This is the sixth Supplement since publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list of North American Birds (American Ornithologists' Union [AOU] 1998). It summarizes decisions made by the AOU's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature-North America between 1 January and 31 December 2005.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[926:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., Cicero, C., Dunn, J., Kratter, A., Rasmussen, P., Remsen, J., Rising, J., and Stotz, D., 2006, Forty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds: The Auk, v. 123, no. 3, p. 926-936, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[926:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"926","endPage":"936","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477283,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[926:fsttao]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":198157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cicero, C.","contributorId":10508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cicero","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunn, J.L.","contributorId":7388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kratter, A.W.","contributorId":45023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratter","given":"A.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rasmussen, P.C.","contributorId":80777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Remsen, J.V.","contributorId":76430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remsen","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rising, J.D.","contributorId":35415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rising","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stotz, D.F.","contributorId":30710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotz","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5224671,"text":"5224671 - 2006 - Variation in probability of first reproduction of Weddell seals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5224671","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in probability of first reproduction of Weddell seals","docAbstract":"Summary 1. For many species, when to begin reproduction is an important life-history decision that varies by individual and can have substantial implications for lifetime reproductive success and fitness. 2. We estimated age-specific probabilities of first-time breeding and modelled variation in these rates to determine age at first reproduction and understand why it varies in a population of Weddell seals in Erebus Bay, Antarctica. We used multistate mark?recapture modelling methods and encounter histories of 4965 known-age female seals to test predictions about age-related variation in probability of first reproduction and the effects of annual variation, cohort and population density. 3. Mean age at first reproduction in this southerly located study population (7.62 years of age, SD =1.71) was greater than age at first reproduction for a Weddell seal population at a more northerly and typical latitude for breeding Weddell seals (mean =4?5 years of age). This difference suggests that age at first reproduction may be influenced by whether a population inhabits the core or periphery of its range. 4. Age at first reproduction varied from 4 to 14 years, but there was no age by which all seals recruited to the breeding population, suggesting that individual heterogeneity exists among females in this population. 5. In the best model, the probability of breeding for the first time varied by age and year, and the amount of annual variation varied with age (average variance ratio for age-specific rates =4.3%). 6. Our results affirmed the predictions of life-history theory that age at first reproduction in long-lived mammals will be sensitive to environmental variation. In terms of life history evolution, this variability suggests that Weddell seals display flexibility in age at first reproduction in order to maximize reproductive output under varying environmental conditions. Future analyses will attempt to test predictions regarding relationships between environmental covariates and annual variation in age at first reproduction and evaluate the relationship between age at first reproduction and lifetime reproductive success.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Animal Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6594_Hadley.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hadley, G., Rotella, J., Garrott, R., and Nichols, J., 2006, Variation in probability of first reproduction of Weddell seals: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 75, no. 5, p. 1058-1070.","productDescription":"1058-1070","startPage":"1058","endPage":"1070","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16778,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118727107/abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":201603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a0e4b07f02db5bd7de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hadley, G.L.","contributorId":51423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rotella, J.J.","contributorId":105828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotella","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrott, R.A.","contributorId":40705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrott","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224697,"text":"5224697 - 2006 - Nest fate and productivity of American Oystercatchers, Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224697","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest fate and productivity of American Oystercatchers, Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia","docAbstract":"The American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) is listed as a species of high priority by the U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan and is state-listed as rare in Georgia; however, biologists have not focused on identifying the causes of egg and hatchling losses. In 2003 and 2004, continuous video monitoring was used to document reproductive success of American Oystercatchers and identify