Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has historically discharged sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent to the Peconic River, which runs through the BNL site in Suffolk County, N.Y. This effluent discharge has averaged about 700,000 gallons per day (about 1.1 cubic feet per second [ft3/s]) since 1962 and led to contamination of streambed sediments by radioactive and hazardous constituents. Large sections of the stream channel near BNL are dry during periods of relatively low water-table altitude referred to as low-stage conditions. During mid-stage conditions, the water table intersects the streambed and base flow commences and increases as the water table rises to the tops of the streambanks. Areas adjacent to the stream become flooded during high-stage conditions as the water table rises above the streambanks. Information on the long-term (1943-2003) percentages of time that discharges at two nearby streamflow-gaging stations exceeded thresholds associated with mid- and high-stage conditions is needed to provide a range of estimates of the prevalence and seasonal variability of these conditions during the same years for streamflow-gaging station HQ on the Peconic River at the eastern boundary of BNL. Analysis and correlation of discharge data from the three streamflow-gaging stations—BNL’s station HQ and the U.S. Geological Survey stations on the Peconic River at Riverhead, N.Y., and Carmans River at Yaphank, N.Y.—were performed to extend the 1995-2003 period of record for station HQ.
Low-stage conditions occur when there is no flow at station HQ and, therefore, the start-of-flow for the Peconic River is downstream of BNL property. Mid-stage conditions occur when there is flow at station HQ but its daily mean value does not exceed 4.2 ft3/s; high-stage conditions occur when this discharge exceeds 4.2 ft3/s. Daily mean streamflows at station HQ were associated with low-stage conditions most of the time during 1995-2003 for all flow durations. Low-stage conditions predominated during January, March, and July through December of these years, whereas mid-stage conditions prevailed during parts of February and April through June. Mid-stage conditions generally appeared throughout the year during 1995-2003, except for mid-October, during which only low-stage conditions were observed. High-stage conditions were attained the least amount of time for all flow durations, and appeared only during parts of March through July and December of these years.
The percentages of time during 1943-2003 that daily mean streamflows at the Riverhead and Yaphank stations were associated with low-, mid-, and high-stage conditions provide a range of estimates of the amounts of time that these conditions occurred during these years at station HQ. Daily mean streamflows were associated with low-stage conditions most of the time during 1943-2003 for durations of 30 and 60 days; with mid-stage conditions most of the time for durations of 1, 3, and 7 days; and with either of these conditions for a duration of 14 days. High-stage conditions were attained the least amount of time during these years for all durations, except perhaps that of 1 day, for which low-stage conditions could have occurred the least amount of time. Mid-stage conditions predominated during January through early March, June through early July, and late November through December of these years. These conditions typically appeared throughout the year during 1943-2003, and occurred most often during late February. High-stage conditions also generally appeared throughout the year, except perhaps for a few days during early September of these years, and occurred most often during April. These results indicate that streamflows observed during 1943-2003 at the Riverhead and Yaphank stations—used to estimate a longer record for station HQ—were considerably higher than those observed during 1995-2003 at the three stations, and provide information that can be used in future studies to better understand the long-term capacity of streams such as the Peconic River near BNL to supply continuous flow, flood adjacent low-lying areas, and sustain aquatic habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055292","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Brookhaven National Laboratory and U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Schubert, C., Sullivan, T.M., and Medeiros, W.H., 2006, Analysis of mid- and high-stage conditions for the Peconic River at the eastern boundary of Brookhaven National Laboratory, Suffolk County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5292, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055292.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":7268,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5292/sir20055292.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2005-5292"},{"id":121011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5292/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Suffolk County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.4490966796875,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -71.6912841796875,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -71.6912841796875,\n 41.12902134749507\n ],\n [\n -73.4490966796875,\n 41.12902134749507\n ],\n [\n -73.4490966796875,\n 40.68063802521456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
