No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology and conservation of Florida turtles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Chelonian Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Schmid, J., and Barichivich, W.J., 2006, Lepidochelys kempii - Kemp's Ridley, chap. of Biology and conservation of Florida turtles, p. 128-141.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"141","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":313826,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.chelonian.org/crm-3/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568cf73ae4b0e7a44bc0f121","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Meylan, Peter A.","contributorId":82609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meylan","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587633,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Schmid, J.R.","contributorId":65812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barichivich, William J. 0000-0003-1103-6861 wbarichivich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-6861","contributorId":3697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barichivich","given":"William","email":"wbarichivich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176671,"text":"70176671 - 2006 - Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-26T09:09:23","indexId":"70176671","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3653,"text":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust","docAbstract":"Desert winds aerosolize several billion tons of soil-derived dust each year, including concentrated seasonal pulses from Africa and Asia. These transoceanic and transcontinental dust events inject a large pulse of microorganisms and pollen into the atmosphere and could therefore have a role in transporting pathogens or expanding the biogeographical range of some organisms by facilitating long-distance dispersal events. As we discuss here, whether such dispersal events are occurring is only now beginning to be investigated. Huge dust events create an atmospheric bridge over land and sea, and the microbiota contained within them could impact downwind ecosystems. Such dispersal is of interest because of the possible health effects of allergens and pathogens that might be carried with the dust.
Between October 1998 and September 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program evaluated the water-quality conditions of Chester Creek, a stream draining forest and urban settings in Anchorage, Alaska. Data collection included water, streambed sediments, lakebed sediments, and aquatic organisms samples from urban sites along the stream. Urban land use ranged from less than 1 percent of the basin above the furthest upstream site to 46 percent above the most downstream site. Findings suggest that water quality of Chester Creek declines in the downstream direction and as urbanization in the watershed increases. Water samples were collected monthly and during storms at a site near the stream's mouth (Chester Creek at Arctic Boulevard) and analyzed for major ions and nutrients. Water samples collected during water year 1999 were analyzed for selected pesticides and volatile organic compounds. Concentrations of fecal-indicator bacteria were determined monthly during calendar year 2000. During winter, spring, and summer, four water samples were collected at a site upstream of urban development (South Branch of South Fork Chester Creek at Tank Trail) and five from an intermediate site (South Branch of South Fork Chester Creek at Boniface Parkway). Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate in water increased in the downstream direction. Nitrate concentrations were similar at the three sites and all were less than the drinking-water standard. About one-quarter of the samples from the Arctic Boulevard site had concentrations of phosphorus that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guideline for preventing nuisance plant growth. Water samples collected at the Arctic Boulevard site contained concentrations of the insecticide carbaryl that exceeded the guideline for protecting aquatic life. Every water sample revealed a low concentration of volatile organic compounds, including benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, methyl tert-butyl ether, and chloroform. No water samples contained volatile organic compounds concentrations that exceeded any USEPA drinking-water standard or guideline. Fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations in water from the Arctic Boulevard site commonly exceeded Federal and State guidelines for water-contact recreation. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in streambed sediments increased in the downstream direction. Some concentrations of arsenic, chromium, lead, and zinc in sediments were at levels that can adversely affect aquatic organisms. Analysis of sediment chemistry in successive lakebed-sediment layers from Westchester Lagoon near the stream's mouth provided a record of water-quality trends since about 1970. Concentrations of lead have decreased from peak levels in the mid-1970s, most likely because of removing lead from gasoline and lower lead content in other products. However, concen-trations in recently-deposited lakebed sediments are still about 10 times greater than measured in streambed sediments at the upstream Tank Trail site. Zinc concentrations in lakebed sediments also increased in the early 1970s to levels that exceeded guidelines to protect aquatic life and have remained at elevated but variable levels. Pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and phenanthrene in lakebed sediments also have varied in concentrations and have exceeded protection guidelines for aquatic life since the 1970s. Concentrations of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), or their by-products generally were highest in lakebed sediments deposited in the 1970s. More recent sediments have concentrations that vary widely and do not show distinct temporal trends. Tissue samples of whole slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), a non-migratory species of fish, showed con-centrations of trace elements and organic contaminants. Of the constituents analyzed, only selenium concentra-tions showed levels of potential concern for
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/sir20065229","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., and Ourso, R.T., 2006, Water-Quality Conditions of Chester Creek, Anchorage, Alaska, 1998-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5229, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065229.","productDescription":"32 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1998-10-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8740,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5229/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd19a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, Roy L.","contributorId":86813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ourso, Robert T. 0000-0002-5952-8681 rtourso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5952-8681","contributorId":203207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ourso","given":"Robert","email":"rtourso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79287,"text":"sim2900 - 2006 - Geologic map of the Peach Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Mohave and Coconino counties, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T12:27:47","indexId":"sim2900","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2900","title":"Geologic map of the Peach Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Mohave and Coconino counties, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"This map is a product of a cooperative project of the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. National Park Service, and the Bureau of Land Management to provide geologic map coverage and regional geologic information for visitor services and resource management of Grand Canyon National Park, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Grand Canyon-Parashant-National Monument, and adjacent lands in northwestern Arizona. This map is a synthesis of previous and new geologic mapping that encompasses the Peach Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Arizona. The geologic data will support future geologic, biologic, hydrologic, and other science resource studies of this area conducted by the National Park Service, the Hualapai Indian Tribe, the Bureau of Land Management, the State of Arizona, and private organizations. \r\n\r\nThe Colorado River and its tributaries have dissected the southwestern Colorado Plateau into what is now the southwestern part of Grand Canyon. The erosion of Grand Canyon has exposed about 426 m (1,400 ft) of Proterozoic crystalline metamorphic rocks and granite, about 1,450 m (4,760 ft) of Paleozoic strata, and about 300 m (1,000 ft) of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Outcrops of Proterozoic crystalline rocks are exposed at the bottom of Grand Canyon at Granite Park from Colorado River Mile 207 to 209, at Mile 212, and in the Lower Granite Gorge from Colorado River Mile 216 to 262, and along the Grand Wash Cliffs in the southwest corner of the map area. \r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2900","isbn":" 9781411310049","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G.H., Block, D., and Dyer, H.C., 2006, Geologic map of the Peach Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Mohave and Coconino counties, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2900, map, 54 inches by 33 inches; accompanying pamphlet (17 p.), https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2900.","productDescription":"map, 54 inches by 33 inches; accompanying pamphlet (17 p.)","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8771,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2900/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110683,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78280.