The Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models (RELM) project aims to produce and evaluate alternate models of earthquake potential (probability per unit volume, magnitude, and time) for California. Based on differing assumptions, these models are produced to test the validity of their assumptions and to explore which models should be incorporated in seismic hazard and risk evaluation. Tests based on physical and geological criteria are useful but we focus on statistical methods using future earthquake catalog data only. We envision two evaluations: a test of consistency with observed data and a comparison of all pairs of models for relative consistency. Both tests are based on the likelihood method, and both are fully prospective (i.e., the models are not adjusted to fit the test data). To be tested, each model must assign a probability to any possible event within a specified region of space, time, and magnitude. For our tests the models must use a common format: earthquake rates in specified “bins” with location, magnitude, time, and focal mechanism limits.
Seismology cannot yet deterministically predict individual earthquakes; however, it should seek the best possible models for forecasting earthquake occurrence. This paper describes the statistical rules of an experiment to examine and test earthquake forecasts. The primary purposes of the tests described below are to evaluate physical models for earthquakes, assure that source models used in seismic hazard and risk studies are consistent with earthquake data, and provide quantitative measures by which models can be assigned weights in a consensus model or be judged as suitable for particular regions.
In this paper we develop a statistical method for testing earthquake likelihood models. A companion paper (Schorlemmer and Gerstenberger 2007, this issue) discusses the actual implementation of these tests in the framework of the RELM initiative.
Statistical testing of hypotheses is a common task and a wide range of possible testing procedures exist. Jolliffe and Stephenson (2003) present different forecast verifications from atmospheric science, among them likelihood testing of probability forecasts and testing the occurrence of binary events. Testing binary events requires that for each forecasted event, the spatial, temporal and magnitude limits be given. Although major earthquakes can be considered binary events, the models within the RELM project express their forecasts on a spatial grid and in 0.1 magnitude units; thus the results are a distribution of rates over space and magnitude. These forecasts can be tested with likelihood tests.
In general, likelihood tests assume a valid null hypothesis against which a given hypothesis is tested. The outcome is either a rejection of the null hypothesis in favor of the test hypothesis or a nonrejection, meaning the test hypothesis cannot outperform the null hypothesis at a given significance level. Within RELM, there is no accepted null hypothesis and thus the likelihood test needs to be expanded to allow comparable testing of equipollent hypotheses.
To test models against one another, we require that forecasts are expressed in a standard format: the average rate of earthquake occurrence within pre-specified limits of hypocentral latitude, longitude, depth, magnitude, time period, and focal mechanisms. Focal mechanisms should either be described as the inclination of P-axis, declination of P-axis, and inclination of the T-axis, or as strike, dip, and rake angles. Schorlemmer and Gerstenberger (2007, this issue) designed classes of these parameters such that similar models will be tested against each other. These classes make the forecasts comparable between models. Additionally, we are limited to testing only what is precisely defined and consistently reported in earthquake catalogs. Therefore it is currently not possible to test such information as fault rupture length or area, asperity location, etc. Also, to account for data quality issues, we allow for location and magnitude uncertainties as well as the probability that an event is dependent on another event.
As we mentioned above, only models with comparable forecasts can be tested against each other. Our current tests are designed to examine grid-based models. This requires that any fault-based model be adapted to a grid before testing is possible. While this is a limitation of the testing, it is an inherent difficulty in any such comparative testing. Please refer to appendix B for a statistical evaluation of the application of the Poisson hypothesis to fault-based models.
The testing suite we present consists of three different tests: L-Test, N-Test, and R-Test. These tests are defined similarily to Kagan and Jackson (1995). The first two tests examine the consistency of the hypotheses with the observations while the last test compares the spatial performances of the models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.78.1.17","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Schorlemmer, D., Gerstenberger, M., Wiemer, S., Jackson, D., and Rhoades, D., 2007, Earthquake likelihood model testing: Seismological Research Letters, v. 78, no. 1, p. 17-29, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.1.17.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04f5e4b0c8380cd50bb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schorlemmer, D.","contributorId":30468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schorlemmer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerstenberger, M.C.","contributorId":51977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerstenberger","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiemer, S.","contributorId":22115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemer","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, D.D.","contributorId":41011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rhoades, D.A.","contributorId":45121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhoades","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030093,"text":"70030093 - 2007 - Evidence for montmorillonite or its compositional equivalent in Columbia Hills, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-27T11:45:22","indexId":"70030093","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for montmorillonite or its compositional equivalent in Columbia Hills, Mars","docAbstract":"During its exploration of the Columbia Hills, the Mars Exploration Rover \"Spirit\" encountered several similar samples that are distinctly different from Martian meteorites and known Gusev crater soils, rocks, and sediments. Occurring in a variety of contexts and locations, these \"Independence class\" samples are rough-textured, iron-poor (equivalent FeO ??? 4 wt%), have high Al/Si ratios, and often contain unexpectedly high concentrations of one or more minor or trace elements (including Cr, Ni, Cu, Sr, and Y). Apart from accessory minerals, the major component common to these samples has a compositional profile of major and minor elements which is similar to the smectite montmorillonite, implicating this mineral, or its compositional equivalent. Infrared thermal emission spectra do not indicate the presence of crystalline smectite. One of these samples was found spatially associated with a ferric sulfate-enriched soil horizon, possibly indicating a genetic relationship between these disparate types of materials. Compared to the nearby Wishstone and Watchtower class rocks, major aqueous alteration involving mineral dissolution and mobilization with consequent depletions of certain elements is implied for this setting and may be undetectable by remote sensing from orbit because of the small scale of the occurrences and obscuration by mantling with soil and dust.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2006JE002756","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clark, B.C., Arvidson, R., Gellert, R., Morris, R., Ming, D.W., Richter, L., Ruff, S.W., Michalski, J., Farrand, W.H., Yen, A.S., Herkenhoff, K.E., Li, R., Squyres, S.W., Schroder, C., Klingelhofer, G., and Bell, J., 2007, Evidence for montmorillonite or its compositional equivalent in Columbia Hills, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 112, no. E6, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002756.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476969,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006je002756","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Columbia Hills; Mars","volume":"112","issue":"E6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d4be4b0c8380cd52f20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, B. C. III","contributorId":19372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"B.