The Snow Camp-Saxapahaw study area, in the Carolina slate belt in the Southeastern United States, is notable for large zones of high-sulfidation alteration in arc-related metavolcanic rocks. The area has potential for additional significant pyrophyllite and related aluminosilicate refractory mineral deposits and may have potential for small- to medium-size gold deposits also associated with the high-sulfidation hydrothermal systems. The Carolina slate belt is an elongate zone of mostly low-grade metamorphic rocks of Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic age that extends from northeastern Georgia to southern Virginia. It is dominated by volcanic rocks but locally consists of fine-grained epiclastic sedimentary rocks. Plutons and subvolcanic bodies have intruded the rocks of the Carolina slate belt in many places and have been important in controlling the metamorphism and in localizing hydrothermal alteration. The Snow Camp-Saxapahaw area is mostly underlain by volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and lesser amounts of intrusive shallow plutons. The volcanic rocks range in composition from basalt to rhyolite; however andesites, dacites, and rhyodacites are the most abundant. The intrusive bodies are largely granite and quartz monzonite; gabbroic bodies also are common. It was possible to establish the relative ages of only part of these rocks. Two northeast-trending fault zones and fractures divide the map area into three structural blocks; the central block was tilted down to the southwest to form a grabenlike structure. Most of the hydrothermally altered rocks and all of the intensely altered zones are confined to the downdropped block, which we think may have been calderalike in origin. A major volcanic unit, the Reedy Branch Tuff, is limited to the southwestern part of the graben and may be the youngest volcanic rock in the area. Layered rocks record one or more strong folding events, but the diversity of rock types, lack of recognizable stratigraphic markers, and uneven distribution of outcrops prevented comprehensive structural studies. Except for a few late plutons and dikes, all of the rocks of the area have been metamorphosed in middle to upper greenschist facies, and contact aureoles were recognized around some of the plutons. Several relatively small bodies of granitic rock contain plagioclase grains in which primary oscillatory zoning was unaffected by metamorphism. These were interpreted to be post-metamorphic. We think that there were three separate stages of hydrothermal alteration in the complex volcanic terrane in the area. The oldest, an area of at least 8.5 square miles (22 square kilometers), was subjected to an intense hydrothermal alteration, ranging from peripheral zones of quartz-sericite-paragonite through a patchy marginal zone of pyrophyllite, andalusite, and other high-alumina minerals, to almost totally silicified core zones. The second event resulted in large areas of weak to moderate sericitic and propylitic alteration recognizable only in the Reedy Branch Tuff. The last event was related to post-metamorphic plutons. All of the pyrophyllite-andalusite deposits and perhaps most of the gold and silver mineralization can be related to the first period of hydrothermal alteration. The subsequent metamorphism did not produce significant changes in mineral species in the zones of most intense hydrothermal alteration. Gold- and silver-bearing sulfide minerals in fracture zones along the southeastern margin of the graben may also have been deposited during this earliest alteration stage. No metallic mineralization appears to have occurred during the second event. A group of molybdenum-bearing greisenlike bodies formed during the emplacement of the youngest plutons during the post-metamorphic event. One gold-bearing sulfide zone occurs in the exocontact of one such porphyritic stock.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061259","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, R.G., Gumiel, P., and Payas, A., 2006, Geology and mineral deposits of the Snow Camp-Saxapahaw area, central North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1259, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061259.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9212,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1259/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":398767,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80583.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Snow Camp-Saxapahaw area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.4647,\n 35.8069\n ],\n [\n -79.28,\n 35.8069\n ],\n [\n -79.28,\n 35.9486\n ],\n [\n -79.4647,\n 35.9486\n ],\n [\n -79.4647,\n 35.8069\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68646e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, Robert G.","contributorId":19243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gumiel, Pablo","contributorId":78803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gumiel","given":"Pablo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Payas, Alba","contributorId":8553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payas","given":"Alba","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79588,"text":"sir20065261 - 2006 - Arsenic, Boron, and Fluoride Concentrations in Ground Water in and Near Diabase Intrusions, Newark Basin, Southeastern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T13:49:39","indexId":"sir20065261","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5261","title":"Arsenic, Boron, and Fluoride Concentrations in Ground Water in and Near Diabase Intrusions, Newark Basin, Southeastern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"During an investigation in 2000 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) of possible contaminant releases from an industrial facility on Congo Road near Gilbertsville in Berks and Montgomery Counties, southeastern Pennsylvania, concentrations of arsenic and