-p^e need for study of lake-ground-water interchange has been accentuated by eutrophication of lakes in the Pearl-Sallie Lakes area of west-central Minnesota. The local ground-water flow system is dominated by an outwash aquifer that is sandwiched between two till layers in the western part of the area and exposed at the land surface in the eastern part. Ground water discharges from the aquifer into lakes in the outwash area but is recharged from lakes in the till-covered area. Irregular aquifer geometry resulted in a complex ground-water flow system. Simulation of the system by areal and vertical-section models showed that the lakes significantly control groundwater flow near their boundaries. Inadequate field data and complex geology caused difficulty in obtaining solutions with the vertical-section model. The models may be used to guide collection and interpretation of field data, and quantification of the ground-water flow system. With modification, they could be used to predict aquifer response to transient stresses. They also could be incorporated into more complex models to determine the movement of solutes in the ground-water system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri7540","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Larson, S.P., McBride, M.S., and Wolf, R.J., 1975, Digital models of a glacial outwash aquifer in the Pearl-Sallie Lakes area, west-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-40, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7540.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428010,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34478.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95706,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0040/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0040/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Pearl-Sallie Lakes area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.95991134643555,\n 46.749388725669824\n ],\n [\n -95.95991134643555,\n 46.803819640791566\n ],\n [\n -95.86687088012695,\n 46.803819640791566\n ],\n [\n -95.86687088012695,\n 46.749388725669824\n ],\n [\n -95.95991134643555,\n 46.749388725669824\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65aa2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, S. P.","contributorId":34903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBride, Mark S.","contributorId":96694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10044,"text":"ofr75565 - 1975 - Data summary of June-July 1975 floods in eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T14:09:08","indexId":"ofr75565","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-565","title":"Data summary of June-July 1975 floods in eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Torrential rains during late June and early July 1975, combined with wet antecedent conditions, caused severe flooding, mainly along the lower reaches of the Sheyenne and Maple Rivers and their tributaries in North Dakota, and in the Buffalo and Wild Rice River basins in Minnesota. The Red River of the North from the Fargo-Moorhead area to the Halstad, Minnesota area was also severely flooded. Because much of the region is extremely flat, large areas of the two States were inundated by flood waters. Damage, mostly agricultural, was widespread and damage estimates exceeded a quarter of a billion dollars.
\nLocal, State, and Federal officials need factual information to evaluate, coordinate, and manage programs concerned with flood losses. The purpose of this report is to provide quickly a summary of some of the basic data collected on the June-July 1975 floods. Only a part of the information collected by the U.S. Geological Survey on the extent and magnitude of the floods is presented. This information includes the magnitude and frequency of the instantaneous maximum stages (water-surface elevations) and flow rates for 62 sites, measured sediment loads at 7 sites, and hydrographs of daily mean flow at 6 sites. Additional streamflow information associated with the floods will be provided subsequently in annual data releases of the Geological Survey. The report also describes availability of graphic or photographic data depicting the areal extent of inundation. Those data may be obtained from the Applications Assistance Branch, EROS Data Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, S. Dak. 57198.
\nOnly a minimal amount of rainfall data are summarized in this report to aid in documenting the flood event. These data were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce, and by the Minnesota State Office of Climatology. This assistance in providing the data and in reviewing the form of its presentation is appreciated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr75565","usgsCitation":"Lindskov, K., 1975, Data summary of June-July 1975 floods in eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-565, v, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75565.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":94939,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0565/report.pdf","size":"1765","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0565/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ], [ -99.99755859375, 48.99463598353408 ], [ -99.964599609375, 48.915279853443806 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.88639177703194 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.719961222646276 ], [ -99.86572265625, 48.61112192003074 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.46563710044979 ], [ -99.68994140625, 48.356249029540706 ], [ -99.6240234375, 48.22467264956519 ], [ -99.700927734375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -99.82177734375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -99.99755859375, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.338134765625, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.879512933970496 ], [ -100.21728515624999, 47.82053186746053 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.7097615426664 ], [ -100.4150390625, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -100.51391601562499, 47.53203824675999 ], [ -100.250244140625, 47.42065432071321 ], [ -100.01953125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -99.84374999999999, 47.4355191531953 ], [ -99.766845703125, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -99.6240234375, 47.71715357016648 ], [ -99.393310546875, 47.73193447949174 ], [ -99.140625, 47.746711194756 ], [ -98.76708984374999, 47.68757916850813 ], [ -98.602294921875, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -98.4814453125, 47.47266286861342 ], [ -98.536376953125, 47.30903424774781 ], [ -98.58032226562499, 47.15236927446393 ], [ -98.45947265625, 46.965259400349275 ], [ -98.32763671875, 46.7549166192819 ], [ -98.118896484375, 46.626806395355175 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.55886030311719 ], [ -98.19580078125, 46.430285240839964 ], [ -98.15185546874999, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.05036097561633 ], [ -97.943115234375, 45.91294412737392 ], [ -97.701416015625, 45.85176048817254 ], [ -97.31689453125, 45.836454050187726 ], [ -97.152099609375, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.96533203125, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.88842773437499, 45.78284835197676 ], [ -96.767578125, 45.71385093029221 ], [ -96.45996093749999, 45.67548217560647 ], [ -96.43798828125, 45.61403741135093 ], [ -96.40502929687499, 45.54483149242463 ], [ -96.15234375, 45.60635207711834 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.805828539928356 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.92822950933618 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 46.13417004624326 ], [ -95.833740234375, 46.195042108660154 ], [ -95.723876953125, 46.07323062540838 ], [ -95.49316406249999, 46.126556302418514 ], [ -95.526123046875, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.31658418182218 ], [ -95.284423828125, 46.52863469527167 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.702202151643455 ], [ -95.2734375, 46.875213396722685 ], [ -95.29541015625, 47.08508535995384 ], [ -95.2734375, 47.19717795172789 ], [ -95.284423828125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -95.25146484374999, 47.44294999517949 ], [ -95.086669921875, 47.56170075451973 ], [ -94.95483398437499, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -94.58129882812499, 47.65058757118734 ], [ -94.3505859375, 47.76148371616669 ], [ -94.19677734375, 47.857402894658236 ], [ -93.9990234375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -94.02099609375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -94.19677734375, 48.23199134320962 ], [ -94.33959960937499, 48.32703913063476 ], [ -94.625244140625, 48.31973404047173 ], [ -95.00976562499999, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.1416015625, 48.45106561953216 ], [ -95.07568359375, 48.596592251456705 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.61838518688487 ], [ -95.350341796875, 48.65468584817256 ], [ -95.372314453125, 48.741700879765396 ], [ -95.3173828125, 48.821332549646634 ], [ -95.33935546875, 48.90805939965008 ], [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindskov, K.L.","contributorId":91077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindskov","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6352,"text":"pp877 - 1975 - The Black Hills-Rapid City flood of June 9-10, 1972: A description of the storm and flood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T12:29:41","indexId":"pp877","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"877","title":"The Black Hills-Rapid City flood of June 9-10, 1972: A description of the storm and flood","docAbstract":"On June 9, 1972, an almost stationary group of thunderstorms formed over the eastern Black Hills of South Dakota near Rapid City and produced record amounts of rainfall and flood discharges. Nearly 15 inches of rain fell in about 6 hours near Nemo, S. Dak., and more than 10 inches of rain fell over a 60-square-mile area. The resulting floods were the highest ever recorded in South Dakota. At least 18 of the 27 streams where peak flows were computed experienced flows that exceeded the 50-year flood.
\nAt least 237 people died in the Black Hills flood and 8 people were still listed as missing 6 months after the flood. Another 3,057 people were injured, and total damage is estimated to have exceeded $160 million.
\nAs documented by radar and' satellite images and by radiosonde observations, as well as by much other weather data, the unusual and excessive rainfall was partly the result of a strong, low-level, easterly airflow that forced moist air upslope over the Black Hills. This sustained orographic effect helped the air to rise, cool, become very unstable, and release its moisture in repeating -thunderstorms. Another important contributing factor was the unusually light winds at higher levels. Those light winds did not disperse the moist air or move the thunderstorms along to prevent the extreme concentration of rainfall. Instead, these conditions allowed heavy rainfall to remain almost stationary along the eastern slopes of the Black Hills.
\nRainfall data from 24 observing stations and from over 200 miscellaneous sites show that all reported rains greater than 4 inches fell on the eastern slopes of the Black Hills. At least 6 inches of rain fell over a 300-square-mile area that lies primarily between 4,000 and 5,000 feet elevation.
