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,{"id":70031281,"text":"70031281 - 2007 - Steeply dipping heaving bedrock, Colorado: Part 2 - Mineralogical and engineering properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70031281","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Steeply dipping heaving bedrock, Colorado: Part 2 - Mineralogical and engineering properties","docAbstract":"This paper describes the mineralogical and engineering properties of steeply dipping, differentially heaving bedrock, which has caused severe damage near the Denver area. Several field sites in heave-prone areas have been characterized using high sample densities, numerous testing methodologies, and thousands of sample tests. Hydrometer testing shows that the strata range from siltstone to claystone (33 to 66 percent clay) with occasional bentonite seams (53 to 98 percent clay mixed with calcite). From X-ray diffraction analyses, the claystone contains varying proportions of illite-smectite and discrete (pure) smectite, and the bentonite contains discrete smectite. Accessory minerals include pyrite, gypsum, calcite, and oxidized iron compounds. The dominant exchangeable cation is Ca2+, except where gypsum is prevalent, and Mg2+ and Na1+ are elevated. Scanning electron microscope analyses show that the clay fabric is deformed and porous and that pyrite is absent within the weathered zone. Unified Soil Classification for the claystone varies from CL to CH, and the bentonite is CH to MH. Average moisture content values are 17 percent for claystone and 32 percent for bentonite, and these are typically 0 to 5 percent lower than the plastic limit. Swell-consolidation and suction testing shows a full range of swelling potentials from low to very high. These findings confirm that type I (bed-parallel, symmetrical to asymmetrical) heave features are strongly associated with changes in bedrock composition and mineralogy. Composition changes are not necessarily a factor for type II (bed-parallel to bed-oblique, strongly asymmetrical) heave features, which are associated with movements along subsurface shear zones.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Engineering Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.13.4.309","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Noe, D., Higgins, J., and Olsen, H.W., 2007, Steeply dipping heaving bedrock, Colorado: Part 2 - Mineralogical and engineering properties: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 13, no. 4, p. 309-324, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.13.4.309.","startPage":"309","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212555,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.13.4.309"},{"id":240056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9827e4b08c986b31be70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noe, D.C.","contributorId":95215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, J.D.","contributorId":37154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olsen, H. W.","contributorId":10060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031287,"text":"70031287 - 2007 - Escape tectonics and the extrusion of Alaska: Past, present, and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-14T11:18:04.183372","indexId":"70031287","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Escape tectonics and the extrusion of Alaska: Past, present, and future","docAbstract":"The North Pacific Rim is a tectonically active plate boundary zone parts of which may be characterized as a laterally moving orogenic stream. Crustal blocks are transported along large-magnitude strike-slip faults in western Canada and central Alaska toward the Aleutian-Bering Sea subduction zones. Throughout much of the Cenozoic, at and west of its Alaskan nexus, the North Pacific Rim orogenic Stream (NPRS) has undergone tectonic escape. During transport, relatively rigid blocks acquired paleomagnetic rotations and fault-juxtaposed boundaries while flowing differentially through the system, from their original point of accretion and entrainment toward the free face defined by the Aleutian-Bering Sea subduction zones. Built upon classical terrane tectonics, the NPRS model provides a new framework with which to view the mobilistic nature of the western North American plate boundary zone. ?? 2007 The Geological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G23799A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Redfield, T., Scholl, D., Fitzgerald, P., and Beck, M.E., 2007, Escape tectonics and the extrusion of Alaska: Past, present, and future: Geology, v. 35, no. 11, p. 1039-1042, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23799A.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1039","endPage":"1042","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240127,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -168.013050722465,\n              70.30082348685562\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.013050722465,\n              56.44060538292325\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.37299506845594,\n              56.44060538292325\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.37299506845594,\n              70.30082348685562\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.013050722465,\n              70.30082348685562\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a5be4b0c8380cd52308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Redfield, T.F.","contributorId":102278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redfield","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzgerald, P.G.","contributorId":18579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beck, M. E. Jr.","contributorId":58354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70031280,"text":"70031280 - 2007 - Using SHRIMP zircon dating to unravel tectonothermal events in arc environments. The early Palaeozoic arc of NW Iberia revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-06T12:25:24.254863","indexId":"70031280","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3531,"text":"Terra Nova","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using SHRIMP zircon dating to unravel tectonothermal events in arc environments. The early Palaeozoic arc of NW Iberia revisited","docAbstract":"<p>Dating of zircon cores and rims from granulites developed in a shear zone provides insights into the complex relationship between magmatism and metamorphism in the deep roots of arc environments. The granulites belong to the uppermost allochthonous terrane of the NW Iberian Massif, which forms part of a Cambro-Ordovician magmatic arc developed in the peri-Gondwanan realm. The obtained zircon ages confirm that voluminous calc-alkaline magmatism peaked around 500Ma and was shortly followed by granulite facies metamorphism accompanied by deformation at c. 480Ma, giving a time framework for crustal heating, regional metamorphism, deformation and partial melting, the main processes that control the tectonothermal evolution of arc systems. Traces of this arc can be discontinuously followed in different massifs throughout the European Variscan Belt, and we propose that the uppermost allochthonous units of the NW Iberian Massif, together with the related terranes in Europe, constitute an independent and coherent terrane that drifted away from northern Gondwana prior to the Variscan collisional orogenesis.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00768.x","issn":"09544879","usgsCitation":"Abati, J., Castineiras, P., Arenas, R., Fernandez-Suarez, J., Barreiro, J., and Wooden, J.L., 2007, Using SHRIMP zircon dating to unravel tectonothermal events in arc environments. The early Palaeozoic arc of NW Iberia revisited: Terra Nova, v. 19, no. 6, p. 432-439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00768.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"432","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/14018/1/Abati_et_al_07_.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":240019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-11-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc01ce4b08c986b329f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abati, J.","contributorId":27678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abati","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castineiras, P.G.","contributorId":23336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castineiras","given":"P.