fluoride above USEPA drinking-water standards of 10 ?g/L and 4 mg/L, respectively, and of boron above the USEPA health advisory level of 600 ?g/L were measured in ground water in an area along the northwestern edge of the Newark Basin. In 2003, the USEPA requested technical assistance from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to help identify sources of arsenic, boron, and fluoride in the ground water in the Congo Road area, which included possible anthropogenic releases and naturally occurring mineralization in the local bedrock aquifer, and to identify other areas in the Newark Basin of southeastern Pennsylvania with similarly elevated concentrations of these constituents. The USGS reviewed available data and collected additional ground-water samples in the Congo Road area and four similar hydrogeologic settings. \r\n\r\nThe Newark Basin is the largest of the 13 major exposed Mesozoic rift basins that stretch from Nova Scotia to South Carolina. Rocks in the Newark Basin include Triassic through Jurassic-age sedimentary sequences of sandstones and shales that were intruded by diabase. Mineral deposits of hydrothermal origin are associated with alteration zones bordering intrusions of diabase and also occur as strata-bound replacement deposits of copper and zinc in sedimentary rocks. \r\n\r\nThe USGS review of data available in 2003 showed that water from about 10 percent of wells throughout the Newark Basin of southeastern Pennsylvania had concentrations of arsenic greater than the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 ?g/L; the highest reported arsenic concentration was at about 70 ?g/L. Few data on boron were available, and the highest reported boron concentration in well-water samples was 60 ?g/L in contrast to concentrations over 5,000 ?g/L in the Congo Road area. Although concentrations of fluoride up to 4 mg/L were reported for a few well-water samples collected throughout the Newark Basin, about 90 percent of the samples had concentrations of 0.5 mg/L or less. \r\n\r\nThe USGS sampled 58 wells primarily in 5 areas in the Newark Basin, southeastern Pennsylvania, from February 2004 through April 2005 to identify other possible areas of elevated arsenic, boron, and fluoride and to characterize the geochemical environment associated with elevated concentrations of these constituents. Sampled wells included 12 monitor wells at an industrial facility near Congo Road, 45 private-supply wells in Berks, Montgomery, and Bucks Counties, and 1 private-supply well near Dillsburg, York County, an area where elevated fluoride in ground water had been reported in the adjacent Gettysburg Basin. Wells were sampled in transects from the diabase through the adjacent hornfels and into the unaltered shales of the Brunswick Group. Field measurements were made of pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and specific conductance. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory for major ions, nutrients, total organic carbon, dissolved and total concentrations of selected trace elements, and boron isotopic composition. \r\n\r\nGenerally, the ground water from the 46 private-supply wells had relatively neutral to alkaline pH (ranging from 6.1 to 9.1) and moderate concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Most water samples were of the calcium-bicarbonate type. Concentrations of arsenic up to 60 ?g/L, boron up to 3,950 ?g/L, and fluoride up to 0.70 mg/L were measured. Drinking-water standards or health advisories (for constituents that do not have standards established) were exceeded most frequently (about 20 percent of samples) for arsenic and boron and less frequently (6 percent or less of samples) for total iron, manganese, sulfate, nitrate, lead, molybdenum, and strontium. In water from 12 monitor","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065261","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., and Sloto, R.A., 2006, Arsenic, Boron, and Fluoride Concentrations in Ground Water in and Near Diabase Intrusions, Newark Basin, Southeastern Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5261, x, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065261.","productDescription":"x, 105 p.","numberOfPages":"115","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9207,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5261/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.0,40.0 ], [ -76.0,41.0 ], [ -74.30,41.0 ], [ -74.30,40.0 ], [ -76.0,40.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672ce7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79581,"text":"tm4A7 - 2006 - Kendall-Theil Robust Line (KTRLine--version 1.0)-A Visual Basic Program for Calculating and Graphing Robust Nonparametric Estimates of Linear-Regression Coefficients Between Two Continuous Variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:23","indexId":"tm4A7","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"4-A7","title":"Kendall-Theil Robust Line (KTRLine--version 1.0)-A Visual Basic Program for Calculating and Graphing Robust Nonparametric Estimates of Linear-Regression Coefficients Between Two Continuous Variables","docAbstract":"The Kendall-Theil Robust Line software (KTRLine-version 1.0) is a Visual Basic program that may be used with the Microsoft Windows operating system to calculate parameters for robust, nonparametric estimates of linear-regression coefficients between two continuous variables. The KTRLine software was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, for use in stochastic data modeling with local, regional, and national hydrologic data sets to develop planning-level estimates of potential effects of highway runoff on the quality of receiving waters. The Kendall-Theil robust line was selected because this robust nonparametric method is resistant to the effects of outliers and nonnormality in residuals that commonly characterize hydrologic data sets. The slope of the line is calculated as the median of all possible pairwise slopes between