\nAlmost all the flood peaks occurred between 2230 MDT on June 9 and 0100 MDT on June 10, 1972, in a flood belt about 40 miles long and 20 miles wide along the eastern slopes of the Black Hills. This belt extended from Sturgis, S. Dak., on the north to Hermosa, S. Dak., on the south, with Rapid City near the center. To document the flood, peak discharge determinations were made at 49 sites. Records show that about 13,000 acre-feet of water flowed through Rapid City during the 2 days of flooding. At one point during the night of June 9, the floodwaters rose about 3.5 feet in 15 minutes. Coming off the slopes of the Black Hills, the flood peak traveled the 22 miles between Deer Creek and Rapid City in about 3.5 hours.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp877","usgsCitation":"Schwarz, F.K., Hughes, L., Hansen, E., Petersen, M., and Kelly, D.B., 1975, The Black Hills-Rapid City flood of June 9-10, 1972: A description of the storm and flood: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 877, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp877.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0877/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33704,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0877/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Rapid City","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.05975341796875,\n 43.723474896114816\n ],\n [\n -104.05975341796875,\n 44.55329208318493\n ],\n [\n -102.99407958984375,\n 44.55329208318493\n ],\n [\n -102.99407958984375,\n 43.723474896114816\n ],\n [\n -104.05975341796875,\n 43.723474896114816\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db6823d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwarz, Francis K.","contributorId":100832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, L.A.","contributorId":8840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, E.M.","contributorId":106479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petersen, M.S.","contributorId":41818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelly, Donovan B.","contributorId":56205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Donovan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5715,"text":"pp924 - 1975 - Hurricane Agnes rainfall and floods, June-July 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T20:00:45.580721","indexId":"pp924","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"924","title":"Hurricane Agnes rainfall and floods, June-July 1972","docAbstract":"Hurricane Agnes originated in the Caribbean Sea region in mid-June. Circulation barely reached hurricane intensity for a brief period in the Gulf of Mexico. The storm crossed the Florida Panhandle coastline on June 19, 1972, and followed an unusually extended overland trajectory combining with an extratropical system to bring very heavy rain from the Carolinas northward to New York. This torrential rain followed the abnormally wet May weather in the Middle Atlantic States and set the stage for the subsequent major flooding. The record-breaking floods occurred in the Middle Atlantic States in late June and early July 1972. Many streams in the affected area experienced peak discharges several times the previous maxima of record. Estimated recurrence intervals of peak flows at many gaging stations on major rivers and their tributaries exceeded 100 years. The suspended-sediment concentration and load of most flooded streams were also unusually high. The widespread flooding from this storm caused Agnes to be called the most destructive hurricane in United States history, claiming 117 lives and causing damage estimated at $3.1 billion in 12 States. Damage was particularly high in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. The detailed life history of Hurricane Agnes, including the tropical depression and tropical storm stages, is traced. Associated rainfalls are analyzed and compared with climatologic recurrence values. These are followed by a detailed description of the flood and streamflows of each affected basin. A summary of peak stages and discharges and comparison data for previous floods at 989 stations are presented. Deaths and flood damage estimates are compiled.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp924","usgsCitation":"Bailey, J.F., Patterson, J.L., and Paulhus, J.L., 1975, Hurricane Agnes rainfall and floods, June-July 1972: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 924, Report: vii, 403 p.; 1 Plate: 30.00 x 42.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp924.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 403 p.; 1 Plate: 30.00 x 42.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118423,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0924/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32286,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0924/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32285,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0924/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104754,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5110.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5110"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.17353337473213,\n 43.938644324808564\n ],\n [\n -80.88780186579464,\n 35.83761262246428\n ],\n [\n -75.21324700938271,\n 35.862166390663944\n ],\n [\n -70.44403607851471,\n 42.89279462125202\n ],\n [\n -79.17353337473213,\n 43.938644324808564\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, James F.","contributorId":91834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patterson, James Lee","contributorId":24329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paulhus, Joseph Louis Hornore","contributorId":33705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulhus","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"Louis Hornore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":15254,"text":"ofr7556 - 1975 - Preliminary hydrogeologic appraisal of selected hydrothermal systems in northern and central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr7556","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-56","title":"Preliminary hydrogeologic appraisal of selected hydrothermal systems in northern and central Nevada","docAbstract":"Several hydrothermal systems in northern and central Nevada were explored in a hydrogeologic reconnaissance. The systems studied comprise those at Stillwater and Soda Lakes-Upsal Hogback in the Carson Desert, Gerlach, Fly Ranch-Granite Range, and Double Hot Springs in the Black Rock Desert, Brady's Hot Springs, Leach Hot Springs in Grass Valley, Buffalo Valley Hot Springs, and Sulphur Hot Springs in Ruby Valley. \r\n\r\nThe investigation focused on (1) delineating of areas of high heat flow associated with rising thermal ground water, (2) determining the nature of the discharge parts of the hydrothermal systems, (3) estimating heat discharge from the systems, (4) estimating water discharge from the systems, (5) obtaining rough estimates of, conductive heat flow outside areas of hydrothermal discharge, and (6) evaluating several investigative techniques that would yield the required information quickly and at relatively low cost. The most useful techniques were shallow test drilling to obtain geologic, hydraulic, and thermal data and hydrogeologic mapping of the discharge areas. \r\n\r\nThe systems studied are in the north-central part of the Basin and Range province. Exposed volcanic rocks of latest Tertiary and Quaternary age are chiefly basaltic. Basaltic terranes are generally regarded as less favorable for geothermal resources than terranes that contain large volumes of young volcanic mocks of felsic to intermediate composition. Most of the known hydrothermal systems are associated with Basin and Range faults which are caused by crustal extension across the province. An area of high heat flow centered at Battle Mountain and possibly other areas of high heat flow may be related to crustal heat sources. However, some of the hydrothermal systems studied appear to be related to deep circulation of meteoric water in areas of 'normal' regional heat flow rather than to shallow-crustal heat sources. \r\n\r\nDischarge temperatures of thermal springs in the region range from slightly above mean annual air temperature (8?-12?C at most places) to boiling or slightly hotter. Geochemical data indicate that, in the major systems, subsurface temperatures at which thermal waters equilibrate with reservoir rocks range from 150? to more than 200?C. These data also indicate that the major systems are of the hot-water type rather than the vapor-dominated type. Depths of thermal-water circulation probably range from 2 to 6 kilometres in areas of 'normal' regional heat flow (~2 heatflow units) and from 1 to 3 kilometres in areas of high heat flow (~3-4 heat-flow units) such as near Battle Mountain. \r\n\r\nMost of the heat is discharged from the hydrothermal systems studied by (1) conduction through near-surface materials heated as a consequence of thermal-water convection, (2) convection as springflow, and (3) convection as steam discharge from spring pools, vents, fumaroles, and cracks. The mate of heat discharge by radiation from warm ground and by convection as lateral ground-water outflow is believed to be small in most systems and is not estimated. \r\n\r\nEstimates of net heat discharge from the systems studied range from about 0.8 x 106 calories per second at Buffalo Valley Hot Springs to about 14 x 106 calories per second at Stillwater. These estimates represent the approximate magnitude of the excess heat discharge from the thermal areas that results from the upward convection of hot water from deep sources. Water discharges from the hydrothermal systems by springflow, evapotranspiration, steam discharge, and lateral ground-water outflow. Estimated discharges range from about 0.2 x 106cubic metres per year from the Buffalo Valley Hot Springs system to about 3 x 106 cubic metres per year from the Stillwater system. \r\n\r\nIn most of the hydrothermal systems studied and, by inference, in other similar systems in northern and central Nevada, the scale for potential .commercial development for production of electricity or for other uses may be constrained by the","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr7556","usgsCitation":"Olmsted, F.H., Glancy, P., Harrill, J., Rush, F., and Van Denburgh, A.S., 1975, Preliminary hydrogeologic appraisal of selected hydrothermal systems in northern and central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-56, xi, 267 p. :ill. ;27 cm.; (360 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7556.","productDescription":"xi, 267 p. :ill. ;27 cm.; (360 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672aee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olmsted, F. H.","contributorId":24765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olmsted","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glancy, P.A.","contributorId":32160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glancy","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrill, J. R.","contributorId":10417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rush, F. E.","contributorId":56234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rush","given":"F. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Denburgh, A. S.","contributorId":23928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Denburgh","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":56914,"text":"wdrIA742 - 1975 - Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1974; Part II, Water quality records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T17:05:05.787157","indexId":"wdrIA742","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IA-74-2","title":"Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1974; Part II, Water quality records","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1974 water year for Iowa including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface and ground water, are given in this report. In Part 1, records are included for 127 gaging stations of which 119 are streamflow discharge stations, and 8 are reservoir or lake stations; also included are records for 426 low-flow partial-record stations, 128 crest-stage partial-record stations, and 30 miscellaneous sites. Locations of gaging stations are shown in Figure 2. In Part 2, water quality data on chemical, physical, biological, and sediment characteristics of surface water were collected from designated sampling sites at predetermined intervals such as once daily, weekly, monthly, or less frequently. Records are given for 353 sampling stations of which 23 are continuous record stations, 9 are partial-record stations, and 321 are miscellaneous sites. Locations of water-quality stations are shown in Figure 3. A summary of periodic water temperature data is given for 98 regular gaging stations. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of S.W. Wiitala, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Iowa.