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gellert, Ralf","contributorId":35049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gellert","given":"Ralf","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12660,"text":"University of Guelph","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":425676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, R.V.","contributorId":6978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ming, D. W.","contributorId":96811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Richter, L.","contributorId":100162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ruff, S. W.","contributorId":63136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruff","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Michalski, J.R.","contributorId":46202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michalski","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Farrand, W. H.","contributorId":64372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Yen, A. S.","contributorId":35860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":425681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Li, R.","contributorId":68441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Squyres, S. W.","contributorId":31836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Schroder, C.","contributorId":67201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Klingelhofer, G.","contributorId":57195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klingelhofer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Bell, J.F. III","contributorId":97612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70029873,"text":"70029873 - 2007 - Effects of intraborehole flow on groundwater age distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-11T19:02:24","indexId":"70029873","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of intraborehole flow on groundwater age distribution","docAbstract":"Environmental tracers are used to estimate groundwater ages and travel times, but the strongly heterogeneous nature of many subsurface environments can cause mixing between waters of highly disparate ages, adding additional complexity to the age-estimation process. Mixing may be exacerbated by the presence of wells because long open intervals or long screens with openings at multiple depths can transport water and solutes rapidly over a large vertical distance. The effect of intraborehole flow on groundwater age was examined numerically using direct age transport simulation coupled with the Multi-Node Well Package of MODFLOW. Ages in a homogeneous, anisotropic aquifer reached a predevelopment steady state possessing strong depth dependence. A nonpumping multi-node well was then introduced in one of three locations within the system. In all three cases, vertical transport along the well resulted in substantial changes in age distributions within the system. After a pumping well was added near the nonpumping multi-node well, ages were further perturbed by a flow reversal in the nonpumping multi-node well. Results indicated that intraborehole flow can substantially alter groundwater ages, but the effects are highly dependent on local or regional flow conditions and may change with time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-006-0139-8","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Zinn, B., and Konikow, L.F., 2007, Effects of intraborehole flow on groundwater age distribution: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 15, no. 4, p. 633-643, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0139-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"633","endPage":"643","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212809,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0139-8"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0728e4b0c8380cd515ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zinn, B.A.","contributorId":78153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zinn","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029836,"text":"70029836 - 2007 - Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T10:06:39","indexId":"70029836","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen","docAbstract":"Arctic and subarctic watersheds are undergoing climate warming, permafrost thawing, and thermokarst formation resulting in quantitative shifts in surface water - groundwater interaction at the basin scale. Groundwater currently comprises almost one fourth of Yukon River water discharged to the Bering Sea and contributes 5-10% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) and 35-45% of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nitrogen (DIN) loads. Long-term strearnflow records (>30 yrs) of the Yukon River basin indicate a general upward trend in groundwater contribution to streamflow of 0.7-0.9%/yr and no pervasive change in annual flow. We propose that the increases in groundwater contributions were caused predominately by climate warming and permafrost thawing that enhances infiltration and supports deeper flowpaths. The increased groundwater fraction may result in decreased DOC and DON and increased DIC and DIN export when annual flow remains unchanged.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007GL030216","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Walvoord, M.A., and Striegl, R.G., 2007, Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, no. 12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030216.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477214,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030216","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030216"}],"volume":"34","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39f9e4b0c8380cd61ae1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":424535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032213,"text":"70032213 - 2007 - Comparative lahar hazard mapping at Volcan Citlaltépetl, Mexico using SRTM, ASTER and DTED-1 digital topographic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-13T09:38:33","indexId":"70032213","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative lahar hazard mapping at Volcan Citlaltépetl, Mexico using SRTM, ASTER and DTED-1 digital topographic data","docAbstract":"In this study, we evaluated and compared the utility of spaceborne SRTM and ASTER DEMs with baseline DTED-1 “bald-earth” topography for mapping lahar inundation hazards from volcan Citlaltépetl, Mexico, a volcano which has had a history of producing debris flows of various extents. In particular, we tested the utility of these topographic datasets for resolving ancient valley-filling deposits exposed around the flanks of the volcano, for determining their magnitude using paleohydrologic methods and for forecasting their inundation limits in the future. We also use the three datasets as inputs to a GIS stream inundation flow model, LAHARZ, and compare the results.
\nIn general all three datasets, with spatial resolution of 90 m or better, were capable of resolving debris flow and lahar deposits at least 3 × 106 m3 in volume or larger. Canopy- and slope-related height errors in the ASTER and SRTM DEMs limit their utility for measuring valley-filling cross-sectional area and deriving flow magnitude for the smallest deposits using a cross-sectional area to volume scaling equation. Height errors in the ASTER and SRTM DEMs also causes problems in resolving stream valley hydrography which controls lahar flow paths and stream valley morphology which controls lahar filling capacity. However, both of the two spaceborne DEM datasets are better than DTED-1 at resolving fine details in stream hydrography and erosional morphologies of volcaniclastics preserved in the valleys around the more humid, eastern flanks of the volcanic range.
\nThe results of LAHARZ flow inundation modeling using all three DEMs as inputs are remarkably similar and co-validate one another. For example, at Citlaltépetl all lahar simulations show that the city of Orizaba is the most vulnerable to flows similar in magnitude to, or larger than, one that occurred in 1920. Many of the other cities and towns illustrated are built higher up on terrace deposits of older debris flows, and are safe from all but the largest flows, which occur less frequently.