points. The intercept is calculated so that the line will run through the median of input data. A single-line model or a multisegment model may be specified. \r\n\r\nThe program was developed to provide regression equations with an error component for stochastic data generation because nonparametric multisegment regression tools are not available with the software that is commonly used to develop regression models. The Kendall-Theil robust line is a median line and, therefore, may underestimate total mass, volume, or loads unless the error component or a bias correction factor is incorporated into the estimate. Regression statistics such as the median error, the median absolute deviation, the prediction error sum of squares, the root mean square error, the confidence interval for the slope, and the bias correction factor for median estimates are calculated by use of nonparametric methods. These statistics, however, may be used to formulate estimates of mass, volume, or total loads.\r\n\r\nThe program is used to read a two- or three-column tab-delimited input file with variable names in the first row and data in subsequent rows. The user may choose the columns that contain the independent (X) and dependent (Y) variable. A third column, if present, may contain metadata such as the sample-collection location and date. The program screens the input files and plots the data. The KTRLine software is a graphical tool that facilitates development of regression models by use of graphs of the regression line with data, the regression residuals (with X or Y), and percentile plots of the cumulative frequency of the X variable, Y variable, and the regression residuals. The user may individually transform the independent and dependent variables to reduce heteroscedasticity and to linearize data. The program plots the data and the regression line. The program also prints model specifications and regression statistics to the screen. The user may save and print the regression results. The program can accept data sets that contain up to about 15,000 XY data points, but because the program must sort the array of all pairwise slopes, the program may be perceptibly slow with data sets that contain more than about 1,000 points.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tm4A7","collaboration":"Chapter 7\r\nSection A, Statistical Analysis,\r\nBook 4, Hydrologic Analysis and Interpretation\r\n\r\nPrepared in cooperation with the\r\nU.S. Department of Transportation\r\nFederal Highway Administration\r\nOffice of Natural and Human Environment ","usgsCitation":"Granato, G., 2006, Kendall-Theil Robust Line (KTRLine--version 1.0)-A Visual Basic Program for Calculating and Graphing Robust Nonparametric Estimates of Linear-Regression Coefficients Between Two Continuous Variables: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-A7, vi, 31 p.; software program, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4A7.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.; software program","numberOfPages":"37","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438860,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F76972RX","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"KTRLine: Kendall-Theil Robust Line software support page"},{"id":194920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9200,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm4a7/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4830","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":1692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory E.","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79582,"text":"tm10C5 - 2006 - Determination of the δ15N and δ13C of total nitrogen and carbon in solids; RSIL lab code 1832","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-18T17:16:41","indexId":"tm10C5","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"10-C5","title":"Determination of the δ15N and δ13C of total nitrogen and carbon in solids; RSIL lab code 1832","docAbstract":"The purpose of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL) lab code 1832 is to determine the δ(15N/14N), abbreviated as δ15N, and the δ(13C/12C), abbreviated as δ13C, of total nitrogen and carbon in a solid sample. A Carlo Erba NC 2500 elemental analyzer (EA) is used to convert total nitrogen and carbon in a solid sample into N2 and CO2 gas. The EA is connected to a continuous flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (CF-IRMS), which determines the relative difference in stable nitrogen isotope-amount ratio (15N/14N) of the product N2 gas and the relative difference in stable carbon isotope-amount ratio (13C/12C) of the product CO2 gas. The combustion is quantitative; no isotopic fractionation is involved. Samples are placed in tin capsules and loaded into a Costech Zero Blank Autosampler on the EA. Under computer control, samples then are dropped into a heated reaction tube that contains an oxidant, where combustion takes place in a helium atmosphere containing an excess of oxygen gas. Combustion products are transported by a helium carrier through a reduction furnace to remove excess oxygen and to convert all nitrous oxides into N2 and through a drying tube to remove water. The gas-phase products, mainly CO2 and N2, are separated by a gas chromatograph. The gas is then introduced into the IRMS through a Finnigan MAT (now Thermo Scientific) ConFlo II interface. The Finnigan MAT ConFlo II interface is used for introducing not only sample into the IRMS but also N2 and CO2 reference gases and helium for sample dilution. The flash combustion is quantitative; no isotopic fractionation is involved. The IRMS is a Thermo Scientific Delta V CF-IRMS. It has a universal triple collector, two wide cups with a narrow cup in the middle; it is capable of measuring mass/charge (m/z) 28, 29, 30 or with a magnet current change 44, 45, 46, simultaneously. The ion beams from these m/z values are as follows: m/z 28 = N2 = 14N/14N; m/z 29 = N2 = 14N/15N primarily; m/z 30 = NO = 14N/16O primarily, which is a sign of contamination or incomplete reduction; m/z 44 = CO2 = 12C16O16O; m/z 45 = CO2 = 13C16O16O primarily; and m/z 46 = CO2 = 12C16O18O primarily.