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrIA742","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1974; Part II, Water quality records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IA-74-2, ix, 311 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIA742.","productDescription":"ix, 311 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492423,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1974/ia-74-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":184678,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1974/ia-74-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-91.216035,43.481142],[-91.233367,43.455168],[-91.200359,43.412701],[-91.198953,43.389835],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.20662,43.352524],[-91.132813,43.32803],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.07371,43.274746],[-91.071698,43.261014],[-91.058644,43.257679],[-91.066398,43.239293],[-91.12217,43.197255],[-91.1462,43.152405],[-91.1562,43.142945],[-91.175253,43.134665],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.156562,42.978226],[-91.14543,42.958211],[-91.14988,42.941955],[-91.1438,42.922877],[-91.146177,42.90985],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.097656,42.859871],[-91.091837,42.851225],[-91.09406,42.830813],[-91.078665,42.827678],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.060261,42.761847],[-91.065783,42.753387],[-91.056297,42.747341],[-91.051275,42.737001],[-91.035418,42.73734],[-91.026786,42.724228],[-91.000128,42.716189],[-90.977735,42.696816],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-90.923634,42.6855],[-90.88743,42.67247],[-90.731132,42.643437],[-90.706303,42.634169],[-90.692031,42.610366],[-90.686975,42.591774],[-90.661527,42.567999],[-90.654127,42.5499],[-90.643927,42.540401],[-90.636927,42.513202],[-90.655927,42.491703],[-90.654027,42.478503],[-90.624328,42.458904],[-90.567968,42.440389],[-90.560439,42.432897],[-90.555018,42.416138],[-90.477279,42.383794],[-90.462619,42.367253],[-90.443874,42.355218],[-90.416535,42.325109],[-90.430884,42.27823],[-90.419326,42.254467],[-90.400653,42.239293],[-90.391108,42.225473],[-90.356964,42.205445],[-90.328273,42.201047],[-90.282173,42.178846],[-90.234919,42.165431],[-90.209479,42.15268],[-90.197342,42.128163],[-90.167533,42.122475],[-90.161159,42.106372],[-90.168358,42.075779],[-90.164485,42.042105],[-90.151579,42.030633],[-90.140061,42.003252],[-90.146225,41.981329],[-90.164135,41.956178],[-90.163847,41.944934],[-90.152659,41.933058],[-90.153584,41.906614],[-90.181401,41.844647],[-90.181973,41.80707],[-90.278633,41.767358],[-90.310708,41.742214],[-90.317668,41.72269],[-90.313435,41.698082],[-90.334525,41.679559],[-90.343452,41.646959],[-90.339528,41.598633],[-90.343228,41.587833],[-90.41283,41.565333],[-90.461432,41.523533],[-90.500633,41.518033],[-90.540935,41.526133],[-90.591037,41.512832],[-90.602137,41.506032],[-90.605937,41.494232],[-90.655839,41.462132],[-90.750142,41.449632],[-90.846558,41.455141],[-90.930016,41.421404],[-90.979815,41.434321],[-91.027787,41.423603],[-91.043988,41.415897],[-91.05101,41.387556],[-91.06652,41.365246],[-91.074841,41.305578],[-91.092034,41.286911],[-91.114186,41.250029],[-91.113648,41.241401],[-91.07298,41.207151],[-91.041536,41.166138],[-91.027214,41.163373],[-91.007586,41.166183],[-90.99496,41.160624],[-90.946627,41.096632],[-90.949383,41.072711],[-90.942253,41.034702],[-90.945949,41.006495],[-90.958142,40.979767],[-90.952233,40.954047],[-90.965344,40.921633],[-91.009536,40.900565],[-91.021562,40.884021],[-91.044653,40.868356],[-91.05643,40.848387],[-91.092993,40.821079],[-91.097649,40.805575],[-91.091703,40.779708],[-91.110424,40.745528],[-91.115735,40.725168],[-91.11194,40.697018],[-91.123928,40.669152],[-91.185428,40.638071],[-91.253074,40.637962],[-91.306524,40.626231],[-91.339719,40.613488],[-91.359873,40.601805],[-91.379752,40.57445],[-91.401482,40.559458],[-91.406373,40.551831],[-91.404125,40.539127],[-91.384531,40.530948],[-91.369059,40.512532],[-91.364211,40.500043],[-91.364915,40.484168],[-91.381769,40.442555],[-91.372554,40.4012],[-91.381958,40.387632],[-91.419422,40.378264],[-91.441243,40.386255],[-91.452458,40.375501],[-91.463895,40.375659],[-91.465116,40.385257],[-91.484507,40.3839],[-91.490977,40.393484],[-91.487829,40.403866],[-91.498093,40.401926],[-91.522333,40.409648],[-91.527057,40.416689],[-91.519012,40.431298],[-91.529132,40.434272],[-91.533548,40.440804],[-91.523271,40.450061],[-91.526155,40.458625],[-91.552691,40.458769],[-91.574746,40.465664],[-91.590817,40.492292],[-91.621353,40.510072],[-91.618028,40.53403],[-91.6219,40.542292],[-91.6887,40.55739],[-91.691557,40.564867],[-91.686357,40.580875],[-91.716769,40.59853],[-91.729115,40.61364],[-92.686693,40.589809],[-94.294813,40.571341],[-94.632032,40.571186],[-95.765645,40.585208],[-95.753148,40.59284],[-95.748626,40.603355],[-95.768926,40.621264],[-95.776251,40.647463],[-95.795489,40.662384],[-95.822913,40.66724],[-95.842801,40.677496],[-95.852615,40.702262],[-95.883178,40.717579],[-95.888907,40.731855],[-95.879027,40.753081],[-95.84662,40.768619],[-95.835232,40.779151],[-95.834523,40.787778],[-95.845342,40.811324],[-95.837186,40.835347],[-95.847084,40.854174],[-95.847785,40.864328],[-95.838735,40.872191],[-95.815933,40.879846],[-95.809474,40.891228],[-95.813458,40.901693],[-95.836438,40.921642],[-95.839743,40.93278],[-95.829074,40.975688],[-95.838908,40.986484],[-95.867286,41.001599],[-95.869486,41.009399],[-95.859918,41.025403],[-95.859654,41.035695],[-95.882415,41.060411],[-95.862587,41.088399],[-95.865888,41.117898],[-95.88208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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5bee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15354,"text":"ofr74362 - 1975 - Environmental tritium in the Edwards Aquifer, central Texas 1963-71","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-24T18:13:49.238942","indexId":"ofr74362","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-362","title":"Environmental tritium in the Edwards Aquifer, central Texas 1963-71","docAbstract":"Tritium concentrations of samples from 50 wells and springs in the Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area of Texas have been analysed. Tritium now in the aquifer is partly natural cosmic ray produced tritium, but most is tritium produced by atmospheric thermonuclear tests in the 1950's and early 1960's. The tritium levels in atmospheric precipitation and streams recharging the Edwards are presented for comparison with the ground-water data.
In general, tritium distribution within the Edwards confirms the accepted pattern of water flow within the aquifer. Concentrations of greater than 20 tritium units occur in the recharge areas, while less than 1 tritium unit is present along the aquifer's southern and southeastern boundary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74362","usgsCitation":"Pearson, F.J., Rettman, P.L., and Wyerman, T., 1975, Environmental tritium in the Edwards Aquifer, central Texas 1963-71: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-362, vi, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74362.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430453,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0362/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0362/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.4814453125,\n 29.410890376109\n ],\n [\n -97.80029296875,\n 29.673735421779128\n ],\n [\n -97.61352539062499,\n 30.225848323247707\n ],\n [\n -100.38482666015625,\n 30.237713497892038\n ],\n [\n -100.4425048828125,\n 29.288794393648296\n ],\n [\n -99.41253662109375,\n 29.03215782622282\n ],\n [\n -98.4814453125,\n 29.410890376109\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602240","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearson, Frederick Joseph","contributorId":81113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rettman, Paul L.","contributorId":6456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rettman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wyerman, T.A.","contributorId":96704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyerman","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":15630,"text":"ofr75247 - 1975 - Geophysical logs from a geologic test hole near Charleston, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T09:57:14","indexId":"ofr75247","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-247","title":"Geophysical logs from a geologic test hole near Charleston, South Carolina","docAbstract":"On March 2, 1975, the U.S. Geological Survey completed a series \nof geophysical well logs in the Charleston Project Deep Core Hole No. \n1 located at Latitude 32° 53.2 'N and Longitude 80° 21 . 5'W in Dorchester \nCounty near Charleston, South Carolina. The land surface is at an \nelevation of 5.4 m (18 ft) above mean sea level. The total depth of \nthe test hole is 793 m (2,600 ft) and the geophysical logs were recorded through fresh barite mud to the bottom. The deep geologic. test \nhole penetrated the entire section of Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments \nand extended about 40 m (130 ft) into basement rock composed of basalt \nflows. \nThe purpose of the logging is to assist in the interpretation of \nthe depositional environments, stratigraphy, structural, and geological \nhistory of the onshore and offshore areas surrounding Charleston, S.C. \nThe purpose of this report is to make the uninterpretated geophysical \nrecordings of the entire log suite publicly available . \nThe logs available are shown in table 1, along with the operating \ndepth intervals, total footage, scale, units of measure, combination log, \nand other pertinent data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75247","usgsCitation":"Rhodehamel, E.C., 1975, Geophysical logs from a geologic test hole near Charleston, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-247, Report: 3 p.; Log 1: 199.6 inches x 7.45 inches; Log 2: 200 inches x 4.94 inches; Log 3: 70.68 inches x 9.16 inches; Log 4: 199.62 inches x 9.18 inches; Log 5: 199.24 inches x 8.53 inches; Log 6: 199.71 inches x 6.92 inches; Log 7: 200.00 inches x 5.00 inches; Log 8: 191.05 inches x 9.20 inches;, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75247.","productDescription":"Report: 3 p.; Log 1: 199.6 inches x 7.45 inches; Log 2: 200 inches x 4.94 inches; Log 3: 70.68 inches x 9.16 inches; Log 4: 199.62 inches x 9.18 inches; Log 5: 199.24 inches x 8.53 inches; Log 6: 199.71 inches x 6.92 inches; Log 7: 200.00 inches x 5.00 inches; Log 8: 191.05 inches x 9.20 inches;","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":148198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279482,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/log-7.pdf"},{"id":279483,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/log-8.pdf"},{"id":279476,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/log-1.pdf"},{"id":279477,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/log-2.pdf"},{"id":279478,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/log-3.pdf"},{"id":279475,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/report.pdf"},{"id":279479,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/log-4.pdf"},{"id":279480,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/log-5.pdf"},{"id":279481,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0247/log-6.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.359154,32.872811 ], [ -80.359154,32.894002 ], [ -80.326881,32.894002 ], [ -80.326881,32.872811 ], [ -80.359154,32.872811 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bbac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhodehamel, Edward C.","contributorId":38135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodehamel","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56758,"text":"wdrMS741 - 1975 - Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1974","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-15T17:20:55.138232","indexId":"wdrMS741","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MS-74-1","title":"Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1974","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1974 water year for Mississippi including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, special information on the flood in south-central Mississippi in April, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water, are given in this report. In Part 1, records are included for 79 gaging stations of which 75 are streamflow discharge stations, and 4 are reservoir or lake stations; also are included records for 11 low-flow partial-record stations, 136 crest-stage partial-record stations, and 149 miscellaneous sites. Locations of continuous-record gaging stations are shown in figure 1 and locations of partial-record stations are shown in figure 2. In Part 2, water-quality data on chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of surface water are included for designated sampling sites at which samples were obtained at predetermined intervals such as daily, weekly, monthly, or less frequently. Records are given for 70 sampling stations of which 32 are continuous-record stations, 26 are partial-record stations, and 12 are miscellaneous sites. Locations of water-quality stations are shown in figure 1. A few pertinent stations (not included above) furnished by bordering States are also included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of L. E. Carroon, district chief. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Mississippi.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f391c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8577,"text":"ofr75411 - 1975 - Sediments, structural framework, petroleum potential, environmental conditions, and operational considerations of the United States South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T19:29:33.761823","indexId":"ofr75411","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-411","title":"Sediments, structural framework, petroleum potential, environmental conditions, and operational considerations of the United States South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf","docAbstract":"The area designated for possible oil and gas lease sale in Bureau of Land Management memorandum 3310 #43 (722) and referred to therein as part of the United States South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) contains about 98,000 square kilometres of the continental margin seaward of the 3 mile offshore limit and within the 600 metre isobath. The designated area, offshore of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, encompasses parts of three physiographic provinces: the Continental Shelf, the Florida-Hatteras Slope, and the Blake Plateau.
