale differences in echinoid recruitment coupled with size—selective predation by sea otters for larger urchins. The length of urchin jaws (correlated with test diameter, r2 = 0.968) in sea otter scats indicates that sea urchins <15—20 mm test diameter are rarely eaten by foraging sea otters. Sea urchin populations in the Aleutian Islands included high densities of small individuals (<20 mm test diameter) at all sites and during all years sampled, whereas in southeast Alaska similarly sized urchins were absent from most populations during most years. Small (<30—35 mm test diameter) tetracycline—marked urchins in the Aleutian Islands grew at a maximum rate of °10 mm/yr; thus the population must have significant recruitment annually, or at least every several years. In contrast, echinoid recruitment in southeast Alaska was more episodic, with many years to perhaps decades separating significant events. Our findings help explain regional differences in recovery rates of kelp forests following recolonization by sea otters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2937159","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., and Duggins, D., 1995, Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm: Ecological Monographs, v. 65, p. 75-100, https://doi.org/10.2307/2937159.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131311,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -139.5266472717033,\n 60.402986386324756\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 63.478207794258054\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 50.18368072295371\n ],\n [\n -130.14399121638223,\n 55.21307639603333\n ],\n [\n -139.5266472717033,\n 60.402986386324756\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duggins, D. O.","contributorId":39322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duggins","given":"D. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019194,"text":"70019194 - 1995 - High-pressure amphibolite facies dynamic metamorphism and the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of an ancient continental margin, east- central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T15:44:22","indexId":"70019194","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2389,"text":"Journal of Metamorphic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-pressure amphibolite facies dynamic metamorphism and the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of an ancient continental margin, east- central Alaska","docAbstract":"Ductilely deformed amphibolite facies tectonites comprise two adjacent terranes in east-central Alaska: the northern, structurally higher Taylor Mountain terrane and the southern, structurally lower Lake George subterrane of the Yukon-Tanana terrane. The pressure, temperature, kinematic and age data are interpreted to indicate that the metamorphism of the Taylor Mountain terrane and Lake George subterrane took place during different phases of a latest Palaeozoic through early Mesozoic shortening episode resulting from closure of an ocean basin now represented by klippen of the Seventymile-Slide Mountain terrane. High- to intermediate-pressure metamorphism of the Taylor Mountain terrane took place within a SW-dipping (present-day coordinates) subduction system. High- to intermediate-pressure metamorphism of the Lake George subterrane and the structural contact zone occurred during NW-directed overthrusting of the Taylor Mountain, Seventymile-Slide Mountain and Nisutlin terranes, and imbrication of the continental margin in Jurassic time. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00202.x","issn":"02634929","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Hansen, V.L., and Scala, J., 1995, High-pressure amphibolite facies dynamic metamorphism and the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of an ancient continental margin, east- central Alaska: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 9-24, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00202.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.10546875,\n 61.14323525084058\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 61.14323525084058\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -153.10546875,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -153.10546875,\n 61.14323525084058\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30f5e4b0c8380cd5dad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, V. L.","contributorId":82400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scala, J.A.","contributorId":25308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scala","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001190,"text":"1001190 - 1995 - Morphological differences in Pacific Coast populations of greater white-fronted geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T22:07:58.863708","indexId":"1001190","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphological differences in Pacific Coast populations of greater white-fronted geese","docAbstract":"We examined morphological relationships of three Pacific coast populations of Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons). Adult geese were captured and measured at three breeding areas in Alaska and two wintering areas in California, 1980-1991. A two-step discriminant function analysis examined morphological differences among the three populations. Stepwise discriminant function procedures created the simplest measurement models. Each sex was analyzed separately since multivariate analysis of variance indicated that males were significantly larger than females for all three populations. Tule Greater White-fronted Geese (A. a. gambelli) were significantly larger than Pacific Greater White-fronted Geese (A. a. frontalis), hereafter Pacific Geese. The first step of discriminant function analysis created models to differentiate Tule Geese from the Pacific Geese. Bivariate stepwise discriminant function models consisting of only two measurements correctly classified 92% of males (bill height, bill width) and 96% of females (bill height, culmen) of these subspecies. The second step of discriminant function analysis compared a small population of Pacific Geese from the Bristol Bay Lowlands (BBL) of southwestern Alaska with the large population of Pacific Geese that breed on the Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta (YKD) of westcentral Alaska. We developed models with three (culmen, diagonal tarsus, midtoe) and five (culmen, diagonal tarsus, midtoe, total tarsus, bill height) measurements from stepwise discriminant function analyses to correctly classify 72% of males and 74% of females of these populations. Thus, morphology of Tule Geese differed highly significantly from Pacific Geese, as expected but differences between populations from the BBL and YKD areas were also significant. Morphometric analyses as these provided supporting evidence for clinal variation in populations of Greater White-fronted Geese. They also underscore a need for further studies of differences among North American populations of Greater White-fronted Geese to resolve classification and to allow formulation of subpopulation/subspecies management strategies.