\nFinally, ASTERs 60 km swath width and 8% duty cycle presents a challenge for mapping lahar inundation hazards at E–W oriented stream valleys in low-latitude areas with persistent cloud cover. However, its continued operations enhances its utility as a means for updating the continuous but one-time coverage of SRTM, and for filling voids in the SRTM dataset such as those that occur along steep-sided valleys prone to hazards from future lahars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.09.005","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Hubbard, B.E., Sheridan, M.F., Carrasco-Nunez, G., Diaz-Castellon, R., and Rodriguez, S.R., 2007, Comparative lahar hazard mapping at Volcan Citlaltépetl, Mexico using SRTM, ASTER and DTED-1 digital topographic data: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 160, no. 1-2, p. 99-124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.09.005.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"124","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214628,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.09.005"}],"volume":"160","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f81ee4b0c8380cd4cebb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbard, Bernard E. 0000-0002-9315-2032 bhubbard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-2032","contributorId":2342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Bernard","email":"bhubbard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheridan, Michael F.","contributorId":59413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carrasco-Nunez, Gerardo","contributorId":44714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrasco-Nunez","given":"Gerardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Diaz-Castellon, Rodolfo","contributorId":37936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz-Castellon","given":"Rodolfo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez, Sergio R.","contributorId":35529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Sergio","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031835,"text":"70031835 - 2007 - Characterization of methane hydrate host sediments using synchrotron-computed microtomography (CMT)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T19:10:00","indexId":"70031835","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2419,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of methane hydrate host sediments using synchrotron-computed microtomography (CMT)","docAbstract":"The hydrate-sediment interaction is an important aspect of gas hydrate studies that needs further examination. We describe here the applicability of the computed microtomography (CMT) technique that utilizes an intense X-ray synchrotron source to characterize sediment samples, two at various depths from the Blake Ridge area (a well-known hydrate-prone region) and one from Georges Bank, that once contained methane trapped as hydrates. Detailed results of the tomographic analysis performed on the deepest sample (667??m) from Blake Ridge are presented as 2-D and 3-D images which show several mineral constituents, the internal grain/pore microstructure, and, following segmentation into pore and grain space, a visualization of the connecting pathways through the pore-space of the sediment. Various parameters obtained from the analysis of the CMT data are presented for all three sediment samples. The micro-scale porosity values showed decreasing trend with increasing depth for all three samples that is consistent with the previously reported bulk porosity data. The 3-D morphology, pore-space pathways, porosity, and permeability values are also reported for all three samples. The application of CMT is now being expanded to the laboratory-formed samples of hydrate in sediments as well as field samples of methane hydrate bearing sediments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.petrol.2006.03.029","issn":"09204105","usgsCitation":"Jones, K., Feng, H., Tomov, S., Winters, W., Prodanovic, M., and Mahajan, D., 2007, Characterization of methane hydrate host sediments using synchrotron-computed microtomography (CMT): Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, v. 56, no. 1-3, p. 136-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2006.03.029.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"145","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1742","text":"External Repository"},{"id":242783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Blake Ridge, Georges Bank","volume":"56","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4cfe4b0c8380cd4bf2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, K.W.","contributorId":21692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feng, H.","contributorId":9885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tomov, S.","contributorId":105930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomov","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prodanovic, M.","contributorId":12280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodanovic","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mahajan, D.","contributorId":42019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahajan","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035283,"text":"70035283 - 2007 - Early Tertiary transtension-related deformation and magmatism along the Tintina fault system, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T14:02:08","indexId":"70035283","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early Tertiary transtension-related deformation and magmatism along the Tintina fault system, Alaska","docAbstract":"Transtensional deformation was concentrated in a zone adjacent to the Tintina strike-slip fault system in Alaska during the early Tertiary. The deformation occurred along the Victoria Creek fault, the trace of the Tintina system that connects it with the Kaltag fault; together the Tintina and Kaltag fault systems girdle Alaska from east to west. Over an area of ???25 by 70 km between the Victoria Creek and Tozitna faults, bimodal volcanics erupted; lacustrine and fluvial rocks were deposited; plutons were emplaced and deformed; and metamorphic rocks cooled, all at about the same time. Plutonic and volcanic rocks in this zone yield U-Pb zircon ages of ca. 60 Ma; 40Ar/ 39Ar cooling ages from those plutons and adjacent metamorphic rocks are also ca. 60 Ma. Although early Tertiary magmatism occurred over a broad area in central Alaska, meta- morphism and ductile deformation accompanied that magmatism in this one zone only. Within the zone of deformation, pluton aureoles and metamorphic rocks display consistent NE-SW-stretching lineations parallel to the Victoria Creek fault, suggesting that deformation processes involved subhorizontal elongation of the package. The most deeply buried metamorphic rocks, kyanite-bearing metapelites, occur as lenses adjacent to the fault, which cuts the crust to the Moho (Beaudoin et al., 1997). Geochronologic data and field relationships suggest that the amount of early Tertiary exhumation was greatest adjacent to the Victoria Creek fault. The early Tertiary crustal-scale events that may have operated to produce transtension in this area are (1) increased heat flux and related bimodal within-plate magmatism, (2) movement on a releasing stepover within the Tintina fault system or on a regional scale involving both the Tintina and the Kobuk fault systems, and (3) oroclinal bending of the Tintina-Kaltag fault system with counterclockwise rotation of western Alaska. ?? 2007 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2007.2434(11)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Till, A., Roeske, S.M., Bradley, D.C., Friedman, R., and Layer, P., 2007, Early Tertiary transtension-related deformation and magmatism along the Tintina fault system, Alaska: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 434, p. 233-264, https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2434(11).","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"264","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215460,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2007.2434(11)"}],"volume":"434","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a047fe4b0c8380cd50a05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Till, A.B.","contributorId":37755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friedman, R.","contributorId":22557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Layer, P.W.","contributorId":42398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layer","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035282,"text":"70035282 - 2007 - Seismic hazard and risk assessment in the intraplate environment: The New Madrid seismic zone of the central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035282","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic hazard and risk assessment in the intraplate environment: The New Madrid seismic zone of the central United States","docAbstract":"Although the causes of large intraplate earthquakes are still not fully understood, they pose certain hazard and risk to societies. Estimating hazard and risk in these regions is difficult because of lack of earthquake records. The New Madrid seismic zone is one such region where large and rare intraplate earthquakes (M = 7.0 or greater) pose significant hazard and risk. Many different definitions of hazard and risk have been used, and the resulting estimates differ dramatically. In this paper, seismic hazard is defined as the natural phenomenon generated by earthquakes, such as ground motion, and is quantified by two parameters: a level of hazard and its occurrence frequency or mean recurrence interval; seismic risk is defined as the probability of occurrence of a specific level of seismic hazard over a certain time and is quantified by three parameters: probability, a level of hazard, and exposure time. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), a commonly used method for estimating seismic hazard and risk, derives a relationship between a ground motion parameter and its return period (hazard curve). The return period is not an independent temporal parameter but a mathematical extrapolation of the recurrence interval of earthquakes and the uncertainty of ground motion. Therefore, it is difficult to understand and use PSHA. A new method is proposed and applied here for estimating seismic hazard in the New Madrid seismic zone. This method provides hazard estimates that are consistent with the state of our knowledge and can be easily applied to other intraplate regions. ?? 2007 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2007.2425(24)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Wang, Z., 2007, Seismic hazard and risk assessment in the intraplate environment: The New Madrid seismic zone of the central United States: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 425, p. 363-374, https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2425(24).","startPage":"363","endPage":"374","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215459,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2007.2425(24)"}],"issue":"425","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b15e4b08c986b31759a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Z.","contributorId":67976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030891,"text":"70030891 - 2007 - Isotopic analysis of N and O in nitrite and nitrate by sequential selective bacterial reduction to N2O","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T08:54:35","indexId":"70030891","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Isotopic analysis of N and O in nitrite and nitrate by sequential selective bacterial reduction to N2O","title":"Isotopic analysis of N and O in nitrite and nitrate by sequential selective bacterial reduction to N2O","docAbstract":"Nitrite is an important intermediate species in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen, but its role in natural aquatic systems is poorly understood. Isotopic data can be used to study the sources and transformations of NO2- in the environment, but methods for independent isotopic analyses of NO2- in the presence of other N species are still new and evolving. This study demonstrates that isotopic analyses of N and O in NO2- can be done by treating whole freshwater or saltwater samples with the denitrifying bacterium Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens, which selectively reduces NO2- to N2O for isotope ratio mass spectrometry. When calibrated with solutions containing NO2- with known isotopic compositions determined independently, reproducible δ15N and δ18O values were obtained at both natural-abundance levels (±0.2−0.5‰ for δ15N and ±0.4−1.0‰ for δ18O) and moderately enriched 15N tracer levels (±20−50‰ for δ15N near 5000‰) for 5−20 nmol of NO2- (1−20 μmol/L in 1−5 mL aliquots). This method is highly selective for NO2-and was used for mixed samples containing both NO2- and NO3- with little or no measurable cross-contamination. In addition, mixed samples that were analyzed with S. nitritireducens were treated subsequently with Pseudomonas aureofaciens to reduce the NO3- in the absence of NO2-, providing isotopic analyses of NO2- and NO3- separately in the same aliquot. Sequential bacterial reduction methods like this one should be useful for a variety of isotopic studies aimed at understanding nitrogen cycling in aquatic environments. A test of these methods in an agricultural watershed in Indiana provides isotopic evidence for both nitrification and denitrification as sources of NO2- in a small stream.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac070176k","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Bohlke, J.K., Smith, R.L., and Hannon, J.E., 2007, Isotopic analysis of N and O in nitrite and nitrate by sequential selective bacterial reduction to N2O: Analytical Chemistry, v. 79, no. 15, p. 5888-5895, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac070176k.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"5888","endPage":"5895","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211294,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac070176k"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","volume":"79","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f93e4b0c8380cd64613","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":127841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":429110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hannon, Janet E. jehannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannon","given":"Janet","email":"jehannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":429108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032024,"text":"70032024 - 2007 - Scaling local species-habitat relations to the larger landscape with a hierarchical spatial count model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70032024","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scaling local species-habitat relations to the larger landscape with a hierarchical spatial count model","docAbstract":"Much of what is known about avian species-habitat relations has been derived from studies of birds at local scales. It is entirely unclear whether the relations observed at these scales translate to the larger landscape in a predictable linear fashion. We derived habitat models and mapped predicted abundances for three forest bird species of eastern North America using bird counts, environmental variables, and hierarchical models applied at three spatial scales. Our purpose was to understand habitat associations at multiple spatial scales and create predictive abundance maps for purposes of conservation planning at a landscape scale given the constraint that the variables used in this exercise were derived from local-level studies. Our models indicated a substantial influence of landscape context for all species, many of which were counter to reported associations at finer spatial extents. We found land cover composition provided the greatest contribution to the relative explained variance in counts for all three species; spatial structure was second in importance. No single spatial scale dominated any model, indicating that these species are responding to factors at multiple spatial scales. For purposes of conservation planning, areas of predicted high abundance should be investigated to evaluate the conservation potential of the landscape in their general vicinity. In addition, the models and spatial patterns of abundance among species suggest locations where conservation actions may benefit more than one species. ?? 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10980-006-9005-2","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Thogmartin, W., and Knutson, M.G., 2007, Scaling local species-habitat relations to the larger landscape with a hierarchical spatial count model: Landscape Ecology, v. 22, no. 1, p. 61-75, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-9005-2.","startPage":"61","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214813,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-9005-2"},{"id":242565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8716e4b08c986b3162e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thogmartin, W.E. 0000-0002-2384-4279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":26392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"W.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033634,"text":"70033634 - 2007 - The importance of subsurface geology for water source and vegetation communities in Cherokee Marsh, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-10T19:08:23.416541","indexId":"70033634","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of subsurface geology for water source and vegetation communities in Cherokee Marsh, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Restoration of disturbed wetland systems is an important component of wetland mitigation, yet uncertainty remains about how hydrologic processes affect biologic processes and wetlands patterns. To design more effective restoration strategies and re-establish native plant communities in disturbed wetlands, it is imperative to understand undisturbed systems. A site within Cherokee Marsh located in Madison, Wisconsin, USA, contains a relatively undisturbed area of wetland consisting of plant communities common within the prairie landscape including a fen, sedge meadow, and shallow marsh. These distinct communities are found within an area of minimal topographic relief, yet transitions from one community to the next occur over short distances. This study sought to characterize the geologic, hydrologic, and chemical gradients associated with these shifts in vegetation to gain insight into the factors controlling the spatial differences in dominant plant species, which could be critical for restoration success. Vegetation analyses revealed a transition of dominant sedge species, which appeared to correspond to changes in hydrology from a ground-water dominated to a surface-water dominated system (as determined by water isotopes). Along the same vegetation transect, subsurface coring results show a heterogeneous composition of peat and till with lateral and vertical variations in stratigraphy, which relates to variability in ground-water discharge as evidenced by hydroperiods and stable isotope composition. Applications of this type of approach throughout the glaciated terrains of the midwestern and northeastern United States and Canada can improve future wetland restoration and management.
