Accurate temperature measurements are required for accurate determinations of important environmental parameters such as pH, specific electrical conductance, and dissolved oxygen, and to the determination of chemical reaction rates and equilibria, biological activity, and physical fluid properties. This section of the National Field Manual (NFM) describes U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) guidance and protocols for measurement of temperature in air, ground water, and surface water and calibration of the equipment used. Each chapter of the National Field Manual is published separately and revised periodically. Newly published and revised chapters will be announced on the USGS Home Page on the World Wide Web under 'New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey.'
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 9","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/twri09A6.1","usgsCitation":"Wilde, F., 2006, Chapter A6. Section 6.1. Temperature (Version 2): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 09-A6.1, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri09A6.1.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363704,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm9A0","text":"Techniques and Methods 9-AO","linkHelpText":"- General introduction for the “National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data”"},{"id":363001,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a61/twri9a6_6.1_v-1.1.pdf","text":"Report September 2002","size":"60.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Version 1.1"},{"id":363000,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a61/twri9a6_6.1_ver1.2.pdf","text":"Report April 2004","size":"760 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Version 1.2"},{"id":363002,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a61/twri9a6_6.1_4-98.pdf","text":"Report April 1998","size":"9.06 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- First Release"},{"id":9803,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a6_6.1_ver2.pdf","text":"Report","size":"393 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TWRI 9a6.1"},{"id":192232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 2","contact":"Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Email: nfm@usgs.gov
","tableOfContents":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2869","isbn":"0607990562","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, S.W., Cannon, W.F., Woodruff, L.G., and Dicken, C.L., 2006, Bedrock geologic map of the Port Wing, Solon Springs, and parts of the Duluth and Sandstone 30' x 60' quadrangles, Wisconsin and Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2869, 1 Plate: 53.65 × 58.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2869.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 53.65 × 58.57 inches","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":251610,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2869/plate-1.pdf","size":"23920","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251609,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2869/report.pdf","size":"33","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2869/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394025,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70030.htm"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Duluth and Sandstone 30' x 60' quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.36,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -92.36,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -92.36,\n 46\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63daa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, Suzanne W. 0000-0002-9365-1894 swnich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-1894","contributorId":880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Suzanne","email":"swnich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":201972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dicken, Connie L. 0000-0002-1617-8132 cdicken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1617-8132","contributorId":57098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dicken","given":"Connie","email":"cdicken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79927,"text":"sim2871 - 2006 - Geologic Map of the Upper Wolf Island Creek Watershed, Reidsville Area, Rockingham County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"sim2871","displayToPublicDate":"2007-05-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2871","title":"Geologic Map of the Upper Wolf Island Creek Watershed, Reidsville Area, Rockingham County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"This geologic map provides a foundation for hydrogeologic investigations in the Reidsville area of Rockingham County, north-central North Carolina. The 16-mi2 area within the Southeast Eden and Reidsville 7.5-min quadrangles includes the watershed of Wolf Island Creek and its tributary, Carroll Creek, upstream of their confluence.\r\n\r\nLayered metamorphic rocks in this area of the Milton terrane, here informally named the Chinqua-Penn metamorphic suite, include a heterogeneous mica gneiss and schist unit that contains interlayers and lenses of white-mica schist, felsic gneiss, amphibolite, and ultramafic rock; a felsic gneiss that contains interlayers of amphibolite, white-mica schist, and minor ultramafic lenses; and a migmatitic biotite gneiss. Crushed stone is produced from an active quarry in the felsic gneiss. Igneous intrusive rocks include a mafic-ultramafic assemblage that may have originated as mafic intrusive bodies containing ultramafic cumulates, a foliated two-mica granite informally named the granite of Reidsville, and unmetamorphosed Jurassic diabase dikes. The newly recognized Carroll Creek shear zone strikes roughly east-west and separates heterogeneous mica gneiss and schist to the north from structurally overlying felsic gneiss to the south.