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 5 of Book 10, Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory, Section C, Stable Isotope-Ratio Methods","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm10C5","usgsCitation":"Revesz, K., Qi, H., and Coplan, T.B., 2006, Determination of the δ15N and δ13C of total nitrogen and carbon in solids; RSIL lab code 1832 (Version 1.0 - 2006, Version 1.1 - 2007, Version 1.2 - September 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10-C5, viii, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm10C5.","productDescription":"viii, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":543,"text":"Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_10_C5.gif"},{"id":9201,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c5/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":261903,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c5/tm10c5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0 - 2006, Version 1.1 - 2007, Version 1.2 - September 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6674ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga","contributorId":64285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qi, Haiping 0000-0002-8339-744X haipingq@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-744X","contributorId":507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Haiping","email":"haipingq@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coplan, Tyler B.","contributorId":25656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplan","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79583,"text":"tm4B4 - 2006 - User's manual for Program PeakFQ, annual flood-frequency analysis using Bulletin 17B guidelines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T14:14:54.157507","indexId":"tm4B4","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"4-B4","title":"User's manual for Program PeakFQ, annual flood-frequency analysis using Bulletin 17B guidelines","docAbstract":"Estimates of flood flows having given recurrence intervals or probabilities of exceedance are needed for design of hydraulic structures and floodplain management. Program PeakFQ provides estimates of instantaneous annual-maximum peak flows having recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years (annual-exceedance probabilities of 0.50, 0.20, 0.10, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.002, respectively). As implemented in program PeakFQ, the Pearson Type III frequency distribution is fit to the logarithms of instantaneous annual peak flows following Bulletin 17B guidelines of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data. The parameters of the Pearson Type III frequency curve are estimated by the logarithmic sample moments (mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of skewness), with adjustments for low outliers, high outliers, historic peaks, and generalized skew. This documentation provides an overview of the computational procedures in program PeakFQ, provides a description of the program menus, and provides an example of the output from the program.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm4B4","usgsCitation":"Flynn, K.M., Kirby, W.H., and Hummel, P.R., 2006, User's manual for Program PeakFQ, annual flood-frequency analysis using Bulletin 17B guidelines: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-B4, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4B4.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":482963,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm4b4/tm4b4.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.25 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":194963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9202,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm4b4/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de17f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, Kathleen M.","contributorId":43756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, William H.","contributorId":7294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hummel, Paul R.","contributorId":58728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummel","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79584,"text":"fs20063143 - 2006 - Estimating magnitude and frequency of floods using the PeakFQ program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:07","indexId":"fs20063143","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3143","title":"Estimating magnitude and frequency of floods using the PeakFQ program","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20063143","usgsCitation":"Flynn, K.M., Kirby, W.H., Mason, R., and Cohn, T., 2006, Estimating magnitude and frequency of floods using the PeakFQ program: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3143, 1 sheet ([2] p.) : ill. ; 28 x 18 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063143.","productDescription":"1 sheet ([2] p.) : ill. ; 28 x 18 cm.