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78280"},{"id":8772,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2900/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Coconino County, Mohave County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,35.5 ], [ -114,36 ], [ -113,36 ], [ -113,35.5 ], [ -114,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Block, Debra L.","contributorId":66351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Block","given":"Debra L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dyer, Helen C.","contributorId":86432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyer","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79267,"text":"sir20065160 - 2006 - Simulation of Streamflow and Water Quality to Determine Fecal Coliform and Nitrate Concentrations and Loads in the Mad River Basin, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20065160","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5160","title":"Simulation of Streamflow and Water Quality to Determine Fecal Coliform and Nitrate Concentrations and Loads in the Mad River Basin, Ohio","docAbstract":"The Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) was used to simulate the concentrations and loads of fecal coliform and nitrate for streams in the Mad River Basin in west-central Ohio during the period 1999 through 2003. The Mad River Basin was divided into subbasins that were defined either by the 14-digit Hydrologic Unit (HU) boundaries or by streamflow-gaging-station locations used in the model. Model calibration and simulation processes required the formation of nine meteorologic zones to input meteorologic time-series data and water-quality data.\r\n\r\nSources of fecal coliform and nitrate from wastewater-treatment discharges and combined sewer overflow discharges (CSOs) within the City of Springfield were point sources simulated in the model. Failing septic systems and cattle with direct access to streams were nonpoint sources included in the study but treated in the model as point sources. Other nonpoint sources were addressed by adjusting interflow and ground-water concentrations in the subsurface and maximum storage capacities and accumulation rates of the simulated constituents on the land surface for each meteorologic zone. Simulation results from the calibrated model show that several HUs exceeded the water-quality standard of 1,000 colony-forming units per 100 mL for fecal coliform based on the maximum 30-day geometric mean. Most HUs with high fecal coliform counts were within or downstream from the City of Springfield. No water-quality standard has been set for instream nitrate concentrations; however, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA) considered a concentration of 5 mg/L or greater to be of concern. Simulation results indicate that several HUs in the agricultural areas of the basin exceeded this level.\r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was modified to create scenarios that simulated loads of fecal coliform and nitrate that were either reduced or eliminated from selected sources. The revised models included the elimination of failing septic systems, elimination of direct access of cattle to streams, decrease in fecal coliform loads from the CSOs and selected wastewater-treatment facilities, and decrease in nitrate loads from land surfaces. The fecal coliform source-reduction model decreased the fecal coliform concentrations below a target concentration of 1,000 colonies per 100 milliliters for all HU outlets and decreased the load at the mouth of the Mad River by 73 percent. The nitrate source-reduction model decreased some HU mean concentrations to 5 milligrams per liter or less and decreased the load at the mouth of the Mad River by 52 percent. Other reduction scenarios may be run by Ohio EPA with the intent of identifying a management strategy that will attain a target concentration for the Mad River Basin.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065160","usgsCitation":"Reutter, D., Puskas, B.M., and Jagucki, M.L., 2006, Simulation of Streamflow and Water Quality to Determine Fecal Coliform and Nitrate Concentrations and Loads in the Mad River Basin, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5160, viii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065160.","productDescription":"viii, 94 p.","numberOfPages":"102","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8746,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5160/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reutter, David C. dreutter@usgs.gov","contributorId":5441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reutter","given":"David C.","email":"dreutter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Puskas, Barry M.","contributorId":59889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puskas","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jagucki, Martha L. 0000-0003-3798-8393 mjagucki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-8393","contributorId":1794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagucki","given":"Martha","email":"mjagucki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79257,"text":"ofr20061235 - 2006 - Evaluation of some software measuring displacements using GPS in real-time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T10:46:35","indexId":"ofr20061235","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1235","title":"Evaluation of some software measuring displacements using GPS in real-time","docAbstract":"For the past decade, the USGS has been monitoring deformation at various locations in the western United States using continuous GPS. The main focus of these measurements are estimates of displacement averaged over one day. Essentially, these consist of recording at 30 seconds intervals the carrier-frequency phase-data (equivalent to travel-time) between a GPS receiver and the GPS satellite network. In turn, these observations, which are converted to pseudo—ranges, are processed using one of the “research grade” programs (GIPSY, Zumberge et al., or GAMIT, wwwgpsg.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk) to estimate the position of the GPS receiver averaged over 24 hours. However, it is possible and desirable to estimate the position of the receiver (actually the antenna) more frequently and to do this within a few seconds of the time actual measurement (known as real-time). A recent example, the 2004 Magnitude 6, Parkfield, California earthquake, demonstrated that having GPS estimates of position more frequently than simply a daily average is required if one requires discrimination between co-seismic and post-seismic deformation (Langbein et al., 2006). The high-rate estimates of position obtained at Parkfield show that post-seismic deformation started less than one-hour after the mainshock and that this deformation was roughly the same magnitude as the co-seismic deformation. The high-rate solutions for Parkfield were done by others including Yehuda Bock at UCSD and Kristine Larson at U. of Colorado, but not the USGS.
The Parkfield experience points out the need for an in-house capability by the USGS to be able to accurately measure co-seismic displacements and other rapid, deformation signals using GPS. This applies to both the Earthquake and Volcano Hazard programs. Although at many locations where we monitor deformation, we have strainmeters and tiltmeters in addition to GPS which, in principle, are far more sensitive to rapid deformation over periods of less than a day (Langbein and Bock, 2004). But, not all locales include strain and tiltmeters. Thus, having the capability to extract signals with periods of less than a day is desirable since the distribution of GPS is more extensive than strain and tilt.
At both Parkfield and Long Valley, the USGS has been using other software packages to process the GPS data at sub-daily intervals and in real-time. The underlying goal of these types of measurements is to detect any deformation event as it evolves; the 24 hour processing might not provide timely results if such a deformation event is precursory to a geologic hazard (an earthquake for Parkfield and either a volcanic event or an earthquake for Long Valley).
In Long Valley, We use the software package called 3DTracker (http://www.3dtracker.com, http://www.condorearth.com) to estimate the changes of in position of a remote site relative to a “fixed” site. The 3DTracker software uses double difference GPS code measurements and receiversatellite-time triple differences from one epoch to the next of the GPS phase data (a proxy for travel-time measurements) and employs a Kalman filter to obtain stability in the estimate of position. That is, the estimate of the current position depends upon the estimate of the prior position. Hence, a time series of position looks fairly smooth depending upon the coefficient selected for the Kalman filter. With triple differences, the sometimes troublesome initial integer cycle ambiguity terms cancel (number of wavelengths between the receiver and each satellite), but only the incremental change in position is calculated. This triple difference Kalman filter solution is slow to converge and less accurate than a double difference (e.g., RTD, Track) solution, but it is robust and computationally efficient (Remondi and Brown, 2000). 3D-Tracker allows use of various single-frequency and dual-frequency GPS phase and code observables including the ionospheric-free combinations (known as LC or L3 and P(L3)) formed from an linear combination of the L1 and L2 carrier phase and code data. The lowest noise observable is the L1 carrier, but it is biased by ionospheric refraction that has amplitudes of about 1 to 10 ppm. This results in a systematic scale error in the relative positions. The L3 phase noise is about 3 times greater than the L1 phase noise, but it is generally used to solve for all but the shortest baselines (< 5 km). In addition, the software does output the position changes is a standard format that can be used for other analysis.