\r\n\r\nRegional amphibolite-facies metamorphism accompanied polyphase ductile deformation in the metamorphic rocks. Two phases of isoclinal to tight folding and related penetrative deformation, described as D1 and D2, were followed by phases of high-strain mylonitic deformation in shear zones and late gentle to open folding. Later brittle deformation produced minor faults, steep joints, foliation-parallel parting, and sheeting joints.\r\n\r\nThe metamorphic and igneous rocks are mantled by saprolite and residual soil derived from weathering of the underlying bedrock, and unconsolidated Quaternary alluvium occupies the flood plains of Wolf Island Creek and its tributaries.\r\n\r\nThe geologic map delineates lithologic and structural features that may act as barriers or conduits for ground-water flow. It provides a hydrogeologic framework for the upper Wolf Island Creek drainage basin, including coreholes and ground-water monitoring wells along two transects. Collaborative hydrogeologic investigations by the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey are in progress to increase understanding of the influence of geological features on ground-water quality, availability, and transport in an area representative of large areas in the west-central Piedmont.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2871","isbn":"060796443X","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality ","usgsCitation":"Horton, J., and Geddes, D.J., 2006, Geologic Map of the Upper Wolf Island Creek Watershed, Reidsville Area, Rockingham County, North Carolina (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2871, Map: 40 x 30 inches; Text: iv, 14 p.; ReadMe; Data Files; Metadata; Also available on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2871.","productDescription":"Map: 40 x 30 inches; Text: iv, 14 p.; ReadMe; Data Files; Metadata; Also available on CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110753,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_82809.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"82809"},{"id":194719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9757,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2871/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.75,36.333333333333336 ], [ -79.75,36.43333333333333 ], [ -79.61749999999999,36.43333333333333 ], [ -79.61749999999999,36.333333333333336 ], [ -79.75,36.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geddes, Donald J. Jr.","contributorId":104991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geddes","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79855,"text":"ofr20051026 - 2006 - Hydratools manual version 1.0, documentation for a MATLAB®-based post-processing package for the Sontek Hydra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-06T08:27:48","indexId":"ofr20051026","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1026","title":"Hydratools manual version 1.0, documentation for a MATLAB®-based post-processing package for the Sontek Hydra","docAbstract":"The Sediment Transport Instrumentation Group (STG) at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Woods Hole Science Center has a long-standing comitment to providing scientists with high quality oceanographic data. To meet this commitment, STG personnel are vigilant in checking data as well as hardware for signs of instrument malfunction. STG data sets are accompanied by processing histories to detail data processing procedures that may have modified the natural data signal while removing noise from the data.
\nThe history also allows the data to be reprocessed in the ligth of new insight into instrument function and moored conditions. This toolbox was compiled to meet these data quality commitments for data generated by Sontek Hydra systems using both ADV and PCADP probes.
\nIn the mid 1900's, the USGS Coastal and Marine Program began frequent deployments of Sontek Hydra systems in support of projects in estuaries, coastal, and continental shelf regions nationwide. Hydra data sets are large and complex in structure, and existing processing and editing tools consisted of fragments of MATLAB code written by USGS scientists to satisfy personal research needs.
\nThis code did not meet STG quality control criteria. This toolbox permits engineers and scientists to monitor data quality by:
\n1.\tprocessing data with interactive critical review;
\n2.\tpreserving data quality indicators;
\n3.\tpreserving minimally processed and partially processed versions of data sets.
\nSTG usually deploys ADV and PCADP probes configured as downward looking, mounted on bottom tripods, with the objective of measuring high-resolution near-bed currents. The velocity profiles are recorded with minimal internal data processing. Also recorded are parameters such as temperature, conductivity, optical backscatter, light transmission, and high frequency pressure. Sampling consists of high-frequency bursts(1–10 Hz) bursts of long duration (5–30 minutes) at regular and recurring intervals for a duration of 1 to 6 months. The result is very large data files, often 500 MB per Hydra, per deployment, in Sontek's compressed binary format.