A change-potential index (CPI) was used to map the relative coastal change-potential of the shoreline to future sea-level changes within Kenai Fjords National Park (KEFJ) in south-central Alaska. The CPI ranks the following parameters in terms of their physical contribution to coastal change: geomorphology, regional coastal slope, rate of relative sea-level change, historical shoreline change rates, mean tidal range, and mean significant wave height. The rankings for each input variable were combined, and an index value was calculated for 1-minute grid cells covering the park. The CPI highlights those regions where the physical effects of sea-level and coastal changes might be the greatest. This multi-parametric approach combines the coastal system's potential for change with its natural ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, yielding a quantitative, although relative, measure of the park's natural susceptibility to the effects of sea-level variation. The CPI provides an objective technique for evaluation and long-term planning by scientists and park managers. The CPI was developed from a Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) typically applied to coastlines undergoing long-term sea-level rise. The CPI is modified from the CVI and applied to the emergent coast of Kenai Fjords National Park to understand the limits of applying this type of assessment method in a variety of sea-level settings. Kenai Fjords National Park consists of sand and gravel beaches, rock cliffs, calving tidewater glaciers, mudflats, and alluvial fans. The areas within Kenai Fjords National Park that are likely to be most susceptible to coastal change as a result of sea-level change are tidewater glaciers and outer coast shorelines of unconsolidated sediment where shoreline erosion potential is high and wave energy is high.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041373","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Pendleton, E., Thieler, E.R., and Williams, S.J., 2006, Relative coastal change-potential assessment of Kenai Fjords National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1373, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041373.","productDescription":"30 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384674,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1373/ofr20041373.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2004-1373"},{"id":8051,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1373/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1373/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kenai Fjords National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.4744873046875,\n 59.97425688709357\n ],\n [\n -149.7491455078125,\n 60.29429873400916\n ],\n [\n -150.22705078124997,\n 60.16064293693041\n ],\n [\n -150.545654296875,\n 59.88066847319146\n ],\n [\n -150.963134765625,\n 59.66219187669592\n ],\n [\n -151.10046386718747,\n 59.358395906039405\n ],\n [\n -150.919189453125,\n 59.2771080105117\n ],\n [\n -150.0018310546875,\n 59.65109171169264\n ],\n [\n -149.46350097656247,\n 59.9632601849119\n ],\n [\n -149.4744873046875,\n 59.97425688709357\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Accurate data for the concentration of dissolved oxygen in surface and ground waters are essential for documenting changes in environmental water resources that result from natural phenomena and human activities. Dissolved oxygen is necessary in aquatic systems for the survival and growth of many aquatic organisms and is used as an indicator of the health of surface-water bodies. This section of the National Field Manual (NFM) includes U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) guidance and protocols for four methods to determine dissolved-oxygen concentrations: the amperometric, luminescent-sensor, spectrophotometric, and iodometric (Winkler) methods. Each chapter of the National Field Manual is published separately and revised periodically. Newly published and revised chapters will be announced on the USGS Home Page on the World Wide Web under 'New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey.'
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/twri09A6.2","usgsCitation":"Rounds, S.A., Wilde, F., and Ritz, G.F., 2006, Chapter A6. Section 6.2. Dissolved oxygen (Version 2.1): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 09-A6.2, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri09A6.2.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363703,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm9A0","text":"Techniques and Methods 9-AO","linkHelpText":"- General introduction for the “National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data”"},{"id":190965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a62/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":363006,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a62/twri9a6_Section6.2.pdf","text":"Report April 1998","size":"126 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Original Report"},{"id":363009,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a62/twri9a6_6.2_v2.1.9102013.pdf","text":"Report June 2006","size":"360 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Version 2.1"},{"id":9804,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a62/twri9a6_6.2_ver3.pdf","text":"Report","size":"688 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TWRI 9A6.2"}],"edition":"Version 2.1","contact":"Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Email: nfm@usgs.gov
","tableOfContents":"Columbia Environmental Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4200 New Haven Road
Columbia, MO 65201
On October 8, 2005, a M 7.6 earthquake near Muzafarrabad, Pakistan, triggered a landslide that dammed the Karli River and one of its tributaries about 4 km upstream of the confluence of the Karli and Jhelum rivers near the town of Hattian Bala. The smaller dam on the tributary of the Karli River has been artificially breached and is no longer a hazard. When the larger dammed lake on the Karli River has filled enough to flow over the landslide blockage, it will have impounded about 60 million cubic meters of water. This lake will drain through the landslide dam as it breaches during the spring runoff or during the monsoon season in early summer. The inundation associated with the Karli River landslide dam breach endangers a substantial downstream population, particularly the population located in the vicinity of Hattian Bala at the confluence of the Karli and Jhelum rivers. To help mitigate this hazard, we used an accurate two-dimensional flow model to simulate dambreak flows associated with three breach-rate downcutting scenarios, and estimated inundation depths and peak flow velocities. We superimposed inundation extents and other attributes on photographic images of the region to provide clear delineation of potential impacts on populated areas near the confluence of the Karli and Jhelum rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061094","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R.P., O’Connell, D.R.H., and Jones, M., 2006, Summary of preliminary 2D inundation modeling for three Hattian landslide dam breach scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1094, 12 p., plus figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061094.