causes of nest failure at Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia. The modified Mayfield method and program CONTRAST were used to determine and compare survival of eggs and nestlings. Eleven pairs made 32 nest attempts during two seasons. Nine attempts were successful, fledging 15 chicks. Daily survival of clutches was 0.973 (95% CI = 0.960-0.987) for 2003, 0.985 (95% CI = 0.974-0.995) for 2004, and 0.979 (95% CI = 0.970-0.987) for combined years. Daily survival was greater on the North End, than on the South End of the island (X21 = 7.211, P = 0.007). Eighteen of 20 nest failures during the egg stage and one of eight chick losses were documented. Egg predators included raccoon (Procyon lotor, N = 9), bobcat (Lynx rufus, N = 3), and American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos, N = 1). A ghost crab (Ocypode quadata) preyed on one chick. Other causes of nest failure were tidal overwash (N = 1), horse trampling (N = 1), abandonment (N = 2), and human destruction (N = 1). The North End of the island has one of the highest reproductive rates reported along the Atlantic coast. Predator control may be an effective means of increasing reproductive success on the South End of the island.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6629_Sabine.pdf","usgsCitation":"Sabine, J.B., Schweitzer, S.H., and Meyers, J., 2006, Nest fate and productivity of American Oystercatchers, Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia: Waterbirds, v. 29, no. 3, p. 308-314.","productDescription":"308-314","startPage":"308","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16794,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1675%2F1524-4695%282006%2929%5B308%3ANFAPOA%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":201599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae792","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sabine, J. B.","contributorId":84047,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sabine","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schweitzer, Sara H.","contributorId":106614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyers, J.M.","contributorId":54307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224679,"text":"5224679 - 2006 - Monitoring trail conditions: New methodological considerations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:15:33","indexId":"5224679","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3561,"text":"The George Wright Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring trail conditions: New methodological considerations","docAbstract":"The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) accommodates nearly 300 million visitors per year, visitation that has the potential to produce negative effects on fragile natural and cultural resources. The policy guidance from the NPS Management Policies recognizes the legitimacy of providing opportunities for public enjoyment of parks while acknowledging the need for managers to “seek ways to avoid, or to minimize to the greatest degree practicable, adverse impacts on park resources and values” (NPS 2001). Thus, relative to visitor use, park managers must evaluate the types and extents of resource impacts associated with recreational activities, and determine to what extent they are unacceptable and constitute impairment. Visitor impact monitoring programs can assist managers in making objective evaluations of impact acceptability and impairment and in selecting effective impact management practices by providing quantitative documentation of the types and extent of recreationrelated impacts on natural resources. Monitoring programs are explicitly authorized in Section 4.1 of the Management Policies:
Natural systems in the national park system, and the human influences upon them, will be monitored to detect change. The Service will use the results of monitoring and research to understand the detected change and to develop appropriate management actions.
","language":"English","publisher":"The George Wright Society","usgsCitation":"Marion, J.L., Leung, Y., and Nepal, S.K., 2006, Monitoring trail conditions: New methodological considerations: The George Wright Forum, v. 23, no. 2, p. 36-49.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16784,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.georgewright.org/forum_issues"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699042","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":56322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leung, Yu-Fai","contributorId":95730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leung","given":"Yu-Fai","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nepal, Sanjay K.","contributorId":29096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nepal","given":"Sanjay","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224703,"text":"5224703 - 2006 - Analysis of spawning behavior, habitat, and season of the federally threatened Etheostoma scotti, Cherokee darter (Osteichthyes: Percidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:04","indexId":"5224703","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of spawning behavior, habitat, and season of the federally threatened Etheostoma scotti, Cherokee darter (Osteichthyes: Percidae)","docAbstract":"Etheostoma scotti (Cherokee darter) is a member of the subgenus Ulocentra and a federally threatened endemic to the Etowah River system, GA. Field observations of spawning behavior of the Cherokee darter were made at five stream sites to identify spawning season and habitat over two field seasons. Cherokee darters primarily spawn in pool habitats between mid-March and early June, at temperatures between 11 and 18 ?C. Egg deposition was typically on large gravel substrate, but ranged from gravel to bedrock in size and included woody debris. Spawning occurred in a variety of depths (0.09-0.59 m) and velocities (0-0.68 m/s).