","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2007)27[189:TIOSGF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kurtz, A., Bahr, J., Carpenter, Q.J., and Hunt, R., 2007, The importance of subsurface geology for water source and vegetation communities in Cherokee Marsh, Wisconsin: Wetlands, v. 27, no. 1, p. 189-202, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2007)27[189:TIOSGF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Cherokee Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.4015884399414,\n 43.137069765760344\n ],\n [\n -89.3579864501953,\n 43.1529763194357\n ],\n [\n -89.33446884155273,\n 43.162994070968374\n ],\n [\n -89.33378219604492,\n 43.18427633964703\n ],\n [\n -89.34288024902344,\n 43.19203626250746\n ],\n [\n -89.38013076782227,\n 43.18527767545014\n ],\n [\n -89.4063949584961,\n 43.158861947471785\n ],\n [\n -89.41188812255858,\n 43.14258116631987\n ],\n [\n -89.4093132019043,\n 43.1355665702956\n ],\n [\n -89.4015884399414,\n 43.13656870471118\n ],\n [\n -89.4015884399414,\n 43.137069765760344\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacffe4b08c986b3238e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kurtz, A.M.","contributorId":74969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtz","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bahr, J.M.","contributorId":62346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carpenter, Q. J.","contributorId":38743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Q.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Randal J. 0000-0001-6465-9304","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":52861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randal J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031172,"text":"70031172 - 2007 - Estimating fishing mortality, natural mortality, and selectivity using recoveries from tagging young fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70031172","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating fishing mortality, natural mortality, and selectivity using recoveries from tagging young fish","docAbstract":"Current methods for estimation of age- and year-specific instantaneous mortality rates based on multiyear, multiple-age tagging studies assume that it is feasible to tag fish in a wide range of ages. For some species, however, only the youngest one or two age-classes are readily available for tagging. Given the practical advantages of tagging young fish only, an important question is whether such studies would provide the information needed for estimation of age-dependent mortality rates. We investigated three designs: tagging only the youngest available age-class, tagging the two youngest age-classes, and tagging the first five age-classes. We carried out simulation studies to assess estimator performance under these three designs, in each case assuming the same total number of tagged fish. Data were generated assuming fishing mortality rates to be age and year dependent and natural mortality rates to be constant or with limited age dependence. Estimator performance is best when fish are tagged in five age-classes, and tagging fish in the two youngest age-classes shows substantial improvement compared with tagging one age-class only. External information about the tag-reporting rate is necessary to obtain estimators with reasonable properties, especially in the case of models with age-dependent natural mortality. Such information can be obtained from auxiliary studies by means of high-reward tags or planted tags. Collecting recovery information for several additional years after the last release produces small improvements in precision and bias. If tagging fish in multiple age-classes is impractical, reasonable precision can be obtained by tagging one or preferably two age-classes and obtaining supplemental information on the reporting rate. For illustration, estimates of age-dependent fishing and natural mortality rates were obtained from tag returns on Chesapeake Bay striped bass Morone saxatilis tagged at ages 3 and 4 years. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M06-127.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Jiang, H., Brownie, C., Hightower, J., and Pollock, K.H., 2007, Estimating fishing mortality, natural mortality, and selectivity using recoveries from tagging young fish: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 27, no. 3, p. 773-781, https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-127.1.","startPage":"773","endPage":"781","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211460,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M06-127.1"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b1be4b0c8380cd5258e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jiang, H.","contributorId":83731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brownie, C.","contributorId":43463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownie","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hightower, J.E.","contributorId":16605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hightower","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033245,"text":"70033245 - 2007 - Late nineteenth to early twenty-first century behavior of Alaskan glaciers as indicators of changing regional climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:38","indexId":"70033245","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late nineteenth to early twenty-first century behavior of Alaskan glaciers as indicators of changing regional climate","docAbstract":"Alaska's climate is changing and one of the most significant indications of this change has been the late 19th to early 21st century behavior of Alaskan glaciers. Weather station temperature data document that air temperatures throughout Alaska have been increasing for many decades. Since the mid-20th century, the average change is an increase of ?????2.0????C. In order to determine the magnitude and pattern of response of glaciers to this regional climate change, a comprehensive analysis was made of the recent behavior of hundreds of glaciers located in the eleven Alaskan mountain ranges and three island areas that currently support glaciers. Data analyzed included maps, historical observations, thousands of ground-and-aerial photographs and satellite images, and vegetation proxy data. Results were synthesized to determine changes in length and area of individual glaciers. Alaskan ground photography dates from 1883, aerial photography dates from 1926, and satellite photography and imagery dates from the early 1960s. Unfortunately, very few Alaskan glaciers have any mass balance observations. In most areas analyzed, every glacier that descends below an elevation of ?????1500??m is currently thinning and/or retreating. Many glaciers have an uninterrupted history of continuous post-Little-Ice-Age retreat that spans more than 250??years. Others are characterized by multiple late 19th to early 21st century fluctuations. Today, retreating and/or thinning glaciers represent more than 98% of the glaciers examined. However, in the Coast Mountains, St. Elias Mountains, Chugach Mountains, and the Aleutian Range more than a dozen glaciers are currently advancing and thickening. Many currently advancing glaciers are or were formerly tidewater glaciers. Some of these glaciers have been expanding for more than two centuries. This presentation documents the post-Little-Ice-Age behavior and variability of the response of many Alaskan glaciers to changing regional climate. ?? 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.011","issn":"09218181","usgsCitation":"Molnia, B.F., 2007, Late nineteenth to early twenty-first century behavior of Alaskan glaciers as indicators of changing regional climate: Global and Planetary Change, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 23-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.011.","startPage":"23","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213500,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.011"},{"id":241129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a454de4b0c8380cd671d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molnia, B. F.","contributorId":29386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030044,"text":"70030044 - 2007 - Altered mangrove wetlands as habitat for estuarine nekton: are dredged channels and tidal creeks equivalent?