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arenas, R.","contributorId":102690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arenas","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fernandez-Suarez, J.","contributorId":64455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez-Suarez","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barreiro, J.G.","contributorId":74580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barreiro","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70031279,"text":"70031279 - 2007 - Reconstructing late Cenozoic stream gradients from high-level chert gravels in central Eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:12","indexId":"70031279","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1358,"text":"Current Research in Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstructing late Cenozoic stream gradients from high-level chert gravels in central Eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Interpreting the evolution of Kansas' landscape east of the Flint Hills provides major challenges. In the Neogene (late Tertiary) and perhaps part of the Pleistocene, streams transported a variety of sedimentary materials, including chert gravels derived from the Flint Hills. Gentle intermittent uplift stimulated the system system to cut down, locally removing and reworking the gravels to create stream-terrace deposits that consist mostly of chert pebbles, which now lie well above the floodplains of modern streams. By correlating the elevations of these gravels, the gradients of the trunk streams that deposited them can be reconstructed. Interestingly, these ancient streams flowed southeast at a little more than a foot per mile (0.2 m/km), roughly the same as the gradient of the trunk streams in the region today. The evolving landscape in eastern Kansas also has been strongly influenced by an extensive network of fractures that is widespread in the midcontinent region and may be worldwide in extent. In northeastern Kansas, glaciation during the Pleistocene disrupted the southeasterly drainage and established the present location of the Kansas River. South of the Kansas River and its immediate tributaries, however, the general southeasterly drainage has been preserved. We have made use of the wealth of topographic-elevation data now available in digital form known as DEMs or digital elevation models. Coupled with GIS procedures, the DEMs helped link the mapped distribution of chert gravels with hypothetical fitted surfaces that represent ancient stream gradients. Furthermore, DEM data placed in shaded-relief map form emphasize the influence of fractures in evolution of the drainage system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Current Research in Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Harbaugh, J., Merriam, D.F., and Howard, H., 2007, Reconstructing late Cenozoic stream gradients from high-level chert gravels in central Eastern Kansas: Current Research in Earth Sciences, v. 253, no. 2.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"253","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a24fe4b0e8fec6cdb56b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harbaugh, J.W.","contributorId":43912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, H.H.","contributorId":74256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031278,"text":"70031278 - 2007 - Forest legacies, climate change, altered disturbance regimes, invasive species and water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T10:39:28","indexId":"70031278","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3666,"text":"Unasylva","printIssn":"0041-6436","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forest legacies, climate change, altered disturbance regimes, invasive species and water","docAbstract":"<p>The factors that must be considered in seeking to predict changes in water availability has been examined. These factors are the following: forest legacies including logging, mining, agriculture, grazing, elimination of large carnivores, human-caused wildfire, and pollution; climate change and stream flow; altered disturbances such as frequency intensity and pattern of wildfires and insect outbreaks as well as flood control; lastly, invasive species like forest pests and pathogens. An integrated approach quantifying the current and past condition trends can be combined with spatial and temporal modeling to develop future change in forest structures and water supply. The key is a combination of geographic information system technologies with climate and land use scenarios, while preventing and minimizing the effects of harmful invasive species.</p>","language":"English","issn":"00416436","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Jarnevich, C., and Kumar, S., 2007, Forest legacies, climate change, altered disturbance regimes, invasive species and water: Unasylva, v. 58, no. 229, p. 44-49.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"229","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1334e4b0c8380cd5456b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.","contributorId":40766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarnevich, C.","contributorId":68099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarnevich","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":89843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030127,"text":"70030127 - 2007 - Winter behavior and ecology of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) in Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70030127","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2967,"text":"Ornitologia Neotropical","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter behavior and ecology of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) in Peru","docAbstract":"The winter ecology and behavior of Alder Flycatchers (Empidonax alnorum) were studied along the Manu, a white-water meander river in Manu National Park, Madre de Dios, Peru?? during October and November, 1993 to 1997. The birds occupied territories in primary-succession habitats on growing point bars. They were most common in mixed stands of Tessaria integrifolia (Asteraceae) and Gynerium sagittatum (Gramineaceae) interspersed with bare sand areas. The uneven height of the Tessaria canopy, which resulted in openings in the vegetation large enough for the birds to flycatch, was an important habitat feature. Birds obtained insects, which formed about 96% of the diet, by aerial hawking (91%), perch gleaning (6%), and hover gleaning (3%). They also fed on fruit. Territory sizes ranged from 0.04 to 0.25 ha. Of nine territories that we observed closely, six were occupied by two birds each, two by one bird each, and one by three birds. Every territory had one dominant individual who was primarily responsible for territory defense; the other birds were associates. Vocalizations given included the fee-bee-o song, a two-syllable song, nd the pit note, which are also given on the breeding grounds. A series of pits given increasingly rapidly signaled a territorial interaction. In aggressive encounters, the birds (1) interacted vocally, remaining on their territories and counter calling or exchanging agitated calls; (2) moved toward a common territorial boundary and engaged in a vocal duel; or (3) the dominant chased intruders out of the territory. Chases were most common when a wave of new birds entered the area. Dominant birds, which sang the full song, were probably adult males. Immature males do not sing a full song, and females are not known to sing in nature. Associate individuals were likely females or young males. ?? The Neotropical Ornithological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ornitologia Neotropical","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10754377","usgsCitation":"Foster, M., 2007, Winter behavior and ecology of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) in Peru: Ornitologia Neotropical, v. 18, no. 2, p. 171-186.","startPage":"171","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd138e4b08c986b32f2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70030129,"text":"70030129 - 2007 - 1400 yr multiproxy record of climate variability from the northern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T13:39:56","indexId":"70030129","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"1400 yr multiproxy record of climate variability from the northern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"A continuous decadal-scale resolution record of climate variability over the past 1400 yr in the northern Gulf of Mexico was constructed from a box core recovered in the Pigmy Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico. Proxies include paired analyses of Mg/Ca and δ<sup>18</sup>O in the white variety of the planktic foraminifer <i>Globigerinoides ruber</i> and relative abundance variations of <i>G. sacculifer</i> in the foraminifer assemblages. Two multi-decadal intervals of sustained high Mg/Ca indicate that Gulf of Mexico sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were as warm or warmer than near-modern conditions between 1000 and 1400 yr B.P. Foraminiferal Mg/Ca during the coolest interval of the Little Ice Age (ca. 250 yr B.P.) indicate that SST was 2–2.5 °C below modern SST. Four minima in the Mg/Ca record between 900 and 250 yr B.P. correspond with the Maunder, Spörer, Wolf, and Oort sunspot minima, suggesting a link between changes in solar insolation and SST variability in the Gulf of Mexico. An abrupt shift recorded in both δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>calcite</sub> and relative abundance of G. sacculifer occurred ca. 600 yr B.P. The shift in the Pigmy Basin record corresponds with a shift in the sea-salt-sodium (ssNa) record from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core, linking changes in high-latitude atmospheric circulation with the subtropical Atlantic Ocean.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G23507A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Richey, J., Poore, R., Flower, B., and Quinn, T.M., 2007, 1400 yr multiproxy record of climate variability from the northern Gulf of Mexico: Geology, v. 35, no. 5, p. 423-426, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23507A.