\nThis section introduces the Hydratools toolbox and provides information about the history of the system's development. The USGS philosophy regarding data quality is discussed to provide an understating of the motivation for creating the system. General information about the following topics will also be discussed: hardware and software required for the system, basic processing steps, limitations of program usage, and features that are unique to the programs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051026","usgsCitation":"Martini, M.A., Sherwood, C., Horwitz, R., Ramsey, A., Lightsom, F., Lacy, J., and Xu, J., 2006, Hydratools manual version 1.0, documentation for a MATLAB®-based post-processing package for the Sontek Hydra: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1026, Report: 49 p.; Data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051026.","productDescription":"Report: 49 p.; Data files","numberOfPages":"49","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":528,"text":"Pacific Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20051026.PNG"},{"id":9575,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1026/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293466,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1026/zip/hydratools20apr06.zip"},{"id":293465,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1026/pdf/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a376","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherwood, Chris","contributorId":45007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horwitz, Rachel","contributorId":40285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horwitz","given":"Rachel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramsey, Andree","contributorId":39069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Andree","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lightsom, Fran","contributorId":41053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lightsom","given":"Fran","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lacy, Jessie","contributorId":9356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Xu, Jingping jpx@usgs.gov","contributorId":2574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Jingping","email":"jpx@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":79841,"text":"fs20063053 - 2006 - Genetics/Genomics Research in the Central Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:19","indexId":"fs20063053","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3053","title":"Genetics/Genomics Research in the Central Region","docAbstract":"Genetics-based research within the Biological Resources Discipline (BRD) Science Centers in the Central Region incorporates many aspects of the field of genetics. Research activities range from documenting patterns of genetic variation in order to investigate relationships among species, populations and individuals to investigating the structure, function and expression of genes and their response to environmental stressors. Research in the broad areas of genetics requires multidisciplinary expertise and specialized equipment and instrumentation. Brief summaries of the capabilities of the five BRD Centers are given below.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20063053","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Genetics/Genomics Research in the Central Region: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3053, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063053.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":172,"text":"Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3053.jpg"},{"id":9541,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biology.usgs.gov/cro/Fact%20Sheets/CR-Genetics.pdf","size":"522","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79840,"text":"sir20065189 - 2006 - Areal distribution and concentration of contaminants of concern in surficial streambed and lakebed sediments, Lake St. Clair and tributaries, Michigan, 1990-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-23T10:10:05","indexId":"sir20065189","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5189","title":"Areal distribution and concentration of contaminants of concern in surficial streambed and lakebed sediments, Lake St. Clair and tributaries, Michigan, 1990-2003","docAbstract":"As part of the Lake St. Clair Regional Monitoring Project, the U.S. Geological Survey evaluated data collected from surficial streambed and lakebed sediments in the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair drainages. This study incorporates data collected from 1990 through 2003 and focuses primarily on the U.S. part of the Lake St. Clair Basin, including Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River, and tributaries to Lake St. Clair. Comparable data from the Canadian part of the study area are included where available. The data are compiled into 4 chemical classes and consist of 21 compounds. The data are compared to effects-based sediment-quality guidelines, where the Threshold Effect Level and Lowest Effect Level represent concentrations below which adverse effects on biota are not expected and the Probable Effect Level and Severe Effect Level represent concentrations above which adverse effects on biota are expected to be frequent.
Maps in the report show the spatial distribution of the sampling locations and illustrate the concentrations relative to the selected sediment-quality guidelines. These maps indicate that sediment samples from certain areas routinely had contaminant concentrations greater than the Threshold Effect Concentration or Lowest Effect Level. These locations are the upper reach of the St. Clair River, the main stem and mouth of the Clinton River, Big Beaver Creek, Red Run, and Paint Creek. Maps also indicated areas that routinely contained sediment contaminant concentrations that were greater than the Probable Effect Concentration or Severe Effect Level. These locations include the upper reach of the St. Clair River, the main stem and mouth of the Clinton River, Red Run, within direct tributaries along Lake St. Clair and in marinas within the lake, and within the Clinton River headwaters in Oakland County.
Although most samples collected within Lake St. Clair were from sites adjacent to the mouths of its tributaries, samples analyzed for trace-element concentrations were collected throughout the lake. The distribution of trace-element concentrations corresponded well with the results of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of flow patterns from the Clinton River into Lake St. Clair. The model was developed independent from the bed sediment analysis described in this report; yet it showed a zone of deposition for outflow from the Clinton River into Lake St. Clair that corresponded well with the spatial distribution of trace-element concentrations. This zone runs along the western shoreline of Lake St. Clair from L'Anse Creuse Bay to St. Clair Shores, Michigan and is reflected in the samples analyzed for mercury and cadmium.
Statistical summaries of the concentration data are presented for most contaminants, and selected statistics are compared to effects-based sediment-quality guidelines. Summaries were not computed for dieldrin, chlordane, hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane, and mirex because insufficient data are available for these contaminants. A statistical comparison showed that the median concentration for hexachlorobenzene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and pyrene are greater than the Threshold Effect Concentration or Lowest Effect Level.