At Parkfield, we use the software package called RTD (http://www.geodetics.com). The RTD software has been described in the literature (Bock et al., 2000) but basically, it estimates the position without the constraint of a Kalman filter. It uses double differences (in our studies the LC or ionospheric free observable is used) and the integer ambiguities are resolved independently for each 1-second measurement; Most GPS software that use double-differences require several epochs of measurements to resolve the integer ambiguities. The data files use a proprietary format and can not be read by me or others; rather, Yehuda Bock at UCSD (and author of RTD) translates these files into a standard format that can be read by me.
Recently, Tom Herring of MIT has modified the GAMIT software to process kinematically GPS data (www-gpsg.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk/tutorial/Lecture_13.pdf). At this time, the software, known as TRACK, does not process the observations in real-time. Consequently, the latency between the time of the observation and the time when a position estimate is available depends upon the frequency that the data are downloaded and the speed of actually processing the observations; there could be a delay of an hour or two before the a position estimates are available. Unlike RTD and 3DTracker, TRACK comes with GAMIT (which is distributed freely) and is currently operating in a test mode at the USGS office in Pasadena. The LC or ionosphere free observable is used in our TRACK solutions.
JPL has a version of their GIPSY software called “Real-time GIPSY (RTG)” (gipsy.jpl.nasa.gov/orms/rtg), which, like TRACK, can process the pseudo-range data “off—line”. However, this software is not freely distributed. Instead, at least one company, NAVCOM, has teamed with JPL to integrate RTG with GPS receivers and telemetry that yields positions in realtime.
Kristine Larson of University of Colorado has modified the original GIPSY to estimate positions kinematically. Again, like TRACK, the positions are estimated off—line. Much of her research is described in Larson et al. (2003), and Choi et al. (2004).
For Long Valley, out of the 17 GPS sites, we monitor 5 baselines within the caldera at 5 second intervals relative to the Bald Mountain site at the edge of the caldera using 3DTracker. The baseline measurement using 3DTracker consists of determination of the 3 dimensional positions of the 5 remote points (GPS receivers) relative to a GPS site at Bald. A second, independent system collects and downloads once a day the 30-second data used for the 24-hour solutions for the 12 sites not monitored with 3DTracker. For the sites monitored with 3DTracker, the pseudo—range data are decimated to 30 seconds and converted to a form used for the 24-hour solutions. Both sets of telemetry employ 900 MHz spread spectrum radios which require line of site between all of the links. The telemetry for the 3DTracker sites require a dedicated radios at each end and intermediate repeaters as needed, while the telemetry required for the other sites use a single master radio, repeaters as needed, and a radio at each remote site. (The 5 sites being monitored with 3DTracker require 13 radios.)
At Parkfield, RTD is used to measure the position changes all 12 baselines at 1 second intervals relative to a site, Pomm, adjacent to the San Andreas Fault. The complete RTD package (hardware and software) collects all of the data and determines the position of each site relative to Pomm. In addition, the system stores both the 1-second and 30-second pseudo-range data for later downloading which are ultimately used in the 24-hour solutions. To do this, each site has a 2.4 GHz radio and a telemetry buffer. The telemetry buffer holds 24-hours of data (in the event that the telemetry link is broken) and converts the RS232 data stream from the GPS receiver into a form compatible with an IP (Internet protocol) network connection. In contrast with the Long Valley system, the telemetry link for GPS at Parkfield consists of a single radio at each remote sites and a single radio at the central site. Although position estimates are produced within 1-second of the observations, these results are not immediately available because there is no high speed Internet connection to Parkfield. Instead, the data are stored on a removable disk and sent to UCSD once per month.
Below, I describe the results of a simple experiment to examine the response of some of these systems to simulated deformation that could be an analogue of a tectonic or volcanic event. In many engineering applications, the system response is tested by inputting a step to the system and measuring the output of the system. Essentially, this is what I've done. The experiment described below moves the GPS antenna from its original position to a new position within 1 second; the software tracks the translation. These measurements were conducted in August 2004 with the RTD software at Parkfield, and twice in Long Valley. The first Long Valley test was conducted in September 2004 using 3DTracker on a single baseline. The test was repeated in September 2005 using 3DTracker on two baselines and, importantly, saving the RINEX files of the data so that the data could be replayed through 3DTracker using other options in the program and, using other software packages including TRACK.
In addition, we observed a short-term event at the Three Sisters volcano in Oregon. This event was snow melt at a remote GPS site which gave an apparent 15 cm displacement in vertical in less than one-day. 3DTracker is used to monitor this site, and the event was captured with this software. In addition, with the assistance of others, I got additional estimates of position using other software packages; those results are presented.
Finally, the precision of both 3DTracker and RTD are compared using a power spectrum. Those results would suggest that 3DTracker using appropriate Kalman filter coefficients would have better precision than RTD; instead, the lower noise level from 3DTracker is a result of smoothing from the Kalman filter.
Given the results described in this report, high-rate GPS is certainly capable of accurately measuring displacements of 1 centimeter with a high degree of statistical confidence. Plotting these results show that the time of the displacement can be visually determined to that of the sampling interval of the data. However, especially with small amplitude signals, any of the software packages can yield erroneous deformation “signals” that are either due excess travel-time of the GPS carrier frequency from multipath or a limitation in the software. Thus, the time series of displacements must be viewed with caution and knowledge of external circumstances that might cause a change in position.
The casual reader should continue with the next section describing the methods then jump to the last two sections for the discussion and conclusions. I have made some recommendations there.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061235","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., 2006, Evaluation of some software measuring displacements using GPS in real-time (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1235, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061235.","productDescription":"37 p.","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":648,"text":"Western Earthquake Hazards","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8731,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1235/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8732,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1235/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 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M. Brian","contributorId":105772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary 0000-0001-7615-6923 mcfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":3528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"mcfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, W. Brian","contributorId":84353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79266,"text":"sim2944 - 2006 - Sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T12:02:01","indexId":"sim2944","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2944","title":"Sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"A multibeam bathymetric survey that produced unprecedented high resolution images of the mouth of San Francisco Bay was conducted in 2004 and 2005. The survey, performed over forty-four days by the Seafloor Mapping Lab at California State University, Monterey Bay, consisted of 1,138 track lines, 1.1 billion soundings, and covered an area of 154 km2 (60 mi2). The goals of this survey were to analyze sediment transport pathways at the mouth of San Francisco Bay and to calculate bathymetric change since the last survey was completed in 1956. The survey showed that significant bathymetric changes have occurred over the past 50 years. It also revealed that the study area contains sand waves that are among the largest and bedform morphologies that are among the most varied in the world.