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"426","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":213107,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G23507A.1"},{"id":240698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.86,18.18 ], [ -97.86,30.4 ], [ -81.04,30.4 ], [ -81.04,18.18 ], [ -97.86,18.18 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e226e4b0c8380cd459ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richey, J.N.","contributorId":37156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richey","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flower, B.P.","contributorId":7301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flower","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quinn, T. M.","contributorId":71320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70031135,"text":"70031135 - 2007 - Environmental and plant community determinants of species loss following nitrogen enrichment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70031135","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1466,"text":"Ecology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental and plant community determinants of species loss following nitrogen enrichment","docAbstract":"Global energy use and food production have increased nitrogen inputs to ecosystems worldwide, impacting plant community diversity, composition, and function. Previous studies show considerable variation across terrestrial herbaceous ecosystems in the magnitude of species loss following nitrogen (N) enrichment. What controls this variation remains unknown. We present results from 23 N-addition experiments across North America, representing a range of climatic, soil and plant community properties, to determine conditions that lead to greater diversity decline. Species loss in these communities ranged from 0 to 65% of control richness. Using hierarchical structural equation modelling, we found greater species loss in communities with a lower soil cation exchange capacity, colder regional temperature, and larger production increase following N addition, independent of initial species richness, plant productivity, and the relative abundance of most plant functional groups. Our results indicate sensitivity to N addition is co-determined by environmental conditions and production responsiveness, which overwhelm the effects of initial community structure and composition. ?? 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01053.x","issn":"1461023X","usgsCitation":"Clark, C., Cleland, E., Collins, S., Fargione, J., Gough, L., Gross, K., Pennings, S., Suding, K., and Grace, J., 2007, Environmental and plant community determinants of species loss following nitrogen enrichment: Ecology Letters, v. 10, no. 7, p. 596-607, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01053.x.","startPage":"596","endPage":"607","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211457,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01053.x"}],"volume":"10","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a099fe4b0c8380cd51fc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, C.M.","contributorId":31972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleland, E.E.","contributorId":20127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleland","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collins, S.L.","contributorId":6657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fargione, J.E.","contributorId":78539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fargione","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gough, L.","contributorId":53971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gross, K.L.","contributorId":37129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pennings, S.C.","contributorId":56029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pennings","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Suding, K.N.","contributorId":93273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suding","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70031131,"text":"70031131 - 2007 - Thermal history of low metamorphic grade Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Penokean orogen, Lake Superior region: Evidence for a widespread 1786 Ma overprint based on xenotime geochronology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70031131","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal history of low metamorphic grade Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Penokean orogen, Lake Superior region: Evidence for a widespread 1786 Ma overprint based on xenotime geochronology","docAbstract":"Paleoproterozoic strata in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were deposited between 2.3 and 1.75 Ga within the rifted margin and subsequent foreland basin of the Penokean orogen. These strata show evidence for multiple regional metamorphic events previously attributed entirely to the Penokean orogeny (1875-1835 Ma). Metasandstones from the Marquette Range Supergroup and the Animikie, Mille Lacs, and North Range Groups were sampled at multiple localities across Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan for metamorphic xenotime suitable for in situ SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology. All samples are from the northern Penokean foreland basin where the metamorphic grade is greenschist to sub-greenschist and the strata are virtually undeformed. Xenotime U-Pb ages in these samples have a bimodal population with means of 1786 ?? 4 Ma (n = 32) and 1861 ?? 10 Ma (n = 9). Xenotime of both ages are contained in metasandstones from the basal Chocolay Group in Michigan and Wisconsin and the Mille Lacs Group and North Range Groups in Minnesota. The older age records a regional low-temperature thermal event that is slightly older than the overlying Menominee Group in Michigan and the Animikie Group in Minnesota and Ontario. This 1861 Ma event coincides with regional uplift that led to the formation of the unconformity between the Menominee Group and the overlying Baraga Group in Michigan; hence xenotime growth must have occurred at shallow burial depths. Younger units from the Menominee and Baraga Groups in Michigan and the Animikie Group in Minnesota, record only the 1786 Ma event. A dominant 1800-1790 Ma metamorphic monazite population that overprints Penokean-interval monazite has been documented within amphibolite- to granulite-facies rocks immediately north of the Niagara Fault Zone within the vicinity of gneiss domes and granitic plutons. In contrast, the 1786 Ma xenotime ages are from low-grade, virtually undeformed rocks 50-150 km from the high-grade zones and thus do not appear to reflect a local thermal imprint. Rather, the geographic extent of the 1786 Ma xenotime growth event suggests that it reflects a basin-wide, subtle thermal pulse. It is proposed that the xenotime ages record widespread subtle heating triggered by renewed subduction along the orogen due to Yavapai-interval convergence. The 1800-1700 Ma Yavapai terrane forms an accretionary belt throughout the central and southwestern U.S. and truncates the southern part of the Penokean orogen in central Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota, about 200 km south of the sample sites. Alternatively, an 1800-1765 Ma interval of gravitational collapse of overthickened crust of the Penokean orogen immediately north of the Niagara Fault Zone may have driven a northward flow of hydrothermal fluids which subtly but pervasively altered the northern parts of the Penokean foreland and resulted in xenotime growth. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2007.02.015","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Vallini, D., Cannon, W., Schulz, K.J., and McNaughton, N., 2007, Thermal history of low metamorphic grade Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Penokean orogen, Lake Superior region: Evidence for a widespread 1786 Ma overprint based on xenotime geochronology: Precambrian Research, v. 157, no. 1-4, p. 169-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.02.015.","startPage":"169","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211399,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.02.015"},{"id":238682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb223e4b08c986b325606","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallini, D.A.","contributorId":95262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallini","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, K. J.","contributorId":79131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McNaughton, N.J.","contributorId":55606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNaughton","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70031130,"text":"70031130 - 2007 - Electrofishing effort required to estimate biotic condition in southern Idaho Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T12:43:36","indexId":"70031130","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrofishing effort required to estimate biotic condition in southern Idaho Rivers","docAbstract":"<p>An important issue surrounding biomonitoring in large rivers is the minimum sampling effort required to collect an adequate number of fish for accurate and precise determinations of biotic condition. During the summer of 2002, we sampled 15 randomly selected large-river sites in southern Idaho to evaluate the effects of sampling effort on an index of biotic integrity (IBI). Boat electrofishing was used to collect sample populations of fish in river reaches representing 40 and 100 times the mean channel width (MCW; wetted channel) at base flow. Minimum sampling effort was assessed by comparing the relation between reach length sampled and change in IBI score. Thirty-two species of fish in the families Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, Cottidae, Cyprinidae, Ictaluridae, Percidae, and Salmonidae were collected. Of these, 12 alien species were collected at 80% (12 of 15) of the sample sites; alien species represented about 38% of all species (<i>N</i> = 32) collected during the study. A total of 60% (9 of 15) of the sample sites had poor IBI scores. A minimum reach length of about 36 times MCW was determined to be sufficient for collecting an adequate number of fish for estimating biotic condition based on an IBI score. For most sites, this equates to collecting 275 fish at a site. Results may be applicable to other semiarid, fifth-order through seventh-order rivers sampled during summer low-flow conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/M06-115.