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3143.jpg"},{"id":9205,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3143/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9203,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/software","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, Kathleen M.","contributorId":43756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, William H.","contributorId":7294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mason, Robert","contributorId":92360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cohn, Timothy A. tacohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"Timothy A.","email":"tacohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79586,"text":"ofr20061271 - 2006 - Descriptions and preliminary report on sediment cores from the southwest coastal area, Part II: Collected July 2005, Everglades National Park, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T15:30:46.408855","indexId":"ofr20061271","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1271","displayTitle":"Descriptions and Preliminary Report on Sediment Cores from the Southwest Coastal Area, Part II: Collected July 2005, Everglades National Park, Florida","title":"Descriptions and preliminary report on sediment cores from the southwest coastal area, Part II: Collected July 2005, Everglades National Park, Florida","docAbstract":"Twelve cores were collected from six sites in the southwest coastal area of Everglades National Park, Florida, in July 2005. These six sites create transects up three river systems that are part of the complex network of channels and bays that form the mangrove and coastal glades – Lostmans River system, Harney River system, and Shark River system. The three transects are linked to two cores collected in 2004 from Big Lostmans Bay and Tarpon Bay. A preliminary model of changes in flow through the southwest coastal zone is proposed based on an examination of the sediments and an initial assessment of key indicator species of mollusks within the cores. Throughout the time period recorded by deposition of these cores, flow to the southwest coastal area has been predominantly through the Shark River channels, diminishing to the north toward the Lostmans River system. The Lostmans system was less influenced by freshwater flow and more emergent than the two systems to the south. Freshwater flow has periodically reached the mouths of the Harney and Shark River systems, but these areas have persistently been zones of mixed estuarine environments, typical of transition zones. Evidence for a substantial change in the flow regime is found in the mid-system cores from the Harney and Shark Rivers. The lower portions of both cores were deposited in freshwater environments, with no indication of estuarine influence; however, a shift towards more estuarine conditions occurs in the upper portions of the cores and a loss of the larger freshwater fauna. These results are preliminary. The next step will be to develop age models and to conduct quantitative analyses of the fauna, flora, and sediment geochemistry at these sites. Results of the quantitative analyses will provide information on the natural and anthropogenic changes that have occurred in the southwest coastal system that will allow resource managers to set targets for restoration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061271","usgsCitation":"Descriptions and Preliminary Report on Sediment Cores from the Southwest Coastal Area, Part II: Collected July 2005, Everglades National Park, Florida; 2006; OFR; 2006-1271; Wingard, G. Lynn; Budet, Carlos A.; Ortiz, Ruth E.; Hudley, Joel; Murray, James B.","productDescription":"33 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":362547,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/preview/ofr20051360","text":"Open-File Report 2005-1360","linkHelpText":"- Descriptions and Preliminary Report on Sediment Cores from the Southwest Coastal Area, Everglades National Park, Florida"},{"id":362546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1271/ofr20061271.pdf","text":"Report","size":"67.5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2006-1271"},{"id":191455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1271/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.31089678655033,\n 25.805615345913836\n ],\n [\n -81.31089678655033,\n 25.120280550494044\n ],\n [\n -80.43083859375446,\n 25.120280550494044\n ],\n [\n -80.43083859375446,\n 25.805615345913836\n ],\n [\n -81.31089678655033,\n 25.805615345913836\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
Ground water is an important component of Anchorage's water supply. During the 1970s and early 80s when ground water extracted from aquifers near Ship Creek was the principal source of supply, area-wide declines in ground-water levels resulted in near record low streamflows in Ship Creek. Since the importation of Eklutna Lake water in the late 1980s, ground-water use has been reduced and ground water has contributed 14-30 percent of the annual supply. As Anchorage grows, given the current constraints on the Eklutna Lake water availability, the increasing demand for water could place an increasing reliance on local ground-water resources. The sustainability of Anchorage's ground-water resources challenges stakeholders to develop a comprehensive water-resources management strategy.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20063148","usgsCitation":"Moran, E.H., and Galloway, D.L., 2006, Ground water in the Anchorage area, Alaska: Meeting the challenges of ground-water sustainability: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3148, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063148.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388386,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80478.htm"},{"id":126318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3148.jpg"},{"id":9187,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3148/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.7161865234375,\n 61.37830478538427\n ],\n [\n -149.7381591796875,\n 61.326951166839436\n ],\n [\n -149.81231689453125,\n 61.31640667426079\n ],\n [\n -149.93041992187497,\n 61.21473438478493\n ],\n [\n -150.01556396484375,\n 61.20415215066404\n ],\n [\n -150.07598876953125,\n 61.15251280656683\n ],\n [\n -149.76837158203125,\n 61.03169171684717\n ],\n [\n -149.52117919921875,\n 61.35198012139042\n ],\n [\n -149.7161865234375,\n 61.37830478538427\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, Edward H. emoran@usgs.gov","contributorId":5445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Edward","email":"emoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79566,"text":"ofr20061335 - 2006 - Selected Streamflow Statistics for Streamgaging Stationsin Northeastern