The structural framework of the U.3. South Atlantic region is dominated by the Southeast Georgia Embayment --an east-plunging depression recessed into the Atlantic Coastal Plain and shelf between Cape Fear, North Carolina and Jacksonville, Florida. The embayment is bounded to the north by the Cape Fear Arch and to southeast by the Peninsular Arch.
Refraction data indicate a minor basement(?) ridge beneath the outer shelf between 30° and 32°N at 80°W. Drill hole data also suggest a gentle fold or accretionary structure (reef?) off the east coast of Florida. Several other structural features have been identified by refraction and reflection techniques and drilling. These are the Yamacraw Uplift, Burton High, Stone Arch, and the Suwannee Channel.
Gravity and magnetic anomalies within the area probably result from emplacement of magma bodies along linear features representing fundamental crustal boundaries. Of these anomalies, the most prominent, is a segment of the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly which crosses the coast at Brunswick, Georgia. This anomaly has been interpreted as representing an ancient continental boundary where two formerly separate continental plates collided and were welded together.
There may be as much as 5,000 m of sedimentary rocks in the Southeast Georgia Embayment out to the 600 m isobath. Basement rocks beneath the Southeast Georgia Embayment are expected to be similar to those exposed in the Appalachian Piedmont province. Triassic deposits are likely to exist beneath the inner Continental Shelf, and probably consist of nonmarine arkosic sandstones, shales, basalt flows, and diabase intrusions deposited in relatively narrow northeast-trending grabens. Jurassic marine carbonates in the Bahamas grade northward to carbonates, shales, sand, and arkose in North Carolina. Salt may be present in the basal Jurassic section in the Southeast Georgia Embayment. Up to 4,000 m of Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous rocks are expected out to the 600 m water depth. Lower Cretaceous rocks in southern Florida are shallow-water marine limestone and dolomites with beds of anhydrite. In coastal North Carolina the Lower Cretaceous is a marine section made up of shales, sand, and sandy limestone. The Upper Cretaceous is composed almost entirely of marine carbonates in southern Florida grading northward to nonmarine to marginal marine, sandstones and shales with minor amounts of carbonates. In general, Upper Cretaceous rocks will probably maintain a fairly constant thickness (600 m) on the Continental Shelf and grade downdip from terrigeneous sands and shales to more marine chalks, limestones, and dolomites. The Cenozoic rocks are predominantly shallow-water marine carbonates in Florida grading northward into a marginal marine to marine clastic facies composed of sands, marls, and limestones. The offshore Cenozoic section is expected to range in thickness from 600 to 1100 m.
A comprehensive monitoring network was established in a part of the Everglades to evaluate the quality of water being delivered to Everglades National Park. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters were determined in surface water, bottom sediment, and bulk precipitation (rainfall and dry fallout).
The geology of the area, bottom sediment, bulk precipitation, natural, urban, and agricultural runoff, and the characteristics of the hydrologic system in the Everglades influence the type and concentration of each chemical constituent and how it affects the water quality.
The quality of surface water in the agricultural area between Lake Okeechobee and the water conservation areas is markedly different from that of other surface water in southeastern Florida. In general, the water in this area is higher in concentrations of most chemical constituents. Man has engaged in cultural activities, both agricultural and urban, which have affected the water quality in the northern and eastern segments of the area of investigation.
The quality of the water improves, however, as it flows to the south and east because there is minimal input from man's activities and many of the constituents are assimilated by plants, sorbed on organic material and clay in the bottom sediments, and entrapped within the sediments. Dilution by rainfall and concentration by evapotranspiration are also important factors that influence the quality of surface water in the area of investigation.
The area of investigation in the Everglades is a sink for macronutrients, trace metals, and chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides. These constituents do not move through the system freely. They become tied up in various complexes and for that reason, the water being delivered to Everglades National Park is of better quality than the water entering the northern edge of the water conservation areas. The various physical and biological processes and chemical reactions combine to improve the water quality as the water flows southward.
The data presented in this report may be used as a baseline for determination of future changes in water quality at the several places in the Everglades where recurrent sampling of rainfall, surface water, and bottom sediments was undertaken during the course of the investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7556","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Waller, B.G., and Earle, J.E., 1975, Chemical and biological quality of water in part of the Everglades, southeastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-56, 157 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7556.","productDescription":"157 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377417,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0056/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 25.11544539706194\n ],\n [\n -79.727783203125,\n 25.11544539706194\n ],\n [\n -79.727783203125,\n 26.931865156388916\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 26.931865156388916\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 25.11544539706194\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e48ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, Bradley G.","contributorId":83492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earle, James E.","contributorId":88382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47132,"text":"ofr75289 - 1975 - Flood of April 1975 at Williamston, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-02T14:13:52","indexId":"ofr75289","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-289","title":"Flood of April 1975 at Williamston, Michigan","docAbstract":"On April 18 between 5 p.m. and 12 p.m. the city of Williamston experienced an intense rain storm that caused the Red Cedar River and the many small streams in the area to overflow their banks and resulted in the most devastating flood since at least 1904. Local officials estimated a loss of \\$775,000 in property damage. Damage from flooding by the Red Cedar River was caused primarily by inundation, rather than by water moving at high velocity, as is common when many streams are flooded. During the flood of April 1975 many basements were flooded as well as the lower floors of some homes in the flood plain. Additional damage occurred in places when sewers backed up and flooded basements, and when ground water seeped through basement walls and floors—situations that affected many homes including those that were well outside of the flood plain.
During the time of flooding the U.S. Geological Survey obtained aerial photography and data on a streamflow to document the disaster. This report shows on a photomosaic base map the extent of flooding along the Red Cedar River at Williamston, during the flood. It also presents data obtained at stream-gaging stations near Williamston, as well as the results of peak-flow discharge measurements made on the Red Cedar River at Michigan State Highway M-52 east of the city. Information on the magnitude of the flood can guide in making decisions pertaining to the use of flood-plains in the area. It is one of a series of reports on the April 1975 flood in the Lansing metropolitan area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr75289","usgsCitation":"Knutilla, R., and Swallow, L., 1975, Flood of April 1975 at Williamston, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-289, 54.66 x 39.77 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75289.","productDescription":"54.66 x 39.77 inches","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":99864,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0289/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0289/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Williamston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 43.00866413845207\n ],\n [\n -85.06164550781249,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -85.0506591796875,\n 42.33012354634196\n ],\n [\n -84.0399169921875,\n 42.35042512243457\n ],\n [\n -84.04541015625,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -83.7213134765625,\n 42.54093947168063\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 43.00866413845207\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eef9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutilla, R. L.","contributorId":65451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutilla","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swallow, L.A.","contributorId":105683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swallow","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25290,"text":"25290 - 1975 - Basic ground-water data for the Moscow Basin, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T13:47:30.991091","indexId":"25290","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T10:59:44","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Basic ground-water data for the Moscow Basin, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Moscow basin encompasses an area of 65 square miles (170 square kilometres) in Latah County and borders the Idaho Washington State line (fig. 1). The basin is along the eastern edge of the \"Palouse Country\" where the rolling Palouse hills merge with the low mountains of northern Idaho. It is drained by the South Fork Palouse River, Paradise Creek, and Missouri Flat Creek, and their headwater tributaries.