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., Ott, D.S., and Herlihy, A.T., 2007, Electrofishing effort required to estimate biotic condition in southern Idaho Rivers: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 27, no. 3, p. 1041-1052, https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-115.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1041","endPage":"1052","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a0e4b0c8380cd51bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":430171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ott, Douglas S. dott@usgs.gov","contributorId":3552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ott","given":"Douglas","email":"dott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":430173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herlihy, Alan T.","contributorId":103156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herlihy","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031129,"text":"70031129 - 2007 - Improving resolution and understanding controls on GPR response in carbonate strata: Implications for attribute analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70031129","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2610,"text":"Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving resolution and understanding controls on GPR response in carbonate strata: Implications for attribute analysis","docAbstract":"For more than a decade, environmental, engineering, groundwater, and shallow stratigraphic studies have demonstrated and advanced the usefulness of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in lithified and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits (e.g., see Neal, 2004 and references therein). Despite the advances, important questions still remain on factors that control the actual appearance and characteristics of GPR reflections and diffractions in any given setting. ?? 2007 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1190/1.2769554","issn":"1070485X","usgsCitation":"Franseen, E.K., Byrnes, A., Xia, J., and Miller, R., 2007, Improving resolution and understanding controls on GPR response in carbonate strata: Implications for attribute analysis: Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK), v. 26, no. 8, p. 984-993, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2769554.","startPage":"984","endPage":"993","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477018,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17030","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211371,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2769554"},{"id":238650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a397be4b0c8380cd6192f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franseen, E. K.","contributorId":30367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Franseen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byrnes, A.P.","contributorId":76057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrnes","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70031128,"text":"70031128 - 2007 - Upper-crustal structure beneath the strait of Georgia, Southwest British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-31T12:22:46.819216","indexId":"70031128","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper-crustal structure beneath the strait of Georgia, Southwest British Columbia","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">We present a new three-dimensional (3-D)<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocity model for the upper-crustal structure beneath the Strait of Georgia, southwestern British Columbia based on non-linear tomographic inversion of wide-angle seismic refraction data. Our study, part of the Georgia Basin Geohazards Initiative (GBGI) is primarily aimed at mapping the depth of the Cenozoic sedimentary basin and delineating the near-surface crustal faults associated with recent seismic activities (e.g.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 4.6 in 1997 and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 5.0 in 1975) in the region. Joint inversion of first-arrival traveltimes from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS) and the 2002 Georgia Basin experiment provides a high-resolution velocity model of the subsurface to a depth of ∼7 km. In the southcentral Georgia Basin, sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous Nanaimo Group and early Tertiary rocks have seismic velocities between 3.0 and 5.5 km s<sup>−1</sup>. The basin thickness increases from north to south with a maximum thickness of 7 (±1) km (depth to velocities of 5.5 km s<sup>−1</sup>) at the southeast end of the strait. The underlying basement rocks, probably representing the Wrangellia terrane, have velocities of 5.5–6.5 km s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>with considerable lateral variation. Our tomographic model reveals that the Strait of Georgia is underlain by a fault-bounded block within the central Georgia Basin. It also shows a correlation between microearthquakes and areas of rapid change in basin thickness. The 1997/1975 earthquakes are located near a northeast-trending hinge line where the thicknesses of sedimentary rocks increase rapidly to the southeast. Given its association with instrumentally recorded, moderate sized earthquakes, we infer that the hinge region is cored by an active fault that we informally name the Gabriola Island fault. A northwest-trending, southwest dipping velocity discontinuity along the eastern side of Vancouver Island correlates spatially with the surface expression of the Outer Island fault. The Outer Island fault as mapped in our seismic tomography model is a thrust fault that projects directly into the Lummi Island fault, suggesting that they are related structures forming a fault system that is continuous for nearly 90 km. Together, these inferred thrust faults may account for at least a portion of the basement uplift at the San Juan Islands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03455.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Dash, R., Spence, G., Riedel, M., Hyndman, R., and Brocher, T., 2007, Upper-crustal structure beneath the strait of Georgia, Southwest British Columbia: Geophysical Journal International, v. 170, no. 2, p. 800-812, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03455.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"800","endPage":"812","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477208,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2007.03455.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238649,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"British Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -125.77154323039505,\n              49.82465753621065\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.77154323039505,\n              48.12372121090243\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9719039450089,\n              48.12372121090243\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9719039450089,\n              49.82465753621065\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.77154323039505,\n              49.82465753621065\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"170","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd61e4b08c986b328fc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dash, R.K.","contributorId":88947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dash","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spence, G.D.","contributorId":85750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riedel, M.","contributorId":65268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riedel","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hyndman, R.D.","contributorId":45831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030130,"text":"70030130 - 2007 - Ground water stratification and delivery of nitrate to an incised stream under varying flow conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T08:52:23","indexId":"70030130","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water stratification and delivery of nitrate to an incised stream under varying flow conditions","docAbstract":"<p>Ground water processes affecting seasonal variations of surface water nitrate concentrations were investigated in an incised first-order stream in an agricultural watershed with a riparian forest in the coastal plain of Maryland. Aquifer characteristics including sediment stratigraphy, geochemistry, and hydraulic properties were examined in combination with chemical and isotopic analyses of ground water, macropore discharge, and stream water. The ground water flow system exhibits vertical stratification of hydraulic properties and redox conditions, with sub-horizontal boundaries that extend beneath the field