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368990","usgsCitation":"Orthmeyer, D., Takekawa, J.Y., Ely, C.R., Wege, M., and Newton, W., 1995, Morphological differences in Pacific Coast populations of greater white-fronted geese: Condor, v. 97, p. 123-132, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368990.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"132","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b475b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orthmeyer, D.L.","contributorId":84684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orthmeyer","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":310690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wege, M.","contributorId":13940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wege","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newton, W.E.","contributorId":13567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70182707,"text":"70182707 - 1995 - Brood amalgamation in the Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis: process and function","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T14:38:16","indexId":"70182707","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood amalgamation in the Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis: process and function","docAbstract":"Alloparental care in birds generally involves nonbreeding adults that help at nests or breeding adults that help raise young in communal nests. A less often reported form involves the amalgamation of broods, where one or more adults care for young that are not their own. We observed this phenomenon among Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis broods in western Alaska during 1990–1992. Amalgamation of broods generally involved the formation of temporary and extended associations. Temporary associations were formed by the incidental convergence of broods soon after they left their nests. During this period, parents defended distinct brood-rearing areas, were antagonistic to conspecifics and remained together for less than 3 days. Extended associations formed when chicks were 1–2 weeks old. Here, parents and their broods occupied distinct, but adjacent, brood-rearing areas and moved around as a unit. Whether a brood participated in either temporary or extended associations or remained solitary appeared to depend on brood density in the immediate area and on hatching date. When chicks were 3–4 weeks old, aggregations of up to ten broods formed wherein young mixed and parents defended a common brood-rearing area. All broods (n = 48) that survived to fledging joined such aggregations. Alloparental care involved only antipredator defence and was not associated with activities such as feeding and brooding. Most female parents abandoned their broods shortly after the young could fly and when aggregations were forming. The female parent of a pair always deserted its young before or on the same day as the male parent and, in every aggregation, one or two males continued to tend young for about 5 days longer than other male parents. In most cases, adults deserted the young 2–6 days before the young departed the area when about 38 days old. Bristle-thighed Curlews also formed temporary associations with American and Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica and Pluvialis fulva, Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus, Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica, Western Sandpiper Cal-idris mauri and Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius longicaudus. Curlews and other larger bodied species commonly attack-mobbed predators together, whereas smaller bodied species generally gave alarm calls and circled the predators. For all species, the intensity of antipredator defence by attending adults gradually decreased as young became older and aggregations formed. We suggest that amalgamation of broods among Bristle-thighed Curlew enhances predator defence, aids in the process of flock formation for migrating young, and allows females and some males to desert their young earlier.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1995.tb03267.x","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., Gill, R., Tibbitts, T.L., and Handel, C.M., 1995, Brood amalgamation in the Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis: process and function: Ibis, v. 137, no. 4, p. 559-569, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1995.tb03267.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"569","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kougarok River drainage","volume":"137","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b2a59de4b01ccd54fca165","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":673379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":673381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184246,"text":"70184246 - 1995 - A device for simultaneously measuring nest attendance and nest temperature in waterfowl ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-03T15:44:28","indexId":"70184246","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A device for simultaneously measuring nest attendance and nest temperature in waterfowl ","docAbstract":"Previous studies of waterfowl have measured nest attendance and nest temperature separately using a variety of methods. A device was developed that monitors nest attendance and temperature simultaneously. The device consists of an artificial egg with a microswitch that records nest attendance and a thermistor probe that records temperature. Data are stored in a single-channel data logger. The device described measures the length of incubation breaks, and nest cooling and warming rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., and MacCluskie, M.C., 1995, A device for simultaneously measuring nest attendance and nest temperature in waterfowl : Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 66, no. 4, p. 515-521.