All water supplies for the basin are derived from wells and springs. Virtually all large-capacity wells are owned by the City of Moscow and the University of Idaho. These wells are open to the basalt of the Columbia River Group and the interbedded sands in the Latah Formation (Stevens, 1960, p. 335; Jones and Ross, 1972, p. 12-13, fig. 4). Many domestic and a few commercial wells are also open to these same formations. Most of the City and University wells tap thick sections of these water-bearing formations. However, only about 25 percent of the total basin area is underlain by basalt. The approximate subsurface extent of the area underlain by basalt, as determined by well logs and geophysical data, is shown in figure 2.
The purpose of this report is to present basic geologic and hydrologic data that are available in the basin. Included are a table of well records, well logs, a table of annual ground-water withdrawals, water levels in observation wells, a contour map showing the approximate elevation of the water-level in the upper series of basalt flows and interbedded sediments in the southern part of the area (fig. 2), and a bibliography of the more important reports pertaining to ground water in the area. More than 90 percent of the wells tapping basalt were visited, but only a representative number of wells tapping other rocks were visited. Data that may have become available after December 1972 are not given except for water-level measurements made in March 1973.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25290","issn":"0364-7064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources.","usgsCitation":"Crosthwaite, E.G., 1975, Basic ground-water data for the Moscow Basin, Idaho, Report: 96 p.; 1 Plate: 14.73 x 19.32 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/25290.","productDescription":"Report: 96 p.; 1 Plate: 14.73 x 19.32 inches","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":483444,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/25290/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":483443,"rank":2,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/25290/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":289621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/25290/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","city":"Moscow","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.039698,46.710912 ], [ -117.039698,46.758882 ], [ -116.962068,46.758882 ], [ -116.962068,46.710912 ], [ -117.039698,46.710912 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53be6462e4b0527d5d4097a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crosthwaite, Emerson Gerald","contributorId":63315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosthwaite","given":"Emerson","email":"","middleInitial":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70190913,"text":"70190913 - 1975 - Streamflow characteristics in northeastern Utah and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-17T12:01:13","indexId":"70190913","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5498,"text":"Utah Basic-Data Release","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"25","title":"Streamflow characteristics in northeastern Utah and adjacent areas","docAbstract":"This report contains statistical summaries of streamflow records from 74 gaging stations, which are mostly in northeastern Utah. Low- flow, high-flow, and flow-duration summaries were compiled from daily discharge values; and flows of each month are compared through correlation with flows of 1, 2, and 12 months in the future.
Large-turbidity features along the 275-kilometre long south shore of Lake Ontario were analyzed using LANDSAT-1 images. The ESIAC system developed by the Stanford Research Institute, was used to obtain enlargements and false-color renditions of turbidity plumes. After projection on a video screen, individual turbidity features were analyzed, mapped, and photographed.
The Niagara River plume, as much as 500 square kilometres in area, is by far, the largest turbidity feature in the lake. Based on image tonal comparisons, turbidity in the Welland Canal is usually higher than that in any other watercourse discharging into the lake throughout the shipping season. Somewhat less turbid water enters the lake from the Port Dalhousie diversion channel and the Genesee River. Relatively clear water resulting from the deposition of suspended matter in numerous upstream lakes is discharged by the Niagara and Oswego rivers.
Plume analysis corroborates the presence of a prevailing eastward flowing longshore current along the entire south shore. This current is most persistent at the Oswego River outlet but is quite variable in the Rochester embayment, where rapid shifts in water movement were occasionally detected in LANDSAT images. The position of the spring thermal bar, a zone, of maximum density water corresponding to the 4°C isotherm, was approximately located in images obtained during April 1973. Although eastward moving currents were detected on the inshore side of the thermal bar, westward moving counter currents seem to be dominant along its offshore side.
Plumes generated by beach erosion were readily detected in the images. Such areas are identified by light to very light, long, narrow plumes paralleling the coastline. Extensive areas of the south shore are subject to erosion, but the most severely affected beaches are situated between Fifty Mile Pt., Ontario and Thirty Mile Pt., N.Y., along the Rochester embayment, and between Sodus Bay and Nine Mile Pt.
Color illustrations of figure accession numbers EDC-010077 to EDC-010106 are available for purchase from the EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr75249","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics Space Administration/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Pluhowski, E.J., 1975, Dynamics of turbidity plumes in Lake Ontario: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-249, Report: ix, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75249.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 59 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0249/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":462666,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.99172224212556,\n 45.15721980352575\n ],\n [\n -80.99172224212556,\n 42.37218583599275\n ],\n [\n -74.39757490950474,\n 42.37218583599275\n ],\n [\n -74.39757490950474,\n 45.15721980352575\n ],\n [\n -80.99172224212556,\n 45.15721980352575\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62f706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pluhowski, Edward J.","contributorId":87911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pluhowski","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047759,"text":"70047759 - 1974 - Crest-stage gaging stations in Oregon: a compilation of peak data collected from October 1952 to September 1974","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47930,"text":"ofr71114 - 1970 - Crest-stage gaging stations in Oregon, a compilation of peak data collected from October 1952 to September 1970","indexId":"ofr71114","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Crest-stage gaging stations in Oregon, a compilation of peak data collected from October 1952 to September 1970"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047759,"text":"70047759 - 1974 - Crest-stage gaging stations in Oregon: a compilation of peak data collected from October 1952 to September 1974","indexId":"70047759","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Crest-stage gaging stations in Oregon: a compilation of peak data collected from October 1952 to September 1974"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-26T12:35:58","indexId":"70047759","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Crest-stage gaging stations in Oregon: a compilation of peak data collected from October 1952 to September 1974","docAbstract":"A crest-stage gaging station provides an excellent means for determining peak water-surface elevations at a selected location on a stream channel. When related to streamflow, these data provide hydrologists with a knowledge of the flood experience of a drainage basin. If an adequate flood history is known, it is possible to estimate the probable magnitude and frequency of floods likely to occur in that basin, and this information is a valuable asset to anyone who must estimate design floods at proposed drainage structures. However, most design problems involve estimating peak flows on ungaged streams. This is difficult because the rate of storm runoff is not the same in all basins due to the influence of various basin characteristics which can either assist or retard the runoff. The crest-stage gaging program in Oregon is designed to provide a representative sampliing of peak flows at basins having a wide range in characteristics. Then, after sufficient data are collected, a statistical analysis can be made which will provide a means for estimating design floods at ungaged sites on the basis of known basin characteristics.
This report is one of a series presenting a compilation of peak data collected at 232 crest-stage gaging stations in Oregon. The collection and publication of these data are made possible through mutual funding by State and Federal agencies. The Geological Survey, the Oregon State Highway Commission, the Federal Highway Administration, and the Bureau of Land Management are currently supporting 160 active crest-stage stations in Oregon.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70047759","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Oregon State Highway Commission, Federal Highway Commission, Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Friday, J., 1974, Crest-stage gaging stations in Oregon: a compilation of peak data collected from October 1952 to September 1974: Open-File Report, vi, 160 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047759.","productDescription":"vi, 160 p.","numberOfPages":"169","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047759.jpg"},{"id":328966,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047759/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521732e3e4b043bae8d2e5cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friday, John","contributorId":19160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friday","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038245,"text":"70038245 - 1974 - Water resources inventory of Connecticut Part 5: lower Housatonic River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-26T15:00:35","indexId":"70038245","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-22T14:28:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":108,"text":"Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"19","title":"Water resources inventory of Connecticut Part 5: lower Housatonic River basin","docAbstract":"The 557 square miles of the lower Housatonic River basin in western Connecticut include the basins of two major tributaries, the Pomperaug and Naugatuck Rivers. Nearly all water is derived from precipitation, which averaged 47 inches per year during 1931-60, In this period an additional 570 billion gallons of water per year entered the basin in the main stem of the Housatonic River at Lake Lillinonah, and some water was imported by water-supply systems from outside the basin. Almost half the precipitation--21.6 inches--was lost from the basin by evapotranspiration. Except for small amounts exported, the remainder discharged as runoff and underflow into Long Island Sound.
\nVariations in streamflow at 6 long-term continuous-record gaging stations are summarized in standardized graphs and tables that can be used to estimate streamflow characteristics at other sites. For example, mean flow and two low-flow characteristics, the 7-day annual minimum flow for 2-year and 10-year recurrence intervals, have been determined for many partial-record stations throughout the basin.
\nOf the 37 principal lakes, ponds, and reservoirs in the basin, 6 have usable storage of more than 1 billion gallons. The “maximum safe draft rate” (described in: “Storage of Water in Lakes and Reservoirs”) of the largest of these, Thomaston Reservoir near Thomaston, is 75.6 million gallons per day for the 10-year and 20-year recurrence intervals of annual lowest mean flow.