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6641_Storey.pdf","usgsCitation":"Storey, C., Porter, B., Freeman, M.C., and Freeman, B.J., 2006, Analysis of spawning behavior, habitat, and season of the federally threatened Etheostoma scotti, Cherokee darter (Osteichthyes: Percidae): Southeastern Naturalist, v. 5, no. 3, p. 413-424.","productDescription":"413-424","startPage":"413","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16800,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1656%2F1528-7092%282006%295%5B413%3AAOSBHA%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":197982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storey, C.M.","contributorId":97215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porter, B.A.","contributorId":22879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, B. J.","contributorId":8031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224672,"text":"5224672 - 2006 - Herpetofaunal diversity of Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5224672","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herpetofaunal diversity of Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina","docAbstract":"In the past century, habitat alteration and fragmentation have increased dramatically, which increases the need for improving our understanding of how species and biological communities react to these modifications. A national strategy on biological diversity has focused attention on how these habitat modifications affect species, especially herpetofauna (i.e., changes in species richness, community evenness and similarity, and dominant/rare species). As part of this strategy, we surveyed Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, a coastal, mixed second-growth forested swamp (MFS) and pocosin wetland (PW), in North Carolina for amphibians and reptiles from September 2000 to August 2001. We randomly selected three sites (3 x 3 km) in two major habitat types (MFS, PW) and completed random surveys and trapping using transects, quadrats, nighttime aural road surveys, drift fences, canal transects, coverboards, incidental captures, and evening road surveys. We also collected herpetofauna opportunistically throughout the refuge to establish an updated species list. For analysis, we used Shannon-Weiner species diversity (H'), evenness (1'), species richness and species detectability (COMDYN4), and community percent similarity index to determine herpetofaunal community differences. We estimated 39 species in MFS and 32 species in PW (P < 0.10). Species detectability was similar between habitats (0.84 to 0.86). More reptilian species (+ 31 %) inhabited MFS than PW, but estimated amphibian species richness was identical (17 spp.). H' was higher (P < 0.000 I) for PW (2.6680) than for MFS (2.1535) because of lower J' in the latter (0.6214 vs. 0.8010). Dominance of three Rana species caused lower J' and H' in MFS. Similarity between the communities was 56.6%; we estimated 22-24 species in common for each habitat (95% CI = 18 to 31 spp.). We verified 49 of the 52 herpetofaunal species on the refuge that were known to exist in the area. Restoration of natural water flows may affect herpetofaunal diversity, which may be monitored during a restoration project. Currently, the refuge retains historical levels of herpetofaunal diversity for the region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6595_Meyers.pdf","usgsCitation":"Meyers, J., and Pike, D., 2006, Herpetofaunal diversity of Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 5, no. 2, p. 235-252.","productDescription":"235-252","startPage":"235","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16779,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-archive&issn=1528-7092&volume=5","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":201604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635bc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyers, J.M.","contributorId":54307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pike, D.A.","contributorId":86879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224673,"text":"5224673 - 2006 - Intra-guild compensation regulates species richness in desert rodents: comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"5224673","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intra-guild compensation regulates species richness in desert rodents: comment","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"A comment on: Goheen, J. R., E. P. White, S. K. M. Ernest, and J. H. Brown. 2005. Intra-guild compensation regulates species richness in desert rodents. Ecology 86: 567?573. See also: INTRA-GUILD COMPENSATION REGULATES SPECIES RICHNESS IN DESERT RODENTS: REPLY ? Jacob R. Goheen, Ethan P. White, S. K. Morgan Ernest, and James H. Brown. Ecology 87(8):2121?2125, 2006 6596_Nichols.pdf","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Hines, J., Sauer, J., Boulinier, T., and Cam, E., 2006, Intra-guild compensation regulates species richness in desert rodents: comment: Ecology, v. 87, no. 8, p. 2118-2121.","productDescription":"2118-2121","startPage":"2118","endPage":"2121","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16780,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87%5B2118%3AICRSRI%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":198207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df3ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boulinier, T.","contributorId":37845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulinier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5224659,"text":"5224659 - 2006 - Variation in Bachman's Sparrow home-range size at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5224659","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in Bachman's Sparrow home-range size at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Using radiotelemetry, we studied variation in home-range size of the Bachman's Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis) at the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina, during the 1995 breeding season. At SRS, sparrows occurred primarily in two habitats: mature pine habitats managed for Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) and pine plantations 1 to 6 years of age. The mean 95% minimum convex polygon home-range size for males and females combined (n = 14) was 2.95 ha + 0.57 SE, across all habitats. Mean homerange size for males in mature pine stands (4.79 ha + 0.27, n = 4) was significantly larger than that in 4-year-old (3.00 ha + 0.31, n = 3) and 2-year-old stands (1.46 ha + 0.31, it = 3). Home-range sizes of paired males and females (it = 4 pairs) were similar within habitat type; mean distances between consecutive locations differed by habitat type and sex. We hypothesize that a gradient in food resources drives home-range dynamics.