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"521","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ba8ebee4b0bcef64f0b945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacCluskie, Margaret C.","contributorId":50643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacCluskie","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184247,"text":"70184247 - 1995 - Nesting by Golden Eagles on the North Slope of the Brooks Range in Northeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-03T15:57:47","indexId":"70184247","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nesting by Golden Eagles on the North Slope of the Brooks Range in Northeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"Twenty-two Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) nesting territories and 31 occupied eagle nests were documented on the north slope of the Brooks Range in northeastern Alaska, 1988-1990, in an area previously thought to be marginal breeding habitat for eagles. The mean number of young/successful nest was 1.25 in 1988, 1.27 in 1989, and 1.13 in 1990; means did not differ significantly among years. Eighty percent (20/25) of the nestlings for which age was estimated were assumed to have successfully fledged. Nesting success was 79% (11/14) in 1989, the only year nesting success could be determined. Laying dates ranged from 23 March (1990) to 11 May (1989) with mean estimated laying dates differing significantly among years. Annual variation in nesting phenology coincided with annual differences in snow accumulations during spring. These results indicate that Golden Eagles consistently and successfully breed at the northern extent of their range in Alaska, although, productivity may be lower than that for eagles at more southern latitudes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Young, D.D., McIntyre, C.L., Bente, P.J., McCabe, T.R., and Ambrose, R.E., 1995, Nesting by Golden Eagles on the North Slope of the Brooks Range in Northeastern Alaska: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 66, no. 3, p. 373-379.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"373","endPage":"379","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336837,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range, North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 68.5\n ],\n [\n -140,\n 68.5\n ],\n [\n -140,\n 70.5\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 70.5\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 68.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ba8ebee4b0bcef64f0b943","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Donald D. Jr.","contributorId":57219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, Carol L.","contributorId":94642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bente, Peter J.","contributorId":187522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bente","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCabe, Thomas R.","contributorId":91255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ambrose, Robert E.","contributorId":86074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ambrose","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185154,"text":"70185154 - 1995 - Evidence of Emperor Geese breeding in Russia and staging in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T13:27:03","indexId":"70185154","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of Emperor Geese breeding in Russia and staging in Alaska","docAbstract":"Emperor Geese (Chen canagica) breed primarily on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska (Eisenhauer and Kirkpatrick 1977), but a small, poorly quantified proportion of the world's population is known to breed in the Russia Far East (Kistchinski 1976, 1988, Portenko 1981). Eisenhauer and Kirkpatrick (1977) stated that 80 to 90% of all Emperor Geese breed on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, and current estimates for numbers of breeding pairs in this area are 20,000 to 25,000 (R. A. Stehn, National Biological Service, Anchorage, Alaska, unpubl. data). In Russia, Emperor Geese are distributed primarily along the north coast of the Chukotka Peninsula between Kolyuchin Bay and Cape Shmidt, and in the Anadyr Lowlands along the coast of Anadyr Bay (Fig. 1; Kistchinski 1988, Kondratyev 1992, 1993), Kistchinski (1976) noted that up to 80% of these geese are nonbreeding birds. Recent aerial surveys of Emperor Goose habitats along the eastern coast of Russia indicated a minimum of 3,000 to 5,000 geese, although very few were on nests or with young, and only 127 total broods were seen during these surveys (J. I. Hodges, Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), Juneau, Alaska, unpubl. data) It is not known if these two continental distributions of breeding Emperor Geese commingle and use similar areas during migration and for winter. Aerial surveys of the Alaska Peninsula during spring and fall indicate that lagoons on the northern coast are the primary staging areas for this species, and it is presumed that virtually all Emperor Geese use the Alaska Peninsula during migration (Petersen and Gill 1982). Emperor Geese winter throughout the Aleutian and Kommandorsky islands (Byrd et al., 1974). In the late fall, geese arrive in the western and eastern Aleutian Islands before arriving in the central Aleutians, thus suggesting that geese may be coming to this wintering area from both continents (G. V. Byrd pers, comm.). Speculations of previous investigators that Emperor Geese breeding in Russia use the Alaska Peninsula for staging (Eisenhauer and Kirkpatrick 1977, A. Krechmar pers. comm.) have not been confirmed. Here we report observations of two geese banded as juveniles in Russia and observed on the Alaska Peninsula during their first fall migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089035","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., and Kondratyev, A.V., 1995, Evidence of Emperor Geese breeding in Russia and staging in Alaska: The Auk, v. 112, no. 4, p. 1037-1038, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089035.