and adjacent riparian forest. Below the minimum water table position, ground water age gradients indicate low recharge rates (2-5 cm yr-1) and long residence times (years to decades), whereas the transient ground water wedge between the maximum and minimum water table positions has a relatively short residence time (months to years), partly because of an upward increase in hydraulic conductivity. Oxygen reduction and denitrification in recharging ground waters are coupled with pyrite oxidation near the minimum water table elevation in a mottled weathering zone in Tertiary marine glauconitic sediments. The incised stream had high nitrate concentrations during high flow conditions when much of the ground water was transmitted rapidly across the riparian zone in a shallow oxic aquifer wedge with abundant outflow macropores, and low nitrate concentrations during low flow conditions when the oxic wedge was smaller and stream discharge was dominated by upwelling from the deeper denitrified parts of the aquifer. Results from this and similar studies illustrate the importance of near-stream geomorphology and subsurface geology as controls of riparian zone function and delivery of nitrate to streams in agricultural watersheds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2006.0084","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Bohlke, J.K., O’Connell, M.E., and Prestegaard, K., 2007, Ground water stratification and delivery of nitrate to an incised stream under varying flow conditions: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 36, no. 3, p. 664-680, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0084.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"664","endPage":"680","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213108,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0084"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2b27e4b0c8380cd5b745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":127841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":425834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connell, M. E.","contributorId":64033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prestegaard, K.L.","contributorId":51545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestegaard","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031123,"text":"70031123 - 2007 - Quantitative models for magma degassing and ground deformation (bradyseism) at Campi Flegrei, Italy: Implications for future eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70031123","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative models for magma degassing and ground deformation (bradyseism) at Campi Flegrei, Italy: Implications for future eruptions","docAbstract":"Campi Flegrei (Phlegrean Fields) is an active volcanic center near Naples, Italy. Numerous eruptions have occurred here during the Quaternary, and repeated episodes of slow vertical ground movement (bradyseism) have been documented since Roman times. Here, we present a quantitative model that relates deformation episodes to magma degassing and fracturing at the brittle-ductile transition in a magmatic-hydrothermal enviromnent. The model is consistent with field and laboratory observations and predicts that uplift between 1982 and 1984 was associated with crystallization of ???0.83 km3 of H2O-saturated magma at 6 km depth. During crystallization, ???6.2 ?? 1010 kg of H2O and 7.5 ?? 108 kg of CO2, exsolved from the magma and generated ???7 ?? 1015 J of mechanical (P??V) energy to drive the observed uplift. For comparison, ???1017 J of thermal energy was released during the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mount St. Helens. ?? 2007 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G23653A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Bodnar, R., Cannatelli, C., de Vivo, B., Lima, A., Belkin, H., and Milia, A., 2007, Quantitative models for magma degassing and ground deformation (bradyseism) at Campi Flegrei, Italy: Implications for future eruptions: Geology, v. 35, no. 9, p. 791-794, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23653A.1.","startPage":"791","endPage":"794","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211280,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G23653A.1"},{"id":238545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9227e4b0c8380cd806c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodnar, R.J.","contributorId":57065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodnar","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannatelli, C.","contributorId":40798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannatelli","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Vivo, B.","contributorId":50549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vivo","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lima, A.","contributorId":74884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lima","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Milia, A.","contributorId":62778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milia","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70032730,"text":"70032730 - 2007 - Upper cretaceous microbial petroleum systems in north-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-03T11:19:53","indexId":"70032730","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper cretaceous microbial petroleum systems in north-central Montana","docAbstract":"<p class=\"indent\">Cenomanian to Campanian rocks of north-central Montana contain shallow economic accumulations of dry natural gas derived from microbial methanogenesis. The methanogens utilized carbon dioxide derived from organic matter in the marginal marine sediments and hydrogen from&nbsp;<i>in situ</i>&nbsp;pore water to generate methane. The most recent USGS assessment of the shallow gas resources of eastern Montana used a petroleum systems approach, identifying the critical components of a petroleum system (source rock, reservoir rock, seal rock, and trap) and their temporal relationships. As a part of this effort, geochemical data from natural gas wells and associated formation waters were used to identify two microbial gas systems and the timing of methanogenesis.</p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Two microbial gas families are identified in north-central Montana based on stable carbon isotope and gas composition. The Montana Group gas family has heavier &delta;<span>13</span>C methane values, slightly lighter &delta;D methane values, and a lower carbon dioxide and nitrogen content than the Colorado Group gas family. The two gas families may reflect, in part, the source rock depositional environments, with the Colorado Group rocks representing a more offshore marine depositional environment and the Montana Group rocks representing proximal marine, deltaic and nonmarine depositional environments. Assuming the gas families reflect only source rock characteristics, two microbial petroleum systems can be defined. The first petroleum system, called the Colorado Group microbial gas system, consists of Colorado Group rocks with the shales in the Belle Fourche Formation, Greenhorn Formation, and the Carlile Shale as the presumed source rocks and the interbedded Phillips and Bowdoin sandstones and the Greenhorn Formation limestones as reservoirs. The second petroleum system, called the Montana Group microbial gas system, consists of the Montana Group rocks that include the Gammon Shale and possibly the Claggett Shale as source rocks and the Eagle Sandstone and the Judith River Formation as reservoirs. The Niobrara Formation is tentatively placed in the former system. The geographic extent of the two microbial systems is much larger than the study area and includes an area at least from the Alberta basin to the northwest to the Powder River basin to the southeast. Upper Cretaceous microbial gas accumulations have been recognized along these basin margins at burial depths less than 3000 ft, but have not been recognized within the deeper parts of the basins because subsequent charge of thermogenic oil and gas masks the preexisting microbial gas accumulations.</p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Methanogenesis began soon after the deposition (early-stage methanogenesis) of the Cenomanian to Campanian source sediments, and was either sustained or rejuvenated by episodic meteoric water influx until sometime in the Paleogene. Methanogenesis probably continued until CO<span>2</span>&nbsp;and hydrogen were depleted or the pore size was compacted to below tolerance levels of the methanogens. The composition of the Montana and Colorado Group gases and coproduced formation water precludes a scenario of late-stage methanogenesis like the Antrim gas system in the Michigan basin. Some portion of the methane charge was originally dissolved in the pore waters, and subsequent reduction in hydrostatic pressure caused the methane to exsolve and migrate into local stratigraphic and structural traps. The critical moment of the microbial gas systems is this timing of exsolution rather than the time of generation (methanogenesis). Other studies suggest that the reduction in hydrostatic pressure may have been caused by multiple geologic events including the lowering of sea level in the Late Cretaceous, and subsequent uplift and erosion events, the youngest of which began about 5 Ma.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Lillis, P.G., 2007, Upper cretaceous microbial petroleum systems in north-central Montana: Mountain Geologist, v. 44, no. 1, p. 11-35.