\nFloods have occurred during every month, at one time or another. The two greatest floods on the Naugatuck River in historical time occurred 2 months apart in 1955. The larger, in August, had a peak of 106,000 cfs (cubic feet per second) at Beacon Falls. Since then, the likelihood of major floods has been considerably reduced by a program of flood control in the basin.
\nWater can be obtained from three aquifers under-lying the basin-stratified drift, till, and bedrock. Stratified drift covers about 16 percent of the basin, mostly in valleys and lowlands, and its saturated part generally ranges in thickness from 10 feet in small valleys to 200 feet in the Housatonic River valley. Its transmissivity ranges from 0 to 47,000 ft2/day (feet shared per day). Till, deposited directly by glacial ice, forms a widespread but discontinuous mantle over bedrock in most upland areas and extends beneath stratified drift in lowlands; it ranges in thickness from 0 to 200 feet. The median value of 31 published determinations of hydraulic conductivity of till in southern New England is 0.67 ft/day and ranges from 0.013 to 29 ft/day. Crystalline bedrock underlies most of the basin and is composed principally of granite, gneiss, and schist. Sedimentary volcanic bedrock underlies only the Pomperaug River basin. Regardless of rock type, water is obtained mostly from fractures.
\nStreambed deposits are significant features of the hydrogeologic system because they affect the amount of water from streams and lakes that can be induced to infiltrate aquifers. Based on field tests, characteristic values of vertical hydraulic conductivity of streambed deposits are 0.40 ft/day for fine-grained deposits and 14 ft/day for gravelly deposits.
\nGround-water supplies generally range in yield from several millions of gallons per day from large well fields to 1 gpm (gallons per minute) from single wells. Large supplies, with yields of 100 gpm or more from individual wells, are most commonly obtained from stratified drift. Yields to be expected from screened wells tapping this aquifer can be calculated by use of a series of graphs in conjunction with estimates of transmissivity and aquifer thickness.
\nThe yields of 14 principal ground-water reservoirs are estimated from aquifer characteristics and also from the amount of water that can be obtained from aquifer storage, from interception or runoff, and from infiltration of streamflow at low-flow conditions, using a hypothetical well-field arrangement for each reservoir. It is assumed that induced infiltration is restricted to an amount equal to the 7-day annual minimum stream-flow for a 2-year recurrence interval. Yields range from 1.4 to 15 mgd (million gallons per day) during periods of no recharge, and from 2.0 to 17 mgd during recharge periods.
\nSmall to moderate water supplies can be obtained from any of the aquifers under suitable conditions. For example, data from 294 wells in the basin indicate that yields of a few gallons per minute can be obtained from bedrock at most sites. The likelihood of obtaining an adequate domestic supply is slightly greater in granite than in schist and also is greater where the overburden is stratified drift rather than till.
\nChemical analyses of precipitation samples collected monthly from five stations in the basin during a 9-month period in 1966 show that rainfall is acidic and that sulfate is the dominant anion, probably because of industrial fumes and smoke within and near the basin.
\nWhere unaffected by man’s activities, water in the basin is generally low in dissolved-solids concentration, is of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type, and is soft to moderately hard. In general, streamflow is less mineralized than ground water, particularly when it consists largely of direct runoff. However, streamflow becomes more highly mineralized during low-flow conditions, when most of it consists of more highly mineralized water discharged from aquifers. The median value of dissolved-solids concentration of water at 22 stream sites was 51 mg/1 (milligrams per liter) during high flow, and 68 mg/1 during low flow within the study period. Iron and manganese occur naturally in objectionable concentrations in parts of the basin, particularly in streams draining swamps and in water from bedrock containing iron and manganese-bearing minerals.
\nMan’s activities have degraded the quality of water in streams in much of the basin, except in the Pomperaug subbasin. In the Naugatuck River basin, the degradation in quality is shown by wide and erratic changes in dissolved-solids concentration, excessive amounts of certain trace elements, a low dissolved oxygen content, and abnormally high temperatures. Ground water is degraded principally by induced infiltration of stream water containing chemical wastes, by wastes stored on the ground and by effluents from septic tanks.
\nBelow its confluence with the Naugatuck River, much of the Housatonic River and adjoining marshes, wetlands, and aquifers contain salt water. Measurements of specific conductance during low-flow conditions in 1969 indicate that the dissolved-solids concentration of water in the estuary ranged from 210 mg/1 near Twomile Island to 20,000 mg/1 near Long Island Sound.
\nThe quantity and quality of water in the basin are satisfactory for a wide variety of uses, and, with suitable treatment, the water may be used for most purposes. In 1967, the total amount of water used in the basin was about 194 billion gallons. About 90 percent of this was used for industrial purposes, and 95 percent of the industrial water was obtained from surface-water sources. In the same year, 17 municipal and private water-supply systems supplied water of satisfactory quality to about three-fourths of the population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Wilson, W.E., Burke, E.L., and Thomas, C.E., 1974, Water resources inventory of Connecticut Part 5: lower Housatonic River basin: Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin 19, Report: viii, 79 p.; 6 Plates: 28.66 x 40.55 inches and smaller.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 79 p.; 6 Plates: 28.66 x 40.55 inches and smaller","numberOfPages":"85","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258805,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0019/report.pdf","size":"29327","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0019/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":285980,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-a.pdf"},{"id":285981,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-b.pdf"},{"id":285982,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-c-1.pdf"},{"id":285983,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-c-2.pdf"},{"id":285984,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-c-3.pdf"},{"id":285985,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-d.pdf"}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Housatonic River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.333333,41.125 ], [ -73.333333,42.0 ], [ -72.9,42.0 ], [ -72.9,41.125 ], [ -73.333333,41.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcb7be4b08c986b32d693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, William E.","contributorId":46478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, Edward L.","contributorId":38398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Chester E. Jr.","contributorId":37182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Chester","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25926,"text":"wri7414 - 1974 - Water quality and streamflow characteristics, Raritan River Basin, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-11T17:16:26","indexId":"wri7414","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"14-74","title":"Water quality and streamflow characteristics, Raritan River Basin, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The findings of a problem-oriented river-system investigation of the stream-quality and streamflow characteristics of the Raritan River basin (1,105 square miles or 2,862 square kilometers drainage area) are described. The investigation covers mainly the period 1955-72.\r\nPrecipitation in the basin is classified as ample and averages 47 inches or 120 centimeters per year (3-5 inches or 8-12 centimeters per month). During the study period four general precipitation trends were noted: less than normalin 1955-61 and 1966-70; extreme drought in 1962-66; and above normal in 1971-72.
\r\nAnalyses of streamflow measurements at eight gaging stations indicate a general trend toward lower flows during the study period, which is attributed to generally lower than normal precipitation. Highest flows were observed in 1958, concurrent with maximum annual precipitation; whereas lowest flows were observed in 1965 during extreme drought conditions.
\r\nNon-tidal streams in the basin are grouped into three general regions of similar chemical quality based upon predominant constituents and dissolved-solids concentration during low-flow conditions. The predominant cations in solution in all regions are calcium and magnesium (usually exceeding 60 percent of total cation content). In headwater streams of the North and South Branch Raritan Rivers, bicarbonate is the predominant anion; a combination of sulfate, chloride, and nitrate are the predominant anions in the other two regions. The dissolved-solids concentration of streams in areas little influenced by man's activities generally range from 40 to 200 mg/L. Those in areas influenced by man often range much higher sometimes exceeding 800 mg/L. Suspended-sediment yields in the basin range from 25 to 500 tons per square mile annually.
\r\nThe water quality of the Raritan River and most tributaries above Manville (784 square miles of 2,030 square kilometers drainage area) generally is good for most industrial, domestic, and recreational uses, although pollution has been reported locally in some areas. A comparison of chemical analyses of water collected at several sampling sites in the 1920's with more recent data, however, indicate that there has been a significant increase in sulfate, chloride, and nitrate ions transported per unit of streamflow. These increases reflect increased waste-water discharges and nutrients in agricultural runoff in the upper basin.
\r\nTrends in the dissolved-solids and dissolved-oxygen concentation of water in the Raritan and MIllstone Rivers above their confluence at Manville are described. The dissolved solids of the Millstone River are shown to increase, particularly at low streamflows. For example, at a flow of 100 cubic feet per second (2.83 cubic meters per second) this river tansported 13 percent more dissolved solids in 1969-70 than it did in 1957-58. A similar trend, however, was not apparent on the Raritan River. This phenomenon is attributed to dilution provided since 1964 by upstream reservoir releases during low flows.
\r\nWith the exception of low-flow periods on the Raritan River, dissolved-oxygen concentrations showed little or no significant time trends at Manville on either the Raritan or Millstone River. An improvement in dissolved-oxygen content at flows lower than 100 cubic feet per second (2.83 cubic meters per second) is observed with time on the Raritan River. This improvement is attributed to generally better quality water and dilution of nonconservative pollutants by upstream reservoir releases during low flows.
\r\nThe Raritan River between Manville and Perth Amboy flows through a large urban and industrial complex. Much of this reach is tidal. Detrimental activities of man are reflected in higher concentrations of most constituents below Manville than those observed upstream. For example, between Manville and the head of tide near South Bound Brook, the maximum concentration of dissolved solids observed during the study period increased from 464 to 1,520 mg/L; orthophosphates from 0.93 to 2.3 mg/L; phenolic materials from 22 to 312 μg/L; and coliform bacteria from 13,300 to 100,000 colonies per 100 milliliters. A general deterioration in water quality with time in the river below Manville is demonstrated through comparisons of dissolved-oxygen and biochemical-oxygen demand data collected between the late 1920's and early 1970's.