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1037","endPage":"1038","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"112","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52ffe4b0849ce97c8756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kondratyev, Alexander V.","contributorId":60160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kondratyev","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186961,"text":"70186961 - 1995 - California sea otters","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70186961,"text":"70186961 - 1995 - California sea otters","indexId":"70186961","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"California sea otters"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T16:42:29","indexId":"70186961","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"California sea otters","docAbstract":"Information on the size, distribution, and productivity of the California sea otter population is broadly relevant to two federally mandated goals: removing the population’s listing as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and obtaining an “optimal sustainable population” under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Except for the population in central California, sea otters (Enhydra lutris) were hunted to extinction between Prince William Sound, Alaska, and Baja California (Kenyon 1969). Wilson et al. (1991), based on variations in cranial morphology, recently assigned sub-specific status (E. l. nereis) to the California sea otter. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA analysis has revealed genetic differences among populations in California, Alaska, and Asia (NBS, unpublished data).
In 1977, the California sea otter was listed as threatened under the ESA, largely because of its small population size and perceived risks from such factors as human disturbance, competition with fisheries, and pollution. Because of unique threats and growth characteristics, the California population is treated separately from sea otter populations elsewhere in the North Pacific.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., Jameson, R.J., Bodkin, J.L., and Carlson, D., 1995, California sea otters, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 110-112.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"112","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339775,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e39","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691181,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691182,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691183,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691184,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691185,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":691177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jameson, Ronald J.","contributorId":17938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, David","contributorId":12055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184276,"text":"70184276 - 1995 - Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:19:49","indexId":"70184276","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model","docAbstract":"Estimates of the relative effects of demographic parameters on population rates of change, and of the level of natural variation in these parameters, are necessary to address potential effects of perturbations on populations. We used a stochastic model, based on survival and reproduction estimates of the Porcupine Caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) Herd (PCH), during 1983-89 and 1989-92 to obtain distributions of potential population rates of change (r). The distribution of r produced by 1,000 trajectories of our simulation model (1983-89, r̄ = 0.013; 1989-92, r̄ = 0.003) encompassed the rate of increase calculated from an independent series of photo-survey data over the same years (1983-89, r = 0.048; 1989-92, r = -0.035). Changes in adult female survival had the largest effect on r, followed by changes in calf survival. We hypothesized that petroleum development on calving grounds, or changes in calving and post-calving habitats due to global climate change, would affect model input parameters. A decline in annual adult female survival from 0.871 to 0.847, or a decline in annual calf survival from 0.518 to 0.472, would be sufficient to cause a declining population, if all other input estimates remained the same. We then used these lower survival rates, in conjunction with our estimated amount of among-year variation, to determine a range of resulting population trajectories. Stochastic models can be used to better understand dynamics of populations, optimize sampling investment, and evaluate potential effects of various factors on population growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808939","usgsCitation":"Walsh, N.E., Griffith, B., and McCabe, T.R., 1995, Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 2, p. 262-272, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808939.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"272","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Noreen E.","contributorId":107441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walsh","given":"Noreen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffith, Brad 0000-0001-8698-6859","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-6859","contributorId":82571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Thomas R.","contributorId":91255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85734,"text":"85734 - 1995 - Kodiak brown bears","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":85734,"text":"85734 - 1995 - Kodiak brown bears","indexId":"85734","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Kodiak brown bears"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T10:47:50","indexId":"85734","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Kodiak brown bears","docAbstract":"Brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) on the Kodiak Archipelago are famous for their large size and seasonal concentrations at salmon streams. Sport hunting of Kodiak bears has been popular since World War II. Their value as captivating subjects to observe or photograph is a more recent development that is increasing rapidly; visitors from around the world come to experience brown bears on Kodiak, adding substantially to Alaska's economy.