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6577_Stober.pdf","usgsCitation":"Stober, J., and Krementz, D., 2006, Variation in Bachman's Sparrow home-range size at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 118, no. 2, p. 138-144.","productDescription":"138-144","startPage":"138","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16768,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1676%2F04-128.1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":202051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stober, J.M.","contributorId":97219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stober","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krementz, D.G.","contributorId":74332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224525,"text":"5224525 - 2006 - Ecological consequences of hydropower development in Central America: Impacts of small dams and water diversion on neotropical stream fish assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5224525","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological consequences of hydropower development in Central America: Impacts of small dams and water diversion on neotropical stream fish assemblages","docAbstract":"Small dams for hydropower have caused widespread alteration of Central American rivers, yet much of recent development has gone undocumented by scientists and conservationists. We examined the ecological effects of a small hydropower plant (Dona Julia Hydroelectric Center) on two low-order streams (the Puerto Viejo River and Quebradon stream) draining a mountainous area of Costa Rica. Operation of the Dona Julia plant has dewatered these streams, reducing discharge to ~ 10% of average annual flow. This study compared fish assemblage composition and aquatic habitat upstream and downstream of diversion dams on two streams and along a ~ 4 km dewatered reach of the Puerto Viejo River in an attempt to evaluate current instream flow recommendations for regulated Costa Rican streams. Our results indicated that fish assemblages directly upstream and downstream of the dam on the third order Puerto Viejo River were dissimilar, suggesting that the small dam (< 15 in high) hindered movement of fishes. Along the ~ 4 km dewatered reach of the Puerto Viejo River, species count increased with downstream distance from the dam. However, estimated species richness and overall fish abundance were not significantly correlated with downstream distance from the dam. Our results suggested that effects of stream dewatering may be most pronounced for a subset of species with more complex reproductive requirements, classified as equilibrium-type species based on their life-history. In the absence of changes to current operations, we expect that fish assemblages in the Puerto Viejo River will be increasingly dominated by opportunistic-type, colonizing fish species. Operations of many other small hydropower plants in Costa Rica and other parts of Central America mirror those of Doha Julia; the methods and results of this study may be applicable to some of those projects. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6569_Anderson.pdf","usgsCitation":"Anderson, E.P., Freeman, M.C., and Pringle, C.M., 2006, Ecological consequences of hydropower development in Central America: Impacts of small dams and water diversion on neotropical stream fish assemblages: River Research and Applications, v. 22, no. 4, p. 397-411.","productDescription":"397-411","startPage":"397","endPage":"411","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16764,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112223759/abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Elizabeth P.","contributorId":76861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pringle, C. M.","contributorId":72902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pringle","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224690,"text":"5224690 - 2006 - Evaluating cytochrome p450 in lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) and tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) by monooxygenase activity and immunohistochemistry: Possible nonlethal assessment by skin immunohistochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5224690","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating cytochrome p450 in lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) and tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) by monooxygenase activity and immunohistochemistry: Possible nonlethal assessment by skin immunohistochemistry","docAbstract":"Six-month-old lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) and nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were injected intraperitoneally with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) in corn oil or in vehicle alone. Liver samples were taken and stored at -80 degrees C until microsome preparation and monooxygenase assay. Skin samples were placed in buffered formalin for subsequent immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A). Lesser scaup treated with BNF at 20 or 100 mg/kg body weight showed approximately 6- to 18-fold increases in four monooxygenases (benzyloxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, methoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, and pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase). No IHC response was observed for CYP1A in the skin of vehicle-injected ducks, whereas in the skin from BNF-treated ducks, the positive IHC response was of similar magnitude for both dose levels of BNF. Tree swallows injected with BNF at 100 mg/kg, but not at. 20 mg/kg, showed significant increases (approximately fivefold) in hepatic microsomal O-dealkylase activities. Cytochrome P4501A was undetectable by IHC response in skin from corn oil-treated swallows, but positive IHC responses were observed in the skin of one of five swallows at 20 mg/kg and four of five swallows at 100 mg/kg. Although these data do not allow construction of significant dose-response curves, the IHC responses for CYP1A in skin support the possible use of this nonlethal approach for biomonitoring contaminant exposure of birds. In addition, the CYP1A signal observed at the bases of emerging feathers suggest that these might provide less invasive sampling sites for IHC analysis of CYP1A.