\r\nSeveral time-of-travel measurements within the basin are reported. These data provide reasonable estimates of the time required for soluble contaminants to pass through particular parts of the river system. For example, the peak concentration of a contaminant injected into the river system at Clinton at a flow of 100 cubic feet per second (2.83 cubic meters per second) would be expected to travel to the head of tide near South Bound Brook, about 34 miles (55 kilometers), in about 70 hours; but at a flow of 50 cubic feet per second (1.42 cubic meters per second) the traveltime would increase to about 125 hours.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Trenton, NJ","doi":"10.3133/wri7414","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Protection. Originally produced by the USGS New Jersey Water Resources Division.","usgsCitation":"Anderson, P.W., and Faust, S.D., 1974, Water quality and streamflow characteristics, Raritan River Basin, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 14-74, vi, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7414.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"90","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_14_74.gif"},{"id":261813,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0014/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":261814,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0014/pdf/wrir14-74.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Raritan River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.11666666666666,40.166666666666664 ], [ -75.11666666666666,40.96666666666667 ], [ -74.16666666666667,40.96666666666667 ], [ -74.16666666666667,40.166666666666664 ], [ -75.11666666666666,40.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Peter W.","contributorId":10400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faust, Samuel Denton","contributorId":70367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Denton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56757,"text":"wdrMS731 - 1974 - Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1973","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T14:40:47.092271","indexId":"wdrMS731","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MS-73-1","title":"Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1973","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1973 water year for Mississippi including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water, are given in this report. In Part 1, records are included for 79 gaging stations of which 75 are streamflow discharge stations, and 4 are reservoir or lake stations; also are included records for 58 low-flow partial-record stations, 139 crest-stage partial-record stations, and 79 miscellaneous sites. Locations of gaging stations are shown in Figure 1. In Part 2, data on the quality of surface water (chemical and temperature) were collected from designated sampling sites at predetermined intervals such as monthly, or less frequently. Records are given for 70 sampling stations of which 32 are continuous record stations, 26 are partial-record stations, and 12 are miscellaneous sites. Locations of water-quality stations are shown in Figure 1. A few pertinent stations (not included above) furnished by bordering States are also included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of L. E. Carroon, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Mississippi.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f38e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28391,"text":"wri746 - 1974 - Movement and dispersion of soluble materials in Salem Creek, Muddy Creek, and Yadkin River between Winston-Salem and Salisbury, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:55:04","indexId":"wri746","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-6","title":"Movement and dispersion of soluble materials in Salem Creek, Muddy Creek, and Yadkin River between Winston-Salem and Salisbury, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Wastes entering the Yadkin River from the Winston-Salem area, particularly during heavy rains, resulted in several major fish kills in the late 1960's and early 1970's. The actions undertaken to solve this problem, included the collection of data on the time of travel and dispersion characteristics of the tributaries draining the Winston-Salem area and of the main stem of the Yadkin below their confluence.
Fluorescent dye was used to simulate the movement of waterborne wastes under four different flow conditions over a reach of about 41 miles (66 kilometers) beginning at the sewage-treatment plant on Salem Creek and ending on the Yadkin River at High Rock Lake near Salisbury. Total travel time for the entire reach ranges from about 28 hours during periods of high streamflow to about 47 hours during periods of low flow. A soluble substance released as a slug at the sewage-treatment plant disperses longitudinally and laterally as it moves downstream. Longitudinal dispersion, expressed as the time required for a substance released as a slug at the sewage-treatment plant to pass a downstream point, ranges from about 8 hours at the upper end of High Rock Lake during periods of high flow to about 15 hours during periods of low flow. The rate of lateral dispersion also depends on the rate of flow of the Yadkin. During high-flow conditions wastes entering the Yadkin from Winston-Salem disperse across the river in a few miles. Under low-flow conditions lateral dispersion is still incomplete more than 10 miles (16 kilometers) downstream.
Longitudinal dispersion casues the maximum concentrations resulting from slug injections to decrease significantly as the traveltime increases. A relation is presented so the maximum concentration can be estimated at any location downstream from a point of injection at flow rates between about 80 and 500 cubic feet per second (2 and 14 cubic meters per second) at the Muddy Creek gaging station and between about 1,500 and 10,000 cubic feet per second (42 and 280 cubic meters per second) at the Yadkin College gaging station.
Water entering the Yadkin River from Muddy Creek during low-flow periods does not completely disperse laterally for more than 10 miles (16 kilometers) below the confluence, but, when the Yadkin River discharge is above 5,000 cubic feet per second (140 cubic meters per second), lateral mixing is complete within a few miles below the confluence.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri746","usgsCitation":"Lindskov, K., 1974, Movement and dispersion of soluble materials in Salem Creek, Muddy Creek, and Yadkin River between Winston-Salem and Salisbury, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-6, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri746.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359496,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0006/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Salisburg, Winston-Salem","otherGeospatial":"Muddy Creek, Salem Creek, Yadkin River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.1667,\n 35.70693497582502\n ],\n [\n -80.1667,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -80.5,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -80.5,\n 35.70693497582502\n ],\n [\n -80.1667,\n 35.70693497582502\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4802","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindskov, K.L.","contributorId":91077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindskov","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26129,"text":"wri7435 - 1974 - A method for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T12:50:35","indexId":"wri7435","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-35","title":"A method for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in South Dakota","docAbstract":"A general flood-frequency analysis has provided a method for estimating flood magnitudes and frequencies on South Dakota streams. Related flood data useful in planning and design also are included in the report.
Two distinct hydrologic regions are delineated within the State. The divisional boundary for these regions is, in general, the western divide of the James River basin. For each region, the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year floods are related to basin and climatic characteristics by regression equations. Indices based on contributing drainage area size, elevation, and mean annual precipitation were found to be the most useful variables in estimation of South Dakota floods. Regional relationships based on these variables can be used to estimate floods of selected frequency at most ungaged sites where peak flows are not significantly affected by regulation or other manmade works. Equations and graphs presented are applicable to drainage basins with areas approximately from
0.1 to 4,000 square miles (0.3 to 10,400 square kilometres) in the Eastern Region and from 0.1 to 9,000 square miles (0.3 to 23,300 square kilometres) in the Western Region. Limitations on use of these equations are given and the accuracy of resulting estimates is discussed.
Flood characteristics are tabulated for 130 gaging stations having 10 or more years of record. These frequency data may provide the best estimates of floods at these gaged sites. Also, maximum flood peaks determined at 188 gaging stations and 52 miscellaneous sites are compared with regional flood relationships.