An equally important contribution of brown bears is their value as an indicator of ecosystem vitality. Despite high population numbers, Kodiak bears are vulnerable to the environmental effects that have seriously depleted brown bear populations in Europe and parts of North America (Cowan 1972; Servheen 1990). They are long-lived mammals that require large expanses of land to meet biological needs, and their low reproductive rate limits population recovery. Energy development, depletion of salmon resources, and recreational growth are factors that can adversely affect bears and, in doing so, signal a loss of environmental quality affecting many species.
Management of Kodiak brown bears is directed at maintaining current density, distribution, and habitat-use patterns. This goal is challenged by growing levels of commercial and private use throughout the region. An immediate concern is cabin and lodge development on 121,500 ha (300,000 acres), formerly part of the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, that were deeded to Alaska Natives via the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Much of that Native-conveyed land is coastal or riparian habitat especially important to brown bears during summer and fall. Concurrently, recreational use of the Kodiak refuge is increasing about 10% annually (USFWS 1987). Sport fishing, bear photography, and deer and elk hunting often put bears and humans in direct conflict (Smith et al. 1989).
Timber harvest on Afognak Island, uncertain trends of salmon populations due to natural or human-caused events (e.g., Exxon Valdez oil spill), and hydroelectric development (Smith and Van Daele 1990) could impose additional long-term effects on localized bear populations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Barnes, V.G., Smith, R., Udevitz, M.S., and Bellinger, J., 1995, Kodiak brown bears, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 349-350.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"350","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339936,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4781","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504703,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":504706,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":504704,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504705,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504702,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Victor G. Jr.","contributorId":95113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Victor","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35655,"text":"Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Westcliffe, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":296283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Roger B.","contributorId":191132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Roger B.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":296284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bellinger, J.R.","contributorId":93418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellinger","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184278,"text":"70184278 - 1995 - Effects of harness-attached transmitters on premigration and reproduction of Brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:05:49","indexId":"70184278","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of harness-attached transmitters on premigration and reproduction of Brant","docAbstract":"Radio transmitters are an important tool in waterfowl ecology studies, but little is known about their effects on free-ranging geese. We attached transmitters to female brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) to investigate migration schedules at a fall staging area, return rates to nesting grounds, and nesting rates of returning females in subsequent breeding seasons. Radio-tagged females (n = 62) carried either 35-g back-mounted transmitters attached with ribbon harnesses, or 26- or 32-g back-mounted transmitters affixed with plastic-coated wire harnesses (Dwyer 1972). Arrival and departure schedules at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, did not differ (P > 0.05) between radio-tagged females and the entire population in 1987-89. Color-banded females with transmitters returned to the breeding colony in subsequent nesting seasons (1988-92) at a lower (P ≤ 0.003) rate (≤4%) than color-banded females without transmitters (57-83%). The 1 returning color-banded female with a transmitter did not breed, while an average 90% of the returning color-banded females without transmitters nested in subsequent breeding seasons (P = 0.005). Back-mounted, harness-attached transmitters may bias data in studies of waterfowl behavior, productivity, and survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809113","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., and Flint, P.L., 1995, Effects of harness-attached transmitters on premigration and reproduction of Brant: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 1, p. 39-46, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809113.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185510,"text":"70185510 - 1995 - Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:26:30","indexId":"70185510","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5329,"text":"USFWS Alaska Fisheries Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990","docAbstract":"We began a three year study in 1987 to test the feasibility of using sonar in the Togiak River to estimate salmon escapements. Current methods rely on periodic aerial surveys and a counting tower at river kilometer 97. Escapement estimates are not available until 10 to 14 days after the salmon enter the river. Water depth and turbidity preclude relocating the tower to the lower river and affect the reliability of aerial surveys. To determine whether an alternative method could be developed to improve the timeliness and accuracy of current escapement monitoring, Bendix sonar units were operated during 1987, 1988, and 1990. Two sonar stations were set up opposite each other at river kilometer 30 and were operated 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Catches from gill nets with 12, 14, and 20 cm stretch mesh, a beach seine, and visual observations were used to estimate species composition. Length and sex data were collected from salmon caught in the nets to assess sampling bias.