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366616,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1094/ofr20061094_figs.html","text":"Figures 3–5, 7–42 ","linkHelpText":"— Large format plots."},{"id":366614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1094/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":366615,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1094/ofr20061094.pdf","text":"Report","size":"315 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2006-1094"}],"country":"Pakistan ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[75.15803,37.13303],[75.8969,36.66681],[76.19285,35.8984],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.87172,34.65354],[75.75706,34.50492],[74.2402,34.74889],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.10429,33.44147],[74.45156,32.7649],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.40593,31.69264],[74.42138,30.97981],[73.45064,29.97641],[72.82375,28.96159],[71.77767,27.91318],[70.6165,27.9892],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.16893,26.49187],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.8447,25.2151],[71.04324,24.35652],[68.8426,24.35913],[68.17665,23.69197],[67.44367,23.94484],[67.14544,24.66361],[66.37283,25.42514],[64.53041,25.23704],[62.9057,25.21841],[61.49736,25.07824],[61.87419,26.23997],[63.31663,26.75653],[63.2339,27.21705],[62.75543,27.37892],[62.72783,28.25964],[61.77187,28.69933],[61.36931,29.30328],[60.87425,29.82924],[62.54986,29.31857],[63.55026,29.46833],[64.148,29.34082],[64.35042,29.56003],[65.04686,29.47218],[66.34647,29.88794],[66.38146,30.7389],[66.93889,31.30491],[67.68339,31.30315],[67.79269,31.58293],[68.55693,31.71331],[68.92668,31.62019],[69.31776,31.90141],[69.26252,32.50194],[69.68715,33.1055],[70.32359,33.35853],[69.93054,34.02012],[70.8818,33.98886],[71.15677,34.34891],[71.11502,34.73313],[71.61308,35.1532],[71.49877,35.65056],[71.26235,36.07439],[71.84629,36.50994],[72.92002,36.72001],[74.06755,36.83618],[74.57589,37.02084],[75.15803,37.13303]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Pakistan\"}}]}","contact":"Director, David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory
U.S. Geological Survey
1300 SE Cardinal Court, Building 10, Suite 100
Vancouver, Washington, 98683-9589
This map was created as part of a worldwide series of geologic maps for the U.S. Geological Survey’s World Energy Project, available on CD-ROM and through the Internet. The goal of the project is to assess the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources of the world. Geologic provinces were created for ranking purposes in the World Petroleum Assessment 2000 (U.S. Geological Survey World Energy Assessment Team, 2000). A modified subset of these provinces are shown on the map, based on new bathymetric data and geologic knowledge. Geologic province boundaries are not intended to be taken for country boundaries or exclusive economic zone (EEZ) boundaries. The USGS World Petroleum Assessment 2000 - Description and Results can be found online at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-060. Oil and gas fields are represented by a single geographic point in the center of the field and displays field type (oil or gas) only. The map includes three surface geology datasets, which were modified for display purposes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97470L","usgsCitation":"French, C.D. and Schenk, C.J., 2006, Map showing geology, oil and gas fields, and geologic provinces of the Gulf of Mexico region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-470-L, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97470L.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36 x 60 inches; Database; Metadata: ReadMe","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470L/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":368494,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470L/ofr97470L.pdf","text":"Map","size":"8.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8564,"rank":4,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470L/database.zip","size":"10.0 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":110672,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77647.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":368493,"rank":6,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470L/metadata.zip","size":"56.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":8565,"rank":5,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470L/readme.txt","size":"11.7 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 15\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 15\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"","publishedDate":"2006-09-07","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5fae","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"French, Christopher D.","contributorId":8338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744004,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305 schenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"schenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744005,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":73853,"text":"fs20063015 - 2006 - Wildfire hazards—A national threat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-04T06:52:02","indexId":"fs20063015","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-03T12:10:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3015","displayTitle":"Wildfire Hazards—A National Threat","title":"Wildfire hazards—A national threat","docAbstract":"Wildfires are a growing natural hazard in most regions of the United States, posing a threat to life and property, particularly where native ecosystems meet developed areas.