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6622_Melancon.pdf","usgsCitation":"Melancon, M.J., Kutay, A., Woodin, B.R., and Stegeman, J.J., 2006, Evaluating cytochrome p450 in lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) and tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) by monooxygenase activity and immunohistochemistry: Possible nonlethal assessment by skin immunohistochemistry: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 25, no. 10, p. 2613-2617.","productDescription":"2613-2617","startPage":"2613","endPage":"2617","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16789,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122675710/abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a833","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melancon, M. J.","contributorId":96206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kutay, A.L.","contributorId":19672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kutay","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodin, Bruce R.","contributorId":96632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodin","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":342370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stegeman, John J.","contributorId":55102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stegeman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":342368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224667,"text":"5224667 - 2006 - A new species of the genus Centrolene (Amphibia : Anura : Centrolenidae) from Ecuador with comments on the taxonomy and biogeography of Glassfrogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T16:09:48","indexId":"5224667","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3814,"text":"Zootaxa","onlineIssn":"1175-5334","printIssn":"1175-5326","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new species of the genus Centrolene (Amphibia : Anura : Centrolenidae) from Ecuador with comments on the taxonomy and biogeography of Glassfrogs","docAbstract":"We describe a new species of Glassfrog, Centrolene mariaelenae n. sp., from the Contrafuerte de Tzunantza, southeastern Ecuador. The new species is assigned to the Centrolene gorzulai species group, a clade previously known only from the Guayana Shield region, because the parietal peritoneum is transparent and the hepatic peritoneum is covered by guanophores. We analyze the diversity patterns of Glassfrogs from eastern Ecuador. The distribution of the new species herein described supports previous hypothesis of a biogeographical connection between the Andes and the Guayana Shield for various groups of plants and animals; particularly a relationship between the Guayana Shield and the sandstone outcrops mountain ranges of southeastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. We also comment on the infrageneric and generic classification of Glassfrogs, and propose the new combinations Centrolene balionotum n. comb., Cochranella antisthenesi n. comb., and Cochranella pulverata n. comb.","language":"English","publisher":"Magnolia Press","usgsCitation":"Cisneros-Heredia, D., and McDiarmid, R., 2006, A new species of the genus Centrolene (Amphibia : Anura : Centrolenidae) from Ecuador with comments on the taxonomy and biogeography of Glassfrogs: Zootaxa, v. 1244, p. 1-32.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1244","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6aba75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cisneros-Heredia, D.F.","contributorId":104180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cisneros-Heredia","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224652,"text":"5224652 - 2006 - The role of local populations within a landscape context: Defining and classifying sources and sinks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:17:36","indexId":"5224652","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":740,"text":"American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of local populations within a landscape context: Defining and classifying sources and sinks","docAbstract":"The interaction of local populations has been the focus of an increasing number of studies in the past 30 years. The study of source-sink dynamics has especially generated much interest. Many of the criteria used to distinguish sources and sinks incorporate the process of apparent survival (i.e., the combined probability of true survival and site fidelity) but not emigration. These criteria implicitly treat emigration as mortality, thus biasing the classification of sources and sinks in a manner that could lead to flawed habitat management. Some of the same criteria require rather restrictive assumptions about population equilibrium that, when violated, can also generate misleading inference. Here, we expand on a criterion (denoted ?contribution? or Cr) that incorporates successful emigration in differentiating sources and sinks and that makes no restrictive assumptions about dispersal or equilibrium processes in populations of interest. The metric Cr is rooted in the theory of matrix population models, yet it also contains clearly specified parameters that have been estimated in previous empirical research. We suggest that estimates of emigration are important for delineating sources and sinks and, more generally, for evaluating how local populations interact to generate overall system dynamics. This suggestion has direct implications for issues such as species conservation and habitat management.","language":"English","publisher":"American Naturalist","doi":"10.1086/503531","usgsCitation":"Runge, J., Runge, M., and Nichols, J., 2006, The role of local populations within a landscape context: Defining and classifying sources and sinks: American Naturalist, v. 167, no. 6, p. 925-938, https://doi.org/10.1086/503531.