\nThis set of five sheets shows views of the sand waves on the seafloor from different perspectives along with descriptive text.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim2944","usgsCitation":"Barnard, P., Hanes, D.M., Kvitek, R.G., and Iampietro, P.J., 2006, Sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2944, 5 Plates: 48.00 x 36.00 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2944.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 48.00 x 36.00 inches and smaller","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110678,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78130.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78130"},{"id":194576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim2944.PNG"},{"id":8745,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":295152,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet2.pdf"},{"id":295153,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet3.pdf"},{"id":295151,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet1.pdf"},{"id":295154,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet4.pdf"},{"id":295155,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet5.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdd5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L.","contributorId":54936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanes, Daniel M.","contributorId":96360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvitek, Rikk G.","contributorId":107804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvitek","given":"Rikk","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iampietro, Pat J.","contributorId":85679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iampietro","given":"Pat","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79264,"text":"sir20065211 - 2006 - Characterization of dissolved solids in water resources of agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, 2004-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:19:07","indexId":"sir20065211","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5211","title":"Characterization of dissolved solids in water resources of agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, 2004-05","docAbstract":"Agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, have been identified as contributing dissolved solids to Flaming Gorge Reservoir. Concentrations of dissolved solids in water resources of agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, ranged from 35 to 7,410 milligrams per liter. The dissolved-solids load in seeps and drains in the study area that discharge to Flaming Gorge Reservoir ranged from less than 0.1 to 113 tons per day. The most substantial source of dissolved solids discharging from the study area to the reservoir was Birch Spring Draw. The mean daily dissolved-solids load near the mouth of Birch Spring Draw was 65 tons per day.
The estimated annual dissolved-solids load imported to the study area by Sheep Creek and Peoples Canals is 1,330 and 13,200 tons, respectively. Daily dissolved-solid loads discharging to the reservoir from the study area, less the amount of dissolved solids imported by canals, for the period July 1, 2004, to June 30, 2005, ranged from 72 to 241 tons per day with a mean of 110 tons per day. The estimated annual dissolved-solids load discharging to the reservoir from the study area, less the amount of dissolved solids imported by canals, for the same period was 40,200 tons. Of this 40,200 tons of dissolved solids, about 9,000 tons may be from a regional source that is not associated with agricultural activities. The salt-loading factor is 3,670 milligrams per liter or about 5.0 tons of dissolved solids per acre-foot of deep percolation in Lucerne Valley and 1,620 milligrams per liter or 2.2 tons per acre-foot in South Valley.
The variation of δ87Sr with strontium concentration indicates some general patterns that help to define a conceptual model of the processes affecting the concentration of strontium and the δ87Sr isotopic ratio in area waters. As excess irrigation water percolates through soils derived from Mancos Shale, the δ87Sr isotopic ratio (0.21 to 0.69 permil) approaches one that is typical of deep percolation from irrigation on Mancos Shale. The boron concentration and δ11B value for the water sample from Antelope Wash, being distinctly different from water samples from other sites, is evidence that water in Antelope Wash may contain a substantial component of regional ground-water flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Natural Resources Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Gerner, S.J., Spangler, L., Kimball, B.A., and Naftz, D.L., 2006, Characterization of dissolved solids in water resources of agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, 2004-05 (Version 2.0, Revised June 2007): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5211, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065211.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-07-01","temporalEnd":"2005-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8743,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334164,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5211/PDF/SIR2006_5211.pdf"},{"id":334165,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5211/PDF/Errata_SIR2006_5211.pdf","text":"Revision History"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Manila","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.9,40.916666666666664 ], [ -109.9,41.11666666666667 ], [ -109.6,41.11666666666667 ], [ -109.6,40.916666666666664 ], [ -109.9,40.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 2.0, Revised June 2007","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerner, Steven J. 0000-0002-5701-1304 sjgerner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-1304","contributorId":972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"Steven","email":"sjgerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79253,"text":"sim2950 - 2006 - Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California ","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":31621,"text":"ofr97162 - 1997 - Aeromagnetic map of the Los Angeles 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, California","indexId":"ofr97162","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Los Angeles 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":79253,"text":"sim2950 - 2006 - Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California ","indexId":"sim2950","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California "},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:43","indexId":"sim2950","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2950","title":"Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California ","docAbstract":"Introduction: An important objective of geologic mapping is to project surficial structures and stratigraphy into the subsurface. Geophysical data and analysis are useful tools for achieving this objective. This aeromagnetic anomaly map provides a three-dimensional perspective to the geologic mapping of the Los Angeles 30 by 60 minute quadrangle. Aeromagnetic maps show the distribution of magnetic rocks, primarily those containing magnetite (Blakely, 1995). In the Los Angeles quadrangle, the magnetic sources are Tertiary and Mesozoic igneous rocks and Precambrian crystalline rocks. Aeromagnetic anomalies mark abrupt spatial contrasts in magnetization that can be attributed to lithologic boundaries, perhaps caused by faulting of these rocks or by intrusive contacts. This aeromagnetic map overlain on geology, with information from wells and other geophysical data, provides constraints on the subsurface geology by allowing us to trace faults beneath surficial cover and estimate fault dip and offset. This map supersedes Langenheim and Jachens (1997) because of its digital form and the added value of overlaying the magnetic data on a geologic base. The geologic base for this map is from Yerkes and Campbell (2005); some of their subunits have been merged into one on this map. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2950","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Hildenbrand, T., Jachens, R., Campbell, R.H., and Yerkes, R.F., 2006, Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California : U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2950, oversized sheet, 61 inches by 33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2950.","productDescription":"oversized sheet, 61 inches by 33 inches","costCenters":[{"id":314,"text":"Geophysics Unit of Menlo Park, CA (GUMP)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110685,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78295.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78295"},{"id":194422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8725,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2950/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8735,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2950/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119,34 ], [ -119,34.5 ], [ -118,34.5 ], [ -118,34 ], [ -119,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6972bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, R. H.","contributorId":52160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":79263,"text":"sir20065187 - 2006 - Simulation of Water Levels and Salinity in the Rivers and Tidal Marshes in the Vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Coastal South Carolina and Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T10:26:13","indexId":"sir20065187","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5187","title":"Simulation of Water Levels and Salinity in the Rivers and Tidal Marshes in the Vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Coastal South Carolina and Georgia","docAbstract":"The Savannah Harbor is one of the busiest ports on the East Coast of the United States and is located downstream from the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, which is one of the Nation?s largest freshwater tidal marshes. The Georgia Ports Authority and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers funded hydrodynamic and ecological studies to evaluate the potential effects of a proposed deepening of Savannah Harbor as part of the Environmental Impact Statement. These studies included a three-dimensional (3D) model of the Savannah River estuary system, which was developed to simulate changes in water levels and salinity in the system in response to geometry changes as a result of the deepening of Savannah Harbor, and a marsh-succession model that predicts plant distribution in the tidal marshes in response to changes in the water-level and salinity conditions in the marsh. Beginning in May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey entered into cooperative agreements with the Georgia Ports Authority to develop empirical models to simulate the water level and salinity of the rivers and tidal marshes in the vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge and to link the 3D hydrodynamic river-estuary model and the marsh-succession model. \r\n\r\nFor the development of these models, many different