However, because fire is a natural (and often beneficial) process, fire suppression can lead to more severe fires due to the buildup of vegetation, which creates more fuel.
In addition, the secondary effects of wildfires, including erosion, landslides, introduction of invasive species, and changes in water quality, are often more disastrous than the fire itself.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"USGS Science Helps Build Safer Communities","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20063015","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Wildfire hazards—A national threat: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3015, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367945,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3015/2006-3015.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2006-3015"},{"id":7963,"rank":999,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/hazards.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3015.bmp"}],"contact":"Natural Hazards
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
This chapter investigates the South Coast bioregion in Southern California. There are two broad ecological zones: the coastal valleys and foothill zone and the montane zone. Grasslands are resilient to a wide range of fire frequencies. Fire regimes in big-cone Douglas-fir forests vary spatially and temporally. Lodgepole pine forests are at the highest end of the elevational gradient for forests exposed to fire on any regular basis. Landscape scale prescription burning on a rotational basis is a questionable management strategy in this bioregion. A broader application of fuel manipulations may be warranted for managing fires that occur under mild weather conditions and are not wind-driven events. Regardless of how climate affects fuels, based on current patterns of burning it appears that throughout this region the primary threat to future fire regimes is more tied to future patterns of human demography than to climate.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire in California's ecosystems","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520246058.003.0015","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 2006, South Coast bioregion, chap. of Fire in California's ecosystems, Chapter 15, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520246058.003.0015.","productDescription":"Chapter 15","ipdsId":"IP-068636","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361826,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70196423,"text":"wdrPA052 - 2006 - Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 2005, Volume 2. Susquehanna and Potomac River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-29T13:07:49","indexId":"wdrPA052","displayToPublicDate":"2018-05-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"PA-05-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 2005, Volume 2. Susquehanna and Potomac River Basins","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2005 water year for Pennsylvania consist of records of discharge and water quality of streams; contents and elevations of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report, Volume 2 contains (1) discharge records for 89 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations, 13 partial-record stations, 23 special study and miscellaneous streamflow sites; (2) elevation and contents for 12 lakes and reservoirs, and water-quality records for 12 lakes and reservoirs; (3) water-quality records for 33 gaging stations and 68 ungaged streamsites; (4) water-level records for 40 network observation wells; and (5) water-quality analyses at 35 special study ground-water wells. Site locations are shown in figures throughout the report. Additional water data collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program are also presented. These data together with the data in Volumes 1 and 3, represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Pennsylvania.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrPA052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, the Baltimore District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and with other State, municipal, and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Durlin, R.R., Schaffstall, and Beaver, M.R., 2006, Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 2005, Volume 2. Susquehanna and Potomac River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey WDR PA-05-2, 558 p., https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wdrPA052.","productDescription":"xx, 558 p.","numberOfPages":"578","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353209,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-susq-05-2/wdr-susq2005-2.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"WDR PA-05-2"},{"id":353208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-susq-05-2/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Water resources data for the 2005 water year for Pennsylvania consist of records of discharge and water quality of streams; contents and elevations of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report, Volume 1 contains (1) discharge records for 75 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations, 5 partial-record stations, 41 special-study and miscellaneous streamflow sites; (2) elevation and contents records for 13 lakes and reservoirs, and water-quality records for 5 lakes and reservoirs; (3) water-quality records for 24 gaging stations and 10 ungaged streamsites; (4) water-quality records for 73 special-study stations; (5) water-level records for 52 network observation wells; and (6) water-quality analyses of ground water from 42 ground-water wells. Site locations are shown in figures 6-19. Additional water data collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program are also presented. These data together with the data in Volumes 2 and 3, represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Pennsylvania.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrPA051","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, the Philadelphia District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Chester County Water Resources Authority, and with other State, municipal, and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Durlin, R., Schaffstall, W., and Beaver, M., 2006, Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 2005, Volume 1. Delaware River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report PA-05-1, xx, 575 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrPA051.","productDescription":"xx, 575 p.","numberOfPages":"594","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-del-05-1/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":353205,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-del-05-1/wdr-del-2005-1.