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"925","endPage":"938","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640e49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runge, J.P.","contributorId":57180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224691,"text":"5224691 - 2006 - Model weights and the foundations of multimodel inference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"5224691","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Model weights and the foundations of multimodel inference","docAbstract":"Statistical thinking in wildlife biology and ecology has been profoundly influenced by the introduction of AIC (Akaike?s information criterion) as a tool for model selection and as a basis for model averaging. In this paper, we advocate the Bayesian paradigm as a broader framework for multimodel inference, one in which model averaging and model selection are naturally linked, and in which the performance of AIC-based tools is naturally evaluated. Prior model weights implicitly associated with the use of AIC are seen to highly favor complex models: in some cases, all but the most highly parameterized models in the model set are virtually ignored a priori. We suggest the usefulness of the weighted BIC (Bayesian information criterion) as a computationally simple alternative to AIC, based on explicit selection of prior model probabilities rather than acceptance of default priors associated with AIC. We note, however, that both procedures are only approximate to the use of exact Bayes factors. We discuss and illustrate technical difficulties associated with Bayes factors, and suggest approaches to avoiding these difficulties in the context of model selection for a logistic regression. Our example highlights the predisposition of AIC weighting to favor complex models and suggests a need for caution in using the BIC for computing approximate posterior model weights.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6623_Link.pdf","usgsCitation":"Link, W., and Barker, R.J., 2006, Model weights and the foundations of multimodel inference: Ecology, v. 87, no. 10, p. 2626-2635.","productDescription":"2626-2635","startPage":"2626","endPage":"2635","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16790,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87%5B2626%3AMWATFO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"87","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, R. J.","contributorId":34222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224696,"text":"5224696 - 2006 - Planning for robust reserve networks using uncertainty analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224696","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Planning for robust reserve networks using uncertainty analysis","docAbstract":"Planning land-use for biodiversity conservation frequently involves computer-assisted reserve selection algorithms. Typically such algorithms operate on matrices of species presence?absence in sites, or on species-specific distributions of model predicted probabilities of occurrence in grid cells. There are practically always errors in input data?erroneous species presence?absence data, structural and parametric uncertainty in predictive habitat models, and lack of correspondence between temporal presence and long-run persistence. Despite these uncertainties, typical reserve selection methods proceed as if there is no uncertainty in the data or models. Having two conservation options of apparently equal biological value, one would prefer the option whose value is relatively insensitive to errors in planning inputs. In this work we show how uncertainty analysis for reserve planning can be implemented within a framework of information-gap decision theory, generating reserve designs that are robust to uncertainty. Consideration of uncertainty involves modifications to the typical objective functions used in reserve selection. Search for robust-optimal reserve structures can still be implemented via typical reserve selection optimization techniques, including stepwise heuristics, integer-programming and stochastic global search.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6628_Moilanen.pdf","usgsCitation":"Moilanen, A., Runge, M., Elith, J., Tyre, A., Carmel, Y., Fegraus, E., Wintle, B., Burgman, M., and Ben-Haim, Y., 2006, Planning for robust reserve networks using uncertainty analysis: Ecological Modelling, v. 199, no. 1, p. 115-124.","productDescription":"115-124","startPage":"115","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16793,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBS-4KNKH0N-1&_user=696292&_handle=V-WA-A-W-AC-MsSAYVW-UUA-U-AAZZUDWYUW-AAZBZCBZUW-ZEABVDAD-AC-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=11%2F01%2F2006&_rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235934%232006%23998009998%23634495!&_cdi=5934&view=c&_acct=C000038819&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=696292&md5=fbc57c11ecfbaf549d2cbc115ba6713e","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":201541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"199","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moilanen, A.","contributorId":91214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moilanen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elith, Jane","contributorId":14546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elith","given":"Jane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tyre, A.","contributorId":58741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyre","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carmel, Y.","contributorId":106613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmel","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fegraus, E.","contributorId":44645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fegraus","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wintle, B.A.","contributorId":72100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wintle","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Burgman, M.","contributorId":13723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgman","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ben-Haim, Y.","contributorId":73315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ben-Haim","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":5224660,"text":"5224660 - 2006 - Effects of lead-contaminated sediment on Rana sphenocephala tadpoles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224660","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of lead-contaminated sediment on Rana sphenocephala tadpoles","docAbstract":"We exposed larval southern leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala) to lead-contaminated sediments to determine the lethal and sublethal effects of this metal. Tadpoles were laboratory-raised from early free-swimming stage through metamorphosis at lead concentrations of 45, 75, 180, 540, 2360, 3940, 5520, and 7580 mg/kg dry weight in sediment. Corresponding pore water lead concentrations were 123, 227, 589, 1833, 8121, 13,579, 19,038, and 24,427 ug/L. Tadpoles exposed to lead concentrations in sediment of 3940 mg/kg or higher died within 2 to 5 days of exposure. At lower concentrations, mortality through metamorphosis ranged from 3.5% at 45 mg/kg lead to 37% at 2360 mg/kg lead in sediment. The LC50 value for lead in sediment was 3728 mg/kg (95% CI=1315 to 72,847 mg/kg), which corresponded to 12,539 ug/L lead in pore water (95% CI= 4000 to 35,200 ug/L). Early growth and development were depressed at 2,360 mg/kg lead in sediment (8100 ug/L in pore water) but differences were not evident by the time of metamorphosis. The most obvious effect of lead was its pronounced influence on skeletal development. Whereas tadpoles at 45 mg/kg lead in sediment did not display permanent abnormalities, skeletal malformations increased in frequency and severity at all higher lead concentrations. By 2360 mg/kg, 100% of surviving metamorphs displayed severe spinal problems, reduced femur and humerus lengths, deformed digits, and other bone malformations. Lead concentrations in tissues correlated positively with sediment and pore water concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6578_Sparling.pdf","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., Krest, S., and Ortiz-Santaliestra, M., 2006, Effects of lead-contaminated sediment on Rana sphenocephala tadpoles: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 51, no. 3, p. 458-466.","productDescription":"458-466","startPage":"458","endPage":"466","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16769,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.springerlink.com/content/9801484035667327/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":202768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krest, S.K.","contributorId":45428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ortiz-Santaliestra, M.","contributorId":71675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz-Santaliestra","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224684,"text":"5224684 - 2006 - Trace element concentrations and bioindicator responses in tree swallows from northwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-14T15:33:04.550096","indexId":"5224684","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace element concentrations and bioindicator responses in tree swallows from northwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Extremely high concentrations of cadmium (3.5 μg/g dry wgt.) and elevated concentrations of chromium (>10 μg/g dry wgt.) and mercury (1.6 μg/g dry wgt.) were reported in waterbird tissues at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in northwestern Minnesota in 1994. Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were studied during 1998–2001 at three drainages into the Refuge, two pools on the Refuge, and at a nearby reference location to document whether high levels of contaminants were still present, and if so to quantify the source and severity of the contamination. Trace elements were measured in tree swallow eggs, livers, and diet. Reproductive success and bioindicator responses were monitored. In 2000, water was drawn down on Agassiz Pool, one of the main pools on the Refuge. This presented an opportunity to evaluate the response of trace element concentrations in the diet and tissues of tree swallows after reflooding. High concentrations of trace elements were not detected in swallow tissues, nor were there differences among locations. Less than 20% of swallow samples had detectable concentrations of cadmium or chromium. Mercury concentrations were low and averaged <0.25 μg/g dry wgt. in swallow tissues. Trace elements, including mercury, did not increase in tree swallows following the 2000 drawdown at Agassiz Pool. Hatching success and survival of nestlings to 12 days-of-age for tree swallows on the Refuge were similar to the national average and consistent with background trace element concentrations. Bioindicator measurements were within the normal ranges as well.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10661-006-1499-1","usgsCitation":"Custer, C.M., Custer, T., Warburton, D., Hoffman, D.J., Bickham, J., and Matson, C.W., 2006, Trace element concentrations and bioindicator responses in tree swallows from northwestern Minnesota: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 118, no. 247, p. 247-266, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-1499-1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"northwest Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.33984375,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n -93.33984375,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n -93.33984375,\n 46.619261036171515\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"118","issue":"247","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627e8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":31330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":342359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warburton, D.","contributorId":102610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warburton","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bickham, J. W.","contributorId":87483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickham","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Matson, C. W.","contributorId":24717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5224657,"text":"5224657 - 2006 - Field evaluation of an avian risk assessment model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:12","indexId":"5224657","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field evaluation of an avian risk assessment model","docAbstract":"We conducted two laboratory subacute dietary toxicity tests and one outdoor subacute dietary toxicity test to determine the effectiveness of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's deterministic risk assessment model for evaluating the potential of adverse effects to birds in the field. We tested technical-grade diazinon and its D Z N- 50W (50% diazinon active ingredient wettable powder) formulation on Canada goose (Branta canadensis) goslings. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was measured, and the feathers and skin, feet. and gastrointestinal contents were analyzed for diazinon residues. The dose-response curves showed that diazinon was significantly more toxic to goslings in the outdoor test than in the laboratory tests. The deterministic risk assessment method identified the potential for risk to birds in general, but the factors associated with extrapolating from the laboratory to the field, and from the laboratory test species to other species, resulted in the underestimation of risk to the goslings. The present study indicates that laboratory-based risk quotients should be interpreted with caution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6574_Vyas.pdf","usgsCitation":"Vyas, N., Spann, J.W., Hulse, C., Borges, S., Bennett, R., Torrez, M., Williams, B., and Leffel, R., 2006, Field evaluation of an avian risk assessment model: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 25, no. 7, p. 1762-1771.","productDescription":"1762-1771","startPage":"1762","endPage":"1771","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16767,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122676444/abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"25","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3b1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vyas, N.B. 0000-0003-0191-1319","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-1319","contributorId":65567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vyas","given":"N.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spann, J. W.","contributorId":93435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spann","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hulse, C.S.","contributorId":26035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hulse","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borges, S.L.","contributorId":101344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borges","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bennett, R.S.","contributorId":16533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Torrez, M.","contributorId":78041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torrez","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Williams, B.I.","contributorId":11302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Leffel, R.","contributorId":101345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leffel","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5224675,"text":"5224675 - 2006 - Combining Breeding Bird Survey and distance sampling to estimate density of migrant and breeding birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5224675","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining Breeding Bird Survey and distance sampling to estimate density of migrant and breeding birds","docAbstract":"We combined Breeding Bird Survey point count protocol and distance sampling to survey spring migrant and breeding birds in Vicksburg National Military Park on 33 days between March and June of 2003 and 2004. For 26 of 106 detected species, we used program DISTANCE to estimate detection probabilities and densities from 660 3-min point counts in which detections were recorded within four distance annuli. For most species, estimates of detection probability, and thereby density estimates, were improved through incorporation of the proportion of forest cover at point count locations as a covariate. Our results suggest Breeding Bird Surveys would benefit from the use of distance sampling and a quantitative characterization of habitat at point count locations. During spring migration, we estimated that the most common migrant species accounted for a population of 5000-9000 birds in Vicksburg National Military Park (636 ha). Species with average populations of 300 individuals during migration were: Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum), White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus), Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), and Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). Of 56 species that bred in Vicksburg National Military Park, we estimated that the most common 18 species accounted for 8150 individuals. The six most abundant breeding species, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, White-eyed Vireo, Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), and Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), accounted for 5800 individuals. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6599_Somershoe.pdf","usgsCitation":"Somershoe, S., Twedt, D., and Reid, B., 2006, Combining Breeding Bird Survey and distance sampling to estimate density of migrant and breeding birds: Condor, v. 108, no. 3, p. 691-699.","productDescription":"691-699","startPage":"691","endPage":"699","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16782,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1650%2F0010-5422%282006%29108%5B691%3ACBBSAD%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"108","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Somershoe, S.G.","contributorId":10893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Somershoe","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reid, B.","contributorId":104598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}