In 1987, sonar was used to select optimal sites and enumerate coho salmon. In 1988 and 1990, the sites identified in 1987 were used to estimate the escapement of five salmon species. Sockeye salmon escapement was estimated at 512,581 and 589,321, chinook at 7,698 and 15,098, chum at 246,144 and 134,958, coho at 78,588 and 28,290, and pink at 96,167 and 131,484. Sonar estimates of sockeye salmon were two to three times the Alaska Department of Fish and Game's escapement estimate based on aerial surveys and tower counts. The source of error was probably a combination of over-estimating the total number of targets counted by the sonar and by incorrectly estimating species composition.
Total salmon escapement estimates using sonar may be feasible but several more years of development are needed. Because of the overlapped salmon run timing, estimating species composition appears the most difficult aspect of using sonar for management. Possible improvements include using a larger beach seine or selecting gill net mesh sizes evenly spaced between 10 and 20 cm stretch mesh.
Salmon counts at river kilometer 30 would reduce the lag time between salmon river entry and the escapement estimate to 2-5 days. Any further decrease in lag time, however, would require moving the sonar operations downriver into less desirable braided portions of the river.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"King Salmon, AK","usgsCitation":"Irving, D.B., Finn, J.E., and Larson, J.P., 1995, Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990: USFWS Alaska Fisheries Technical Report 31, v, 55 p.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"61","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/alaska/fisheries/fieldoffice/anchorage/field/pdf/reports/Togiak%20River%20Sonar%201987-1990%20TR%2031.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Togiak National Wildlife Refuge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ce4b0236b68f98eee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irving, David B.","contributorId":189720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irving","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, James E.","contributorId":11157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, James P.","contributorId":189721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184277,"text":"70184277 - 1995 - Estimating prefledging survival: Allowing for brood mixing and dependence among brood mates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:12:00","indexId":"70184277","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating prefledging survival: Allowing for brood mixing and dependence among brood mates","docAbstract":"Estimates of juvenile survival from hatch to fledging provide important information on waterfowl productivity. We develop a model for estimating survival of young waterfowl from hatch to fledging. Our model enables interchange of individuals among broods and relaxes the assumption that individuals within broods have independent survival probabilities. The model requires repeated observations of individually identifiable adults and their offspring that are not individually identifiable. A modified Kaplan-Meier procedure (Pollock et al. 1989a,b) and a modified Mayfield procedure (Mayfield 1961, 1975; Johnson 1979) can be used under this general modeling framework, and survival rates and corresponding variances of the point estimators can be determined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802450","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., Pollock, K.H., Thomas, D., and Sedinger, J.S., 1995, Estimating prefledging survival: Allowing for brood mixing and dependence among brood mates: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 3, p. 448-455, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802450.","productDescription":"8","startPage":"448","endPage":"455","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336904,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Dana","contributorId":187556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Dana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}