Maryland, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T13:05:24.815267","indexId":"ofr20061335","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1335","title":"Selected Streamflow Statistics for Streamgaging Stationsin Northeastern Maryland, 2006","docAbstract":"Streamflow statistics were calculated for 47 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgaging stations in northeastern Maryland, in cooperation with (1) the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Center for Urban Environmental Research and Education; (2) the Baltimore City Department of Public Works; and (3) the Baltimore County Department of Environmental Protection and Resource Management. The statistics include the mean, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation of the daily mean discharges for the periods of record at the stations, as well as flow-duration and low-flow frequency statistics. The flow-duration statistics include the 1-, 2-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 40-, 50-, 60-, 70-, 75-, 80-, 85-, 90-, 95-, 98-, and 99-percent duration discharges. The low-flow frequency statistics include the average discharges for 1, 7, 14, and 30 days that recur, on average, once in 1.01, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years. The statistics were computed only for the 25 stations with periods of record of 10 years or more. The statistics were computed from records available through September 30, 2004 using standard methods and computer software developed by the USGS. A comparison between low-flow frequency statistics computed for this study and for a previous study that used data available through September 30, 1989 was done for seven stations. The comparison indicated that, for the 7-day mean low flow, the newer values were 19.8 and 15.3 percent lower for the 20- and 10-year recurrence intervals, respectively, and 2.1 percent higher for the 2-year recurrence interval, than the older values. For the 14-day mean low flow, the newer 20- and 10-year values were 25.2 and 15.5 percent lower, respectively, and the 2-year value was 2.9 percent higher than the older values. For the 30-day mean low flow, the newer 20-, 10-, and 2-year values were 10.8, 7.9, and 0.8 percent lower, respectively, than the older values. The newer values are generally lower than the older ones most likely because two major droughts have occurred since the older study was completed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061335","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the\r\nUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore County,\r\nCenter for Urban Environmental Research and Education;\r\nBaltimore City Department of Public Works; and\r\nBaltimore County Department of Environmental Protection and\r\nResource Management","usgsCitation":"Ries, K., 2006, Selected Streamflow Statistics for Streamgaging Stationsin Northeastern Maryland, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1335, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061335.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"20","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9186,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/ofr-2006-1335/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4883e4b07f02db51788c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. III kries@usgs.gov","contributorId":1913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ries","given":"Kernell G.","suffix":"III","email":"kries@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79563,"text":"ofr20061325 - 2006 - Aeromagnetic Survey in Western Afghanistan: A Web Site for Distribution of Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:39","indexId":"ofr20061325","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1325","title":"Aeromagnetic Survey in Western Afghanistan: A Web Site for Distribution of Data","docAbstract":"Aeromagnetic and related data were digitized from 1976 magnetic field\r\n and survey route location maps of western Afghanistan. The magnetic\r\n field data were digitized along contour lines from 33 maps in a series\r\n entitled 'Map of Magnetic Field of Afghanistan (Western Area) Delta-Ta\r\n Isolines,' compiled by V. A. Cnjagev and A. F. Bukhmastov. The survey\r\n route location data were digitized along flight-lines located on 33\r\n maps in a series entitled 'Survey Routes Location and Contours of\r\n Flight Equal Altitudes. Western Area of Afghanistan,' compiled by\r\n Z. A. Alpatova, V. G. Kurnosov, and F. A. Grebneva.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061325","usgsCitation":"Sweeney, R.E., Kucks, R.P., Hill, P.L., and Finn, C.A., 2006, Aeromagnetic Survey in Western Afghanistan: A Web Site for Distribution of Data (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1325, data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061325.","productDescription":"data files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1976-01-01","temporalEnd":"1976-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9180,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1325/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 60.8,32.0 ], [ 60.8,35.3 ], [ 62.5,35.3 ], [ 62.5,32.0 ], [ 60.8,32.