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"WDR PA-05-1"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Baratria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program Office","usgsCitation":"Barrow, W., Fontenot, W.R., Barrow, M.H., DeMay, R.A., and Muth, D., 2006, Vanishing before our eyes, 23 p.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365607,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":365606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://btnep.org/resources/publications-2/?section=0&keywords=&andor=or"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.43920898437499,\n 29.024953173722604\n ],\n [\n -89.80224609374999,\n 29.024953173722604\n ],\n [\n -89.80224609374999,\n 30.152252297201876\n ],\n [\n -91.43920898437499,\n 30.152252297201876\n ],\n [\n -91.43920898437499,\n 29.024953173722604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrow, Wylie C. Jr. 0000-0003-4671-2823 barroww@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":168953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"Wylie C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"barroww@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fontenot, William R.","contributorId":102372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontenot","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barrow, Madeline H.","contributorId":216979,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barrow","given":"Madeline","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeMay, Richard A.","contributorId":68641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMay","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Muth, David","contributorId":216980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muth","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70180784,"text":"70180784 - 2006 - Introduction to the special issue on the changing Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T12:17:05","indexId":"70180784","displayToPublicDate":"2017-02-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to the special issue on the changing Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"The Mojave Desert, which lies between the Great Basin Desert in the north and the Sonoran Desert in the south, covers an estimated 114 478–130 464 km2 of the south-western United States and includes parts of the states of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California, with the amount of land mass dependent on the definition (Fig. 1; Rowlands et al., 1982; McNab and Avers, 1994; Bailey, 1995; Groves et al., 2000). This desert is sufficiently diverse to be subdivided into five regions: northern, south-western, central, south-central, and eastern (Rowlands et al., 1982). It is a land of extremes both in topography and climate. Elevations range from below sea level at Death Valley National Park to 3633 m on Mt. Charleston in the Spring Range of Nevada. Temperatures exhibit similar extreme ranges with mean minimum January temperatures of −2.4 °C in Beatty, Nevada and mean maximum July temperatures of 47 °C in Death Valley. Mean annual precipitation varies throughout the regions (42–350 mm), is highest on mountain tops, but overall is low (Rowlands et al., 1982; Rowlands, 1995a). The distribution of precipitation varies from west to east and north to south, with >85% of rain falling in winter in the northern, south-western and south-central regions. In contrast, the central and eastern regions receive a substantial amount of precipitation in both winter and summer. The variability in topographic and climatic features contributes to regional differences in vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.016","usgsCitation":"Berry, K.H., Murphy, R., Mack, J.S., and Quillman, W., 2006, Introduction to the special issue on the changing Mojave Desert: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 67, p. 5-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.016.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.06982421874999,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -119.06982421874999,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -119.06982421874999,\n 34.14363482031264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"67","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4c0e4b0fa1e59bc1e05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, R. W.","contributorId":89840,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mack, Jeremy S. jmack@usgs.gov","contributorId":3851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Jeremy","email":"jmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quillman, W.","contributorId":179068,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quillman","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179929,"text":"70179929 - 2006 - Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T14:30:22","indexId":"70179929","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":110,"text":"Cooperative Investigations Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"47","title":"Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 2006","docAbstract":"This is the forty-third in a series of annual reports that describe ground-water conditions in Utah. Reports in this series, published cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources and Division of Water Rights, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality, provide data to enable interested parties to maintain awareness of changing ground-water conditions.
This report, like the others in the series, contains information on well construction, ground-water withdrawal from wells, water-level changes, precipitation, streamflow, and chemical quality of water. Information on well construction included in this report refers only to wells constructed for new appropriations of ground water. Supplementary data are included in reports of this series only for those years or areas which are important to a discussion of changing ground-water conditions and for which applicable data are available.