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-02T09:19:53","indexId":"70030044","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1106,"text":"Bulletin of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Altered mangrove wetlands as habitat for estuarine nekton: are dredged channels and tidal creeks equivalent?","docAbstract":"Hasty decisions are often made regarding the restoration of \"altered\" habitats, when in fact the ecological value of these habitats may be comparable to natural ones. To assess the \"value\" of altered mangrove-lined habitats for nekton, we sampled for 1 yr within three Tampa Bay wetlands. Species composition, abundance, and spatial distribution of nekton assemblages in permanent subtidal portions of natural tidal creeks and wetlands altered by construction of mosquito-control ditches and stormwater-drainage ditches were quantified through seasonal seine sampling. Results of repeated-measures analysis of variance and ordination of nekton community data suggested differences in species composition and abundance between natural and altered habitat, though not consistently among the three wetlands. In many cases, mosquito ditches were more similar in assemblage structure to tidal creeks than to stormwater ditches. In general, mosquito ditches and stormwater ditches were the most dissimilar in terms of nekton community structure. These dissimilarities were likely due to differences in design between the two types of ditches. Mosquito ditches tend to fill in over time and are thus more ephemeral features in the landscape. In contrast, stormwater ditches are a more permanent altered habitat that remain open due to periodic flushing from heavy runoff. Results indicate that environmental conditions (e.g., salinity, current velocity, vegetative structure) may provide a more useful indication of potential habitat \"value\" for nekton than whether the habitat has been altered. The type of ditching is therefore more important than ditching per se when judging the habitat quality of these altered channels for fishes, shrimps and crabs. Planning should entail careful consideration of environmental conditions rather than simply restoring for restoration's sake.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Marine Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Miami","issn":"00074977","usgsCitation":"Krebs, J.M., Brame, A.B., and McIvor, C.C., 2007, Altered mangrove wetlands as habitat for estuarine nekton: are dredged channels and tidal creeks equivalent?: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 80, no. 3, p. 839-861.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"839","endPage":"861","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293247,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2007/00000080/00000003/art00024"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Tampa Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.833333,27.5 ], [ -82.833333,28.0 ], [ -82.333333,28.0 ], [ -82.333333,27.5 ], [ -82.833333,27.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"80","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e97ae4b0c8380cd482e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krebs, Justin M.","contributorId":35546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krebs","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brame, Adam B.","contributorId":64029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brame","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McIvor, Carole C.","contributorId":73254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIvor","given":"Carole","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030800,"text":"70030800 - 2007 - Influence of fire on black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion in shortgrass steppe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70030800","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3228,"text":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","onlineIssn":"1551-5028","printIssn":"1550-7424","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of fire on black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion in shortgrass steppe","docAbstract":"Factors influencing the distribution and abundance of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies are of interest to rangeland managers because of the significant influence prairie dogs can exert on both livestock and biodiversity. We examined the influence of 4 prescribed burns and one wildfire on the rate and direction of prairie dog colony expansion in shortgrass steppe of southeastern Colorado. Our study was conducted during 2 years with below-average precipitation, when prairie dog colonies were expanding throughout the study area. Under these dry conditions, the rate of black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion into burned grassland (X?? = 2.6 ha??100-m perimeter-1??y-1; range = 0.8-5.9 ha??100-m perimeter-1??y-1; N = 5 colonies) was marginally greater than the expansion rate into unburned grassland (X?? =1.3 ha??100-m perimeter-1??y-1; range = 0.2-4.9 ha??100-m perimeter-1??y-1; N = 23 colonies; P = 0.066). For 3 colonies that were burned on only a portion of their perimeter, we documented consistently high rates of expansion into the adjacent burned grassland (38%-42% of available burned habitat colonized) but variable expansion rates into the adjacent unburned grassland (2%-39% of available unburned habitat colonized). While our results provide evidence that burning can increase colony expansion rate even under conditions of low vegetative structure, this effect was minor at the scale of the overall colony complex because some unburned colonies were also able to expand at high rates. This result highlights the need to evaluate effects of fire on colony expansion during above-average rainfall years, when expansion into unburned grassland may be considerably lower.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[538:IOFOBP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15507424","usgsCitation":"Augustine, D., Cully, J., and Johnson, T.L., 2007, Influence of fire on black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion in shortgrass steppe: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 60, no. 5, p. 538-542, https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[538:IOFOBP]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"538","endPage":"542","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477241,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/643190","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211468,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[538:IOFOBP]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":238761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b33e4b0c8380cd622f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Augustine, D.J.","contributorId":43563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Augustine","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cully, J.F. Jr.","contributorId":51041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cully","given":"J.F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, T. L.","contributorId":91062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030748,"text":"70030748 - 2007 - The instantaneous rate dependence in low temperature laboratory rock friction and rock deformation experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-01T12:11:33.968611","indexId":"70030748","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The instantaneous rate dependence in low temperature laboratory rock friction and rock deformation experiments","docAbstract":"[1] Earthquake occurrence probabilities that account for stress transfer and time-dependent failure depend on the product of the effective normal stress and a lab-derived dimensionless coefficient a. This coefficient describes the instantaneous dependence of fault strength on deformation rate, and determines the duration of precursory slip. Although an instantaneous rate dependence is observed for fracture, friction, crack growth, and low temperature plasticity in laboratory