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/mountain-geologist-rmag/data/044/044001/11_rmag-mg440011.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.499755859375,\n              46.521075663842836\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.499755859375,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.490478515625,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.490478515625,\n              46.521075663842836\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.499755859375,\n              46.521075663842836\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd50e4b08c986b328f6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lillis, Paul G. 0000-0002-7508-1699 plillis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":1817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"Paul","email":"plillis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70032732,"text":"70032732 - 2007 - Constraining 17O and 27Al NMR spectra of high-pressure crystals and glasses: New data for jadeite, pyrope, grossular, and mullite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032732","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraining 17O and 27Al NMR spectra of high-pressure crystals and glasses: New data for jadeite, pyrope, grossular, and mullite","docAbstract":"The 17O NMR spectra of glasses quenched from melts at high pressure are often difficult to interpret due to overlapping peaks and lack of crystalline model compounds. High-pressure aluminosilicate glasses often contain significant amounts of [5]Al and [6]Al, thus these high-pressure glasses must contain oxygen bonded to high-coordinated aluminum. The 17O NMR parameters for the minerals jadeite, pyrope, grossular, and mullite are presented to assist interpretation of glass spectra and to help test quantum chemical calculations. The 17O NMR parameters for jadeite and grossular support previous peak assignments of oxygen bonded to Si and high-coordinated Al in high-pressure glasses as well as quantum chemical calculations. The oxygen tricluster in mullite is very similar to the previously observed tricluster in grossite (CaAl4 O7) and suspected triclusters in glasses. We also present 27Al NMR spectra for pyrope, grossular, and mullite.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2138/am.2007.2284","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Kelsey, K., Stebbins, J., Du, L., and Hankins, B., 2007, Constraining 17O and 27Al NMR spectra of high-pressure crystals and glasses: New data for jadeite, pyrope, grossular, and mullite: American Mineralogist, v. 92, no. 1, p. 210-216, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2007.2284.","startPage":"210","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213926,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2007.2284"},{"id":241600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa07e4b0c8380cd4d8aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelsey, K.E.","contributorId":71010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelsey","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stebbins, J.F.","contributorId":58851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stebbins","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Du, L.-S.","contributorId":71396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du","given":"L.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hankins, B.","contributorId":90945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hankins","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032734,"text":"70032734 - 2007 - Estimation and application of indicator values for common macroinvertebrate genera and families of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032734","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation and application of indicator values for common macroinvertebrate genera and families of the United States","docAbstract":"Tolerance of macroinvertebrate taxa to chemical and physical stressors is widely used in the analysis and interpretation of bioassessment data, but many estimates lack empirical bases. Our main objective was to estimate genus- and family-level indicator values (IVs) from a data set of macroinvertebrate communities, chemical, and physical stressors collected in a consistent manner throughout the United States. We then demonstrated an application of these IVs to detect alterations in benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages along gradients of urbanization in New England and Alabama. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to create synthetic gradients of chemical stressors, for which genus- and family-level weighted averages (WAs) were calculated. Based on results of PCA, WAs were calculated for three synthetic gradients (ionic concentration, nutrient concentration, and dissolved oxygen/water temperature) and two uncorrelated physical variables (suspended sediment concentration and percent fines). Indicator values for each stress gradient were subsequently created by transforming WAs into ten ordinal ranks based on percentiles of values across all taxa. Mean IVs of genera and families were highly correlated to road density in Alabama and New England, and supported the conclusions of independent assessments of the chemical and physical stressors acting in each geographic area. Family IVs were nearly as responsive to urbanization as genus IVs. The limitations of widespread use of these IVs are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.09.005","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Carlisle, D., Meador, M.R., Moulton, S., and Ruhl, P.M., 2007, Estimation and application of indicator values for common macroinvertebrate genera and families of the United States: Ecological Indicators, v. 7, no. 1, p. 22-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.09.005.","startPage":"22","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213954,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.09.005"},{"id":241631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b70e4b0c8380cd52710","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlisle, D.M.","contributorId":81059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moulton, S.R. II","contributorId":26460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulton","given":"S.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruhl, P. M.","contributorId":30251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032735,"text":"70032735 - 2007 - Modeling management scenarios and the effects of an introduced apex predator on a coastal riverine fish community","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032735","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling management scenarios and the effects of an introduced apex predator on a coastal riverine fish community","docAbstract":"The flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris, a carnivorous fish species native to most of the central interior basin of North America, has been introduced into at least 13 U.S. states and 1 Canadian province. Concurrent declines in abundance of native fishes have been reported in aquatic systems where flathead catfish have been introduced. To evaluate the potential impact of this invasive species on the native fish community we developed an ecosystem simulation model (including flathead catfish) based on empirical data collected from a North Carolina coastal river. The model results suggest that flathead catfish suppress native fish community biomass by 5-50% through both predatory and competitive interactions. However, our model suggests these reductions could be mitigated through sustained exploitation of flathead catfish by recreational or commercial fishers at rates equivalent to those for native flathead catfish populations (annual exploitation = 6-25%). These findings demonstrate the potential for using directed harvest of an invasive species to assist in restoring native communities. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T05-249.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Pine, W., Kwak, T., and Rice, J., 2007, Modeling management scenarios and the effects of an introduced apex predator on a coastal riverine fish community: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 136, no. 1, p. 105-120, https://doi.org/10.1577/T05-249.1.","startPage":"105","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213955,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T05-249.1"},{"id":241632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"136","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c08e4b0c8380cd6f9aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pine, William E. III","contributorId":56759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pine","given":"William E.