This report includes individual discussions of selected significant areas of ground-water development in the State for calendar year 2005. Most of the reported data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources and Division of Water Rights, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality. This report is available online at http://www.waterrights.utah. gov/techinfo/wwwpub/gw2006.pdf and http://ut.water.usgs. gov/publications/GW2006.pdf.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources and Division of Water Rights; and Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Burden, C.B., Allen, D.V., Danner, M., Walzem, V., Cillessen, J., Downhour, P., Wilkowske, C., Eacret, R.J., Wilberg, D., Slaugh, B., Swenson, R., Howells, J., Christiansen, H., and Fisher, M., 2006, Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 2006: Cooperative Investigations Report 47, viii, 129 p.","productDescription":"viii, 129 p.","numberOfPages":"140","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333571,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":364061,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/techinfo/wwwpub/GW2006.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58833024e4b0d002316377a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burden, Carole B. cburden@usgs.gov","contributorId":852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burden","given":"Carole","email":"cburden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, David V.","contributorId":75989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danner, M.R.","contributorId":178514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danner","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walzem, Vince","contributorId":178604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walzem","given":"Vince","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cillessen, J.L.","contributorId":33803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cillessen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Downhour, Paul downhour@usgs.gov","contributorId":968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downhour","given":"Paul","email":"downhour@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":660027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilkowske, C.D.","contributorId":63050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkowske","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eacret, Robert J. rjeacret@usgs.gov","contributorId":971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eacret","given":"Robert","email":"rjeacret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":660029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Slaugh, B.A.","contributorId":178515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slaugh","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Swenson, R.L.","contributorId":178508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swenson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Howells, J.H.","contributorId":178516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howells","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Christiansen, H.K.","contributorId":178517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christiansen","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Fisher, M.J.","contributorId":178524,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70187669,"text":"70187669 - 2006 - Reply to comment by F. Molz et al. on “Investigating the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site in Columbus, Mississippi, using a three‐dimensional inverse flow and transport model”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T13:57:17","indexId":"70187669","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to comment by F. Molz et al. on “Investigating the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site in Columbus, Mississippi, using a three‐dimensional inverse flow and transport model”","docAbstract":"Disturbances and ecosystem recovery from disturbance both involve numerous processes that operate on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Few studies have investigated how gradients of disturbance intensity and ecosystem responses are distributed across multiple spatial resolutions and also how this relationship changes through time during recovery. We investigated how cover of non-native species and soil-aggregate stability (a measure of vulnerability to erosion by water) in surface and subsurface soils varied spatially during grazing by burros and cattle and whether patterns in these variables changed after grazer removal from Mojave National Preserve, California, USA. We compared distance from water and number of ungulate defecations — metrics of longer-term and recent grazing intensity, respectively, — as predictors of our response variables. We used information-theoretic analyses to compare hierarchical linear models that accounted for important covariates and allowed for interannual variation in the disturbance–response relationship at local and landscape scales. Soil stability was greater under perennial vegetation than in bare interspaces, and surface soil stability decreased with increasing numbers of ungulate defecations. Stability of surface samples was more affected by time since removal of grazers than was stability of subsurface samples, and subsurface soil stability in bare spaces was not related to grazing intensity, time since removal, or any of our other predictors. In the high rainfall year (2003) after cattle had been removed for 1–2 years, cover of all non-native plants averaged nine times higher than in the low-rainfall year (2002). Given the heterogeneity in distribution of large-herbivore impacts that we observed at several resolutions, hierarchical analyses provided a more complete understanding of the spatial and temporal complexities of disturbance and recovery processes in arid ecosystems.
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We find that scale considerations have been incorporated explicitly into six broad areas of investigation related to biological diversity: (1) heterogeneity within and among ecosystems, (2) disturbance ecology, (3) conservation and restoration, (4) invasion biology, (5) importance of temporal scale for understanding processes, and (6) species responses to environmental heterogeneity. In addition to placing the papers of this Special Feature within the context of brief summaries of the expanding literature on these six topics, we provide an overview of tools useful for integrating scale considerations into studies of biological diversity. Such tools include hierarchical and structural-equation modelling, kriging, variable-width buffers, k-fold cross-validation, and cascading graph diagrams, among others. Finally, we address some of the major challenges and research frontiers that remain, and conclude with a look to the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00260.x","usgsCitation":"Beever, E., Swihart, R., and Bestelmeyer, B.T., 2006, Linking the concept of scale to studies of biological diversity: evolving approaches and tools.: Diversity and Distributions, v. 12, no. 3, p. 229-235, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00260.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"235","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00260.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210b3e4b0ef3b7ca643fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beever, E.A.","contributorId":80040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swihart, R.K.","contributorId":90560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swihart","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bestelmeyer, B. T.","contributorId":23468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bestelmeyer","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175216,"text":"70175216 - 2006 - Mapping South San Francisco Bay's seabed diversity for use in wetland restoration planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T15:31:45","indexId":"70175216","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T07:15:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mapping South San Francisco Bay's seabed diversity for use in wetland restoration planning","docAbstract":"In an effort to understand the role of sediment of South San Francisco Bay (South Bay) salt ponds, an acoustic seabed classification was performed with the condition of over two hundred sediment samples. The success of the large-scale tidal wetland restoration of up to 15,000 acres of South Bay partly depends on the ability of the converted ponds to acquire and retain enough sediment to support marsh growth. Determining the distribution of South Bay's seabed sediment types and understanding their potential erosive properties helps answer critical planning questions about sediment budgets and sediment transportation.