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697481","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweeney, Ronald E.","contributorId":89564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kucks, Robert P.","contributorId":11648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Patricia L. pathill@usgs.gov","contributorId":1327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Patricia","email":"pathill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79564,"text":"ofr20061358 - 2006 - Knowledge and Understanding of the Hydrogeology of the Salt Basin in South-Central New Mexico and Future Study Needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:23","indexId":"ofr20061358","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1358","title":"Knowledge and Understanding of the Hydrogeology of the Salt Basin in South-Central New Mexico and Future Study Needs","docAbstract":"The Salt Basin covers about 2,400 square miles of south-central New Mexico and extends across the State line into Texas. As much as 57 million acre-feet of ground water may be stored within the New Mexico part of the Salt Basin of which 15 million acre-feet are potentially potable and recoverable. Recent work suggests that the volume of ground water in storage within the New Mexico portion of the Salt Basin may be substantially greater than 57 million acre-feet. \r\n\r\nIn this report, aquifers contained in the San Andres, Bone Spring, and Victorio Peak Limestones and in the Yeso, Hueco, and Abo Formations are collectively referred to as the carbonate aquifer. Porosity and permeability of the major aquifer are primarily determined by the density and interconnectedness of fractures and karstic solution channels. The spatial variability of these fractures and karstic features leads to a large spatial variability in hydraulic properties in the carbonate aquifer. \r\n\r\nGround water generally moves southward away from recharge areas along the northern border of the Salt Basin and generally moves eastward to southeastward away from areas of distributed recharge on the Otero Mesa and the Diablo Plateau. Ground water originating from these recharge areas generally moves toward the central valley. Present day discharge is mostly through ground-water withdrawal for agricultural irrigation. A zone of relatively low hydraulic gradient, corresponding to the location of the Otero Break, extends from near the Sacramento River watershed southward toward Dell City, Texas. Ground water in the carbonate aquifer generally is very hard and has dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 500 to 6,500 milligrams per liter. \r\n\r\nSubstantial variability exists in current estimates of (1) ground-water recharge, (2) natural ground-water discharge, (3) the volume of ground water in storage, (4) the volume of recoverable ground water, (5) the conceptual model of ground-water flow, (6) the distribution of ground-water quality, and (7) the distribution of hydraulic characteristics. Future study could reduce uncertainty in these estimates and allow for better management of ground-water resources in the Salt Basin.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061358","usgsCitation":"Huff, G.F., and Chace, D., 2006, Knowledge and Understanding of the Hydrogeology of the Salt Basin in South-Central New Mexico and Future Study Needs (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1358, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061358.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9181,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1358/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, G. F.","contributorId":11229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chace, D.A.","contributorId":60338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chace","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79560,"text":"ds239 - 2006 - Early Development of Four Cyprinids Native to the Yangtze River, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-17T16:11:46","indexId":"ds239","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"239","title":"Early Development of Four Cyprinids Native to the Yangtze River, China","docAbstract":"Chapter 1 -- Notes on the Translation and Use of \"A Study of the Early Development of Grass Carp, Black Carp, Silver Carp, and Bighead Carp in the Yangtze River, China\" By Duane C. Chapman and Ning Wang
Chapter 2 -- A Study of the Early Development of Grass Carp, Black Carp, Silver Carp, and Bighead Carp in the Yangtze River, China By Bolu Yi, Zhishen Liang, Zhitang Yu, Randuan Lin, and Mingjue He
Translated by Duane C. Chapman and Ning Wang
The document A Study of the Early Development of Grass Carp, Black Carp, Silver Carp, and Bighead Carp in the Yangtze River, China (Chapter 2 of this volume) was translated from the Chinese with the approval and assistance of the living authors of that study. It contains the most detailed description available, and approximately 200 drawings, of the early development of the subject fishes.
Chapter 1 provides important instructions on the use of the translation, including a description of the Chinese morphometric conventions, which differ from those used by North American scientists. Chapter 1 also provides the historical context in which Chapter 2 was developed, and information on how the larvae of the subject fishes, which have invaded the Mississippi River basin, may be distinguished from other fishes present in the basin.
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Wyoming Reservoir Management Group and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a cooperative project in 1999 to collect technical and analytical data on coalbed methane (CBM) resources and quality of the water produced from coalbeds in the Wyoming part of the Powder River Basin. The agencies have complementary but divergent goals and these kinds of data are essential to accomplish their respective resource evaluation and management tasks. The project also addresses the general public need for information pertaining to Powder River Basin CBM resources and development.
BLM needs, which relate primarily to the management of CBM resources, include improved gas content and gas in-place estimates for reservoir characterization and resource/reserve assessment, evaluation, and utilization. USGS goals include a basinwide assessment of CBM resources, an improved understanding of the nature and origin of coalbed gases and formation waters, and the development of predictive models for the assessment of CBM resources that can be used for such purposes in other basins in the United States (for example, the Bighorn, Greater Green River, and Williston Basins) and in other countries throughout the world (for example, Indonesia, New Zealand, and the Philippines).