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwak, T.J.","contributorId":104236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rice, J. A.","contributorId":101217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031114,"text":"70031114 - 2007 - Quantifying fluid and bed dynamics for characterizing benthic physical habitat in large rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T15:19:29","indexId":"70031114","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying fluid and bed dynamics for characterizing benthic physical habitat in large rivers","docAbstract":"<p>Sturgeon use benthic habitats in and adjacent to main channels where environmental conditions can include bedload sediment transport and high near-bed flow velocities. Bed velocity measurements obtained with acoustic Doppler instruments provide a means to assess the concentration and velocity of sediment moving near the streambed, and are thus indicative of the bedload sediment transport rate, the near-bed flow velocity, and the stability of the substrate. Acoustic assessments of benthic conditions in the Missouri River were conducted at scales ranging from the stream reach to individual bedforms. Reach-scale results show that spatially-averaged bed velocities in excess of 0.5 m s-1 frequently occur in the navigation channel. At the local scale, bed velocities are highest near bedform crests, and lowest in the troughs. Low-velocity zones can persist in areas with extremely high mean bed velocities. Use of these low-velocity zones may allow sturgeon to make use of portions of the channel where the average conditions near the bed are severe. To obtain bed velocity measurements of the highest possible quality, it is necessary to extract bottom-track and GPS velocity information from the raw ADCP data files on a ping-by-ping basis. However, bed velocity measured from a point can also be estimated using a simplified method that is more easily implemented in the context of routine monitoring. The method requires only the transect distance and direction data displayed in standard ADCP data-logging software. Bed velocity estimates obtained using this method are usually within 5-10% of estimates obtained from ping-by-ping processing. ?? 2007 Blackwell Verlag.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00888.x","issn":"01758659","usgsCitation":"Gaeuman, D., and Jacobson, R., 2007, Quantifying fluid and bed dynamics for characterizing benthic physical habitat in large rivers: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 359-364, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00888.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"364","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477096,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00888.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211625,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00888.x"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91cbe4b0c8380cd80474","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaeuman, D.","contributorId":73807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaeuman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, R. B. 0000-0002-8368-2064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":92614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":430092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70031112,"text":"70031112 - 2007 - Use of a wetland index to evaluate changes in riparian vegetation after livestock exclusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T14:26:48","indexId":"70031112","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a wetland index to evaluate changes in riparian vegetation after livestock exclusion","docAbstract":"<p>A method was developed to characterize ecological integrity of riparian sites based on the abundance of hydric species. This wetland index can be calculated with species data, or with community type data as performed here. Classified riparian community types were used to describe vegetation at 14 livestock exclosures and adjacent grazed areas. Community type wetland index values were generated and used to calculate site wetland index values. It was hypothesized that removal of livestock would result in higher wetland index values because of release from herbivory and decreased physical disturbance of vegetation, streambanks, and soil. The wetland index for exclosures was about 12% higher than grazed sites; differences were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01) based on paired t-tests. The increase in hydric vegetation after livestock exclusion may have contributed to the greater bank stability (p = 0.002) and smaller width-to-depth ratio (p = 0.005) in exclosures. Challenges were encountered in using community types to describe and compare site vegetation, which could be avoided with species data collection. The wetland index can be a tool to monitor sites over time, compare sites with similar environments, or compare sites for which environmental differences can be accounted. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00058.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Coles-Ritchie, M.C., Roberts, D., Kershner, J.L., and Henderson, R., 2007, Use of a wetland index to evaluate changes in riparian vegetation after livestock exclusion: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 43, no. 3, p. 731-743, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00058.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"743","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477244,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00058.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211597,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00058.x"}],"volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbea3e4b08c986b3296d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coles-Ritchie, M. C.","contributorId":40418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coles-Ritchie","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, D.W.","contributorId":11828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kershner, J. L.","contributorId":100322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kershner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henderson, R.C.","contributorId":58986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030131,"text":"70030131 - 2007 - The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70030131","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Relations between urbanization and particle-associated contaminants in New England were evaluated using a combination of samples from sediment cores, streambed sediments, and suspended stream sediments. Concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, DDT, and seven trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) were correlated strongly with urbanization, with the strongest relations to percentage commercial, industrial, and transportation (CIT) land use. Average PAH and metal concentrations in the most urbanized watersheds were approximately 30 and 6 times the reference concentrations, respectively, in remote, undeveloped watersheds. One-quarter to one-half of sampling sites had concentrations of PAHs, Cu, Pb, or Zn above the probable effects concentration, a set of sediment quality guidelines for adverse effects to aquatic biota, and sediments were predicted to be toxic, on average, when CIT land use exceeded about 10%. Trends in metals in cores from urban watersheds were dominantly downward, whereas trends in PAHs in a suburban watershed were upward. A regional atmospheric-fallout gradient was indicated by as much as order-of-magnitude-greater concentrations and accumulation rates of contaminants in cores from an undeveloped reference lake in Boston compared to those from remote reference watersheds. Contaminant accumulation rates in the lakes with urbanization in their watersheds, however, were 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those of reference lakes, which indicate the dominance of local sources and fluvial transport of contaminants to urban lakes. These analyses demonstrate the magnitude of urban contamination of aquatic systems and air sheds, and suggest that, despite reductions in contaminant emissions in urban settings, streams and lakes will decline in quality as urbanization of their watersheds takes place. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.007","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Chalmers, A., Van Metre, P., and Callender, E., 2007, The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, U.S.A.: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 91, no. 1-2, p. 4-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.007.","startPage":"4","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212672,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.007"},{"id":240195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa2de4b08c986b32274a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chalmers, A.T. 0000-0002-5199-8080","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-8080","contributorId":63576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalmers","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Callender, E.","contributorId":72528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032764,"text":"70032764 - 2007 - Distribution, habitat, size, and color pattern of Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Sauria: Teiidae) on Cayo Cochino Pequeño, Honduras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-06T13:15:32","indexId":"70032764","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, habitat, size, and color pattern of Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Sauria: Teiidae) on Cayo Cochino Pequeño, Honduras","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cayo Cochino Peque&ntilde;o is a 0.64-km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;Caribbean island in the Cayos Cochinos archipelago, Department of Islas de la Bah&iacute;a, Honduras. One published report noted the presence of the rainbow whiptail (</span><i>Cnemidophorus lemniscatus</i><span>) on Cayo Cochino Peque&ntilde;o, but nothing is known about the biology of this insular population. During a part of the dry season in July and August 2004, we used drift fences, pitfall traps, and separate observational transects to elucidate the distribution and habitat use of&nbsp;</span><i>C. lemniscatus</i><span>&nbsp;on the island. The only population of this species was located in a narrow coastal zone (width to 60 m and length to 450 m) on the southern half of the eastern windward side of the island. We analyzed the percentage of the canopy cover and the percentage of 4 ground coverage types along 2 transects 200 m long in this area to understand the basis of the suitability of the habitat for&nbsp;</span><i>C. lemniscatus</i><span>. Descriptively, the area harboring this species on Cayo Cochino Peque&ntilde;o consisted of the remnants of a coconut palm grove with low-lying herbaceous vegetation and grasses, in which a mosaic of small, open areas of sandy soil and coral fragments, with or without accumulations of debris, were the foci of lizard activities. Also observed in this habitat were 2 individuals of the brown racer (</span><i>Dryadophis melanolomus</i><span>), an actively foraging snake and likely predator on&nbsp;</span><i>C. lemniscatus</i><span>. Data obtained on rainbow whiptails captured in pitfall traps and subsequently released were used to determine the size and color patterns of hatchlings and adult males and females.