Probable Effect Concentration Quotients provide a mechanism for comparing the concentrations of contaminant mixtures against effects-based biota data. Probable Effect Concentration Quotients were calculated for individual samples and compared to effects-based toxicity ranges. The toxicity-range categories used in this study were nontoxic (quotients < 0.5) and toxic (quotients > 0.5). Of the 546 individual samples for which Probable Effect Concentration Quotients were calculated, 469 (86 percent) were categorized as being nontoxic and 77 (14 percent) were categorized as being toxic. Bed-sediment samples with toxic Probable Effect Concentration Quotients were collected from Paint Creek, Galloway Creek, the main stem of the Clinton River, Big Beaver Creek, Red Run, Clinton River towards the mouth, Lake St. Clair along the western shore, and the St. Clair River near Sarnia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065189","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Lake St. Clair Regional Monitoring Project","usgsCitation":"Rachol, C.M., and Button, D.T., 2006, Areal distribution and concentration of contaminants of concern in surficial streambed and lakebed sediments, Lake St. Clair and tributaries, Michigan, 1990-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5189, vi, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065189.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","temporalStart":"1990-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9540,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.5,\n 43.45\n ],\n [\n -83.5,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -82.333333,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -82.333333,\n 43.45\n ],\n [\n -83.5,\n 43.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673e70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rachol, Cynthia M. 0000-0001-9984-3435 crachol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9984-3435","contributorId":3488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rachol","given":"Cynthia","email":"crachol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Button, Daniel T. 0000-0002-7479-884X dtbutton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7479-884X","contributorId":2084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Button","given":"Daniel","email":"dtbutton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79833,"text":"ofr20061260B - 2006 - Surficial geologic map of the Salem Depot-Newburyport East-Wilmington-Rockport 16-quadrangle area in northeast Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T20:30:00.407327","indexId":"ofr20061260B","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1260","chapter":"B","title":"Surficial geologic map of the Salem Depot-Newburyport East-Wilmington-Rockport 16-quadrangle area in northeast Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The surficial geologic map shows the distribution of nonlithified earth materials at land surface in an area of 16 7.5-minute quadrangles (total 658 mi2) in northeast Massachusetts. The geologic map differentiates surficial materials of Quaternary age on the basis of their lithologic characteristics (grain size, sedimentary structures, mineral and rock-particle composition), constructional geomorphic features, stratigraphic relationships, and age. Surficial earth materials significantly affect human use of the land, and an accurate description of their distribution is particularly important for water resources, construction aggregate resources, earth-surface hazards assessments, and land-use decisions. This compilation of surficial geologic materials is an interim product that defines the areas of exposed bedrock, and the boundaries between glacial till, glacial stratified deposits, and overlying postglacial deposits. This work is part of a comprehensive study to produce a statewide digital map of the surficial geology at a 1:24,000-scale level of accuracy. This report includes explanatory text (PDF), a regional map at 1:50,000 scale (PDF), quadrangle maps at 1:24,000 scale (PDF files), GIS data layers (ArcGIS shapefiles), metadata for the GIS layers, scanned topographic base maps (TIF), and a readme.txt file.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061260B","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Office of the State Geologist and Executive Office of Environmental Affairs","usgsCitation":"Stone, B.D., Stone, J., and DiGiacomo-Cohen, M.L., 2006, Surficial geologic map of the Salem Depot-Newburyport East-Wilmington-Rockport 16-quadrangle area in northeast Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1260, HTML Dcoument, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061260B.","productDescription":"HTML Dcoument","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9527,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1260/B/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110725,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81194.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"81194"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Salem Depot - Newburyport East - Wilmington - Rockport 16-quadrangle area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.25,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -70.5739,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -70.5739,\n 42.8867\n ],\n [\n -71.25,\n 42.8867\n ],\n [\n -71.25,\n 42.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68961e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway","contributorId":72793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet Radway","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DiGiacomo-Cohen, Mary L.","contributorId":45253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiGiacomo-Cohen","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79827,"text":"ds195 - 2006 - USGS Streamgages Linked to the Medium Resolution NHD","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:39","indexId":"ds195","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"195","title":"USGS Streamgages Linked to the Medium Resolution NHD","docAbstract":"The locations of approximately 23,000 current and historical U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgages in the United States and Puerto Rico (with the exception of Alaska) have been snapped to the medium resolution National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). The NHD contains geospatial information about mapped surface-water features, such as streams, lakes, and reservoirs, etc., creating a hydrologic network that can be used to determine what is upstream or downstream from a point of interest on the NHD network. An automated snapping process made the initial determination of the NHD location of each streamgage. These initial NHD locations were comprehensively reviewed by local USGS personnel to ensure that streamgages were snapped to the correct NHD reaches. About 75 percent of the streamgages snapped to the appropriate NHD reach location initially and 25 percent required adjustment and relocation. This process resulted in approximately 23,000 gages being successfully snapped to the NHD.