Samples of coal, produced water, and gas from coalbed methane drill holes throughout the Powder River Basin, many of which are adjacent to several active mine areas (figs. 1, 2), have been collected by personnel in the USGS, BLM Reservoir Management Group, and Casper and Buffalo BLM Field Offices. Sampling was done under confidentiality agreements with 29 participating CBM companies and operators. Analyses run on the samples include coal permeability, coal quality and chemistry, coal petrography and petrology, methane desorption and adsorption, produced-water chemistry, and gas composition and isotopes. The USGS has supplied results to the BLM Reservoir Management Group for their resource management needs, and data are released when the terms of the confidentiality agreements are completed and consent is obtained.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20063132","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, U.S. Geological Survey and Bureau of Land Management Cooperative Coalbed Methane Project in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3132, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063132.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9168,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3132/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3132.jpg"},{"id":356880,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3132/pdf/fs06-3132_508.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db612c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79556,"text":"sir20065305 - 2006 - Water Budgets and Potential Effects of Land- and Water-Use Changes for Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"sir20065305","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5305","title":"Water Budgets and Potential Effects of Land- and Water-Use Changes for Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California","docAbstract":"To address concerns over continued growth in Carson Valley, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Douglas County, Nevada, began a study in February 2003 to update estimates of water-budget components in Carson Valley. Estimates of water-budget components were updated using annual evapotranspiration (ET) rates, rates of streamflow loss to infiltration and gain from ground-water seepage, and rates of recharge from precipitation determined from data collected in 2003 and 2004 for the study and reported in the literature. Overall water budgets were developed for the area of basin-fill deposits in Carson Valley for water years 1941-70 and 1990-2005. Water years 1941-70 represent conditions prior to increased population growth and ground-water pumping, and the importation of effluent. A ground-water budget was developed for the same area for water years 1990-2005.\r\n\r\nEstimates of total inflow in the overall water budget ranged from 432,000 to 450,000 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) for water years 1941-70 and from 430,000 to 448,000 for water years 1990-2005. Estimates of total inflow for both periods were fairly similar because variations in streamflow and precipitation were offset by increases in imported effluent. Components of inflow included precipitation on basin-fill deposits of 38,000 acre-ft/yr for both periods, streamflow of the Carson River and tributaries to the valley floor of 372,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1941-70 and 360,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1990-2005, ground-water inflow ranging from 22,000 to 40,000 acre-ft/yr for both periods, and imported effluent of 9,800 acre-ft/yr for water years 1990-2005 with none imported for water years 1941-70. Estimates of ground-water inflow from the California portion of Carson Valley averaged about 6,000 acre-ft/yr and ranged from 4,000 to 8,000 acre-ft/yr. These estimates compared well with a previous estimate of ground-water inflow across the State line. \r\n\r\nEstimates of total outflow in the overall water budget were 446,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1941-70, and 439,000 to 442,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1990-2005. Variations in ET and outflow of the Carson River were offset by an increase in net ground-water pumping for water years 1990-2005. Components of outflow include ET of 151,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1941-70 and 146,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1990-2005, streamflow of the Carson River of 293,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1941-70 and 278,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1990-2005, and net ground-water pumping of 2,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1941-70, and 15,000 to 18,000 acre-ft/yr for water years 1990-2005. The decreased average flows for water years 1990-2005 compared to water years 1940-71 were likely the result of dry conditions from 1987 to 1990. The large volumes of inflow and outflow of the Carson River dominate the overall water budget.\r\n\r\nEstimates of ground-water recharge for water years 1990-2005 ranged from 35,000 to 56,000 acre-ft/yr, and total sources of ground-water discharge ranged from 41,000 to 44,000 acre-ft/yr. Components of ground-water recharge included ground-water inflow from the Carson Range and Pine Nut Mountains (22,000 to 40,000 acre-ft/yr), ground-water recharge from streamflow (a minimum value of 10,000 acre-ft/yr), and secondary recharge of pumped ground water that returns to the water table (3,000 to 6,000 acre-ft/yr). Components of total ground-water discharge included ground-water ET from native phreatophytes, riparian vegetation, and non-irrigated pasture grasses (11,000 acre-ft/yr); ground-water discharge to streamflow of the Carson River (15,000 acre-ft/yr), and net ground-water pumping (15,000 to 18,000 acre-ft/yr). \r\n\r\nChanges in land use between water years 1941-70 and 1990-2005 have decreased ET by about 5,000 acre-ft/yr. Increased application of effluent for irrigation between those years has decreased the use of surface water and ground water for irrigation by about 9,500 acre-ft/yr. The total decrease, about 15,000 acre-ft/yr, was approximately equal to the net ground-water pumping of 15,000 to 18,000 acre-ft/yr. The decrease in ET and in the use of streamflow and ground water for irrigation would tend to increase outflow of the Carson River from Carson Valley, offsetting the decrease in outflow caused by ground-water pumping without changes in land use predicted by previous studies of water budgets for Carson Valley.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065305","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Douglas County, Nevada","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., and Berger, D.L., 2006, Water Budgets and Potential Effects of Land- and Water-Use Changes for Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5305, viii, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065305.","productDescription":"viii, 64 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9172,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5305/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a0e4b07f02db5bda6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, David L. dlberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"David","email":"dlberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}