databases were created that describe the complexity and behaviors of the estuary. The U.S. Geological Survey has maintained a network of continuous streamflow, water-level, and specific-conductance (field measurement to compute salinity) river gages in the study area since the 1980s and a network of water-level and salinity marsh gages in the study area since 1999. The Georgia Ports Authority collected water-level and salinity data during summer 1997 and 1999 and collected continuous water-level and salinity data in the marsh and connecting tidal creeks from 1999 to 2002. Most of the databases comprise time series that differ by variable type, periods of record, measurement frequency, location, and reliability. \r\n\r\nUnderstanding freshwater inflows, tidal water levels, and specific conductance in the rivers and marshes is critical to enhancing the predictive capabilities of a successful marsh succession model. Data-mining techniques, including artificial neural network (ANN) models, were applied to address various needs of the ecology study and to integrate the riverine predictions from the 3D model to the marsh-succession model. ANN models were developed to simulate riverine water levels and specific conductance in the vicinity of the tidal marshes for the full range of historical conditions using data from the river gaging networks. ANN models were also developed to simulate the marsh water levels and pore-water salinities using data from the marsh gaging networks. Using the marsh ANN models, the continuous marsh network was hindcasted to be concurrent with the long-term riverine network. The hindcasted data allow ecologists to compute hydrologic parameters?such as hydroperiods and exposure frequency?to help analyze historical vegetation data.\r\n\r\nTo integrate the 3D hydrodynamic model, the marsh-succession model, and various time-series databases, a decision support system (DSS) was developed to support the various needs of regulatory and scientific stakeholders. The DSS required the development of a spreadsheet application that integrates the database, 3D hydrodynamic model output, and ANN riverine and marsh models into a single package that is easy to use and can be readily disseminated. The DSS allows users to evaluate water-level and salinity response for different hydrologic conditions. Savannah River streamflows can be controlled by the user as constant flow, a percentage of historical flows, a percentile daily flow hydrograph, or as a user-specified hydrograph. The DSS can also use output from the 3D model at stream gages near the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge to simulate the effects in the tidal marshes. The DSS is distributed with a two-dimensional (","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065187","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Roehl, E.A., Daamen, R.C., and Kitchens, W.M., 2006, Simulation of Water Levels and Salinity in the Rivers and Tidal Marshes in the Vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Coastal South Carolina and Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5187, x, 134 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065187.","productDescription":"x, 134 p.","numberOfPages":"144","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8742,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.51031494140625,\n 31.811062019751912\n ],\n [\n -81.51031494140625,\n 32.55607364492026\n ],\n [\n -80.60531616210938,\n 32.55607364492026\n ],\n [\n -80.60531616210938,\n 31.811062019751912\n ],\n [\n -81.51031494140625,\n 31.811062019751912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648602","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roehl, Edwin A.","contributorId":89242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roehl","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daamen, Ruby C.","contributorId":105391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daamen","given":"Ruby","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79291,"text":"sir20065110 - 2006 - StreamVOC - A deterministic source-apportionment model to estimate volatile organic compound concentrations in rivers and streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T11:21:52","indexId":"sir20065110","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5110","title":"StreamVOC - A deterministic source-apportionment model to estimate volatile organic compound concentrations in rivers and streams","docAbstract":"This report documents the construction and verification of the model, StreamVOC, that estimates (1) the time- and position-dependent concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in rivers and streams as well as (2) the source apportionment (SA) of those concentrations. The model considers how different types of sources and loss processes can act together to yield a given observed VOC concentration. Reasons for interest in the relative and absolute contributions of different sources to contaminant concentrations include the need to apportion: (1) the origins for an observed contamination, and (2) the associated human and ecosystem risks. For VOCs, sources of interest include the atmosphere (by absorption), as well as point and nonpoint inflows of VOC-containing water. Loss processes of interest include volatilization to the atmosphere, degradation, and outflows of VOC-containing water from the stream to local ground water.\r\n\r\nThis report presents the details of StreamVOC and compares model output with measured concentrations for eight VOCs found in the Aberjona River at Winchester, Massachusetts. Input data for the model were obtained during a synoptic study of the stream system conducted July 11-13, 2001, as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The input data included a variety of basic stream characteristics (for example, flows, temperature, and VOC concentrations). The StreamVOC concentration results agreed moderately well with the measured concentration data for several VOCs and provided compound-dependent SA estimates as a function of longitudinal distance down the river. For many VOCs, the quality of the agreement between the model-simulated and measured concentrations could be improved by simple adjustments of the model input parameters. In general, this study illustrated: (1) the considerable difficulty of quantifying correctly the locations and magnitudes of ground-water-related sources of contamination in streams; and (2) that model-based estimates of stream VOC concentrations are likely to be most accurate when the major sources are point sources or tributaries where the spatial extent and magnitude of the sources are tightly constrained and easily determined.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065110","usgsCitation":"Asher, W., Bender, D.A., Zogorski, J.S., and Bartholomay, R.C., 2006, StreamVOC - A deterministic source-apportionment model to estimate volatile organic compound concentrations in rivers and streams (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5110, xii, 167 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065110.","productDescription":"xii, 167 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5110.jpg"},{"id":8783,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4fd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asher, William E.","contributorId":44986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asher","given":"William E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79282,"text":"ofr20061232 - 2006 - Inventory of Amphibians and Reptiles at Manzanar National Historic Site, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:56","indexId":"ofr20061232","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1232","title":"Inventory of Amphibians and Reptiles at Manzanar National Historic Site, California","docAbstract":"We conducted a baseline inventory for amphibians and\r\nreptiles at Manzanar National Historic Site (MANZ), Inyo\r\nCounty, California, in 2002-3. Objectives for this inventory\r\nwere to: 1) inventory and document the occurrence of reptile\r\nand amphibian species at MANZ, with the goal of documenting\r\nat least 90% of the species present; 2) provide one voucher\r\nspecimen for each species identified; 3) provide a GIS-referenced\r\nlist of sensitive species that are known to be federally- or\r\nstate-listed, rare, or worthy of special consideration that occur\r\nat MANZ; 4) describe park-wide distribution of federally- or\r\nstate-listed, rare, or special concern species; 5) enter all species\r\ndata into the National Park Service NPSpecies database; and\r\n6) provide all deliverables as outlined in the Mojave Network\r\nBiological Inventory Study Plan. Survey methods included\r\ntime-area constrained searches, lizard line transects, general\r\nsurveys, nighttime road driving, and pitfall trapping. We documented\r\nthe occurrence of ten reptile species (seven lizards and\r\nthree snakes), but found no amphibians. Based on our findings,\r\nas well as literature review and searches for museum specimen\r\nrecords, we estimate inventory completeness for Manzanar to\r\nbe 50%. Although the distribution and relative abundance of\r\ncommon lizard species is now known well enough to begin\r\ndevelopment of a monitoring protocol for that group, additional\r\ninventory work is needed in order to establish a baseline of species\r\noccurrence of amphibians and snakes at Manzanar.\r\nKey Words: amphibians, reptiles, Manzanar National\r\nHistoric Site, Inyo County, California, Owens Valley, Mojave\r\nDesert, Great Basin Desert, inventory.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061232","usgsCitation":"Persons, T.B., Nowak, E., and Hillard, S., 2006, Inventory of Amphibians and Reptiles at Manzanar National Historic Site, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1232, iv, 27 p.; 4 figs.; 7 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061232.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.; 4 figs.; 7 tables","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8763,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/files/pdfs/ofr_2006-1232.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688c81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Persons, Trevor B.","contributorId":96354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persons","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nowak, Erika M.","contributorId":14062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"Erika M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hillard, Scott","contributorId":84017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillard","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79281,"text":"fs20063128 - 2006 - The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79281,"text":"fs20063128 - 2006 - The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","indexId":"fs20063128","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98870,"text":"fs20103100 - 2010 - The U.S.Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","indexId":"fs20103100","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The U.S.Geological Survey Energy Resources Program"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":98870,"text":"fs20103100 - 2010 - The U.S.Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","indexId":"fs20103100","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The U.S.Geological Survey Energy Resources Program"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:12","indexId":"fs20063128","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3128","title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","docAbstract":"The United States uses tremendous amounts of geologic energy resources. In 2004 alone, the United States consumed more than 7.4 billion barrels of oil, 21.9 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and 1.1 billion short tons of coal. Forecasts indicate the Nation's need for energy resources will continue to grow, raising several questions:\r\n\r\nHow much domestic and foreign petroleum resources are available to meet the growing energy demands of the Nation and world? \r\nDoes the United States have coal deposits of sufficient quantity and quality to meet demand over the next century? \r\nWhat other geologic energy resources can be added to the U.S. energy mix? \r\nHow do the occurrence and use of energy resources affect environmental quality and human health? \r\nUnbiased information from robust scientific studies is needed for sound energy policy and resource management decisions addressing these issues. The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program provides impartial, scientifically robust information to advance the understanding of geologically based energy resources including: petroleum (oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids), coal, gas hydrates, geothermal resources, oil shale, oil sands, uranium, and heavy oil and natural bitumen. This information can be used to contribute to plans for a secure energy future and to facilitate evaluation and responsible use of resources.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20063128","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3128, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063128.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3128.jpg"},{"id":8762,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3128/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db67337e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79279,"text":"ofr20061316 - 2006 - Siberian platform: Geology and natural bitumen resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T10:29:01","indexId":"ofr20061316","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1316","title":"Siberian platform: Geology and natural bitumen resources","docAbstract":"The Siberian platform is located between the Yenisey River on the west and the Lena River on the south and east. The Siberian platform is vast in size and inhospitable in its climate. This report is concerned principally with the setting, formation, and potential volumes of natural bitumen. In this report the volumes of maltha and asphalt referred to in the Russian literature are combined to represent natural bitumen. The generation of hydrocarbons and formation of hydrocarbon accumulations are discussed. The sedimentary basins of the Platform are described in terms of the Klemme basin classification system and the conditions controlling formation of natural bitumen. Estimates of in-place bitumen resources are reviewed and evaluated. If the bitumen volume estimate is confined to parts of identified deposits where field observations have verified rock and bitumen grades values, the bitumen resource amounts to about 62 billion barrels of oil in-place. However, estimates of an order of magnitude larger can be obtained if additional speculative and unverified rock volumes and grade measures are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061316","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R.F., and Freeman, P., 2006, Siberian platform: Geology and natural bitumen resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1316, i, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061316.","productDescription":"i, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8760,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1316/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3e0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, Richard F.","contributorId":67963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Philip A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":193093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Philip A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79277,"text":"ofr20061282 - 2006 - Field-based evaluation of two herbaceous plant community composition sampling methods for long-term monitoring in Northern Great Plains National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-05T15:43:17","indexId":"ofr20061282","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1282","title":"Field-based evaluation of two herbaceous plant community composition sampling methods for long-term monitoring in Northern Great Plains National Parks","docAbstract":"The Northern Great Plains Inventory & Monitoring (I&M) Network (Network) of the National Park Service (NPS) consists of 13 NPS units in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and eastern Wyoming. The Network is in the planning phase of a long-term program to monitor the health of park ecosystems. Plant community composition is one of the 'Vital Signs,' or indicators, that will be monitored as part of this program for three main reasons. First, plant community composition is information-rich; a single sampling protocol can provide information on the diversity of native and non-native species, the abundance of individual dominant species, and the abundance of groups of plants. Second, plant community composition is of specific management concern. The abundance and diversity of exotic plants, both absolute and relative to native species, is one of the greatest management concerns in almost all Network parks (Symstad 2004). Finally, plant community composition reflects the effects of a variety of current or anticipated stressors on ecosystem health in the Network parks including invasive exotic plants, large ungulate grazing, lack of fire in a fire-adapted system, chemical exotic plant control, nitrogen deposition, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and climate change.\r\n\r\nBefore the Network begins its Vital Signs monitoring, a detailed plan describing specific protocols used for each of the Vital Signs must go through rigorous development and review. The pilot study on which we report here is one of the components of this protocol development. The goal of the work we report on here was to determine a specific method to use for monitoring plant community composition of the herb layer (< 2 m tall).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061282","usgsCitation":"Symstad, A., Wienk, C.L., and Thorstenson, A., 2006, Field-based evaluation of two herbaceous plant community composition sampling methods for long-term monitoring in Northern Great Plains National Parks (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1282, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061282.","productDescription":"99 p.","numberOfPages":"99","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345472,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1282/pdf/of06-1282.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8758,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1282/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6883ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Symstad, Amy J.","contributorId":11721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symstad","given":"Amy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wienk, Cody L.","contributorId":52291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wienk","given":"Cody","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorstenson, Andy","contributorId":60735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"Andy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79275,"text":"sir20065107 - 2006 - Nutrients in streams and rivers across the nation — 1992–2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T21:00:25.466892","indexId":"sir20065107","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5107","title":"Nutrients in streams and rivers across the nation — 1992–2001","docAbstract":"Nutrient compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus were investigated in streams and rivers sampled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Nutrient data were collected in 20 NAWQA study units during 1992-95, 16 study units during 1996-98, and 15 study units during 1999-2001. To facilitate comparisons among sampling sites with variable sampling frequency, daily loads were determined by using regression models that relate constituent transport to streamflow and time. Model results were used to compute mean annual loads, yields, and concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus, which were compared among stream and river sampling sites. Variations in the occurrence and distribution of nutrients in streams and rivers on a broad national scale reflect differences in the sources of nutrient inputs to the upstream watersheds and in watershed characteristics that affect movement of those nutrients.
Sites were classified by watershed size and by land use in the upstream watershed: agriculture, urban, and undeveloped (forest or rangeland). Selection of NAWQA urban sites was intended to avoid effects of major wastewater-treatment plants and other point sources, but in some locations this was not feasible. Nutrient concentrations and yields generally increased with anthropogenic development in the watershed. Median concentrations and yields for all constituents at sites downstream from undeveloped areas were less than at sites downstream from agricultural or urban areas. Concentrations of ammonia, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus at agricultural and urban sites were not significantly different; however, concentrations of nitrate and total nitrogen were higher at agricultural than at urban sites. Total nitrogen concentrations at agricultural sites were higher in areas of high nitrogen input or enhanced transport, such as irrigation or artificial drainage that can rapidly move water from cropland to streams (Midwest, Northern Plains, and western areas of the United States). Concentrations were lower in the Southeast, where more denitrification occurs during transport of nitrogen compounds in shallow ground water. At urban sites, high concentrations of ammonia and orthophosphate were more prevalent downstream from wastewater-treatment plants. At sites with large watersheds and high mean-annual streamflow (“large-watershed” sites), concentrations of most nutrients were significantly less than at sites downstream from agricultural or urban areas. Total nitrogen concentrations at large-watershed sites were higher in Midwest agricultural areas and lower in the Western United States, where agricultural and urban development is less extensive. Total phosphorus concentrations at large-watershed sites were higher in areas of greater potential erosion and low overall runoff such as the arid areas in the West.