\r\n\r\nThis dataset contains the latitude and longitude coordinates of the point on the NHD to which the streamgage is snapped and the location of the gage house for each streamgage. A process known as indexing may be used to create reference points (event tables) to the NHD reaches, expressed as a reach code and measure (distance along the reach). Indexing is dependent on the version of NHD to which the indexing is referenced. These data are well suited for use in indexing because nearly all the streamgage NHD locations have been reviewed and adjusted if necessary, to ensure they will index to the appropriate NHD reach.\r\n\r\nFlow characteristics were computed from the daily streamflow data recorded at each streamgage for the period of record. The flow characteristics associated with each streamgage include:\r\n\r\n*First date (year, month, day) of streamflow data\r\n*Last date (year, month, day) of streamflow data\r\n*Number of days of streamflow data\r\n*Number of days of non-zero streamflow data\r\n*Minimum and maximum daily flow for the period of record (cubic feet per second)\r\n*Percentiles (1, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 80, 90, 95, 99) of daily flow for the period of record (cubic feet per second)\r\n*Average and standard deviation of daily flow for the period of record (cubic feet per second)\r\n*Mean annual base-flow index (BFI) computed for the period of record (fraction, ranging from 0 to 1)\r\n*Year-to-year standard deviation of the annual base-flow index computed for the period of record (fraction)\r\n*Number of years of data used to compute the base-flow index (years)\r\n\r\nThe streamflow data used to compute flow characteristics were copied from the NWIS-Web historical daily discharge archive (nadww01.er.usgs.gov:/www/htdocs/nwisweb/data/discharge) on June 15, 2005.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds195","usgsCitation":"Stewart, D.W., Rea, A., and Wolock, D.M., 2006, USGS Streamgages Linked to the Medium Resolution NHD: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 195, Online Only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds195.","productDescription":"Online Only","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9523,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/streamgages.xml","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db6122cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, David W. dwstewar@usgs.gov","contributorId":2390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"David","email":"dwstewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79825,"text":"ds237 - 2006 - Archive of digital boomer and chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 04SCC01 in Terrebonne, Timbalier, and Barataria Bays and Lake Pelto, Louisiana, June and July 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:51:39","indexId":"ds237","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"237","title":"Archive of digital boomer and chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 04SCC01 in Terrebonne, Timbalier, and Barataria Bays and Lake Pelto, Louisiana, June and July 2004","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds237","usgsCitation":"Calderon, K., 2006, Archive of digital boomer and chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 04SCC01 in Terrebonne, Timbalier, and Barataria Bays and Lake Pelto, Louisiana, June and July 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 237, 3 DVDs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds237.","productDescription":"3 DVDs","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Barataria Bay, Lake Pelto, Terrebonne Bay, Timbalier Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679d75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calderon, Karynna","contributorId":92739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calderon","given":"Karynna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79824,"text":"ds238 - 2006 - Archive of digital boomer and chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 03SCC03 in Lake Pelto and Timbalier and Terrebonne Bays, Louisiana, September 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:58:17","indexId":"ds238","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"238","title":"Archive of digital boomer and chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 03SCC03 in Lake Pelto and Timbalier and Terrebonne Bays, Louisiana, September 2003","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds238","usgsCitation":"Calderon, K., 2006, Archive of digital boomer and chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 03SCC03 in Lake Pelto and Timbalier and Terrebonne Bays, Louisiana, September 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 238, 2 DVDs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds238.","productDescription":"2 DVDs","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Lake Pelto, Terrebonne Bay, Timbalier Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679d70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calderon, Karynna","contributorId":92739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calderon","given":"Karynna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79826,"text":"ds192 - 2006 - Percentage of Probability of Nonpoint-Source Nitrate Contamination of Recently Recharged Ground Water in the High Plains Aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T10:04:25","indexId":"ds192","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"192","title":"Percentage of Probability of Nonpoint-Source Nitrate Contamination of Recently Recharged Ground Water in the High Plains Aquifer","docAbstract":"This raster data set represents the percentage of probability of nonpoint-source nitrate contamination (greater than the proposed background concentration of 4 milligrams per liter (mg/L) as N) of recently (defined as less than 50 years) recharged ground water in the High Plains aquifer of the United States. The High Plains aquifer covers approximately 175,000 square miles in eight States; Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. Elevated nitrate concentrations above the background concentration have been detected in recently recharged (less than 50 years) ground water in the High Plains aquifer. This data set is derived from empirical models developed using multivariate logistic regression to evaluate the vulnerability of the High Plains aquifer to nitrate contamination from nonpoint sources. This data set was generated in a geographic information system from these models and represents the spatial extent of vulnerability of nitrate contamination greater than 4 mg/L across the aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds192","usgsCitation":"Qi, S.L., and Gurdak, J., 2006, Percentage of Probability of Nonpoint-Source Nitrate Contamination of Recently Recharged Ground Water in the High Plains Aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 192, Online Only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds192.","productDescription":"Online Only","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9522,"rank":100,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ds192_hp_npctprob.xml","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"projection":"Albers Conical Equal Area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6886ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Qi, Sharon L. 0000-0001-7278-4498 slqi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-4498","contributorId":1130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Sharon","email":"slqi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gurdak, Jason J.","contributorId":65125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurdak","given":"Jason J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79800,"text":"sim2804 - 2006 - Geologic Map of the Big Spring Quadrangle, Carter County, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:44","indexId":"sim2804","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2804","title":"Geologic Map of the Big Spring Quadrangle, Carter County, Missouri","docAbstract":"The bedrock exposed in the Big Spring quadrangle of Missouri comprises Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician aged dolomite, sandstone, and chert. The sedimentary rocks are nearly flat lying except where they are adjacent to faults. The carbonate rocks are karstified, and the area contains numerous sinkholes, springs, caves, and losing streams.\r\n\r\nThis map is one of several being produced under the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program to provide geologic data applicable to land-use problems in the Ozarks of south-central Missouri. Ongoing and potential industrial and agricultural development in the Ozarks region has presented issues of ground-water quality in karst areas. A national park in this region (Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri) is concerned about the effects of activities in areas outside of their stewardship on the water resources that define the heart of this park. This task applies geologic mapping and karst investigations to address issues surrounding competing land use in south-central Missouri. This task keeps geologists from the USGS associated with the park and allows the park to utilize USGS expertise and aid the NPS on how to effectively use geologic maps for park management. For more information, see: http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/Karst/index.html","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2804","isbn":"1411309634","usgsCitation":"Weary, D.J., and McDowell, R., 2006, Geologic Map of the Big Spring Quadrangle, Carter County, Missouri (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2804, Map (58 x 42 inches); Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2804.","productDescription":"Map (58 x 42 inches); Data Files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110711,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80754.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80754"},{"id":194762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9490,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2804/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91,36.8675 ], [ -91,37 ], [ -90.86749999999999,37 ], [ -90.86749999999999,36.8675 ], [ -91,36.8675 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a856f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weary, David J. 0000-0002-6115-6397 dweary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6115-6397","contributorId":545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weary","given":"David","email":"dweary@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDowell, Robert C.","contributorId":88345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Robert C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79798,"text":"ofr20061195 - 2006 - Surficial sediment character of the Louisiana offshore continental shelf region: A GIS compilation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T20:11:59.812254","indexId":"ofr20061195","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1195","title":"Surficial sediment character of the Louisiana offshore continental shelf region: A GIS compilation","docAbstract":"The Louisiana coastal zone, comprising the Mississippi River delta plain stretching nearly 400 km from Sabine Pass at the Texas border east to the Chandeleur Islands at the Mississippi border, represents one of North America’s most important coastal ecosystems in terms of natural resources, human infrastructure, and cultural heritage. At the same time, this region has the highest rates of coastal erosion and wetland loss in the Nation due to a complex combination of natural processes and anthropogenic actions over the past century. Comparison of historical maps dating back to 1855 and recent aerial photography show the Louisiana coast undergoing net erosion at highly variable rates. Rates have increased significantly during the past several decades. Earlier published statewide average shoreline erosion rates were >6 m/yr; rates have increased recently to >10 m/yr. The increase is attributable to collective action of storms, rapid subsidence, and pervasive man-made alterations of the rivers and the coast. In response to the dramatic landloss, regional-scale restoration plans are being developed by a partnership of federal and state agencies for the delta plain that have the objectives of maintaining the barrier islands, reducing wetland loss, and enhancing the natural sediment delivery processes.
\nThere is growing awareness that the sustainability of coastal Louisiana's natural resources and human infrastructure depends on the successful restoration of natural geologic processes. Critical to the long term success of restoration is scientific understanding of the geologic history and processes of the coastal zone region, including interactions between the rivers, wetlands, coast, and inner shelf.
\nA variety of geophysical studies and mapping of Late Quaternary sedimentary framework and coastal processes by U.S. Geological Survey and other scientists during the past 50 years document that the Louisiana delta plain is the product of a complex history of cyclic delta switching by the Mississippi River and its distributaries over the past ~10,000 years that resulted in laterally overlapping deltaic depocenters. The interactions among riverine, coastal, and inner shelf processes have been superimposed on the Holocene transgression resulting in distinctive landforms and sedimentary sequences.