\nAcoustic seabed classification is the organization of the seafloor into discrete units based on the characteristics of the acoustic response generated by an echosounder. Acoustic diversity is considered a proxy for geoacoustical parameters including acoustic impedance contrast, scatter and volume reverberation which all vary with sediment type. In addition, biological and anthropogenic features can influence the acoustic response.
\nData for an acoustic seabed classification were collected as a part of a California Coastal Conservancy funded bathymetric survey of South Bay in early 2005. A QTC VIEW seabed classification system recorded echoes from a sungle bean 50 kHz echosounder. Approximately 450,000 seabed classification records were generated from an are of of about 30 sq. miles. Ten district acoustic classes were identified through an unsupervised classification system using principle component and cluster analyses. One hundred and sixty-one grab samples and forty-five benthic community composition data samples collected in the study area shortly before and after the seabed classification survey, further refined the ten classes into groups based on grain size. A preliminary map of surficial grain size of South Bay was developed from the combination of the seabed classification and the grab and benthic samples. The initial seabed classification map, the grain size map, and locations of sediment samples will be displayed along with the methods of acousitc seabed classification.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Fregoso, T.A., Jaffe, B., Rathwell, G., Collins, W., Rhynas, K., Tomlin, V., and Sullivan, S., 2006, Mapping South San Francisco Bay's seabed diversity for use in wetland restoration planning, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325978,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.southbayrestoration.org/pdf_files/science%20symposium/2006%20Science%20Symposium%20Poster%20Abstracts.pdf","text":"South Bay Pond Restoration Project","size":"275 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"South Bay Pond Restoration Project"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c430e4b006cb45552c25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fregoso, Theresa A. 0000-0001-7802-5812 tfregoso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-5812","contributorId":2571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fregoso","given":"Theresa","email":"tfregoso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, B.","contributorId":78517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathwell, G.","contributorId":67453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathwell","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Collins, W.","contributorId":29359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rhynas, K.","contributorId":56599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhynas","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tomlin, V.","contributorId":173349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomlin","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sullivan, S.","contributorId":173350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70170282,"text":"70170282 - 2006 - Monitoring biological diversity: strategies, tools, limitations, and challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:35:13","indexId":"70170282","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-04T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2901,"text":"Northwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring biological diversity: strategies, tools, limitations, and challenges","docAbstract":"Monitoring is an assessment of the spatial and temporal variability in one or more ecosystem properties, and is an essential component of adaptive management. Monitoring can help determine whether mandated environmental standards are being met and can provide an early-warning system of ecological change. Development of a strategy for monitoring biological diversity will likely be most successful when based upon clearly articulated goals and objectives and may be enhanced by including several key steps in the process. Ideally, monitoring of biological diversity will measure not only composition, but also structure and function at the spatial and temporal scales of interest. Although biodiversity monitoring has several key limitations as well as numerous theoretical and practical challenges, many tools and strategies are available to address or overcome such challenges; I summarize several of these. Due to the diversity of spatio-temporal scales and comprehensiveness encompassed by existing definitions of biological diversity, an effective monitoring design will reflect the desired sampling domain of interest and its key stressors, available funding, legal requirements, and organizational goals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733(2006)87[66:MBDSTL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Beever, E., 2006, Monitoring biological diversity: strategies, tools, limitations, and challenges: Northwestern Naturalist, v. 87, no. 1, p. 66-79, https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733(2006)87[66:MBDSTL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210b3e4b0ef3b7ca64409","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beever, E.A.","contributorId":80040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170283,"text":"70170283 - 2006 - Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T12:03:26","indexId":"70170283","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-03T17:30:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act","docAbstract":"The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) allows listing of subspecies and other groupings below the rank of species. This provides the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service with a means to target the most critical unit in need of conservation. Although roughly one-quarter of listed taxa are subspecies, these management agencies are hindered by uncertainties about taxonomic standards during listing or delisting activities. In a review of taxonomic publications and societies, we found few subspecies lists and none that stated standardized criteria for determining subspecific taxa. Lack of criteria is attributed to a centuries-old debate over species and subspecies concepts. Nevertheless, the critical need to resolve this debate for ESA listings led us to propose that minimal biological criteria to define disjunct subspecies (legally or taxonomically) should include the discreteness and significance criteria of distinct population segments (as defined under the ESA). Our subspecies criteria are in stark contrast to that proposed by supporters of the phylogenetic species concept and provide a clear distinction between species and subspecies. Efforts to eliminate or reduce ambiguity associated with subspecies-level classifications will assist with ESA listing decisions. Thus, we urge professional taxonomic societies to publish and periodically update peer-reviewed species and subspecies lists. This effort must be paralleled throughout the world for efficient taxonomic conservation to take place.