Although not as distinct as seasonal patterns of streamflow, geographic patterns of seasonally high and low concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were identified in the data. Seasonal patterns in concentrations of total nitrogen generally mirror seasonal patterns in streamflow in the humid Eastern United States but are inverse to seasonal patterns in streamflow in the semiarid interior West. Total phosphorus concentrations typically have the opposite regional relation with streamflow; high concentrations coincide with high streamflows in the interior West.
In the NAWQA Program, sites downstream from relatively undeveloped areas were selected to provide a baseline for comparison to sites with potential effects of urban development and agriculture. Concentrations of nitrate, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus at NAWQA undeveloped sites were found to be greater than values reported by other studies for conditions of essentially no development (background conditions). Concentrations at NAWQA undeveloped sites represent conditions of relatively little development and provide insight in comparison to developed areas but should not, in general, be considered to represent background status.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed nutrient criteria to assist States in setting regional water-quality standards. Regional criteria were exceeded by total nitrogen concentrations at 72 percent of NAWQA undeveloped sites and by total phosphorus concentrations at 89 percent of these sites. Exceedances were even more extensive at sites with greater anthropogenic development upstream. The nitrogen criteria were exceeded at 96 percent of NAWQA sites classified as agricultural, urban, or mixed land use, and the phosphorus criteria were exceeded at 97 percent of these sites.
Nationally, outflow loads of all nutrient constituents were strongly correlated to nonpoint-source inputs in the upstream watershed. The variation in input mass explained at least 69 percent of the variation in loads. Correlations between nonpoint-source input rates and outflow yields were not quite as good; variation in input rates explained only about 22-45 percent of the variations in nutrient yields. Estimation of nutrient outflow, on the basis of these correlations, likely could be improved if nationally consistent data were available for additional watershed characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065107","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.K., and Spahr, N.E., 2006, Nutrients in streams and rivers across the nation — 1992–2001 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5107, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065107.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"50","temporalStart":"1991-10-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8756,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396280,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86790.htm"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n 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mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79273,"text":"ofr20061247 - 2006 - High-resolution chirp seismic reflection data acquired from the Cap de Creus shelf and canyon area, Gulf of Lions, Spain in 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"ofr20061247","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1247","title":"High-resolution chirp seismic reflection data acquired from the Cap de Creus shelf and canyon area, Gulf of Lions, Spain in 2004","docAbstract":"Seismic reflection data were collected from the Cap de Creus shelf and canyon in the southwest portion of the Gulf of Lions in October 2004. The data were acquired using the U.S. Geological Survey`s (USGS) high-resolution Edgetech CHIRP 512i seismic reflection system aboard the R/V Oceanus. Data from the shipboard 3.5 kHz echosounder were also collected but are not presented here. The seismic reflection data were collected as part of EuroSTRATAFORM funded by the Office of Naval Research. \r\n\r\nIn October 2004, more than 200 km of high resolution seismic reflection data were collected in water depths ranging 30 m - 600 m. All data were recorded with a Delph Seismic PC-based digital recording system and processed with Delph Seismic software. Processed sections were georeferenced into tiff images for digital archive, processing and display. Penetration ranged 20-80 m. The data feature high quality vertical cross-section imagery of numerous sequences of Quaternary seismic stratigraphy. \r\n\r\nThe report includes trackline maps showing the location of the data, as well as both digital data files (SEG-Y) and images of all of the profiles. The data are of high quality and provide new information on the location and thickness of sediment deposits overlying a major erosion surface on the Cap de Creus shelf; they also provide new insight into sediment processes on the walls and in the channel of Cap de Creus Canyon. These data are under study by researchers at the US Geological Survey, the University of Barcelona, and Texas A and M University. Copies of the data are available to all researchers. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061247","usgsCitation":"Grossman, E., Hart, P.E., Field, M.E., and Triezenberg, P., 2006, High-resolution chirp seismic reflection data acquired from the Cap de Creus shelf and canyon area, Gulf of Lions, Spain in 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1247, data and interactive map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061247.","productDescription":"data and interactive map","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8753,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 3.1808,42.1763 ], [ 3.1808,42.4418 ], [ 3.4586,42.4418 ], [ 3.4586,42.1763 ], [ 3.1808,42.1763 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6888d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, Eric E. 0000-0003-0269-6307 egrossman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-6307","contributorId":2334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Eric E.","email":"egrossman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Patrick E. 0000-0002-5080-1426 hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-1426","contributorId":2879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","email":"hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triezenberg, Peter 0000-0002-7736-9186 ptriezenberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-9186","contributorId":2409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triezenberg","given":"Peter","email":"ptriezenberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79271,"text":"sir20065169 - 2006 - Occurrence of isoxaflutole, acetamide, and triazine herbicides and their degradation products in 10 Iowa rivers draining to the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T11:38:49","indexId":"sir20065169","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5169","title":"Occurrence of isoxaflutole, acetamide, and triazine herbicides and their degradation products in 10 Iowa rivers draining to the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, 2004","docAbstract":"During 2004, a study to document the occurrence of herbicides and herbicide degradation products was conducted for 10 major Iowa rivers draining to the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Seventy-five water-quality samples were collected to measure isoxaflutole, acetamide, and triazine herbicides and their herbicide degradation products. An analytical method to measure isoxaflutole and its degradation products, diketonitrile and benzoic acid, was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory in Lawrence, Kansas, using vacuum manifold solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and is described in this report.
\nIsoxaflutole, a low application rate preemergence herbicide for control of annual broadleaf weeds, is used extensively in Iowa. Findings from the study documented in this report indicate that isoxaflutole was designed to degrade quickly to diketonitrile, which appears to be more stable, and then to benzoic acid. Of the 75 samples collected to measure isoxaflutole, there were four detections of isoxaflutole, 53 detections of diketonitrile, and 41 detections of benzoic acid. Also, results of acetamide and triazine water-quality samples correlate with past studies, which indicate that herbicide degradation products are detected more frequently and often at higher concentrations in surface water than their parent compounds.