\nFour Holocene shelf-phase delta complexes have been identified using seismic reflection data and vibracores. Each delta complex is bounded by transgressive surfaces. Following each cycle of deposition and abandonment, the delta lobes undergo regional subsidence and marine reworking that forms transgressive coastal systems and barrier islands. Ultimately, the distal end of each of the abandoned delta lobes is marked by submerged marine sand bodies representing drowned barriers. These sand bodies (e.g. Ship Shoal, Outer Shoal, Trinity Shoal, Tiger Shoal, St. Bernard Shoal) offer the largest volumes and highest quality sand for beach nourishment and shoreline and wetlands restoration.
\nThese four large sand shoals on inner continental shelf, representing the reworked remnants of former prograded deltaic headlands that existed on the continental shelf at lower sea level, were generated in the retreat path of the Mississippi River delta plain during the Holocene transgression. Penland and others (1989) have shown these sand bodies represent former shoreline positions associated with lower still stands in sea level. Short periods of rapid relative sea-level rise led to the transgressive submergence of the shorelines which today can be recognized at the -10 m to -20 m isobaths on the Louisiana continental shelf. Trinity Shoal and Ship Shoal represent the -10 m middle-to-late Holocene shoreline trend, whereas Outer Shoal and the St. Bernard Shoals define the -20 m early Holocene shoreline trend (Penland and others, 1989). Collectively, these sand shoals constitute a large volume of high quality sandy sediment potentially suitable for barrier island nourishment and coastal restoration.
\nThe USGS has actively supported coastal and wetlands geologic research for the past two decades in partnership with universities (e.g., Louisiana State University, University of New Orleans), state agencies (e.g. Louisiana Geological Survey, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources), and private organizations (Williams and others, 1992a,b; Williams and Cichon, 1993; List and others, 1994). These studies have focused on regional-scale mapping of coastal and wetland change and developing a better understanding of the processes that cause coastal erosion and wetlands loss, particularly the rapid deterioration of Louisiana's barrier islands, estuaries, and wetlands environments. With a better understanding of these processes, the ability to model and predict erosion and wetlands loss will improve. More accurate predictions will, in turn, allow for proper management of coastal resources. Improved predictions will also allow for better assessments of the utility of different restoration alternatives.
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States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545b0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79779,"text":"pp1731 - 2006 - The Virginia Coastal Plain hydrogeologic framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-25T14:56:17.123371","indexId":"pp1731","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1731","displayTitle":"The Virginia Coastal Plain Hydrogeologic Framework","title":"The Virginia Coastal Plain hydrogeologic framework","docAbstract":"A refined descriptive hydrogeologic framework of the Coastal Plain of eastern Virginia provides a new perspective on the regional ground-water system by incorporating recent understanding gained by discovery of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater and determination of other geological relations. The seaward-thickening wedge of extensive, eastward-dipping strata of largely unconsolidated sediments is classified into a series of 19 hydrogeologic units, based on interpretations of geophysical logs and allied descriptions and analyses from a regional network of 403 boreholes.
Potomac aquifer sediments of Early Cretaceous age form the primary ground-water supply resource. The Potomac aquifer is designated as a single aquifer because the fine-grained interbeds, which are spatially highly variable and inherently discontinuous, are not sufficiently dense across a continuous expanse to act as regional barriers to ground-water flow. Part of the Potomac aquifer in the outer part of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater consists of megablock beds, which are relatively undeformed internally but are bounded by widely separated faults. The Potomac aquifer is entirely truncated across the inner part of the crater. The Potomac confining zone approximates a transition from the Potomac aquifer to overlying hydrogeologic units.
New or revised designations of sediments of Late Cretaceous age that are present only south of the James River include the upper Cenomanian confining unit, the Virginia Beach aquifer and confining zone, and the Peedee aquifer and confining zone. The Virginia Beach aquifer is a locally important ground-water supply resource.
Sediments of late Paleocene to early Eocene age that compose the Aquia aquifer and overlying Nanjemoy-Marlboro confining unit are truncated along the margin of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. Sediments of late Eocene age compose three newly designated confining units within the crater, which are from bottom to top, the impact-generated Exmore clast and Exmore matrix confining units, and the Chickahominy confining unit.
Piney Point aquifer sediments of early Eocene to middle Miocene age overlie most of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater and beyond, but are a locally significant ground-water supply resource only outside of the crater across the middle reaches of the Northern Neck, Middle, and York-James Peninsulas. Sediments of middle Miocene to late Miocene age that compose the Calvert confining unit and overlying Saint Marys confining unit effectively separate the underlying Piney Point aquifer and deeper aquifers from overlying shallow aquifers. Saint Marys aquifer sediments of late Miocene age separate the Calvert and Saint Marys confining units across two limited areas only.