experiments, the physical origin of this effect during earthquake faulting is obscure. We examine this rate dependence in laboratory experiments on different rock types using a normalization scheme modified from one proposed by Tullis and Weeks [1987]. We compare the instantaneous rate dependence in rock friction with rate dependence measurements from higher temperature dislocation glide experiments. The same normalization scheme is used to compare rate dependence in friction to rock fracture and to low-temperature crack growth tests. For particular weak phyllosilicate minerals, the instantaneous friction rate dependence is consistent with dislocation glide. In intact rock failure tests, for each rock type considered, the instantaneous rate dependence is the same size as for friction, suggesting a common physical origin. During subcritical crack growth in strong quartzofeldspathic and carbonate rock where glide is not possible, the instantaneous rate dependence measured during failure or creep tests at high stress has long been thought to be due to crack growth; however, direct comparison between crack growth and friction tests shows poor agreement. The crack growth rate dependence appears to be higher than the rate dependence of friction and fracture by a factor of two to three for all rock types considered.
Many North American prairie bird populations have recently declined, and the causes of these declines remain largely unknown. To determine whether population limitation occurs during breeding, we evaluated the stability of a population of prairie birds using population-specific values for fecundity and postfledging survival. During 2001-2003, we radiomarked 67 female Lark Buntings (Calamospiza melanocorys) to determine annual fecundity and evaluate contributing factors such as nest survival and breeding response (number of breeding attempts and dispersal). Collectively, 67 females built 112 nests (1.67 ± 0.07 nests female−1 season−1; range: 1–3); 34 were second nests and 11 were third nests. Daily nest survival estimates were similar for initial and later nests with overall nest survival (DSR19) of 30.7% and 31.7%, respectively. Nest predation was the most common cause of failure (92%). Capture and radiomarking of females did not affect nest survival. Lark Bunting dispersal probabilities increased among females that fledged young from initial nests and females that lost their original nests late in the season. Conservative and liberal estimates of mean annual fecundity were 0.96 ±0.11 and 1.24 ± 0.09 female offspring per female, respectively. Given the fecundity and juvenile-survival estimates for this population, annual adult survival values of 71–77% are necessary to achieve a stable population. Because adult survival of prairie passerines ranges between 55% and 65%, this study area may not be capable of sustaining a stable population in the absence of immigration. We contrast our population assessment with one that assumes indirect values of fecundity and juvenile survival. To elucidate limiting factors, estimation of population-specific demographic parameters is desirable. We present an approach for selecting species and areas for evaluation of population stability.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[578:PDEPII]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Yackel Adams, A., Skagen, S., and Savidge, J.A., 2007, Population-specific demographic estimates provide insights into declines of Lark Buntings (Calamospiza melanocorys): The Auk, v. 124, no. 2, p. 578-593, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[578:PDEPII]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"593","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477211,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[578:pdepii]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7dc2e4b0c8380cd7a137","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yackel Adams, A. A. 0000-0002-7044-8447","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-8447","contributorId":16792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackel Adams","given":"A. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skagen, S. K. 0000-0002-6744-1244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":31348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savidge, J. A.","contributorId":36078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savidge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031010,"text":"70031010 - 2007 - Habitat classification modeling with incomplete data: Pushing the habitat envelope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70031010","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat classification modeling with incomplete data: Pushing the habitat envelope","docAbstract":"Habitat classification models (HCMs) are invaluable tools for species conservation, land-use planning, reserve design, and metapopulation assessments, particularly at broad spatial scales. However, species occurrence data are often lacking and typically limited to presence points at broad scales. This lack of absence data precludes the use of many statistical techniques for HCMs. One option is to generate pseudo-absence points so that the many available statistical modeling tools can be used. Traditional techniques generate pseudoabsence points at random across broadly defined species ranges, often failing to include biological knowledge concerning the species-habitat relationship. We incorporated biological knowledge of the species-habitat relationship into pseudo-absence points by creating habitat envelopes that constrain the region from which points were randomly selected. We define a habitat envelope as an ecological representation of a species, or species feature's (e.g., nest) observed distribution (i.e., realized niche) based on a single attribute, or the spatial intersection of multiple attributes. We created HCMs for Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) nest habitat during the breeding season across Utah forests with extant nest presence points and ecologically based pseudo-absence points using logistic regression. Predictor variables were derived from 30-m USDA Landfire and 250-m Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) map products. These habitat-envelope-based models were then compared to null envelope models which use traditional practices for generating pseudo-absences. Models were assessed for fit and predictive capability using metrics such as kappa, thresholdindependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots, adjusted deviance (Dadj2), and cross-validation, and were also assessed for ecological relevance. For all cases, habitat envelope-based models outperformed null envelope models and were more ecologically relevant, suggesting that incorporating biological knowledge into pseudo-absence point generation is a powerful tool for species habitat assessments. Furthermore, given some a priori knowledge of the species-habitat relationship, ecologically based pseudo-absence points can be applied to any species, ecosystem, data resolution, and spatial extent. ?? 2007 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/06-1312.