\nIn addition to analysis of isoxaflutole and its degradation products, samples were analyzed by the USGS National Water-Quality Laboratory schedule 2001 for about 52 pesticides and their degradation products.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065169","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E.A., Meyer, M.T., and Kalkhoff, S.J., 2006, Occurrence of isoxaflutole, acetamide, and triazine herbicides and their degradation products in 10 Iowa rivers draining to the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5169, vi, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065169.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"90","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7617","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Elisabeth A.","contributorId":80265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79270,"text":"sir20065176 - 2006 - Characterization of near-surface geology and possible voids using resistivity and electromagnetic methods at the Gran Quivira Unit of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, central New Mexico, June 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T19:49:29.02162","indexId":"sir20065176","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5176","title":"Characterization of near-surface geology and possible voids using resistivity and electromagnetic methods at the Gran Quivira Unit of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, central New Mexico, June 2005","docAbstract":"At the Gran Quivira Unit of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument in central New Mexico, a partially excavated pueblo known as Mound 7 has recently become architecturally unstable. Historical National Park Service records indicate both natural caves and artificial tunnels may be present in the area. Knowledge of the local near-surface geology and possible locations of voids would aid in preservation of the ruins. Time-domain and frequency-domain electromagnetic as well as direct-current resistivity methods were used to characterize the electrical structure of the near-surface geology and to identify discrete electrical features that may be associated with voids.\r\n\r\nTime-domain electromagnetic soundings indicate three major electrical layers; however, correlation of these layers to geologic units was difficult because of the variability of lithologic data from existing test holes. Although resistivity forward modeling was unable to conclusively determine the presence or absence of voids in most cases, the high-resistivity values (greater than 5,000 ohm-meters) in the direct-current resistivity data indicate that voids may exist in the upper 50 meters. Underneath Mound 7, there is a possibility of large voids below a depth of 20 meters, but there is no indication of substantial voids in the upper 20 meters. Gridded lines and profiled inversions of frequency-domain electromagnetic data showed excellent correlation to resistivity features in the upper 5 meters of the direct-current resistivity data. This technique showed potential as a reconnaissance tool for detecting voids in the very near surface.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065176","usgsCitation":"Ball, L.B., Lucius, J.E., Land, L.A., and Teeple, A., 2006, Characterization of near-surface geology and possible voids using resistivity and electromagnetic methods at the Gran Quivira Unit of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, central New Mexico, June 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5176, v, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065176.","productDescription":"v, 101 p.","numberOfPages":"107","temporalStart":"2005-06-01","temporalEnd":"2005-06-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192004,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411651,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78136.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8750,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5176/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Gran Quivira Unit of Salinas Pueblos Missions National Monument","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.1133,\n 34.2639\n ],\n [\n -106.0814,\n 34.2639\n ],\n [\n -106.0814,\n 34.2486\n ],\n [\n -106.1133,\n 34.2486\n ],\n [\n -106.1133,\n 34.2639\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, Lyndsay B. 0000-0002-6356-4693 lbball@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-4693","contributorId":1138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Lyndsay","email":"lbball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucius, Jeffrey E. lucius@usgs.gov","contributorId":817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucius","given":"Jeffrey","email":"lucius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Land, Lewis A.","contributorId":18463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Teeple, Andrew 0000-0003-1781-8354 apteeple@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1781-8354","contributorId":1399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teeple","given":"Andrew ","email":"apteeple@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79269,"text":"fs20063126 - 2006 - Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery Performance in the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Southern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:14","indexId":"fs20063126","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3126","title":"Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery Performance in the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Southern Florida","docAbstract":"Introduction: Interest and activity in aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) in southern Florida has increased greatly during the past 10 to 15 years. ASR wells have been drilled to the carbonate Floridan aquifer system at 30 sites in southern Florida, mostly by local municipalities or counties located in coastal areas. The primary storage zone at these sites is contained within the brackish to saline Upper Floridan aquifer of the Floridan aquifer system. The strategy for use of ASR in southern Florida is to store excess freshwater available during the wet season in an aquifer and recover it during the dry season when needed for supplemental water supply. Each ASR cycle is defined by three periods: recharge, storage, and recovery. This fact sheet summarizes some of the findings of a second phase retrospective assessment of existing ASR facilities and sites. \r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20063126","usgsCitation":"Reese, R.S., 2006, Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery Performance in the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Southern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3126, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063126.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3126.jpg"},{"id":8749,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3126/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60289d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79265,"text":"sim2947 - 2006 - Potentiometric Surface of the Alluvial Aquifer and Hydrologic Conditions in the Juana Diaz area, Puerto Rico, June 29 - July 1, 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:20","indexId":"sim2947","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2947","title":"Potentiometric Surface of the Alluvial Aquifer and Hydrologic Conditions in the Juana Diaz area, Puerto Rico, June 29 - July 1, 2005","docAbstract":"A synoptic survey of the hydrologic conditions in the Juana Diaz area, Puerto Rico, was conducted between June 29 and July 1, 2005, to define the spatial distribution of the potentiometric surface of the alluvial aquifer. The study area encompasses 21 square miles of the more extensive South Coastal Plain Alluvial Aquifer system and is bounded along the north by foothills of the Cordillera Central mountain chain, to the south by the Caribbean Sea, the east by the Rio Descalabrado and to the west by the Rio Inabon. Ground water in the Juana Diaz area is in the Quaternary-age alluvial deposits and the middle-Tertiary age Ponce Limestone and Juana Diaz Formation (Giusti, 1968). The hydraulic properties of the Ponce Limestone in the Juana Diaz area are unknown, and the Juana Diaz Formation is a unit of poor permeability due to its high clay content. Consequently, the Ponce Limestone and the Juana Diaz Formation are generally considered to be the base of the alluvial aquifer in the Juana Diaz area with ground-water flow occurring primarily within the alluvial deposits.\r\n\r\nThe potentiometric-surface map of the alluvial aquifer was delineated using ground-water level measurements taken at existing wells. The water-level measurements were taken at wells that were either not pumping during the survey or were shut down for a brief period. In the latter case, a recovery period of 30 minutes was allowed for the drawdown in the wellbore to achieve a near static level position representative of the aquifer at the measurement point. Land-surface altitude from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 1:20,000 scale topographic maps (Playa de Ponce, Ponce, Rio Descalabrado, and Santa Isabel) were used to refer ground-water levels to mean sea level datum (National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929). In addition to the ground-water level measurements, the potentiometricsurface contours were delineated using hydrologic features, such as drainage ditches and saturated intermittent streams that were considered as aquifer drains and losing streams, respectively. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2947","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J.M., Santigo-Rivera, L., and Gómez-Gómez, F., 2006, Potentiometric Surface of the Alluvial Aquifer and Hydrologic Conditions in the Juana Diaz area, Puerto Rico, June 29 - July 1, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2947, Map Sheet: 42 x 22 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2947.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 42 x 22 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-06-29","temporalEnd":"2005-07-01","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110679,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78131.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78131"},{"id":191945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8744,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2947/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.56666666666666,17.966666666666665 ], [ -66.56666666666666,18.0675 ], [ -66.41666666666667,18.0675 ], [ -66.41666666666667,17.966666666666665 ], [ -66.56666666666666,17.966666666666665 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae067","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, Jose M. 0000-0002-4430-9929 jmrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-9929","contributorId":1318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Jose","email":"jmrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santigo-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":94550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santigo-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}