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00530.x","usgsCitation":"Haig, S.M., Beever, E., Chambers, S.M., Draheim, H.M., Dugger, B., Dunham, S., Elliott-Smith, E., Fontaine, J.B., Kesler, D.C., Knaus, B.J., Lopes, I.F., Loschl, P.J., Mullins, T.D., and Sheffield, L.M., 2006, Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act: Conservation Biology, v. 20, no. 6, p. 1584-1594, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00530.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1584","endPage":"1594","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210b8e4b0ef3b7ca6443d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haig, S. M. 0000-0002-6616-7589","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":55389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beever, E.A.","contributorId":80040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, Steven M.","contributorId":168608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chambers","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Draheim, Hope M.","contributorId":100711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draheim","given":"Hope","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dugger, Bruce D.","contributorId":81236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugger","given":"Bruce D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dunham, Susie","contributorId":168609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunham","given":"Susie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Elliott-Smith, Elise eelliott-smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":3645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott-Smith","given":"Elise","email":"eelliott-smith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fontaine, Joseph B.","contributorId":168610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kesler, Dylan C.","contributorId":14358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kesler","given":"Dylan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6769,"text":"University of Missouri, Columbia, MO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Knaus, Brian J.","contributorId":107167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knaus","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lopes, Iara F.","contributorId":168611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopes","given":"Iara","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Loschl, Peter J.","contributorId":7195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loschl","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Mullins, Thomas D. 0000-0001-8948-9604 tom_mullins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8948-9604","contributorId":3615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Thomas","email":"tom_mullins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":626758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Sheffield, Lisa M.","contributorId":168612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sheffield","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70158700,"text":"sir20065103 - 2006 - Time of travel and dispersion in the Merrimack River in Massachusetts from the state line to the Atlantic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-23T15:01:50","indexId":"sir20065103","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-06T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5103","title":"Time of travel and dispersion in the Merrimack River in Massachusetts from the state line to the Atlantic Ocean","docAbstract":"To obtain copies of this report, please contact: Director, Division of Watershed Management, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, 8 New Bond St.. Worcester, MA 01608, (508) 792–7650
","doi":"10.3133/sir20065103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs—Department of Environmental Protection, the City of Lowell, and the Merrimack Valley Planning Commission","usgsCitation":"Parker, G.W., 2006, Time of travel and dispersion in the Merrimack River in Massachusetts from the state line to the Atlantic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5103, 29 p. Available by request only.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5103/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov
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For the past decade, our U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research team has rummaged through Glacier National Park’s archives looking for records of snow avalanches. Our searches have paid off. We have found photographs that show snow avalanches blocking progress during the annual spring opening of the famed Going-to-the-Sun Road, ranger logs that describe cabins and telephone lines destroyed by avalanches, and superintendents’ reports that recount avalanche accidents that killed employees or visitors. Recently, we have combined these historical sources with field studies to investigate whether snow avalanches in the park may be more cyclical than random and as much an ecological process as a natural hazard. Our ongoing research in Montana has yielded relevant information for park managers elsewhere who deal with avalanche threats to park infrastructure and for ecologists seeking a better understanding of how mountain ecosystems function.
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Our research has focused on two transportation corridors: the Going-to-the-Sun Road that bisects the center of the park, and John F. Stevens Canyon, at the park’s southwest corner (fig. 1). The Going-to-the-Sun Road is the park’s most visited attraction; deep snow and avalanches force the road’s closure each winter, and in spring, park crews dig it out using bulldozers and other heavy equipment (fig. 2). Springtime avalanches can bury workers or push equipment off the road and over cliffs (figs. 3a and 3b), as happened in 1953, when two workers died. Our research started with a study of how interannual variations in snowfall and avalanches affect the road opening. The initial study helped park managers predict and plan for the road opening in spring and respond to the many topical questions from park visitors and locals. More recent studies have focused on determining the conditions that create springtime avalanches, which are a poorly understood aspect of the avalanche phenomenon.
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