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Zarnetske, P., Edwards, T., and Moisen, G.G., 2007, Habitat classification modeling with incomplete data: Pushing the habitat envelope: Ecological Applications, v. 17, no. 6, p. 1714-1726, https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1312.1.","startPage":"1714","endPage":"1726","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211537,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-1312.1"},{"id":238839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f03e4b0c8380cd5c9f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarnetske, P.L.","contributorId":27257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarnetske","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, T.C. Jr. 0000-0002-0773-0909","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":76486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moisen, Gretchen G.","contributorId":15781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moisen","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179829,"text":"70179829 - 2007 - Striving for collaborative science and communication through the Consortium for Research and Education on Emerging Contaminants (CREEC)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T08:19:29","indexId":"70179829","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3720,"text":"Water Resources Impact","printIssn":"1522-3175","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Striving for collaborative science and communication through the Consortium for Research and Education on Emerging Contaminants (CREEC)","docAbstract":"Current analytical capabilities are allowing scientists to identify possible contaminants in the environment that were previously unmonitored or were present at concentrations too low for detection. New scientific evidence about the exposure pathways and potential impacts of some of these compounds on human or environmental health is regularly being published (Woodling et al., 2006; Drewes et al., 2005; Kinney et al., 2006; Gibs et al., 2007; Veldhoen et al., 2006). Recent news headlines have declared potential human health and ecological concerns regarding the occurrence of personal care products and pharmaceuticals in our environment. These are products that we regularly use (or create) in our homes, businesses, farms and industry, including plasticizers, flame retardants, detergents, pesticides and herbicides, antibacterial agents, steroids, antibiotics, and disinfection byproducts. These ‘emerging contaminants’ (ECs) are compounds that have recently been shown to occur widely in one or more environmental media, have been identified as being a potential public health or ecological risk, and yet adequate data are lacking to determine their actual risk (Younos, 2005; Soin and Smagghe, 2007; Hutchinson, 2007).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","usgsCitation":"Brown, J., and Battaglin, W.A., 2007, Striving for collaborative science and communication through the Consortium for Research and Education on Emerging Contaminants (CREEC): Water Resources Impact, v. May 2007, p. 22-24.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333387,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.awra.org/impact/"}],"volume":"May 2007","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808d72e4b01dfadfff155f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Juliane B.","contributorId":74040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Juliane B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031664,"text":"70031664 - 2007 - Growth rate differences between resident native brook trout and non-native brown trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70031664","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth rate differences between resident native brook trout and non-native brown trout","docAbstract":"Between species and across season variation in growth was examined by tagging and recapturing individual brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta across seasons in a small stream (West Brook, Massachusetts, U.S.A.). Detailed information on body size and growth are presented to (1) test whether the two species differed in growth within seasons and (2) characterize the seasonal growth patterns for two age classes of each species. Growth differed between species in nearly half of the season- and age-specific comparisons. When growth differed, non-native brown trout grew faster than native brook trout in all but one comparison. Moreover, species differences were most pronounced when overall growth was high during the spring and early summer. These growth differences resulted in size asymmetries that were sustained over the duration of the study. A literature survey also indicated that non-native salmonids typically grow faster than native salmonids when the two occur in sympatry. Taken together, these results suggest that differences in growth are not uncommon for coexisting native and non-native salmonids. ?? 2007 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01615.x","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Carlson, S., Hendry, A., and Letcher, B., 2007, Growth rate differences between resident native brook trout and non-native brown trout: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 71, no. 5, p. 1430-1447, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01615.x.","startPage":"1430","endPage":"1447","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212545,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01615.x"}],"volume":"71","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-10-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dffe4b0c8380cd5c1fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, S.M.","contributorId":105917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendry, A.P.","contributorId":89351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendry","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Letcher, B. H. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":48132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":432576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186201,"text":"70186201 - 2007 - Seabirds as indicators of marine ecosystems: Introduction: A modern role for seabirds as indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T13:14:18","indexId":"70186201","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seabirds as indicators of marine ecosystems: Introduction: A modern role for seabirds as indicators","docAbstract":"A key requirement for implementing ecosystem-based management is to obtain timely information on significant fluctuations in the ecosystem (Botsford et al. 1997). However, obtaining all necessary information about physical and biological changes at appropriate temporal and spatial scales is a daunting task. Intuitively, one might assume that physical data are more important for the interpretation of ecosystem changes than biological data, but analyses of time series data suggest otherwise: physical data are more erratic and often confusing over the short term compared to biological data, which tend to fluctuate less on annual time scales (Hare & Mantua 2000). Even so, biological time-series may also be confusing when coexisting marine species respond differently to ecosystem variability. For example, while warming temperatures in the Gulf of Alaska following the 1976 to 1977 regime shift favored an increase in gadoids and flatfish, a variety of forage fish and pandalid shrimp species virtually disappeared (Anderson & Piatt 1999). Zooplankton communities in the Gulf of Alaska also demonstrated similar patterns of response (Francis et al. 1998). At the basin scale, favorable conditions for salmon in Alaska following the regime shift were matched inversely by poor conditions in the California Current (Francis et al. 1998). In marine birds, subtropical species increased, while subarctic ones decreased during a warming phase in the southern California Bight. Clearly, no single index can tell the whole story accurately. Multi-species, multi-region, and multi-trophic level approaches are needed to quantify fluctuations in marine ecosystem processes and in the distribution and abundance of its inhabitants, to determine critical parameter thresholds and to use this information in management and marine conservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps07070","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., Sydeman, W., and Wiese, F., 2007, Seabirds as indicators of marine ecosystems: Introduction: A modern role for seabirds as indicators: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 352, p. 199-204, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07070.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"204","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07070","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"352","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac8e4b02ff32c6aea79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sydeman, William J.","contributorId":172574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sydeman","given":"William J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiese, Francis","contributorId":172575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiese","given":"Francis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}