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[38:DHSACP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Montgomery, C.E., Reed, R., Shaw, H.J., Boback, S.M., and Walker, J., 2007, Distribution, habitat, size, and color pattern of Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Sauria: Teiidae) on Cayo Cochino Pequeño, Honduras: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 52, no. 1, p. 38-45, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[38:DHSACP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"45","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213866,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[38:DHSACP]2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"Honduras","otherGeospatial":"Cayo Cochino Pequeno","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.5080213546753,\n              15.951921386704994\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.5080213546753,\n              15.966857959328598\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.496262550354,\n              15.966857959328598\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.496262550354,\n              15.951921386704994\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.5080213546753,\n              15.951921386704994\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a031fe4b0c8380cd50355","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montgomery, Chad E.","contributorId":95699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Chad","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Robert N.","contributorId":10115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaw, Hayley J.","contributorId":11836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Hayley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boback, Scott M.","contributorId":69370,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boback","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walker, James M.","contributorId":30180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"James M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032765,"text":"70032765 - 2007 - Hydrothermal fluid flow and deformation in large calderas: Inferences from numerical simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-04T11:09:28.693382","indexId":"70032765","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal fluid flow and deformation in large calderas: Inferences from numerical simulations","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p><span class=\"paraNumber\">[1]<span>&nbsp;</span></span>Inflation and deflation of large calderas is traditionally interpreted as being induced by volume change of a discrete source embedded in an elastic or viscoelastic half-space, though it has also been suggested that hydrothermal fluids may play a role. To test the latter hypothesis, we carry out numerical simulations of hydrothermal fluid flow and poroelastic deformation in calderas by coupling two numerical codes: (1) TOUGH2 [Pruess et al., 1999], which simulates flow in porous or fractured media, and (2) BIOT2 [Hsieh, 1996], which simulates fluid flow and deformation in a linearly elastic porous medium. In the simulations, high-temperature water (350°C) is injected at variable rates into a cylinder (radius 50 km, height 3–5 km). A sensitivity analysis indicates that small differences in the values of permeability and its anisotropy, the depth and rate of hydrothermal injection, and the values of the shear modulus may lead to significant variations in the magnitude, rate, and geometry of ground surface displacement, or uplift. Some of the simulated uplift rates are similar to observed uplift rates in large calderas, suggesting that the injection of aqueous fluids into the shallow crust may explain some of the deformation observed in calderas.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2006JB004689","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hurwitz, S., Christiansen, L., and Hsieh, P.A., 2007, Hydrothermal fluid flow and deformation in large calderas: Inferences from numerical simulations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 112, no. B2, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004689.","productDescription":"16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241532,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a379ee4b0c8380cd6100c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurwitz, Shaul 0000-0001-5142-6886 shaulh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5142-6886","contributorId":2169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"Shaul","email":"shaulh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, L.B.","contributorId":37952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032767,"text":"70032767 - 2007 - Wind erodibility of soils at Fort Irwin, California (Mojave Desert), USA, before and after trampling disturbance: Implications for land management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:24","indexId":"70032767","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wind erodibility of soils at Fort Irwin, California (Mojave Desert), USA, before and after trampling disturbance: Implications for land management","docAbstract":"Recently disturbed and 'control' (i.e. less recently disturbed) soils in the Mojave Desert were compared for their vulnerability to wind erosion, using a wind tunnel, before and after being experimentally trampled. Before trampling, control sites had greater cyanobacterial biomass, soil surface stability, threshold friction velocities (TFV, i.e. the wind speed required to move soil particles), and sediment yield than sites that had been more recently disturbed by military manoeuvres. After trampling, all sites showed a large drop in TFVs and a concomitant increase in sediment yield. Simple correlation analyses showed that the decline in TFVs and the rise in sediment yield were significantly related to cyanobacterial biomass (as indicated by soil chlorophyll a). However, chlorophyll a amounts were very low compared to chlorophyll a amounts found at cooler desert sites, where chlorophyll a is often the most important factor in determining TFV and sediment yield. Multiple regression analyses showed that other factors at Fort Irwin were more important than cyanobacterial biomass in determining the overall site susceptibility to wind erosion. These factors included soil texture (especially the fine, medium and coarse sand fractions), rock cover, and the inherent stability of the soil (as indicated by subsurface soil stability tests). Thus, our results indicate that there is a threshold of biomass below which cyanobacterial crusts are not the dominant factor in soil vulnerability to wind erosion. Most undisturbed soil surfaces in the Mojave Desert region produce very little sediment, but even moderate disturbance increases soil loss from these sites. Because current weathering rates and dust inputs are very low, soil formation rates are low as well. Therefore, soil loss in this region is likely to have long-term effects.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/esp.1372","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., Phillips, S.L., Herrick, J.E., and Johansen, J., 2007, Wind erodibility of soils at Fort Irwin, California (Mojave Desert), USA, before and after trampling disturbance: Implications for land management: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 32, no. 1, p. 75-84, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1372.","startPage":"75","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477185,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1372","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213898,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1372"},{"id":241568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd122e4b08c986b32f259","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, S. L.","contributorId":94460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herrick, J. E.","contributorId":84709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johansen, J.R.","contributorId":25773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johansen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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