Individual relationships are presented for the main-stem portions of selected streams where significant regulation is a factor or where drainage areas exceed the limits of applicability of the regional relationships.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7435","usgsCitation":"Becker, L.D., 1974, A method for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-35, iv, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7435.","productDescription":"iv, 78 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358952,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae0de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, Lawrence D.","contributorId":83965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2673,"text":"wsp2031 - 1974 - Influence of recharge basins on the hydrology of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp2031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2031","title":"Influence of recharge basins on the hydrology of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"An investigation of recharge basins on Long Island was made by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Nassau County Department of Public Works, Suffolk County Department of Environmental Control, and Suffolk County Water Authority. The major objectives of the study were to (1) catalog basic physical data on the recharge basins in use on Long Island, (2) measure quality and quantity of precipitation and inflow, (3) measure infiltration rates at selected recharge basins, and (4) evaluate regional effects of recharge basins on the hydrologic system of Long Island. The area of study consists of Nassau and Suffolk Counties -- about 1,370 square miles -- in eastern Long Island, N.Y. \r\n\r\nRecharge basins, numbering more than 2,100 on Long Island in 1969, are open pits in moderately to highly permeable sand and gravel deposits. These pits are used to dispose of storm runoff from residential, industrial, and commercial areas, and from highways, by infiltration of the water through the bottom and sides of the basins. \r\n\r\nThe hydrology of three recharge basins on Long Island -- Westbury, Syosset, and Deer Park basins -- was studied. The precipitation-inflow relation showed that the average percentages of precipitation flowing into each basin were roughly equivalent to the average percentages of impervious areas in the total drainage areas of the basins. Average percentages of precipitation flowing into the basins as direct runoff were 12 percent at the Westbury basin, 10 percent at the Syosset basin, and 7 percent at the Deer Park basin. Numerous open-bottomed storm-water catch basins at Syosset and Deer Park reduced the proportion of inflow to those basins, as compared with the Westbury basin, which has only a few open-bottomed catch basins. \r\n\r\nInflow hydrographs for each basin typify the usual urban runoff hydrograph -- steeply rising and falling limbs, sharp peaks, and short time bases. Unit hydrographs for the Westbury and the Syosset basins are not expected to change; however, the unit hydrograph for the Deer Park basin is expected to broaden somewhat as a result of additional future house construction within the drainage area. \r\n\r\nInfiltration rates averaged 0.9 fph (feet per hour) for 63 storms between July 1967 and May 1970 at the Westbury recharge basin, 0.8 fph for 22 storms from July 1969 to September 1970 at the Syosset recharge basin, and 0.2 fph for 24 storms from March to September 1970 at the Deer Park recharge basin. Low infiltration rates at Deer Park resulted mainly from (1) a high percentage of eroded silt, clay, and organic debris washed in from construction sites in the drainage area, which partly filled the interstices of the natural deposits, and (2) a lack of a well-developed plant-root system on the floor of the younger basin, which would have kept the soil zone more permeable. \r\n\r\nThe apparent rate of movement of storm water through the unsaturated zone below each basin averaged 5.5 fph at Westbury, 3.7 fph at Syosset, and 3.1 fph at Deer Park. The rates of movement for storms during the warm months (April through October) were slightly higher than average, probably because the recharging water was warmer than it was during the rest of the year, and therefore, was slightly less viscous.\r\n\r\nOn the average, a 1-inch rainfall resulted in a peak rise of the water table directly below each basin of 0.5 foot; a 2-inch rainfall resulted in a peak rise of about 2 feet. The mound commonly dissipated within 1 to 4 days at Westbury, 7 days to more than 15 days at Syosset, and 1 to 3 days at Deer Park, depending on the magnitude of the peak buildup. \r\n\r\nAverage annual ground-water recharge was estimated to be 6.4 acre-feet at the Westbury recharge basin, 10.3 acre-feet at the Syosset recharge basin, and 29.6 acre-feet at the Deer Park recharge basin. \r\n\r\nChemical composition of precipitation at Westbury, Syosset, and Deer Park drainage areas was similar: ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2031","usgsCitation":"Seaburn, G., and Aronson, D.A., 1974, Influence of recharge basins on the hydrology of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2031, vi, 66 p. :ill. (1 fold. in pocket) ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2031.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p. :ill. (1 fold. in pocket) ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247234,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2031/plate-1.pdf","size":"1142","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29023,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ede49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seaburn, G.E.","contributorId":42193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seaburn","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aronson, D. A.","contributorId":20308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aronson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45979,"text":"ofr73273 - 1974 - Low-flow characteristics of Kentucky streams - A preliminary report","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45979,"text":"ofr73273 - 1974 - Low-flow characteristics of Kentucky streams - A preliminary report","indexId":"ofr73273","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow characteristics of Kentucky streams - A preliminary report"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":48618,"text":"ofr801225 - 1980 - Low-flow characteristics of Kentucky streams, 1980","indexId":"ofr801225","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow characteristics of Kentucky streams, 1980"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":48618,"text":"ofr801225 - 1980 - Low-flow characteristics of Kentucky streams, 1980","indexId":"ofr801225","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow characteristics of Kentucky streams, 1980"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T18:56:14.953506","indexId":"ofr73273","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-273","title":"Low-flow characteristics of Kentucky streams - A preliminary report","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has been gathering low-flow data on streams throughout Kentucky for several decades. Much of the data now have been analyzed to determine the frequency of the annual low flow on those streams. Knowledge of the magnitude and frequency of low flow is necessary for planning, managing, and protecting water resources of the Commonwealth. Some specific uses are to analyze potential water-supply capacity, for control of water quality, and for the management of recreation potential.
This preliminary report presents a low-flow characteristic at each site where defined, and where the flow is not significantly regulated. That characteristic, the 7-day, 10-year low flow, is the one which seems to be most in demand because of its use in water quality planning and control.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr73273","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Kentucky, University of Kentucky and the Kentucky Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Swisshelm, R., 1974, Low-flow characteristics of Kentucky streams - A preliminary report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-273, 1 Plate: 44.90 x 23.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73273.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 44.90 x 23.93 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408105,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0273/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0273/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648617","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swisshelm, R.V. Jr.","contributorId":71229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swisshelm","given":"R.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13985,"text":"ofr74368 - 1974 - Hydrologic data of the Hoosic River basin, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-22T23:14:17.310651","indexId":"ofr74368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-368","title":"Hydrologic data of the Hoosic River basin, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Hoosic River has its headwaters in northwestern Massachusetts and southern Vermont and flows northwestward through southern Vermont into New York, where it is tributary to the Hudson River. Upstream from the Massachusetts State line the Hoosic River drains a total of 205 mi2 (531 km2) of which 164 mi2 (425 km2) are in Massachusetts, 29 mi2 (101 km2) are in Vermont, and 2 mi2 (5 km2) are in New York. This report contains hydrologic data for that part inside Massachusetts and includes all, or parts of, the towns of Adams, Cheshire, Clarksburg, Dalton, Florida, Hancock, Lanesborough, New Ashford, North Adams, Savoy, Williamstown, and Windsor.
The data tabulated here were collected during an investigation of the water resources of the Hoosic River basin in Massachusetts by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Massachusetts Water Resources Commission. This report is released to make available to the public basic hydrologic and related information that will facilitate the planning of water-resources development and complements an interpretive report of the area (Hansen and others, 1973).
Data presented include selected information on wells, test borings, springs, seismic surveys, streamflow records, chemical analyses of surface and ground water and of rainfall, and suspended-sediment concentrations of surface water. (See Plate 1 for locations of all hydrologic-data collection sites.)
The authors wish to acknowledge the public officials, consulting firms, industrial concerns, well drillers, and individual homeowners who have given their time and information to this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74368","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Water Resources Commission","usgsCitation":"Hansen, B.P., Gay, F.B., and Toler, L., 1974, Hydrologic data of the Hoosic River basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-368, Report: 33 p.; 1 Plate: 27.53 x 21.03 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74368.","productDescription":"Report: 33 p.; 1 Plate: 27.53 x 21.03 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":431328,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0368/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":431327,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0368/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0368/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Hoosic River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.29894453570657,\n 42.8800886208854\n ],\n [\n -73.29894453570657,\n 42.40327840740747\n ],\n [\n -72.34313398883154,\n 42.40327840740747\n ],\n [\n -72.34313398883154,\n 42.8800886208854\n ],\n [\n -73.29894453570657,\n 42.8800886208854\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60786f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Bruce P.","contributorId":90727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gay, Frederick B.","contributorId":102052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toler, L.G.","contributorId":98710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toler","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3060,"text":"wsp1880B - 1974 - Floods of September-October 1967 in south Texas and northeastern Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T11:37:09","indexId":"wsp1880B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1880","chapter":"B","title":"Floods of September-October 1967 in south Texas and northeastern Mexico","docAbstract":"Floods produced by Hurricane Beulah during September and October 1967 were outstanding because of the magnitude of the stage and discharge and because of the number of river basins affected. Previously known maximum stages were exceeded, at the downstream station, in five river basins in Texas by amounts ranging from 2.7 feet at Guadalupe River near Tivoli to 9.2 feet at Aransas River near Skidmore.
\nThe greatest relative maximum discharge recorded during the storm occurred at Medio Creek near Beeville, where the peak discharge was 4.1 times the previous maximum since 1919 and 6.0 times the magnitude of a regional 50-year flood. The inflow to Lake Corpus Christi was more than 4.5 times the volume of the lake at spillway elevation.
\nBecause of the large volume of fresh-water inflow to bays and estuaries along the Texas coast, the salinity of the water was greatly reduced. Data collected in Nueces Corpus Christi and Guadalupe San Antonio Bays show that dilution proceeded rapidly along the line of flow.
\nFresh-water inflow to Corpus Christi Bay exceeded 60,000 cubic feet per second from September 23 through September 28. The total inflow was about 1.5 times the volume of water normally in the bay, but because of its shape and depth, the bay was not entirely flushed of saline water.
\nFresh-water inflow to San Antonio Bay exceeded 40,000 cubic feet per second from September 21 through September 26. The total inflow was more than three times the volume of water normally in the bay, and most of the saline water was flushed from the bay.
\nMeasurements of water levels in wells indicate that Hurricane Beulah caused significant rises in water levels in shallow wells by percolation of rainfall and ponded waters and by the cascading of floodwaters directly into numerous inundated wells.
\nFlooding along the Rio Grande and its floodways below Falcon Dam was the greatest since the American floodway system was completed in 1926. At Mission Branch Floodway, south of McAllen, Tex., the peak discharge was 2.15 times the previous maximum in 1932. The peak stage exceeded the previous maximum by 4.14 feet. Flooding along the Mexican floodways destroyed all stream-gaging equipment.
\nA 4,000-square-mile area of south Texas having no defined drainage system contains thousands of shallow wind-formed depressions. These normally dry depressions were inundated by the storm runoff, which produced a vast amount of ponded water. The ponds blocked highways for several days and hampered ranching and oil field operations for months after the storm. Rainfall measurements of 25 inches during the period September 19-25, 1967, were common in Texas, and as much as 35 inches was measured in Mexico.
\nTotal damage in 39 counties of Texas was estimated by the Galveston District of the Corps of Engineers to be $168,844,000.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1880B","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, E.E., Grozier, R., Hahl, D.C., and Hulme, A., 1974, Floods of September-October 1967 in south Texas and northeastern Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1880, Report: vi, 111 p.; 3 Plates: 32.00 x 22.27 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1880B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 111 p.; 3 Plates: 32.00 x 22.27 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29915,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1880b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29916,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1880b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29917,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1880b/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29918,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1880b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1880b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6af9bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Elmer E.","contributorId":38962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Elmer","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grozier, R.U.","contributorId":105704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grozier","given":"R.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hahl, D. C.","contributorId":57436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hulme, A.E.","contributorId":36922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hulme","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}