Sediments of the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer of late Miocene to late Pliocene age form the second most heavily used ground-water supply resource. The Yorktown confining zone approximates a transition to the overlying late Pliocene to Holocene sediments of the surficial aquifer, which extends across the entire land surface in the Virginia Coastal Plain and is a moderately used supply. The Yorktown-Eastover aquifer and the eastern part of the surficial aquifer are closely associated across complex and extensive hydraulic connections and jointly compose a shallow, generally semiconfined ground-water system that is hydraulically separated from the deeper system.
Vertical faults extend from the basement upward through most of the hydrogeologic units but may be more widespread and ubiquitous than recognized herein, because areas of sparse boreholes do not provide adequate spatial control. Hydraulic conductivity probably is decreased locally by disruption of depositional intergranular structure by fault movement in the generally incompetent sediments. Localized fluid flow in open fractures may be unique in the Chickahominy confining unit. Some hydrogeologic units are partly to wholly truncated where displacements are large relative to unit thickness, resulting in lateral flow barriers or flow conduits.
The tops of the Saint Marys confining unit, YorktownEastover aquifer, and Yorktown confining zone are widely sculpted by erosion that reflects both the present-day topography and buried paleochannels. Fault displacements across the top surfaces of these hydrogeologic units probably have been beveled by erosion. Additionally, erosion has modified the margins of many hydrogeologic units by truncation along the valleys of major rivers and their tributaries, beneath which underlying hydrogeologic units are incised. As a result, the surficial aquifer is in contact with a “patchwork” of underlying hydrogeologic units that create a complex array of hydraulic connections between the confined and unconfined ground-water systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1731","isbn":"1411310659","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"McFarland, R.E., and Scott, B.T., 2006, The Virginia Coastal Plain Hydrogeologic Framework: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1731, Report (x, 119 p.); 25 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1731.","productDescription":"Report ix, 118 p.; 25 Plates: 21.16 x 29.87 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81146.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"81146"},{"id":192448,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9467,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2006/1731/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Virginia Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 38.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d60c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McFarland, E. Randolph 0000-0002-4135-6842 ermcfarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4135-6842","contributorId":195668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"E.","email":"ermcfarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randolph","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruce, T. Scott","contributorId":197588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruce","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79783,"text":"sir20065270 - 2006 - Methods for Adjusting U.S. Geological Survey Rural Regression Peak Discharges in an Urban Setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:56","indexId":"sir20065270","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5270","title":"Methods for Adjusting U.S. Geological Survey Rural Regression Peak Discharges in an Urban Setting","docAbstract":"A study was conducted of 78 U.S. Geological Survey gaged streams that have been subjected to varying degrees of urbanization over the last three decades. Flood-frequency analysis coupled with nonlinear regression techniques were used to generate a set of equations for converting peak discharge estimates determined from rural regression equations to a set of peak discharge estimates that represent known urbanization. Specifically, urban regression equations for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year return periods were calibrated as a function of the corresponding rural peak discharge and the percentage of impervious area in a watershed. The results of this study indicate that two sets of equations, one set based on imperviousness and one set based on population density, performed well. Both sets of equations are dependent on rural peak discharges, a measure of development (average percentage of imperviousness or average population density), and a measure of homogeneity of development within a watershed. Average imperviousness was readily determined by using geographic information system methods and commonly available land-cover data. Similarly, average population density was easily determined from census data. Thus, a key advantage to the equations developed in this study is that they do not require field measurements of watershed characteristics as did the U.S. Geological Survey urban equations developed in an earlier investigation.\r\n\r\nDuring this study, the U.S. Geological Survey PeakFQ program was used as an integral tool in the calibration of all equations. The scarcity of historical land-use data, however, made exclusive use of flow records necessary for the 30-year period from 1970 to 2000. Such relatively short-duration streamflow time series required a nonstandard treatment of the historical data function of the PeakFQ program in comparison to published guidelines. Thus, the approach used during this investigation does not fully comply with the guidelines set forth in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 17B, and modifications may be needed before it can be applied in practice.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20065270","usgsCitation":"Moglen, G.E., and Shivers, D.E., 2006, Methods for Adjusting U.S. Geological Survey Rural Regression Peak Discharges in an Urban Setting: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5270, vi, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065270.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9679,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5270/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a0cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moglen, Glenn E.","contributorId":106585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moglen","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13220,"text":"The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":290824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shivers, Dorianne E.","contributorId":106988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shivers","given":"Dorianne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}